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1989 Chris Nieden Th Al 1989 CHRIS NIEDE NTHAL 9 8 9 CHRIS NIEDENTHAL 1 Rok nadziei A Year of Hope CHRIS NIEDENTHAL fotografie /photographs Tysiąc dziewięćset osiemdziesiąty dziewiąty –1989 – 1989. What a year that was! It started, rather jakże niesamowity był to rok! A zaczął się dla mnie innocently, with a two-month assignment in the Soviet trochę niewinnie, od dwumiesięcznej wyprawy do Union where I was to work on a special edition of the Związku Radzieckiego, gdzie na zamówienie American weekly TIME about the “New USSR” under amerykańskiego tygodnika „TIME” miałem its leader Mikhail Gorbachev. This was all to do with przygotować materiał do specjalnego numeru o tak his policies of “glasnost” and “perestroika”. It was zwanym nowym Związku Radzieckim pod rządami thought that at any moment, something most Michaiła Gorbaczowa. Chodziło o wprowadzaną przez interesting would happen in that vast communist niego pierestrojkę i głasnost. Sądzono bowiem, że country. It soon turned out, though, that it wasn’t going lada chwila w tym olbrzymim komunistycznym kraju to happen there but in Poland, where the start of the zacznie się „coś dziać”. Wkrótce się jednak okazało, Round Table Talks would raise the hope of the że to nie tam, lecz w Polsce pojawi się nadzieja na possibility of dismantling the old system. The ruling demontaż dawnego systemu, którą rozbudziły communist party had agreed to talks with the rozmowy przy Okrągłym Stole. Oto bowiem rządząca anti-communist opposition. So, while at the beginning Polska Zjednoczona Partia Robotnicza była gotowa of the year I was outside Moscow photographing podjąć dialog z antykomunistyczną opozycją. Gdy a large factory that churned out statues of Lenin zatem na początku 1989 roku fotografowałem jeszcze and other communist heroes, great changes were w Moskwie wielką wytwórnię pomników Włodzimierza beginning to take place in Warsaw. Fortunately I was Lenina i innych bohaterów komunizmu, w Warszawie able to tear myself away from Moscow to document rozpoczynały się wielkie zmiany. Wyrwałem się the beginning of the Round Table Talks in Warsaw. oczywiście z Moskwy, aby móc w Warszawie But apart from all that, I had already, in January, udokumentować pierwsze spotkanie Okrągłego Stołu. been to Prague, in Czechoslovakia (remember such Jakby tego było mało, jeszcze w styczniu 1989 a country?) to photograph a demonstration to roku fotografowałem w Pradze w Czechosłowacji commemorate the 20th anniversary of the death of (czy pamiętacie, że było kiedyś takie państwo?) Jan Palach who, in 1969, set fire to himself in protest manifestację w 20. rocznicę śmierci Jana Palacha, at the 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia by the Soviet który w 1969 roku – na znak protestu przeciwko Union and its Warsaw Pact allies. The demonstration najazdowi w 1968 roku na Czechosłowację followed the usual pattern; the militia beat some przez wojska radzieckie i inne bratnie kraje Układu protesters, arrested several of them and sprayed the Warszawskiego – dokonał samospalenia. rest using water cannons. Demonstracja, jak to wtedy było w zwyczaju, nie My work, and the whole trip to the Soviet Union odbiegała od normy: milicja pałowała demonstrantów, was a fascinating experience. Moscow, Leningrad, dokonywała zatrzymań i polewała protestujących Kazan, Riga, Lviv, Kiev, Tashkent, Samarkand, Baku… z armatek wodnych. An enormous undertaking. It was not easy travelling Pobyt i praca w Związku Radzieckim były dla across this vast country, though for me, as a foreigner, mnie niezwykłym przeżyciem. Moskwa, Leningrad, it was certainly easier than for the locals, if only Kazań, Ryga, Lwów, Kijów, Taszkent, Samarkanda, because I could buy tickets for the trains and planes Baku... Olbrzymia trasa. Niełatwo się jeździło po tym and make the necessary reservations in advance. rozległym kraju, chociaż mnie – obcokrajowcowi – Soviet citizens had no such luck; the chaos and mess na pewno było łatwiej podróżować niż miejscowym, at train stations and airports was unbelievable and one ponieważ mogłem nie tylko kupić bilety na pociąg could see that this nation – or nations in fact – did not 6 CHRIS NIEDENTHAL 1989 ROK NADZIEI / A YEAR OF HOPE czy samolot, ale także dokonać z wyprzedzeniem have it easy. Huge crowds of would-be passengers rezerwacji. Obywatele Związku Radzieckiego nie mieli would live and sleep in the stations and terminals tego szczęścia: na dworcach i lotniskach panował while foreigners could obtain tickets using western niebywały chaos i bałagan, było widać, że ten naród – currencies without a problem. What an unfair privilege. a właściwie narody – nie ma łatwo. Całymi dniami The next few months were relatively quiet as koczowały tam tłumy ludzi, podczas gdy cudzoziemcy Poland readied itself for the election campaign while mogli zdobyć bilety za dewizy bez większego Hungary symbolically, though with fanfare, started problemu. Jakże niesprawiedliwy przywilej. cutting the barbed wire on its border with Austria. Przez kilka następnych miesięcy panował I hold it against myself that I did not photograph this, względny spokój – w Polsce szykowano się wprawdzie as such photographs would have fitted perfectly in do kampanii wyborczej, z kolei na Węgrzech symbo- this book. I must admit though that I could not really licznie, ale za to uroczyście, zaczęto przecinać druty photograph everything that happened in 1989. It was kolczaste na granicy z Austrią. Do dziś wyrzucam simply impossible to be in two places at the same time. sobie, że tego wydarzenia akurat nie uwieczniłem, Things started speeding up in May 1989. Not ponieważ takie zdjęcia doskonale pasowałyby do tego only in Europe, but also in China, in Beijing. As part albumu. Przyznaję jednak uczciwie, że nie byłem of my work for TIME in the whole of Eastern Europe, w stanie sfotografować wszystkiego, co działo się I also covered the Balkans and even the Soviet Union. w 1989 roku. Niemożliwe było przebywanie w dwóch I was attached, so to speak, to Gorbachev and would miejscach jednocześnie. cover him on his foreign visits. In May, Gorbachev W maju 1989 roku wszystko przyspieszyło. I to travelled to the capital of China, then to Shanghai. nie tylko w Europie, ale także... w Chinach, ściślej I was there with him. Something amazing was zaś – w Pekinie. Do moich obowiązków zawodowych happening in Beijing: students had been związanych z pracą dla tygodnika „TIME” w całej demonstrating there since April, demanding more Europie Wschodniej należało również fotografowanie freedom, and Gorbachev’s official visit was an ideal wydarzeń na Bałkanach i w ówczesnym Związku occasion for them. They too, wanted to taste some of Radzieckim. Byłem przypisany do Michaiła Gorba- his “glasnost” and “perestroika”. So, in Beijing I had czowa, latałem więc za nim i fotografowałem jego much to photograph. I would hire a rickshaw and wizyty zagraniczne. W maju radziecki przywódca udał travel from the hotel to Tiananmen Square, “the Gate się do stolicy Chin, później zaś do Szanghaju. Byłem of Heavenly Peace”. In those days there were not tam z nim. W Pekinie działo się coś niezwykłego: many cars in Beijing – but a huge amount of bicycles. studenci demonstrowali już od kwietnia, domagając An incredible sight awaited in Tiananmen, the world’s się większej wolności, a oficjalna wizyta Michaiła largest such square: thousands of students were Gorbaczowa bardzo im sprzyjała. Oni także chcieli occupying the vast open space; they had their own zakosztować jego głasnosti i pierestrojki. W Pekinie printing presses, kitchens, field hospitals (it was very miałem więc co fotografować. Wynajmowało się hot, and some of the students were on hunger strike, rikszę i jechało z hotelu na plac Tiananmen – plac so they lay there with drips attached). These young Niebiańskiego Spokoju. Wtedy w Pekinie było jesz- people were identical to our own, apart from the cze niewiele samochodów, za to dużo rowerów. obvious visual differences. They had the same Na Tiananmen – największym placu na świecie – dreams, the same slogans, the same faces full of panował niesamowity widok: tysiące studentów enthusiasm and hope as those I had seen in Europe, koczujących na tej olbrzymiej, otwartej przestrzeni, where a year of hope was forming. Here in China the mających tam własne drukarnie, kuchnie i szpitale same thing was happening. In Europe it had worked, polowe (trwał strajk głodowy niektórych studentów, more or less; in China – not so much. When panował skwar, wielu z nich leżało pod kroplówkami). Gorbachev left, I left too, and it turned out that that Młodzież właściwie niemal identyczna jak nasza, poza very same evening the Gate of Heavenly Peace was oczywistymi różnicami fizycznymi. Te same marzenia, surrounded by army trucks. OD AUTORA / FROM THE AUTHOR 7 te same hasła, te same twarze pełne entuzjazmu At the beginning of June I was already in Poland, i nadziei. W Europie rozwijał się właśnie rok nadziei, getting ready to photograph the end of the election w Chinach – podobnie. Europie w dużym stopniu się campaign and the elections themselves on June 4th. udało, Chinom jednak nie bardzo. Kiedy wyjechałem The massacre of students on that great square in za Michaiłem Gorbaczowem z Pekinu, szybko okazało Beijing started that same day. To this very day się, że tego samego wieczoru plac Niebiańskiego I wonder what fate befell all those young people I had Spokoju otoczyły wojskowe ciężarówki. photographed there. Which of them had died, which Na początku czerwca byłem już w Polsce – of them survived? A few days later, 7000 km away, szykowałem się do fotografowania końcówki kampanii
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