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Over Exposed and Under-Protected A Runnymede Trust and ICM Survey Over-Exposed and Under-Protected The Devastating Impact of COVID-19 on Black and Minority Ethnic Communities in Great Britain Zubaida Haque, Laia Becares and Nick Treloar Runnymede: Acknowledgements We would like to thank George Pinder and Hannah Kilshaw Intelligence for a Multi- at ICM for all their help with designing and administering this survey in June 2020. We would also like to thank the Paul ethnic Britain Hamlyn Foundation (Jonathan Price) for funding this survey on the social and economic impact of COVID-19 on black and minority ethnic people in the UK. Runnymede is the UK’s leading independent thinktank ISBN: 978-1-909546-35-6 on race equality and race relations. Through high- Published by Runnymede in August 2020, this document is copyright © Runnymede 2020. Some rights reserved. quality research and thought leadership, we: • Identify barriers to race equality and good race relations; • Provide evidence to support action for social change; • Influence policy at all levels. Open access. Some rights reserved. The Runnymede Trust wants to encourage the circulation of its work as widely as possible while retaining the copyright. The trust has an open access policy which enables anyone to access its content online without charge. Anyone can download, save, perform or distribute this work in any format, including translation, without written permission. This is subject to the terms of the Creative Commons Licence Deed: Attribution-Non-Commercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: England & Wales. Its main conditions are: • You are free to copy, distribute, display and perform the work; • You must give the original author credit; • You may not use this work for commercial purposes; • You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Runnymede You are welcome to ask Runnymede for permission to use Unit 119 this work for purposes other than those covered by the Pill Box licence. Runnymede is grateful to Creative Commons for its 115 Coventry Road work and its approach to copyright. For more information London E2 6GG please go to www.creativecommons.org T 020 7377 9222 E [email protected] www.runnymedetrust.org CONTENTS Introduction 2 1. Common challenges 5 2. Exposure to COVID-19 6 3. Financial impact of COVID-19 11 4. Awareness of government social and economic measures 12 during COVID-19 5. Experiences of racism during COVID-19 13 6. Conclusion and recommendations 15 Bibliography 18 APPENDIX A: Methodology 20 2 A Runnymede Trust and ICM Survey in June 2020 Introduction Black and minority ethnic people are over-represented people vs 11% of white people). One in twenty in COVID-19 severe illness and deaths. This is BME people (5%) have been hospitalised with according to almost every analysis of COVID-19 the virus, compared with one in a hundred white hospital cases and deaths in the UK by ethnicity people (1%). carried out by the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (ICNARC), Office for National • 15% of black people say they personally knew Statistics, Institute for Fiscal Studies and Public someone who had died with the virus, with Health England, among others. COVID-19 has had a this figure rising to 19% for people of African devastating impact on ethnic minority communities. Caribbean backgrounds. Pre-existing racial and socioeconomic inequalities, Households and overcrowding resulting in disparities in co-morbidities between • Black and minority ethnic households are, on ethnic groups, have been amplified by COVID-19. average, larger than white British households. Our survey findings unequivocally show that The most common household size in Britain COVID-19 is not just a health crisis; it is also a social among adults is two people (34%); by contrast, and economic crisis. And the ability to cope, to the most common household size among adults protect and to shield oneself from coronavirus, is from a BME background is four people (25%). vastly different for people from different ethnic and BME groups, on average, are more than twice as socioeconomic backgrounds. likely as white people to live in households of five people or more. Our survey shows that black and minority ethnic (BME) people face greater barriers in shielding from • BME people, despite living with more people in coronavirus as a result of the types of employment the same household, are more likely than their they hold (BME men and women are over- white British counterparts to live in households represented among key worker roles); having to use with fewer rooms than occupants. public transport more; living in overcrowded and multigenerational households more; and not being • BME people are also more likely than white given appropriate PPE (personal protective equipment) people to live with someone (including children) at work. In all of these areas, most BME groups are who may be vulnerable to coronavirus due to a more likely to be over-exposed and under-protected disability or health condition (38% of BME groups compared with their white British counterparts. vs 31% of white groups). Key findings Occupation and employment status during COVID-19 Mental health, childcare worries, • Black and minority ethnic people are more likely home-schooling and relationships than white people to be working outside of their • Just under four in ten (36%) adults in Britain home at the current time. A third of BME people reported that during the coronavirus crisis and (33%) are in this position, compared with closer lockdown they have experienced an increase to a quarter of white people (27%). People of in stress or anxiety. Two in ten (21%) said that African origin are particularly likely to be working they have been finding lockdown difficult to cope outside of their home (41%). with, while 14% said that social isolation was making ‘relationships at home more difficult than • BME people are also more likely than white people usual’. This last figure rose to one in five (19%) to be classed as key workers. Just under three in for BME groups. ten BME people (28%) are key workers, compared with closer to two in ten white people (23%). Health and coronavirus infection • Black groups are particularly likely to be classed • BME people are more likely than white people as key workers (34%), with the highest percentage either to have received a positive test result or among people of African origin – nearly four in ten to have experienced symptoms (17% of BME of whom are key workers (37%). Over-Exposed and Under-Protected 3 • Among Chinese, Bangladeshi, Black African and and provide financial support to people and Black Caribbean groups, women are more likely businesses. Awareness of these measures was than their male counterparts to be working as particularly low among Bangladeshis, with three key workers. Bangladeshi women, in particular, in ten (29%) reporting that they were not aware are more than two times more likely than their of any of the measures. male counterparts (43% vs 19%) to be working in a key worker role. • While around nine in ten white people (88%) had heard of the furlough scheme, only around • Greater proportions of BME key workers (32%) seven in ten BME (69%) people had. People reported that they were not given adequate of Bangladeshi origin were the least likely (at PPE compared with their white counterparts 61%) to be aware of any of the government’s (20%). Among those in this position, 50% of economic measures during COVID-19. Bangladeshi, 42% of Pakistani and 41% of Black African respondents reported that they had not • Similarly, while just under nine in ten white been given adequate PPE. people (87%) had heard of the request for people to ‘Stay Home, Protect the NHS, Save Finances Lives’, the proportion among BME people was • Black and minority ethnic people are consistently seven in ten (69%). The same pattern holds for more likely than white people to have experienced the request to ‘Stay Alert, Control the Virus, negative financial impacts due to the coronavirus Save Lives’ (84% vs 66%). crisis and lockdown. For all but two of the • Fewer than half of BME people were aware of the experiences tested, BME people are more likely to measure to allow those out of work due to the have experienced them than white people. crisis to claim Universal Credit (44%, vs 62% of • Bangladeshi (43%) followed by Black African white people). Equally, only around a third of BME groups (38%) were the most likely to report the people had heard of the measure making Statutory loss of some income since COVID-19, compared Sick Pay (SSP) available from the first day of self- with 21% of Black Caribbean groups and 22% of isolating (34%, vs 52% of white people). white British people. Methodology • While over half of white groups reported that In the summer of 2020, the polling company ICM they had not been affected financially by the administered a survey on behalf of Runnymede coronavirus crisis and lockdown, and that they Trust with 2,585 adults (aged 18+) in Great Britain. don’t struggle with paying bills or paying for The survey covered people’s experiences of the essentials (54%), the proportion of BME people coronavirus pandemic and lockdown, and explored who said the same stood at 35%. the impact of COVID-19 on physical and mental health, work, finances, relationships, childcare and • BME people are more likely than white people to schooling, and understanding of the government’s have had to start using savings for day-to-day COVID-19 social and economic measures. spending (14% BME vs 8% white British); to have found it harder than usual to pay for essentials The 2,585 people sampled included a ‘boost’ sample and meet basic needs (12% BME vs 8% white of 538 BME adults, taking the overall sample of groups); to have found it harder than usual to pay BME respondents to 750 in the whole survey.
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