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THE NATIONAL SPACE SCIENCE DATA CENTER Handbook of Correlative Data FEBRUARY 1971 J41516 cxa XA *NATIONAL SPACE SCIENCE DATA CENTER NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER, GREENBELT, MD. NSSDC 71-05 The National Space Science Data Center HANDBOOK OF CORRELATIVE DATA Joseph H. King, Editor February 1971 FOREWORD In previous years, the National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) has generated a Catalog of Correlative Data. This catalog listed and, to some extent, described the correlative data holdings of NSSDC. How- ever, it was felt desirable to have a document of a more general nature, which would point to correlative data available at any data center or in any readily accessible publication. This Handbook of Correlative Data was generated to fulfill this need. This Handbook can be used to acquaint the reader with many solar and geophysical phenomena, to point the reader to more detailed discus- sions of the phenomena, and to direct him to the data. It is antici- pated that many readers will require this Handbook for only the last one or two of these purposes. A second edition of this Handbook will be generated when warranted. Accordingly, I would appreciate receiving comments from the users of this Handbook. Any recommendations for improving its usefulness will be most helpful in the generation of a second edition. I want to thank the NSSDC personnel who served as authors of the individual sections; their names appear on the pages introducing each of the nine major parts. I would like to acknowledge the assistance of other NSSDC personnel, particularly Miss Mary Anne Beeler, who were involved in the various stages of the generation of this Handbook. I would also like to thank scientists outside the NSSDC, S. J. Bauer, J. E. Jackson, G. D. Mead, and A. J. Zmuda, who reviewed certain sec- tions of this Handbook. January 15, 1971 Joseph H. King 111 CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION .............................................1 PART I - COSMIC-RAY DATA .................................3 Introduction........................................4 Neutron Monitoring Devices ..........................6 Meson Monitoring Devices ............................7 ShowerApparatus ....................................9 References.......................................... PART II - SOLAR ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ................11 Introduction.........................................12 Radio Observations ..................................13 SolarOptical Data ..................................43 SolarX Rays ........................................55 References..........................................63 PART III - SOLAR PROTONS ................................. 65 Introduction........................................ 66 Satellite Observations .............................. 66 Ground-Based Data ................................... 68 References.......................................... 70 PART IV - GEOMAGNETISM ................................... 71 Intioduction........................................ 72 Magnetograins, Digitizations ......................... 72 Indices............................................. 76 SelectedDays ....................................... 86 Events.............................................. 86 Tellurigrams........................................ 90 Geomagnetic Field Models ............................ 90 References.......................................... 96 PART V - IONOSPHERE ...................................... 101 Introduction........................................103 Ionosondes..........................................103 Incoherent Backscatter Radar Observations (Thomson Scatter) ..................................115 v Page Ionospheric Absorption of Radio Waves ............... 115 Satellite Beacon Experiments ........................ 118 Ionospheric Drifts ...................................121 IonosphericEvents ...................................125 VLF Emissions, Whistlers ............................ 129 Atmospheric Radio Noise ............................. 130 References .......................................... 131 PART VI - NEUTRAL ATMOSPHERE ............................. 137 Introduction ......................................... 138 Upper Level Measurements of Temperature, Winds, andPressure ...................................... 138 Satellite Cloud Photographs ......................... 142 OzoneData .......................................... 145 Models of the Earth's Neutral Atmosphere ............ 150 References ........................................... 153 PART VII - MISCELLANEOUS DATA ............................ 157 Models of Magnetospherically Trapped Particles 158 SolarWind ............................................ 160 Airglow ............................................. 160 Aurora .............................................. 161 Solar Geophysical Calendar Records, Abbreviated Calendar Records, and Condensed Calendar Records 163 Solar-Terrestrial Activity Charts ................... 165 Jovian Radio Emissions .............................. 165 References .......................................... 166 PART VIII - MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION .................... 169 Coordinate Systems .................................. 170 International Ursigram and World Days Service ...... 175 Rocket Data ......................................... 176 References .......................................... 178 PART IX - SOURCES ........................................... 181 IUCSTP, STP Notes ................................... 182 World Data Centers .................................. 182 Solar-Geophysical Data .............................. 184 Geophysics and Space Data Bulletin .................. 187 IAGA Bulletins No. 12 and No. 18 ..................... 192 Quarterly Bulletin on Solar Activity ................ 193 vi Page Data Compilations for Individual Events ............. 194 Miscellaneous Documents ............................. 195 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................... 197 INDEX .................................................... 199 LIST OF FIGURES Figure No. Page 1 Cosmic-Ray Monitoring Stations ..................... 5 2 Approximate Coverage Obtained by Stations Making Solar Flux Observations Since the IGY ........... 15 3 Example of a Strip Scan ........................... 16 4 Map of the Distribution of Sources on the Solar Disk ............................................. 17 5 Spectra of Low-Frequency Bursts ................... 17 6 Solar Radio Burst Coverage Since the IGY......... 19 7 Observing Hours Currently Covered ................. 20 8 Burst Spectrogram Coverage ........................ 22 9 Map of Observatories for Solar Optical Data...... 44 10 Daily Solar Hemisphere Map Depicting Position and Size of Sunspot Groups ......................... 46 11 Sample of McMath-Hulbert Plage Data ............... 50 12 Daily Solar Magnetogra]n ........................... 52 13 Solar X-Ray Flux Coverage ......................... 57 14 Coverage of Flux Plots ............................ 58 15 Example of a Spectroheliogram ..................... 59 16 Coverage of X-Ray Burst Observations .............. 60 17 Map of Stations Making Geomagnetic Observations 73 18 Sample Magnetogram ................................ 75 19 Local Coordinate System ........................... 75 20 Functional Diagram of Relationships Among Geomagnetic Activity Indices .................... 77 21 Sample Bottomside B-Scan Sweep-Frequency Ionogra.ms 105 22 Sample Topside Sweep-Frequency lonogram ........... Ill 23 Typical Fixed-Frequency Topside Ionogram......... 114 24 Sample Ozonagram .................................. 146 vii LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title Page 1 Observatory List ........................... 23 2 Observatories Making Flux Measurements 35 3 Observatories Mapping the Sun .............. 38 4 Observatories Listing Single Frequency Bursts ................................... 39 S Observatories Making Burst Spectrograms 42 6 Solar X-Ray Patrols ........................ 61 7 Solar X-Ray Flux Measurements .............. 62 8 Plots of Solar X-Ray Fluxes ................ 62 9 Solar X-Ray Burst Observations ............. 62 10 Spherical Harmonic Coefficients ............ 92 11 Meteorological Rocket Network Stations 140 12 Catalogs of Meteorological Satellite Data, Television Cloud Photography ............. 143 13 Ozone Network ............................... 147 14 NOAA Ozonesonde Network .................... 148 15 Location of Stations Presenting Seasonal Averages ................................. 149 16 Contents of the World Data Center A Catalogue of Data on Solar-Terrestrial Physics .................................. 185 17 Data published in Solar-Geophysical Data................-.. ................... 188 viii INTRODUCTION The National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC) is issuing this Handbook of Correlative Data to inform scientists of the availability of data potentially useful as correlative data in space science studies. Although the major activities of NSSDC are concerned with the acquisi- tion, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of space science data, the significance of correlative data in many studies is recognized, and assistance in this area is therefore given to investigators. For the purposes of this document, correlative data are those data that are routinely gathered and that can be used to correlate with space science data. This Handbook of Correlative Data contains six major discipline oriented parts covering galactic cosmic rays, solar electromagnetic
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