no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 iwmpost Newsletter of the Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen, Vienna, and the Institute for Human Sciences at Boston University www.iwm.at Where is Europe? Debates at the Burgtheater

Money, Art, Identity Publication Global Player? The New Role of Im Räderwerk Poland and the Art History Museums der Moderne Transformation

Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen ◆ Spittelauer Lände 3, 1090 Wien, Austria ◆ gz: 05z036175 m ◆ Postgebühr bar bezahlt ◆ Verlagspostamt 1090 Wien 2 contents / editorial iwmpost

Contents Editorial

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 von andrea roedig

ass diese iwmpost sehr anders hat this edition of the iwmpost Immer wieder neu – zur Geschichte der iwmpost ...... 3 D aussieht als ihre Vorgängerin- T literally looks different from all nen, liegt, im wahrsten Sinne des previous ones is obvious: twice as Debates at the Burgtheater ...... 4 Wortes, auf der Hand – doppelt so big and in full-colour – thanks to groß und ganz in Farbe ist sie nun, the work of graphic artists Philipp dank des neuen Konzepts der Gra- Steinkellner and Gerri Zotter. It is fiker Philipp Steinkellner und Ger- not necessary to spend much time debates, lectures and events ri Zotter. Viele Worte zum neuen talking about the new layout here, Layout muss man hier nicht verlie- as a complete history of how ev- Monthly Lectures: Russia’s History, ren, denn wie alles anfing mit dem erything started with the newslet- Newsletter, wie er wurde, was er ist, ter and how and why it turned into Russian Politics, Gender Equality ...... 6 und warum wir ihn jetzt so machen, what it is now, can be read in detail wie er vorliegt, können Sie auf Seite on page 3. 3 ausführlicher lesen. This year is the 20th anniversa- Political Salon with Gesine Schwan ...... 7 Die „Wende“ hat dieses Jahr ein ry of the fall of the Iron Curtain. rundes Jubiläum. 20 Jahre nach 1989 However, it is not only a reason to Lecture Series: Muslimische Demokratie ...... 7 besteht allerdings nicht nur Grund celebrate. This became apparent in zum Feiern. Das wurde unter ande- the political debates at the Burg­ rem bei den politischen Debatten am theater, organised by the iwm and Burgtheater klar, die das iwm zusam- Der Standard. The contented look from the fellows men mit Der Standard veranstalte- back on the wonderful revolution te. Der zufriedene Rückblick auf die of ’89, which is what had been ex- Merlijn Schoonenboom – Money, Art, Identity. wunderbare Revolution von 89, den pected, was overshadowed by men- man eigentlich erwartet hatte, war acing scenarios. The concern about How the role of old art and art history museums changes ...... 8 überschattet von bedrohlichen Sze- Europe’s unity being at risk in the narien. Denn im Zeichen der globa- light of the global financial crisis len Finanzkrise steht die Einheit Eu- became evident among the partici­ ropas noch einmal ganz neu auf dem pants. You can gain an impression Spiel, und diese Besorgnis war den of the debates on pages 4 and 5 and fellows and guests ...... 10 Diskutanten anzumerken. Einen Ein- in Kurt Biedenkopf’s speech on page druck von den Debatten bekommen 14. A guest contribution by Jacek travels and talks ...... 11 Sie auf den Seiten 4 und 5, und mit Kochanowicz (page 15) gives you der Rede von Kurt Biedenkopf, ab- the chance to review the transfor- publications ...... 12 gedruckt auf Seite 14. Ein Gastbei- mational processe in Poland since trag von Jacek Kochano­wicz (Seite 1989 and the dilemmas of current 15) gibt, passend zum Thema, eine politics there. varia ...... 12 Einschätzung des Transformati- Among the scholarships the iwm onsprozesses in Polen und des Di- awards, the “Milena Jesenská Fel- Cornelia Klinger – Im Räderwerk der Moderne ...... 13 lemmas der gegenwärtigen Politik lowships” are aimed at experienced im Lande. journalists. Far away from the hec- Unter den Stipendien, die das tic life of the press, they are given iwm vergibt, richten sich die „Milena the rare opportunity to work on a guest contributions Jesenská Fellowships“ an erfahrene specific topic for a longer period of Journalisten. Sie sollen, fernab des time. Merlijn Schoonenboom, edi- Zeitungsbetriebs, die seltene Mög- torial journalist of the Dutch news- Kurt Biedenkopf – Will Europe Stay Together? ...... 14 lichkeit erhalten, für längere Zeit paper De Volkskrant, used his scho­ an einem Thema zu arbeiten. Mer- larship for extensive research about Jacek Kochanowicz – Poland Goes Global ...... 15 lijn Schoonenboom, Redakteur der the change and purpose of art his- niederländischen Zeitung De Volks- tory museums today. A summary krant, nutzte sein iwm Stipendium of his analysis is published on pa­ für eine ausgedehnte Recherche über ges 8 and 9. den Wandel und den Zweck kunst- In addition you can, as always, upcoming events ...... 16 historischer Museen heute. Seine find reports about our Monthly Lec- zusammenfassende Analyse lesen tures, our Fellows’ projects and our Sie auf den Seiten 8 und 9. publications. So even with its new Ansonsten finden Sie in dieser look, the iwmpost is after all still the Birgit Lichtenberger arbeitet als Bildhauerin mit Ton, Gips Ausgabe wie immer Berichte über same – and we definitely hope you und Latex. Sie erwarb ihr Diplom an der Wiener Kunstschule Monatsvorträge, Projekte der Fel- will like it. ◁ und wandte sich danach der Fotografie und Videokunst zu. Auftragsarbeiten zur Dokumentation von Architektur brachten lows, unsere Publikationen. Denn sie wieder zu dreidimensionalen Objekten, v. a. Landschaften auch im neuen Gewand bleibt die und Geschichten in Kleinformat. iwmpost im Grunde die alte – und wir hoffen, sie gefällt. ◁ Photo: Philipp Steinkellner

Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen Institute for Human Sciences

Imprint: Responsible for the contents of the iwmpost: Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen (iwm), Spittelauer Lände 3, 1090 Wien, Austria, Phone: +43/1/313 58-0, Fax +43/1/313 58-30, [email protected], www.iwm.at; Editor/Product Management: Andrea Roedig, Sven Hartwig; Assistant: Justin Rainey; Design: steinkellner/zotter, www.steinkellner.com. The iwmpost is published three times a year. Current circulation: 6.200, printed by Grasl Druck & Neue Medien GmbH, Bad Vöslau. Copyright iwm 2009. An online archive of the iwmpost is available at the Institute’s website www.iwm.at; all newsletters, dating back to no. 57 (summer 1997), can be downloaded in pdf format.

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 iwmpost news and letter 3 Immer wieder neu

Aus Anlass der nr. 100: Eine kurze Geschichte der Wandlungen des iwm Newsletters

u welchem Zweck und Ende All diese frühen Ausgaben des cy“ vom Juni 1990, die auch von der Drakulić, und viele andere im News- mender Hass von Norman Naimark existieren Newsletter? Man- Newsletters finden sich heute säu- Presse wahrgenommen wird: “It was letter geschrieben. hervorgegangen sind. Der Newslet- che sind der Ansicht, dass berlich abgeheftet in einem Akten- extraordinary who turned up“, zeigt Auch beim Erscheinungsbild tut ter zitiert Jacqueline Hénard, die da- Zsolche Produkte samt Verpackung ordner im Büro von Klaus Nellen, sich der Economist beeindruckt von sich wieder etwas. Ebenfalls 1993 er- mals in der faz schrieb: „… nach sofort in den nächsten Papierkorb der lange Zeit die Redaktion betreu- der Liste der Teilnehmer: Juri Afa- hält das Institut erstmals ein Logo dem Epochenschnitt des Jahres 1989 wandern, andere wieder sagen, dass te. In diesem Ordner stecken auch nasiev, Kurt Biedenkopf, Zbigniew und ein Corporate Design, entwor- sind die historischen und die mora- sie sehr wohl gelesen werden. Un- interessante Aufstellungen über den Brzeziński, Ralf Dahrendorf, Timo- fen von Gerri Zotter. Der Newslet- lischen Koordinaten neu zu definie- bestritten ist ein Newsletter neben Verteilerkreis: Von Nummer 19 (Fe- thy Garton Ash, Joachim Fest, Fran- ter, jetzt mit 12 Seiten Umfang, er- ren … Das Ende der Zweiteilung Eu- der Webseite im Internet der wich- bruar/März 1989) etwa gingen 724 çois Furet, Ernest Gellner, Bronisław scheint ab Nummer 39 in elegantem ropas zwingt zur Wiederbegegnung tigste Informationsträger einer In- Exemplare ins europäische Ausland, Geremek, Leszek Kołakowski, Bro- Layout auf hochwertigem Papier mit mit dem Ausgangspunkt, mit dem stitution, und er ist – wie wir sehen 192 nach Übersee, 1340 wurden als nius Kuzmickas, Marju Lauristin, einer zusätzlichen Schriftfarbe, später Verhalten von Völkern und Eliten werden – eine ergiebige Quelle für Massensendung in Österreich zuge- Adam Michnik, Andrei Pleşu, Gav- kommt auch ein Foto auf die Titel- in dem halben Jahrzehnt deutscher Geschichtsschreibung. stellt. Zu einer Zeit, als noch niemand ril Popov, Jeffrey Sachs, Karl Schwar- seite. Immer ausführlicher wird nun Vorherrschaft und mit den sinnlos Der erste Newsletter des 1982 von Globalisierung sprach, hatte das zenberg, George Soros, Fritz Stern, berichtet, ab Nummer 67 in nur ei- gewordenen Gründungslegenden der gegründeten iwm datiert von Janu- iwm also bereits einen bemerkens- Jozef Tischner, Sascha Vondra, Lech ner, gemischt englisch-deutschspra- Nachkriegswelt. Die Historiker ha- ar/Februar 1986. Nach den Erzäh- werten internationalen Verteiler von Walesa, Lord Weidenfeld, und Franz chigen Ausgabe, und es wird höchs- ben die Chance, an der Suche nach lungen der langjährigen Mitarbeiter rund 2.000 Adressen. Heute wird der Vranitzky. Für die faz ist es gar „die te Zeit für einen eigenen Namen. Ab einem neuen europäischen Selbstbild war dies auch das Jahr, in dem das Newsletter an fast 6.000 Adressaten bisher gewichtigste Konferenz zu Nummer 87 heißt der Newsletter … teilzunehmen.“ An dieses Vorha- Institut seinen ersten Computer er- weltweit verschickt. den Irrungen und Wirrungen Zen- dann: iwmpost. Von Nummer 91 bis ben, Europa und seine Geschichte warb, „Rainbow“ mit Namen. Num- 1989, das Jahr der Wende, spie- traleuropas… Ein Gipfeltreffen au- 99 erscheint die Post in einem noch- neu zu denken, knüpft das 2008 be- mer 1 sieht allerdings noch ein biss- gelt sich auch im Newsletter wieder. ßerhalb des üblichen politischen mals veränderten Layout durch den gonnene und von Timothy Snyder chen wie Samisdat aus. Bestehend aus Nummer 19 berichtet vom Vortrag Rahmens, eine wissenschaftliche Grafiker Franz Ruep. geleitete iwm Projekt „United Euro- vier weißen, mit Heftklammern zu- So manches, was in einem News- pe – Divided Memory“ an, über das sammengehaltenen Seiten, listet er letter steht, wird gelesen, und wohl die iwmpost 99 berichtete. die Aktivitäten des Instituts auf: eine schnell wieder vergessen. Einiges Ist aber in Zeiten des Internets Konferenz mit dem Titel „Metapher aber bleibt bis heute aktuell. 1991 und Zeitungssterbens ein gedrucktes und Kunst“, Vorträge, wie „La Révo- Vier Seiten alle zwei, drei Monate, beispielsweise initiierten Tony Judt Produkt überhaupt noch zu vertre- lution française et la pensée thermi- und Jan T. Gross am iwm das trans- ten? Viele Organisationen verschi- dorienne: 1795–1799“ von François so erscheinen die gehefteten Blättchen disziplinäre Forschungsprojekt „Re- cken ihre Newsletter mittlerwei- Furet, und die Visiting Fellows und thinking Post-War Europe“, an dem le nur noch elektronisch – was die Gäste des Vorjahres. sich ost- und westeuropäische und eingangs gestellte Sinnfrage noch Vier Seiten alle zwei, drei Mo- amerikanische Forscher beteiligten. verschärft und auf den jetzt virtu- nate, so erscheinen die gehefteten „East-Central Europe: Transition Konferenz ohne akademische Ri- Newsletter 41 berichtet über die ers- ellen Abfalleimer verschiebt, denn Blättchen. Hin und wieder auf bun- to What?“ des Pariser Politologen tuale in einer Stadt, die heute einen te große Konferenz, im September wer liest Newsletter wirklich on- tes Papier gedruckt, enthalten sie Jacques Rupnik in dem er geradezu anderen neutralen Boden bietet als 1993 unter dem Titel „Resistance line? Wir setzen weiter auf die ge- vor allem Aufzählungen, ab Num- hellsichtige Szenarios zur Überwin- vor einem Jahr.“ and Collaboration in Europe, 1939– druckte iwmpost, und wir wollen sie mer 4 kommen dann Tagungsbe- dung der Teilung Europas entwirft. Ab der Nummer 38 (Januar/Feb- 1945: Experience, Memory, Myth, (noch) mehr zu einer Zeitung ma- richte hinzu. Ab Ausgabe 9 (Juli/ Die Winterausgabe von 1989 kün- ruar 1993) gibt es eine neue Rubrik, and Appropriation“. Das Projekt lei- chen. Daher kommt sie jetzt – eine August 1987) wird der Newsletter digt das neue Projekt „Übergänge zur die den reflexhaften Wurf in den Pa- tete einen Paradigmenwechsel ein. Revolution mit Nummer 100 – in zum Heft mit ineinander gelegten Demokratie“ an, das die Transfor- pierkorb weiter verzögern soll. Von Es brach mit den Gründungsmythen größerem Format und neuem De- Seiten, ab Nummer 11 erscheint er mationsprozesse in Osteuropa erfor- nun an enthält jede Ausgabe Gast- und Tabus der Nachkriegszeit und sign. Denn eines ist bei diesem kur- zweisprachig mit je 8 Seiten, grün schen soll. Zwei Ausgaben später ist kommentare zu aktuellen Fragen. markiert den Beginn einer radika- zen, schlaglichtartigen Rückblick in Deutsch, gelb in Englisch. Mit der Vortrag „Die Dynamik des Zer- Seitdem haben Peter Demetz, Ri- len Umschreibung der europäischen klar geworden: Über die Jahre be- Ausgabe 17 schließlich erreicht das falls totalitärer Systeme“ von Adam chard Rorty, Bernard Lewis, Shey- Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts, aus trachtet, ergeben Newsletter eine Computerzeitalter auch den News- Michnik abgedruckt, und Nummer la Benhabib, Hans Mommsen, Cor- der u. a. Werke wie Judt’s Postwar Eu- lebendige Chronik, ein eigenes Ge- letter, und er erhält dank „Rainbow“ 25 berichtet von der Konferenz „Cen- nelia Klinger, Charles Taylor, Larry rope, Gross’ Nachbarn. Der Mord an schichtsbuch jener Institution, de- ein richtiges Layout. tral Europe on the Way to Democra- Lessig, Tzvetan Todorov, Slavenka den Juden von Jedwabne, und Flam- ren „Ausdruck“ sie sind. ◁

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 4 debates at the burgtheater iwmpost The Best Moment in History by christopher anderson

In February and March From left to right: A. Michnik, K. Biedenkopf, two discussions in a K. Michalski, V. Orbán, T. Garton Ash matinee-series, hosted by the iwm and the daily Der Standard, took place on the stage of Vienna’s Burgtheater. In the first debate, “20 Years after 1989”, Timothy Garton Ash, Professor of History in Oxford, Kurt Bieden- kopf, former Prime Minis- ter of Saxony, Adam Michnik, Editor in Chief of Gazeta Wyborcza and Viktor Orbán, former Prime Minister of Hun- gary, discussed what has changed in Europe since the peaceful revolutions Photo: Reinhard Werner brought down the Iron A 35-year old revolutionary Victor cordial discussion, Kurt Biedenkopf that ended, according to him, with history.” The agenda is now set out- Curtain. Orbán addressed the crowd. “He just and Timothy Garton Ash exuded the the September 11 attacks, announc- side Europe, he said, in Asia and told the Russian tanks, ‘Go home!’,” gravitas and solemnity of a memo- ing a new chapter in history. America. “The Weltgeist is else- Michnik said. “And they did!” rial service, heralding the achieve- The Oxford professor offered where,” he explained, meaning the Orbán himself recalled the in- ments of those visionaries, all the a more critical, “non-continental” driving force of world events is in urope, wake up! Wake up spiring Zeitgeist of his generation. while calling for a new vision for perspective of the current state of China or India. to where we are!” declared “My father said ‘I will die in a Hun- Europe. Biedenkopf reminded the affairs, in sharp contrast to that of In the final statement of the Timothy Garton Ash, … gary occupied by the Russians.’ I said, audience – that included Austria’s Michnik, who sees the last two de- day, Garton Ash summed up the E“Wake up, but act!” interjected Kurt Minister of Science and Research Biedenkopf, “there’s a long way be- Johannes Hahn and Vice Chancel- Garton Ash tween waking up and acting.” lor Josef Pröll – of the unique role What had started out as a com- East Germany held in 1989 vis-à- He just told the Russian tanks, memoration of the 20th anniver- vis Poland and Hungary. sary of the fall of the Berlin Wall “The national identity was not ‘Go home!’ … And they did! branched out into questions about the issue, but the resurrection of a Europe’s need to find itself, given divided nation. East Germany par- the weight of history, at this defin- ticipated in the West German cul- Photo: Reinhard Werner ing moment in its political and fi- tural life with the help of radio, and cades as “the best 20 years of 300 discussion with a call. “We need a nancial future. later television. In fact, the East Ger- years of Polish history.” new generation of believers and vi- The invitees included figures who The Weltgeist mans were better informed about “1989 was the best moment in sionaries”… ◁ had witnessed and guided the peaceful West German politics than the West European history,” Garton Ash said, from: Vienna Review, March 1, 2009 revolution of that fateful last decade is elsewhere Germans themselves!” “for it was possibly the last time at of the Cold War … Adam Michnik, Highlighting Orbán’s statements which Europe was at the center of editor of Poland’s leading newspaper about the financial crisis, Biedenkopf Gazeta Wyborcza, helped the packed added how unprepared Europe was. house understand the significance of ‘I will not!’” The Hungarian pointed “It was the failure of the elites, and Debating Europe / Europa im Diskurs the revolution that had occurred in out that he respects Michnik “more we have to fix the problem with the Poland in the 80s. than I should. He wrote the civic so- same elites. This is a time of reckon- Debate 1: Debate 2: 20 Years after 1989 Where are Europe’s Borders? “In democracy, compromise is cial strategy: create and build up is- ing. We should take courage to act, (February 22) (March 15) the only thing that works,” he de- lands that are ready to become a con- the same way the ‘89ers did.” clared. “We realized how to do it in tinent at the right moment.” Garton Ash stressed the impor- Kurt Biedenkopf, former Prime Nino Burjanadze, Professor for Minister of Saxony, Chairman of the International Law, founder and 1989. Many other scenarios [for re- Orbán brought the discussion tance of the unique peacefulness of Board of Trustees, Hertie School of Chairperson of the Opposition Party gime change] were possible: Tianan- to the issue of the “real and serious that revolution. “It has become the Governance, Berlin “Democratic Movement – United men, the Balkans under Milosevic, danger” of the current financial situa- default model for nations such as Georgia” Timothy Garton Ash, Professor of Belarus under Lukashenko, Rus- tion, calling for Europe to regard the Slovakia, Croatia, Serbia, Georgia, European Studies, University of Benita Ferrero-Waldner, European sia under the sovereign democracy banking crisis in the former socialist South Africa and Burma.” He re- Oxford Commissioner for External Relations of Putin.” Michnik had been a part countries as a high priority. “With- called a similar gathering in 1999 and European Neighbourhood Policy Adam Michnik, Editor in Chief, of the round-table discussions that out the Central European Countries, (“10 Years after 89”) with the same Gazeta Wyborcza Aleksander Kwasniewski, former agreed to make compromises and the eu cannot be competitive.” He guests, minus Biedenkopf and plus President of Poland have democratic elections on June 4, warned against financial and indus- then Czech President Václav Havel. Viktor Orbán, former Prime Minister of Hungary, Chairman of the Hungari- Cem Özdemir, Co-Leader of the the same day a man stood in front of trial protectionism against Central The only difference was that 1989 an Civic Union “Fidesz” German Green Party a tank on a square in Beijing. Europe, stating that “our economy marked the end of the so-called Proving to be the story-teller of will dry out because we cannot get “short 20th century,” one which fea- Chair: Krzysztof Michalski, Chair: Alexandra Föderl-Schmid, Rector of the IWM Editor in Chief, Der Standard the morning, Michnik recounted his the Euro. That financial protection- tured the clash of Fascism, Commu- experience of attending the June 16, ism is dangerous.” nism and Democracy. The debate series is a cooperation of Burgtheater, IWM, Der Standard, 1989 reburial of 1956 martyr of the If Michnik and Orbán reflect- “In 1999, we were in a strange and is sponsored by ERSTE Foundation. Hungarian Revolution Imre Nagy. ed the revolutionary element of the intermediary period.” It was a period no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 iwmpost debates at the burgtheater 5 Demokratie ist die Grenze

von christoph prantner

Aleksander Kwasniewski Cem Özdemir und Nino Burjanadze Photo: IWM Photo: IWM

Die Osterweiterung der Europäischen Union und die wert, sagte unterdessen Kwasniewski, kommen, muss eine Liste von Bedin- einzuhalten. Das sogenannte Anka- der zwischen 1995 und 2005 polni- gungen erfüllt werden – diese Soft ra-Protokoll über direkten Verkehr Aufnahme von Beitrittsverhandlungen mit der Türkei scher Staatschef gewesen war. „Das Power der Union ist eines der effek- zwischen der Türkei und Zypern haben die Debatte über Europas Grenzen erneut ent- Dilemma der eu ist, wie wir heute tivsten Werkzeuge, das wir Europäer müsse anerkannt, in Sachen Ener- in Rahmenbedingungen, die in den haben. Heute haben wir kurdisches giesicherheit – die Trasse der feder- facht. Wo beginnt Europa und wo hört es auf? Über vergangenen 60 Jahren erfolgreich Fernsehen in der Türkei, Freunde führend von der omv geplanten Na- diese Frage diskutierten die georgische Oppositionsführe- waren, erweitern sollen. Wir müs- von mir treten dort als Moderato- bucco-Gaspipeline führt durch die sen uns entscheiden, ob wir eine eu- ren auf, die noch vor 15 Jahren ein- Türkei – müsse Ankara mehr ko- rin Nino Burjanadze, eu-Außenkommissarin Benita ropäischere eu wollen oder eine we- gesperrt worden sind.“ operieren. Und während die Dis- Ferrero-Waldner, der ehemalige polnische Staatspräsi- niger europäische eu.“ Ferrero-Waldner verwies im Zu- kutanten es geschlossen als ziem- Eine Fortsetzung der Erweite- sammenhang mit der Erweiterungs- lich unwahrscheinlich ansahen, dass dent Aleksander Kwasniewski und der Co-Vorsitzende rung ist Kwasniewski zufolge jeden- politik auf die Verpflichtungen der Russland je der EU beitreten werde, der deutschen Grünen, Cem Özdemir, bei der zweiten falls überlebenswichtig für die Uni- Union, aber auch auf jene der Kan- erklärte Ferrero-Waldner zur Ukra- on – genauso wie für jene, die dem didatenländer. „Ein eu-Beitritt ist ine: „Kiew kann in beide Richtun- Debatte im Burgtheater. Klub beitreten wollen. Burjanadze: keine Einbahnstraße, es wird keine gen aufbrechen, nach Moskau oder „Wir wissen, dass wir derzeit nicht Beitrittsrabatte geben.“ Die Union nach Brüssel. In einem Fall wäre es eine Anpassung an ein semidemo- uropas Geschichte bestand ner. „Aber eben nicht das einzige.“ kratisches System, im anderen ein Benita Ferrero-Waldner seit jeher aus dem Umgang Die griechisch-römischen, jüdischen Assoziationsabkommen mit dem mit und der Überwindung und islamischen Einflüsse auf die eu- Westen. Es ist nicht klar, worauf Evon Grenzen.“ Das Zitat stammt vom ropäische Kultur seien evident („Für sich Präsident Juschtschenko und großen mitteleuropäischen Schrift- mich ist die eu kein Christenklub“). Ministerpräsidentin Timoschenko steller Claudio Magris. Am Sonntag Die Werte der Europäischen Union einigen werden, aber manchmal brachte es eu-Außenkommissarin Be- seien überdies in den Kopenhage- müssen wir uns fragen, ob einzel- nita Ferrero-Waldner in die Debatte ner Kriterien klar festgelegt, wo ne- ne Politiker zum Besten ihres Vol-

im Wiener Burgtheater ein … ben politischen, ökonomischen und Photo: IWM kes handeln.“ Burjanadze pochte darauf, „in technischen Voraussetzungen auch Allen Fantasien einer „einge- Europa keine künstlich geschaffe- die Aufnahmefähigkeit der Union schränkten Demokratie“ an den nen geografischen Grenzen zu er- für weitere Beitritte explizit festge- Für mich ist die eu Rändern Europas erteilten die Po- richten. Europa halten Werte zu- schrieben ist. litiker aus den Transformationsstaa- sammen und nicht die Geografie. Der „Schwabe aus Anatolien“ kein Christenklub ten eine Abfuhr. Selbst in den neu- Gemeinsame Ideale sind entschei- Cem Özdemir – er versicherte dem en eu-Staaten sei Demokratie heute dend. Europa sollte erst dort seine Publikum augenzwinkernd, dass noch kein Wert an sich, sagte Alek- Grenzen haben, wo auch die De- seine Vorfahren im Jahr 1683 nicht sander Kwasniewski. Der grundle- mokratie endet.“ Um die Anhän- vor Wien gestanden hätten und dass bereit für einen Beitritt sind und selbst müsse für weitere Erweite- gende Wert sei Macht. Burjanad- ger der geografischen Argumenta- er zudem gezwungen worden sei, dass auch die eu nicht in der Lage rungsschritte bereit sein, sonst wür- ze ergänzte: „Entweder es herrscht tion – zumindest in Bezug auf ihr Waffen und Schleier an der Garde- ist, uns aufzunehmen. Aber: Wir den die Bürger nicht mitmachen. Demokratie oder eben nicht. Un- Land – dennoch mit deren eigenen robe abzugeben – fragte dagegen, wollen nicht immer nur Nachbarn Dazu gehöre auch, dass die eu über ser größter Fehler in Georgien war Mitteln zu überzeugen, erwähnte sie warum sich Europa denn eigent- bleiben.“ Würde Brüssel aber seine ihre Zielvorstellung Auskunft gebe. es, zuerst alles andere in Angriff zu sicherheitshalber auch, dass Geor- lich im Ausschlussverfahren defi- Erweiterungspolitik ganz aufgeben, Denn „aus einem Mangel an klaren nehmen und uns erst dann um die gien von italienischen Kartografen nieren müsse. „Wir sollten Europa würde die Union auf eines ihrer bes- Zielen entsteht auch ein Mangel an Demokratie zu kümmern. Damit bereits im 16. Jahrhundert zu Eu- doch durch uns selbst, also europä- ten Instrumente verzichten, erklär- Glaubwürdigkeit. Die drei verlore- haben wir ein Haus gebaut, dem ropa gerechnet wurde. Und christ- isch definieren.“ te auch Özdemir: „Die Türkei ist ein nen Referenden zum Verfassungs- das Fundament fehlt.“ Diese Gren- lich, ja, christlich sei es schon tau- Dass er für eine Reise von War- gutes Beispiel dafür. Dort liegt noch vertrag und Lissabon-Vertrag sind ze müsse für alle, die Europäer sein send Jahre länger. schau nach Lissabon keinen Reise- vieles im Argen, aber die Reform­ genau darauf zurückzuführen.“ wollen, tabu bleiben. ◁ „Natürlich ist die Geografie ein pass mehr brauche („Kreditkarte ja, anstrengungen gehen in die richti- Die Außenkommissarin mahn- aus: Der Standard, 16. 03. 2009 Kriterium“, konterte Ferrero-Wald- Pass nein“), sei mehr als bemerkens- ge Richtung. Um durch die Tür zu te die Türkei, ihre Verpflichtungen

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 6 debates, lectures and events iwmpost Russia in Search of Its History: Gender Equality The Grand Battles About at the Crossroads: the Past and Future New and Old Politics Monthly Lecture: Irina Prokhorova, January 27 of Privilege and ndless battles about national or the Gulag. As an example for an- Exclusion E history, particularly of its most other approach to history, Prok- crucial and dramatic moments (Bol- horova presented one of the proj- shevik revolution, World War ii, ects of her publishing house, the Monthly Lecture: Mieke Verloo, February 24 Stalinist terror, the end of the So- “Chronicles of 1990”, an electronic viet regime, etc.) are characteristic and print edition which assembles orking for gender equality of Russian political and intellectu- all different kinds of memories and W in Europe has come to mean al debate over the last 20 years. In facts of the year 1990. To Prokho- very different things over the last her lecture, Irina Prokhorova point- rova this project is also a “reconcili- two decades: from equal rights for ed out how educational historiogra- ation with the past” and a “rehabili- men and women to positive action phy in Russia currently tends to es- tation of the 1990s” – years in which for women and gender mainstream- tablish a sort of “museum history”: almost all the new institutions ap- ing. In the last 10 years, the Europe- it mostly clings to ancient times as peared and “people just did some- an Union increasingly has also given Photo: IWM a “beautiful Russian past” and tries thing to change their future.” (see attention and new legal protections Irina Prokhorova is the founder, editor to avoid more recent and disagree- also www.nlobooks.ru/eng) ◁ and publisher of the journal New Literary to other inequalities, such as racial able topics like the Afghanistan war Review and the publishing house NLO. and ethnic origin, sexual orientation, age, and religion or belief. Should this be seen as a great chance to address what is called Global Changes and “intersectionality” in feminist the- ory? Is there finally attention for ethnocentrism, heteronormativity European Policy Towards Russia and middle class dominance? Or is this development the end of gen- Monthly Lecture: Aleksander Smolar, March 17 der equality policies; just anoth- er danger that gender will lose out;

fter 1989 Russia was – and still Aleksander Smolar is researcher at the that there simply will be less mon- Photo: IWM is today – looking for its place Centre National de Recherche Scienti- ey and less resources for gender and Mieke Verloo is Professor in Comparative A fique (CNRS), Paris, and President of the in the new world order. In his lec- less precise mechanisms to address Politics and Inequality Issues at the Uni- Stefan Batory Foundation in Warsaw. versity of Nijmegen and QUING Research ture, Aleksander Smolar examined the specific dynamics of gender re- Director at the IWM. the role Russia plays in contempo- tims of the crisis, with the price of lations? The developments at theeu rary international politics, the prob- gas and oil decreasing rapidly, the level, Verloo stated, have triggered of inequalities. However, there is still lems the West has with Russia, and rubel losing its value, inflation in- more attention for multiple inequal- too little attention paid to the inter- the problems Russia has with it- creasing, and the gdp plummeting. ities at national levels. All over Eu- action and interdependence of dif- self. With the downfall of the Sovi- However, Smolar ended his speech rope, there seems to be a tendency ferent inequalities by policymakers et Bloc, a unipolar world seems to with some optimism, suggesting for institutional changes in which in Europe, and one can still observe have arisen, dominated by the Unit- that the crisis could also be seen as departments, councils, committees an inequality of protection between ed States, while Russia lost its role as a window of opportunity for West- and ministers are given a mandate the various dimensions of inequali- the former “other” in the geopolit- ern policy towards Russia: “Russia to address a growing number of in- ty. Therefore, a step towards equal- ical game. Smolar showed that the didn’t turn away from the West, it still equalities. The overall trend is one ity mainstreaming is needed, Ver- Russian reaction to its loss of polit- wants to join the West, not as a sec- from a “gender solo” approach to a loo concluded, that places equality ical power modified over time. In a ondary power but as an equal part- widening of the categories and to considerations at the heart of politi- first period under President Yelzin, ner. Therefore, we should give Rus- single equality bodies; that is to in- cal decision-making. (see also www.

Russia tried to follow the West and Photo: IWM sian politics a perspective.” ◁ stitutions that address several types quing.eu) ◁ to build up privileged relations with Western countries. But after the in- tervention of nato in Kosovo, which Russia didn’t accept but couldn’t prevent, Russian politics became more and more nationally orient- ed. In this second period, the rela- tions between Russia and the West cooled down. Only after the attacks of 9/11 the situation changed, when President Putin was the first leader who declared his solidarity with the us in the so-called “war on terror”. A close cooperation began not least because Putin expected Western re- straint in the Chechenia conflict. This third period has now come to an end with the Ukraine gas dispute, the war in Georgia and the world fi- nancial market crisis. Particularly the financial crisis, Smolar assumed, will change Russia and its role in the world again. Before the crisis, Rus- sian elites claimed that “Russia is back”. They observed a weakening of the us under the presidency of George W. Bush, a fragmentation of the eu after the referendums on the European constitution had been lost, the emergence of a multipolar world “without a center”, and Rus- sia’s growing prosperity due to its gas and oil reserves. But now, Rus- sia seems to be one of the worst vic- no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 iwmpost debates, lectures and events 7 Wider den Vertrauensverlust

Politischer Salon mit Gesine Schwan, 16. Januar

ie Politikwissenschaftlerin Ge- Doch was kann Politik heute noch Gesine Schwan war Präsidentin der kraft, sei die Aufgabe heutiger Bil- sine Schwan, von 1999 bis 2008 leisten? Die Globalisierung schrän- Europa-Universität Viadrina, sie kandidiert dungspolitik. Das bedeute auch, die D für das Amt des deutschen Bundesprä- Präsidentin der Europa-Universität ke die Spielräume nationalen politi- sidenten. Möglichkeit sich zu bilden für alle Viadrina in Frankfurt an der Oder, schen Handelns ein, der Neolibera- offen zu halten. Bildung sei ein öf- wurde von der spd für die deutsche lismus propagiere einen schlanken Die Verabsolutierung von Wettbe- fentliches Gut, das man nicht priva- Bundespräsidentenwahl am 23. Mai Staat, viele Bürger fühlten sich mit werb, die Reduzierung von Bildung tisieren dürfe, vielmehr gelte es das 2009 nominiert. Über ihre Ideen, die ihren Problemen von der Politik al- auf arbeitsmarktorientierte Ausbil- Prinzip „gleiche Bildungschancen für Werte, für die sie eintritt, und ihre lein gelassen. Deswegen, so Schwan, dung, die Konzentration auf die För- alle“ und damit auch mehr soziale Vorstellungen vom Amt diskutierte brauche es eine starke Bürgergesell- derung von Eliten – all das sei viel- Gerechtigkeit in der Bildung durch- sie beim Politischen Salon mit Mi- schaft und die politische Teilhabe mehr eine „Anti-Bildungshaltung“. zusetzen. Der Bundespräsident hat chael Fleischhacker, Chefredakteur aller Menschen, um die Demokra- Bildung sei mehr als ein Instrument in Deutschland hauptsächlich re- der Presse, und Krzysztof Michal- tie zu beleben und das Vertrauen zur Steigerung der Wirtschaftskraft, präsentative Funktionen, sein poli- ski, Rektor des iwm. Das Hauptmo- in die Politik zu stärken. Die Poli- sie sei unverzichtbare Vorbedingung tischer Gestaltungsspielraum ist eng. tiv für ihre Kandidatur – die zweite tik wiederum müsse dafür die Vor- für die Partizipation an einem de- Daher, so Schwan zum Abschluss der nach 2004, bei der sie Horst Köh- aussetzungen schaffen, zum Beispiel mokratischen Gemeinwesen, denn: Diskussion, wolle sie vor allem eines ler knapp unterlag – sei der „zuneh- durch die Förderung der Bildungs- „Wer nicht gelernt hat, sich ein eigen- sein: „Mahnerin gegen Fehlentwick- mende Vertrauensverlust in die Po- politik. Bildung stehe zwar seit lan- ständiges Urteil zu erarbeiten, kann lungen und Ermutigerin, diesen et- litik“, sagte Schwan. Der politische gem auf der politischen Agenda, seine Rolle als selbständiger Bürger was entgegen zu setzen.“ ◁ Leitsatz ihrer Präsidentschaft kön- aber, so kritisierte Schwan, sie sei in einer Demokratie nicht wahrneh- In Kooperation mit Die Presse ne daher lauten: „Demokratie stär- zunehmend für Zwecke der Öko- men.“ Genau dies, die Ausbildung

ken, Vertrauen zurückgewinnen.“ nomie instrumentalisiert worden: Photo: IWM der Persönlichkeit und der Urteils-

Christdemokratie als Modell n e w f e l l o w s h i p „muslimischer Demokratie“? Bronisław Geremek Fellowships for Polish Scholars Reihe: Den Staat neu denken? Jan-Werner Müller, 20. Januar

n der Türkei ist im letzten Som- Christdemokratie eine entscheiden- ince 2009 the Institute for Candidates from all disciplines I mer die regierende Partei für Ge- de Rolle spielten. Christdemokrati- SHuman Sciences awards in the humanities and social sci- rechtigkeit und Entwicklung (akp) sche Parteien waren keine Schöp- “Bronisław Geremek Fellow- ences may apply. The fellowship nur knapp einem Verbot durch das fung des Vatikan, im Gegenteil, sie ships”. Young Polish doctoral or is kindly supported by the Pol- Verfassungsgericht des Landes ent- entstanden unter dem Einfluss ein- post-doctoral researchers study- ish Ministry of Culture and Na- gangen. Die Staatsanwaltschaft hat- zelner Vordenker und aus dem Be- ing Polish national heritage in the tional Heritage. ◁ te ihr vorgeworfen, sie versuche das dürfnis heraus, dem antiklerikalen context of the European tradition Please visit the IWM website Land zu „islamisieren“ und letztlich Staat etwas entgegen zu setzen. Nur are invited to spend ten months for further details: eine Theokratie einzuführen. Nach ein starker, souveräner Staat, nicht as Visiting Fellows at the iwm. www.iwm.at/fellowships.htm der Entscheidung feierten nicht nur ein schwacher, autoritärer, sei in der die akp-Anhänger; auch jene im Wes- Lage, politischen Raum für religiö- ten, die die akp als prototypische se Parteien zuzulassen, sagte Mül- forthcoming „muslimisch-demokratische“ Partei ler. Im Europa der Nachkriegszeit ansehen, waren erleichtert. gab es gute Bedingungen für die Jan Patočka Memorial Lecture In seinem Vortrag argumentierte Entwicklung der Christdemokra- Jan-Werner Müller, dass die christde- tie, die Wertekonservativismus mit mokratischen Parteien Westeuropas marktfreundlicher Einstellung kom- Ian Buruma ein Modell sein könnten für gemä- binierte. Es liege nahe zu vermuten, The Virtues ßigt religiöse muslimische Parteien, dass muslimische Reformer unter die sich zu demokratischen Spielre- den richtigen Umständen in ähnli- and Limits geln bekennen. Müller zeichnete die cher Weise in der Lage sein könn-

Geschichte der Entwicklung christ- Photo: IWM ten, eine muslimische Demokratie of Cosmopoli- demokratischer Parteien in Europa Jan-Werner Müller ist Professor für herbeizuführen. ◁

Politikwissenschaften an der Princeton Photo: Stefan Heijdendael nach, wobei er zeigte, dass politische In Kooperation mit der Politischen tanism University und Open Society Fellow Akademie der ÖVP Neuerer und liberale katholische an der Central European University, Intellektuelle bei der Schaffung der Budapest. an Buruma, einer der bekann- rück und schrieb mit „Die Gren- I testen Publizisten und Kultur- zen der Toleranz“ (2006) ein Por- analytiker im englischsprachigen trät aller direkt oder indirekt an Raum, ist der Inbegriff eines Kos- dem Mord Beteiligten. mopoliten. 1951 in Den Haag als „Kosmopolitismus wird heut- Sohn eines Holländers und einer zutage im Allgemeinen als etwas britischen Mutter deutsch-jüdi- Gutes angesehen, als ein positi- scher Herkunft geboren, wuchs ver Begriff, der einen hohen Grad er in England und Japan auf, er an Kultiviertheit, sogar Glamour lebte und arbeitete lange Jah- bezeichnet … Gleichzeitig kann re in Ostasien. Burumas Texte dasselbe Wort, mit höhnischer befassen sich mit Ost-West-Be- Verachtung ausgesprochen, auch ziehungen und mit dem Begriff etwas vollkommen Negatives mei- der nationalen Identität. Bekannt nen“, sagte Ian Buruma in seiner wurde er in Deutschland u. a. Rede zur Verleihung des Eras- durch sein Buch „Erbschaft der mus-Preises 2008. Welches die Schuld. Vergangenheitsbewälti- Vorzüge und welches die Gren- gung in Deutschland und Japan“ zen des Konzepts eines libera- (1996) und durch „Okzidentalis- len Kosmopolitismus sind, wird mus. Der Westen in den Augen er bei der, vom iwm veranstalte- seiner Feinde“ (2004). Nach der ten, Patočka Memorial Lecture in Ermordung des Regisseurs Theo Wien erläutern. ◁ van Gogh in Amsterdam durch einen radikalen Islamisten im No- 10. Juni 2009, 18.00 Uhr vember 2004 kehrte Buruma für Börsensäle, Wipplinger Straße 34, ein Jahr in sein Geburtsland zu- 1010 Wien

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 8 from the fellows iwmpost Money, Art, Identity

by merlijn schoonenboom

How the role of old art and art history museums changes

he political excitement will rise high this summer in Athens, Greece. After al- Tmost thirty years of preparation, on the 20th of June the New Acro­ polis Museum will open. Insiders an- nounce that not only “everybody that matters in the political and cultural elite” will be present on the opening ceremony, but also the festivities of this evening will be organised with a contribution of no less than 6 mil- lion euro’s by the man who also di- rected the opening of the Olympic Games in 2004. This summer, political big shots will not only be found in a museum in Athens. In Amsterdam the Rus- sian president, Dimitri Medvedev, is expected to drop by in June. The reason is not an important econom- ical contract, but a so-called “satel- lite museum” of the Hermitage in St. Petersburg. It will open in Am- sterdam, after at least 15 years of planning. Medvedev, as reported by sources inside the Ministries of Cultures in Russia and the Nether- lands, will be there to open this mu- seum personally.

In itself it is not uncommon that Photo: Schoonenboom museums are used as the background of national festivities. Nevertheless, At the same time the Louvre and number of highly-educated people has been called the “Bilbao-effect” – ence economy”. Rudin: “They want this present enthusiasm on the high- the Berlin museums have established than ever before in history. named after the Spanish city, which to be young and daring, they want to est political level is remarkable. Both for the first time ever, new connec- It is only since the beginning of became a magnet for tourists after compete. Therefore they need mon- in Athens and Amsterdam, tradition- tions in the Arab world, the Gulf the 1990s, that most museums began the building of a huge extravagant ey and sponsors, and for that they al, classical art and culture is being States Abu Dhabi and Dubai. And to think about the consequences of museum of modern art. have to look good.” presented; Old Master paintings of on top of all this building activity, this cultural masstourism. Plans to The first incentive of the con- The ambitious rebuilding of the the Hermitage, classical statues of inside the museums, the staff is an- canalise these masses (in 2008, 8,5 temporary movement in the muse- last years can therefore be seen as a the Acropolis. In general, this does nouncing plans for modernisation not attract a large audience for tele- of the art-historical presentations, vion shows, and is not considered a the way the Rembrandts, the Titians “sexy” topic for a politician to show and the Michelangelos are brought off with in public. to the new generations. Art does not have a function anymore Still, these museums of old cul- ture are ambitious projects, with bud- lthough it seems an unlike- in the creation of national identity, but gets which are even more ambitious. A ly combination at first sight, The New Acropolis Museum for ex- the conclusion must be that muse- it can be used for city-branding ample, is built by the international ums for old culture raised new po- star architect Bernhard Tschumi, litical interest. But why? Where do funded by the Greek government these ambitions come from? How and the European Union. And it is do the major players, the Europe- million visitors came to the Louvre, ums for old culture is, therefore, very kind of “second phase” in the his- not the only major national muse- an museum elite, explain these new a record) began in the late 1980s in pragmatic: there is hope that with tory of museums. Most of the ex- um project at the moment in Eu- ambitions? And what is, according Paris with the Louvre-extension of old culture money can be made. Ac- isting national museums have their rope. Everywhere museums for old to them, the meaning of the tradi- the architect i.m. Pei, and then spread cording to Rebekka Rudin, manager roots in the 19th century. At that art and culture are being renovat- tional, classical culture in 21st cen- slowly to Berlin, Madrid, Amster- of the travelling exhibition “Muse- time, the museum architecture was ed or even newly built. In Amster- tury Europe? dam. In addition, there arose at the ums in the 21st Century” at the Art based on religious buildings, tem- dam the Rijksmuseum is renovated­ The first answer points out a dy- beginning of the 21st century a new Centre Basel, there is not much dif- ples and churches. Now, as Rebek- for more than 200 million euros, in namic far beyond the limits of art his- “ideology” in city-planning: the im- ference between the completely new ka Rudin describes it, the buildings Berlin the Museumsinsel is being re- tory. The directors stress the enor- portance of the so-called creative in- modern art museums and the tradi- “need to attract attention”. Accord- build till at least 2015 for 100 mil- mous impact of the rise of cultural dustry. State-officials and economists tional institutons. Also museums for ing to Rudin, and also according to lion euros yearly, and in St. Peters- tourism, this unforseen byproduct began to believe in the stimulating old culture are “relatively new insti- someone like Wolfgang Waldner, Di- burg in 2014 the Hermitage gets a of cheap flights, free time, boredom, effect of a cultural environment on tutes”, which are searching for a new rector of the highly successful Mu- huge new wing. organised city-trips, and a bigger the city-economy. For museums, this place in the contemporary “experi- seumsQuartier in Vienna, art – be

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 iwmpost from the fellows 9 it modern or traditional – does not and on traditions. This type of re- seums want to contribute to the “di- have a function anymore in the cre- action can also be seen in present alogue of cultures”. ation of national identity, but it can times: society changes quickly, and Sabine Haag, who is this year the be used for city-branding. in Europe there is a collective desire first woman in the club, describes the “1989 – Images of Change” to look back. Universal Museums as “ice-breakers” A European search for traces lausible as this may be seen, this In the stories of the directors, between countries and cultures. By (for the age-group 1980 until 1991) “pragmatic” use of art, is only reflection on the cultural past is exposing art, they create more and P The history network for young Europeans – EUSTORY – initiates a part of the explanation of the new linked to the confusion caused by deeper mutual understanding be- the first pan-European search for traces of 1989. This project political enthusiasm for the nation- information technology, globalisa- tween cultures, she argues. At the calls on those born in the years of change between the Polish strike al museums. When you take a look tion and multiculturalisation. Sabi- Ministry of Culture in Moscow, they of 1980 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 at the building plans of the New Ri- see the “satellite museums” of the to an online competition (www.1989history.eu). It offers prizes jksmuseum in Amsterdam (ready in Hermitage as a possibility to show of 20,000 € and concludes with an award ceremony in November 2009 in Brussels. 2013) for example, the most remark- “Russian culture” to the rest of the able thing is not the “new modern world. And in Athens, there is the Closing date is June 30, 2009. comfort”, but the major role of a “his- ongoing discussion on the question tory-experience”: for the first time of what will be better for the posi- The idea is to recall the historical moment of 1989 with the help in more than sixty years, the deco- tion of Greece in an international of pictures: photos, postcards, letters, dairies, and newspaper articles, everything, which serves as a visual memory of this time. rations of the original architecture, context: to leave the hotly contest- Most interesting are private items of time witnesses – not only which has been painted white dur- ed Panthenon (“Elgin”) Marbles in in the East. People in the West have memories of 1989 as well, ing the modernist 1950s, are being London, or to put on more political e.g. the many newcomers or own journeys. restored, and also other aspects cele- pressure to get them to Athens to the EUSTORY is a network of history contests, which is active brate the historical atmosphere of this New Acropolis Museum. in 22 states. The Nobel Prize for Peace winner Martti Ahtisaari, building, which has been mocked so Since their inception, the muse- the Polish survivor of Auschwitz, Władysław Bartoszewski, and

long for its “historical kitsch”. Photo: Schoonenboom ums have played a political role. But former president of the EU Commission, Jacques Delors, In Berlin there is a comparable Merlijn Schoonenboom is an art cultural diplomacy, as the Dutch Sec- support the organisation serving as patrons. development. The original 19th cen- journalist at De Volkskrant in Am- retary of State Frans Timmermans sterdam. From October to December tury concept of the Museumsinsel 2008 he was Milena Jesenská Visiting stresses, will become more and more was to be a “Tempelstadt” (a town of Fellow at the IWM with the project crucial in foreign policy-affairs in temples), dedicated to art. Not only “Money, Art, Identitiy: European the next years. The museums seem Art History Museums in a Changing are the orginal temple-facades now Society”. The research was restricted to become a useful factor in the for- being restored and modern archi- to museums for classical art and art eign policy of a country. This is also tecture only modestly presented, but before the modern times, until around the background of the visit of Dim- 1880. For his project, Schoonen- also there is on the opposite of the boom spoke with directors of the itri Medvedev to Amsterdam. Smil- Museumsinsel a complete baroque most important national museums ingly, he will open the Hermitage in city-palace being rebuild – in the in Amsterdam, Athens, Petersburg, Amsterdam, but without doubt oth- Berlin and Vienna. The results were fifties destoyed by the gdr govern- published in reports on four specific er (political and economic) business ment –, that will get a new function cities – Athens, Berlin, Petersburg, will be done behind the scenes. as part of the Museumsinsel. Vienna – in De Volkskrant. Not surprisingly, this “experi- hese are the socio-cultural back- ence of history” is exactly the ans­ ne Haag, since 2009 Director of the T grounds that can explain the re- wer the museum directors give on Kunsthistorische Museum in Vien- newed ambitions of the national art 36 the question of why masses of tour- na, thinks this is one of the reasons historical museums. Of course, the Klimapolitik und Solidarität ists visit the national museums from why the Old Masters have regained next question should then be: what Athens to Petersburg. In the age of popularity. Their meaning, says Haag, can be seen? What change is seen Anthony Giddens Klimapolitik information technology, the direc- has survived the turbulence of chang- in the art historical presentations, Nationale Antworten auf die Herausforderung tors say, people are curious for “his- ing fashions. They have the power which sometimes could be dated der globalen Erwärmung torical authenticity”. They search to speak directly to the people of back to the 19th century? for it in the buildings, and in the the 21st century, who, after modern- Here the museum world is a lot Claus Leggewie Können Demokratien den Klimawandel objects. As Mikhail Piotrovsky, the ism, have more feelings for figura- less daring. In most museums the und Harald Welzer bewältigen? longtime Director of the Hermitage tive painting. Also Norbert Zimmer- Old Masters are presented by age, in Petersburg puts it: “We live in a mann, Vice President of the highest by country and by school. The “di- Ingolfur Blühdorn Klimadebatte und Postdemokratie time where people start looking for cultural institution of Germany, the alogue of cultures” is almost nev- Zur gesellschaftlichen Bewältigung der their cultural roots.” Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz, er made explicit, thematic depth or Nicht-Nachhaltigkeit And art brings this experience, thinks that museums can reach an- creative insights learned from new according to Mr. Piotrovsky. Not to swers in the “confusion” created by disciplines such as “visual culture mention Peter-Klaus Schuster, the globalisation and multiculturalism: studies” is absent. Wolfgang Sachs Wem gehört, was übrig bleibt? former Director of the Berlin Muse- museums of classical art and culture The only daring modernisation Ressourcenkonflikte und Menschenrechte ums, who conceives the Museumsin- “show us where we come from”, ac- seems to be the combination of con- sel as a possible new spiritual centre cording to Zimmermann. temporary art with the Old Masters. Lukas Meyer Klimawandel und Gerechtigkeit of the new Germany. The task which Last year this “trick” was to be seen the Dutch Rijksmuseum sets for it- ith these arguments, it is in almost every capital in Europe, in Dirk Messner Klimawandel, globale Entwicklung self is of the same caliber: although W not a surprise that nation- more or less successful expositions: und internationale Sicherheit Rembrandt is not anymore the 19th- al politicians can be convinced of Damien Hirsts’ diamond skull in the century “son of the nation”, he again the purpose of good functioning Amsterdam Rijksmuseum, Jan Fabre Nadine Pratt Ich kaufe, also bin ich gut? has the function to illuminate the es- art-historical institutes. Relatively in the Louvre, Kienholz in the Lon- Nachhaltiger Konsum – sence of a typical “Dutch spirit”; for new is the fact that the diplomatic don National Gallery, Giacometti in eine Kontextbestimmung tourists as well as for the new gener- possibilities of the artworks are be- the Altes Museum in Berlin. ations in the Dutch schools. ing stressed. For a long-term actualisation of Oliver Geden Strategischer Konsum statt The public doesn’t look for mo- Twice a year, an exclusive group the old art and culture, this is not nachhaltiger Politik? dernity in these museums. They look of men gather somewhere in a muse- enough. This is the paradox of the for historicity – in a space that is um in the world. They are the direc- desire to experience the “historical Ohnmacht und Selbstüberschätzung des equiped with all modern comfort. tors of the so-called Universal Mu- authenticity”. As Peter-Klaus Schus- »klimabewussten« Verbrauchers That the old masterpieces play in- seums, such as the Louvre and the ter puts it: to keep a feeling with the deed a new role in the experience Metropolitan Museum in New York: art historical masterpieces, art has to economy, means the displaying of museums who collect and present all be presented for every generation in * the “mystery of the historical sen- of art-history, from the Egyptians to a new way, because in every age peo- sation” in a society that is losing the modern times. In the last years, ple have different “ways of seeing”. Chris Niedenthal Greetings from Hel. contact with its own roots in rap- these men have come up with a slo- To change these oldfashioned pre- Photographien id speed. gan: “for the world, about the world”. sentations, the national museums in In this sense, it is very plausi- More and more, they set up exposi- Europe will need a much more dar- ble to describe the actual activity tions on the cultures of the world, ing vision on the future than is need- Herausgegeben am Verlag neue kritik Preis: in the European national museums and they present these expositions ed to close some lucrative deals with Institut für die Kettenhofweg 53 Abo € 24,- (D) as “a second phase” after the first on different locations worldwide: the Gulf States or the construction Wissenschaften vom D – 60325 Frankfurt Zwei Hefte pro Jahr one in the 19th century. Museums in China, in Brasil, the Gulf States, of luxury buildings. Otherwise, the € emerged in a society which changed etc. According to Mr. Schuster, this interest in the art history and classi- Menschen Tel. 0049 (69) 72 75 76 Einzelheft 14,- (D) very fast as a result of industrialisa- has not only a pragmatic reason – cal culture will easily slip away, when tion. The desire grew to create “tem- “If the tourists travel to the Gulf, we the prices of the city-trips and flights Bestellungen auch übers Web: www.iwm.at/transit.htm ples” of contemplation on the past go too” –, but also because the mu- go up again. ◁

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 10 fellows and guests iwmpost

Fellows and Guests January–March 2009

Clemens Apprich Shelby Carpenter Heike Flemming Yaroslav Hrytsak Marusa Krese Sandra Lehmann Boyan Manchev Junior Visiting Fellow Junior Visiting Fellow Junior Visiting Fellow Visiting Fellow Milena Jesenská Visiting Visiting Fellow (September Robert Bosch Junior (August 2008–January (January–June 2009) (October 2008–March 2009) (February–July 2009) Fellow (November 2008– 2008–July 2009) Visiting Fellow (August 2009) January 2009) 2008–January 2009) Ph.D. candidate in Doktorandin (Philosophie, Director of the Institute Habilitandin (Philosophie), Ph.D. candidate in Sociocultural Anthropol- Literatur), Universität for Historical Research, Freelance journalist, öaw apart-Stipendiatin Associate Professor of Cultural Studies, Hum- ogy, Boston University Wien; öaw doc-Stipendia- Ivan Franko Lviv National writer, poet, Graz Philosophy, New Bulgarian boldt-University Berlin; tin University, Ukraine; Grundlagen einer Ontologie University, Sofia; Director öaw doc-stipendiary Envisioning Trust: A Study Visiting Professor, Central Do Not Despair, You Asked aus dem Glauben of Program and Vice of “Cultural Bereavement” Parallele Geschichten – European University, Us Not to Live. Comparing President of the Interna- DIY or Die: The Historical in Sierra Leone and The Unbeschreiblicher Blick. Budapest the Position of Women in Ich befasse mich mit dem tional College of Philoso- Genealogy of the Network Gambia Darstellungen der Ge- the “East” and “West” Wirklichkeitsbegriff im phy, Paris Society schichte im literarischen Historical Memory Between (Slovenia, Austria, Italy, Kontext der philosophi- My dissertation asks Bewusstsein Ungarns nach Conflict, Ambivalence, and Croatia and Romania) schen Moderne. Dabei liegt Alexandre Kojève, the Talking about as well as how trust is established 1970 am Beispiel von Reconciliation: The Case mein Augenmerk auf dem, Paradox of the End of investigating networks has after war, and how Sierra Péter Nádas und László of Ukraine, 1989–2009 “Do women in Slovenia was man den „Prozess Politics and the Philosophy become a determining Leoneans cope in their Márton feel relieved, now that you moderner kritischer of Political Action. morphology of our society everyday lives both as The project deals with the live in a democracy and Selbsterschöpfung“ nennen European Project and in recent years. The aim urban dwellers in Free- Das Dissertationsprojekt transformation of historical since Slovenia has become könnte. In seinem Verlauf European Praxis of my research will be to town and as international wird am Beispiel der memory in Ukraine since an eu-member?” This schlägt der dem modernen reveal new forms of refugees in The Gambia. ungarischen Gegenwarts­ the collapse of commu- cliché question most often Wirklichkeitsbegriff eigene Is the European project subjectivation, which As Africa undergoes rapid literatur und ihrer Dar- nism. In contrast to other doesn’t even sound like emanzipatorische Impuls, becoming a paradigmatic produce specific concepts social change as a result of stellung der eigenen similar projects, it shifts the a question, but rather a der auf „Verwirklichung“ post-political project? of subjectivity (as in the war and political instability, jüngeren Vergangenheit – focus from sharp political statement of fact. My im Sinne einer humanen The aim of the proposed arts, business or communi- I argue that at times, konkret anhand des Werkes and public debates on answer: Slovene women Gestaltung von Welt zielt, research is to contribute cations) within the digital solutions are found in the zweier zeitgenössischer history – which have been have lost much in a in diverse Diskurse des to the analysis of the context. “Do it yourself or most unlikely of places. ungarischer Autoren – sufficiently analyzed – to democracy, and they lost it Wirklichkeitsverlusts um. philosophical and political die” is therefore a credo My findings are the result Péter Nádas (*1942) und their social perceptions that before they even noticed. Gegen diese Diskurse premises of the European committed to a certain type of 22 months of field László Márton (*1959) – are largely underestimated Before 1990, the struggle versuche ich zu einer neuen project and at the same of knowledge production research on mental health, dem alten Problem des and characterized by for equality in Western Fundierung der Rede von time to foster critical in which the collective social healing, perfor- Verhältnisses von Ge- polyvalence. Such a shift societies seemed to us an Wirklichkeit zu kommen. reflection on its future. intelligence of the users mance, and civil society schichtsschreibung und helps to reveal the ways in unnecessary affair. But Ich setze hierzu bei der A departure point will be becomes the central issues in West Africa. Geschichtserzählung, which a divided society can today we’re hearing from vorprädikativen Relation the analysis of the political resource of individual Historie und Fiktion, cope with its traumatic our friends in Western des Menschen zur Welt, visions of the philosopher and community life. nachgehen. Wie stellt sich memories and suggests Europe how hard it is to beim so genannten Alexandre Kojève who was dieses Verhältnis unter den interesting comparisons fight for equality. These „Wirklichkeitsglauben“ also practically engaged in Bedingungen der Moderne and generalizations. women are breaking taboos an, den ich systematisch the construction of Europe. und der totalitären Erfah- that we’re barely beginning auslege, wobei ich einen My working hypothesis: rungen des zwanzigsten to know. We’ll need a very utopischen Fluchtpunkt According to the logic Jahrhunderts dar? long time to go back to für ihn annehme. of Kojève’s philosophy reclaim positions that our of history, the eu is the mothers and many among embodiment of the us once had. Hegelian “end of history.” Vytautas Deksnys Paul Celan Visiting Fellow Michal Biletzki (October 2008–March 2009) Junior Visiting Fellow (January–June 2009) Freelance translator, Vilnius Kristof Jacobs Guest (February 2009) Ph.D. candidate in Political Józef Tischner: Filozofia Science, Boston University dramatu (Polish > Justyna Górny Ph.D. candidate in Susanne Lettow Lithuanian) Paul Celan Visiting Fellow Political Science, Radboud Visiting Fellow (March They Shoot Citizens, (December 2008–February University of Nijmegen 2008–February 2011) Don’t They? The Case of “Philosophy of drama” 2009) Ivan Landa Csaba Olay Palestinian Citizens of (Filozofia dramatu) is the Who is Behind the Paul Celan Visiting Fellow Lecturer in Philosophy, Andrew W. Mellon Fellow Israel famous work, in which Übersetzerin und Dokto- Steering Wheel? (January–June 2009) University of Paderborn; (January–March 2009) Józef Tischner constructs a randin an der Fakultät für Democratic Reforms in fwf-stipendiary I will investigate the philosophical anthropology Moderne Sprachen der Austria, Belgium, and Übersetzer und wissen- Senior Lecturer of development of the that permits the most Universität Warschau the Netherlands schaftlicher Mitarbeiter am The Symbolic Power of Philosophy, Eötvös citizenship status of the essential questions to be Philosophischen Institut Biology: Articulations of University Budapest Palestinian citizens of asked: Where is God? Why Karin Hausen: Textauswahl In my dissertation I der Akademie der Biological Knowledge in Israel (pci) in terms of evil? What are beauty, truth (German > Polish) will study democratic Wissenschaften, Prag “Naturphilosophie” The Political Existentialism their equality with regard and goodness? Tischner reforms, specifically around 1800 of Hannah Arendt to both state actions and links the phenomenology Karin Hausen gehört changes in local and G. W. F. Hegel: Vorlesun- state distribution of justice. of Husserl with the dia- zu den international national electoral, gen über die Philosophie Biology, established My research tries to Furthermore, an attempt logical thought of Levinas anerkannten Begründerin- participatory and refer- der Religion (German > around 1800 as the “science elaborate an enlarged will be made to expose and a philosophy of history nen der historischen endum legislation in Czech) of life,” not only developed German version of my the inherent deficiencies inspired by Hegel and Frauen- und Geschlechter- Belgium, the Netherlands in modernity as a specific Hungarian book, “The of the term “citizenship.” Heidegger. This book forschung; sie lehrte bis and Austria. The focus is Die Bedeutung der scientific discipline, but Political Existentialism of The misuse of this term in will be important for the 2003 als Professorin an der on the period from 1987 „Vorlesungen“ liegt vor also continually served as a Hannah Arendt,” published the Israeli case may shed Lithuanian audience, since tu Berlin. Die Übersetzung onwards; the aim of the allem darin, dass in ihnen kind of social knowledge. in 2008. I treat her political light on other such misuses it discusses problems of ihrer Arbeiten ist für den Ph.D. is to examine how die Philosophie der The proposed research philosophy as basically throughout the world’s universal relevance. wachsenden Kreis von changes since then can Religion als philosophische project will start from and grounded on a conception nation-states. An under- Moreover, there is still Historiker/innen inte- be explained. Therefore Theologie verstanden ist, explore the thesis that the of human life and existence, standing of the unpredict- a considerable lack of ressant, die sich in Polen I will examine the role d. h. verschiedene Reli- re-configuration of philo- insofar as the meaning of able meta-morphosis Central-Eastern European mit Familien- und Frauen- of political parties, ideo- gionen im Zusammenhang sophy at the beginning of politics is to give room for undergone by the status of philosophical thought geschichte befassen. Zudem logical concerns and mit der Frage nach der modernity is crucial for human existence to grasp citizenship of the pci and published in Lithuanian. bereichern sie die sich in public demands for Denkbarkeit Gottes the status that biological itself. Consequently, her their treatment by the Polen entwickelnden such changes. betrachtet werden. Hegels knowledge gained in the theory is not a proposal to state may lead to a better Gender Studies um neue Interpretation des „Todes modern order of know­ define political tasks as understanding of their Impulse: Hausens Texte Gottes“, sein Versuch, die ledge. The research project distinct from others, but future prospects in Israel werden der „Frauenge- Trinitätslehre mit der focuses on the writings in rather to search for the along with a realization of schichte“, als Zweig der Theorie der Subjektivität Naturphilosophie by Kant, meaning of public activities the type of state Israel Geschichtswissenschaft, zusammenzufügen und die Schelling, Hegel, and and the meaning of action actually is. festere methodologische Deutung des Verhältnisses Schopenhauer. within the context of Grundlagen geben, und sie zwischen Glaube und human life, what I labelled werden den Wissenstrans- Vernunft sind auch für “political existentialism.” fer zwischen Ost- und gegenwärtige Diskussionen Westeuropa fördern. in der philosophischen Theologie relevant. Die Übersetzung wird das Werk erstmals auf Tschechisch zugänglich machen, und dazu beitragen, die Hegel-Forschung in der Tschechischen Republik zu vertiefen. no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 iwmpost fellows and guests / travels and talks 11

Fellows and Guests Travels and Talks

Cornelia Klinger Karin Tertinegg Permanent Fellow quing Project

Vortrag: „Grüner Grund- Moderation: „Yes, we can! wert Solidarität”, in der Rechte, Gleichstellung und Reihe Grüne Grundwerte an eine faire Politik für der Grünen Bildungswerk- Frauen“, Pressekonferenz, statt, Wien (16. Januar) Hauptbücherei Wien Damiana Gabriela Otoiu Irina Prokhorova Dirk Rupnow Ferenc Szijj Olga Wysocka (2. März) Robert Bosch Junior Visiting Guest (January–February Visiting Fellow (April Paul Celan Visiting Fellow Józef Tischner Fellow Vortrag: „Gemeinsamkeiten Fellow (January–June 2009) 2009) 2007–February 2009) (January–June 2009) (September 2008–February und Unterschiede zwischen 2009) produktiver, reproduktiver Andras Vari Assistant Professor of Founder, editor and Lecturer at the Institute Freelance translator and und informeller Arbeit“, im Robert Bosch Visiting Fellow Political Science, Bucharest publisher of the journal for Contemporary History, writer, Budapest Ph.D. candidate in Rahmen der Ringvorlesung University New Literary Review and University of Vienna Political and Social Geschlecht und Arbeit an Participation in a the publishing house Hannah Arendt / Martin Sciences, European der Universität Hildesheim preparatory workshop to “We Shouldn’t Sell Our nlo, Moscow Tranforming the Holocaust. Heidegger: Briefe 1925 University Institute, (20. Januar) develop a “Proposal for a Country!” Property and Trans-/National European bis 1975 und andere Florence Session in the esshc in Identity Politics in Post- Russia in Search of Its and Global Politics of Zeugnisse (German > Lecture: “When the Gent 2010 on Enquiries, socialist Romania History: Grand Battles Memory (1989–Today) Hungarian) Populism Celebrations Are Over … Agrarian Interests and About the Past and Future Intersectionality and the Response to Economic The aim of this research More than five decades Der Briefwechsel von The aim of my research is Long Road to Theory”, bei Change, c. 1860–1900”, project is to explore the Endless battles about after the end of World Hannah Arendt und Martin to analyse populism using der Konferenz Celebrating ehess, Paris (March 6–7) reconstitution of private national history have War ii, the Holocaust has Heidegger ist ein wichtiges Poland as an empirical Intersectionality? Debates on property in post-socialist been characteristic of apparently arrived at the zeitgeschichtliches Doku- example. The study a Multi-faceted Concept in Romania through the the Russian political and center of European identity. ment aus den 1920–30er, attempts to clarify this Gender Studies at the Mieke Verloo investigation of policies intellectual debate over Moreover, it seems to have sowie den 1950–70er phenomenon by answering Cornelia Goethe Zentrum quing Project concerning Jewish pro- the last 20 years. To become a negative norm Jahren und trägt zum specific questions: What für Frauenstudien und die perties. I intend it to be an some extent this may be even beyond the borders besseren Verständnis der does populism in Poland Erforschung der Geschlech- Participation, Presenta- illustrative case, which may compared to public debates of Europe – the object of Persönlichkeit der beiden actually mean? What terverhältnisse, Goethe- tions, and Chair at the First foster wider reflection in post-Nazi Germany, but transnational and global Philosophen bei. Diese are the reasons for its Universität Frankfurt a. M. European Conference on on how the process of the Russian situation is remembrance, but none- Briefe einer Liebesbezie- emergence and growth? (January 23) Politics and Gender (ecpg), reprivatisation has been complicated by the total theless contested. In these hung und Freundschaft Should we describe Polish Queen’s University Belfast intersected with an loss of direction concerning processes the interpretation helfen den psycholo- populism in general terms, Teilnahme: Fernsehdiskus- (January 21-23). “identity politics” and the country’s economic and representation of the gischen und geschichtli- or rather as a country- sion in der Sendung Kreuz – Presentation: “Challenges with “ethno-national” perspectives and ethical events have seen manifold chen Hintergrund zweier specific phenomenon? & Quer zum Thema „Was of the Discursive Politics of political discourses and priorities. On the one hand, transformations. The unterschiedlicher und in The second part of my kümmern uns die Armen?“, Gender Equality. What projects. the present regime plays a project focuses on new einigen Aspekten trotzdem project is to compile texts orf (27. Januar) About Feminist Taboos?” quasi-Soviet restoration dynamics and develop- verwandter Denkweisen for an anthology on with Emanuela Lombardo, card; on the other, an ments in Holocaust remem- nachzuzeichnen. Die populism. My intent is to Seminar: „Figuren des Universidad Complutense intensive search has begun brance since 1989 and Übersetzung des Brief- fill gaps that exist in the Anderen im Denken der Madrid, and Petra Meier, for new historical para- especially on transnational wechsels wird die in den relevant literature that has Moderne: Der Fremde – University of Antwerp digms, social imagery and actors (the eu, the un, etc.) letzten Jahren belebte been published in Poland. die Frau – das Tier“, am – Presentation: “‘Gender’ intellectual approaches to and their politics of Arendt- und die schon philosophischen Seminar and ‘Equality’ in the reevaluate the Russian memory. längere Zeit andauernde der Universität Tübingen European Union. Policy past for the sake of its Heidegger-Rezeption in (16.–18. Februar) Developments and Con- democratic future. Ungarn ergänzen. testations” with Emanuela Lombardo Leonhard Plank Boyan Manchev – Presentation of the quing Junior Visiting Fellow Robert Bosch Junior Project at the roundtable (July 2008–January 2009) Visiting Fellow on “eu Gender Projects – Practising Self-reflexivity?” Ph.D. candidate in Business Seminar: “Aristotle – Ba- – Participation at the Administration, University Olga Zaslavskaya taille. Sensible Experience Paneldiscussion on “Values, of Graz; öaw doc-Team- Visiting Fellow (January– and Alteration: Towards a Equality and Differences stipendiary Michael Staudigl March 2009) Radical Aesthetics” in the in Liberal Democracies. Visiting Fellow (November seminar series The Crisis Debates About Muslim The Responsibilities of Artan Puto 2007–October 2010) Andras Vari Senior Research Archivist of the Political and the Headscarves” States and Transnational Paul Celan Visiting Fellow Robert Bosch Visiting Fellow at ceu Open Society Alteration of the World, – Participation at the Corporations for Human (October 2008–March 2009) Head of Research, fwf; (January–June 2009) Archives; Director of the at the Kolleg Friedrich Paneldiscussion on Rights in Global Value Lecturer, University of International Alternative Nietzsche, Weimar “Intimate Citizenship in Chains – An Analysis of the Ph.D. candidate in History, Vienna Associate Professor of Culture Centre, Budapest (March 19) Europe: Claims, Demands Electronics, Oil & Gas and European University History, University of and Practices of Women’s Apparel Sectors in Central Institute, Florence; Editor The Many Faces of Miskolc Archives as “Artefacts of Seminar: “What Matter and Other Movements and Eastern Europe in Chief of Perpjekja Violence: Toward an History”; or: How the for the World? From for Gender and Sexual magazine, Tirana Integrative Phenomeno­ Cross-currents: Ideological History of the Recent Past Ontology to Ontoaisthet- Equality and Change” The research project logical Conception Reactions to the First Has Been Preserved ics” in the seminar series – Chair of the Panel analyzes production net- Nathalie Clayer: Aux Phase of Globalization in The Crisis of the Political “Equality in Gender+ Equa- works and labour rights origins du nationalisme Events of extreme England, Germany, The twentieth century and the Alteration of lity Policies in Europe” in Central and Eastern albanais (French > violence (suicide attacks, Austria-Hungary and Its brought into question the the World, at the Kolleg Europe, concentrating Albanian) the return of a new archaic Successors, 1873–1929 very idea of a historical Friedrich Nietzsche, Presentation of the quing on the apparel, electronics violence, etc.) have renewed fact, and also a reconsidera- Weimar (March 26) Project at the Panel on and oil & gas sectors, Nathalie Clayer’s book attention about physical This project studies tion of the function and “Gender Equality Politics particularly in Romania. is a deep analysis of the violence, and there has also anti-modern reactions of role of archives. An archive and Policies in the The main focus is on development of Albanian been a reappearance of societies. It compares is not just the bearer of Damiana Gabriela Otoiu European Union” of the mapping the production nationalism during the interest in social, cultural different reactions to the documentation, but also a Robert Bosch Junior Gender, Politics and Society networks and their key second half of the 19th and structural violence. first wave of globalization reflection of the needs of its Visiting Fellow Study Group, Minda de actors as well as respective and beginning of the 20th However, while all these – the trade cycles and the creators. The purposes for Gunzburg Center for labour rights issues, century. The “national” forms of violence have crises of agriculture from its creation need to be Lecture: “Political European Studies, Harvard analyzing the socio- identity building process been widely investigated, the 1870s. These anti-mod- considered within a broad Anthropology”, lecture University (March 19) economic effects of the in Albania was very interdisciplinary research ern reactions were wider socio-political and cultural series at Bucharest Uni- incorporation in these complex, and overlapped still lacks a unifying based than conservative context. This project will versity, Political Science Lecture: “Links Between predominantly Western and intertwined with approach. We miss a movements and gained contextualize the “turn to Department (February 2– Different Equality Struggles, European production other patterns – religious, paradigm to address these particular strength by memory” within the larger March 30) General Anti-discrimina- networks and analyzing regional, social and forms as aspects of one combining representations theoretical debate over tion Frameworks vs Specific who is and who can be generational – of collective phenomenon. My project of economic interest with the notion of historical Lecture: “Interest Groups/ Strategies: Concepts, Issues made responsible and identity development. The uses the phenomenological highly ideological issues representation and also Pressure Groups”, lecture and Challenges for the accountable for labour book will be a point of method to resolve this and by letting social groups examine the institutional series at Bucharest Uni- Women’s Movement”, at rights violations. reference not only for deficit and elaborate an redefine their roles. location of the archive as versity, Political Science the Seminar Filling the foreign and local scholars integrative conception “memorial site” and Department (February 2– Gender Equality Gap in of the Albanian National of violence. “historical artefact.” March 30) European Legislation Movement (1878–1912), and Tackling Multiple but also a guiding Seminar: “The Romanian Discrimination, European methodological work for Political System”, seminar Women’s Lobby, Brussels students of history. series at Bucharest Uni- (January 26) versity, Political Science Department (February 2– Participation: Workshop March 30) “What in the World Does Gender Expertise Mean?”, Transnational Applied Research in Gender Equity Training (target), Northeastern University, Boston (March 20–21) Photos: Private, IWM, Philipp Steinkellner

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 12 publications / varia iwmpost

Publications of IWM Fellows and Guests Publications Varia

Robert Clewis Krzysztof Michalski Andras Vari Mit Beiträgen von Christine von Kohl, Princeton Professor Junior Visiting Fellow Rector of the iwm Robert Bosch Visiting Fellow Anthony Giddens, Claus journalist, human rights Anne-Marie Slaughter was in 2003 Leggewie und Harald activist and Balkan expert, a speaker at several iwm Nietzsche nasz Herren und Landwirte. Welzer, Ingolfur Blühdorn, died on January 23. She was Summer Schools, and on The Kantian Sublime and współczesny Ungarische Aristokraten Wolfgang Sachs, Lukas affiliated with the iwm by a stage at the Burgtheater the Revelation of Freedom, (Nietzsche unser Zeit- und Agrarier auf dem Weg Meyer, Dirk Messner, long-standing cooperation Debates “Talking about Cambridge University genosse), in: Europa in die Moderne (1821– Nadine Pratt, Oliver Geden. and she was a personal Europe” in 2008. Now she Press, 2009 (Dziennik), 248 (2009) 1910), Wiesbaden: Außerdem: Bronisław friend. On the occasion of is assigned by us Secretary Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009 Geremek schreibt zur her 85th birthday the iwm of State Hillary Clinton to Sozialgeschichte von together with the Bruno be the new Director of Cornelia Klinger Damiana Gabriela Otoiu Güter und Grafen. Ausgrenzung und Kreisky Forum hosted a Policy Planning for the Permanent Fellow Robert Bosch Junior Die Großgrundbesitzer Solidarität, Stefan Troebst presentation of her latest State Department. Visiting Fellow Ungarns im Spannungsfeld über den langen Weg zum book Wir und der Balkan. Congratulations. Ungleichheit in den zwischen der höfischen Transit 36 (Winter Vertreibungsverbot. Die Christine von Kohl was the Verhältnissen von Klasse, Property Restitution, in: Gesellschaft und den 2008/2009), Klimapolitik Photografien dieses Heftes founder of the “Kulturni Rasse und Geschlecht, Lavinia Stan and Nadya eigenen Herrschaftsberei- und Solidarität. stammen von Chris Centar”, an organisation After two years working in: Heike Solga, Peter A. Nedelsky (eds.), Encyclope- chen 1740–1848, in: Niedenthal. that supports the integra- for the quing Project Doris Berger, Justin Powell (Hg.), dia of Transitional Justice, Ivo Cerman, Luboš Velek Der Klimawandel stellt tion of Bosnian refugees in Urbanek left the Institute in Soziale Ungleichheit. Cambridge University (Hg.), Lebensunterhalt der die bestehenden demokra- Vienna, and of the journal March to concentrate on Klassische Texte zur Press, 2009 (forthcoming) Adeligen in der Moderne, tischen Institutionen und Cornelia Klinger (Hg.), Balkan – Südosteuropä- her dissertation that is Sozialstrukturanalyse, München: Martin das Instrumentarium Perspektiven des Todes in ischer Dialog. Since the funded by a doc-scholar- Frankfurt a. M.: Campus, Reconfiguring the Urban Meidenbauer Verlag, 2009 herkömmlicher Politik vor der modernen Gesellschaft, breakdown of Yugoslavia, ship of the Austrian Aca- 2009 Space in (Post)communist nie gekannte Herausforde- Wien: Böhlau Verlag und she was in great demand for demy of Sciences. However, Romania. The Case of the Vízsszabályozások, rungen. Zum einen in Berlin: Akademie Verlag, her critical comments on it’s not a complete farewell, Jewish Community, tulajdonjogok és gazdálko- räumlicher und zeitlicher 2009. the Balkan situation. since her Ph.D. project is Sandra Lehmann in: Tovi Fenster (ed.), dás Magyarországon az Hinsicht: der Klimawandel related to the findings of Visiting Fellow Remembering, Forgetting 1820-as és az 1870-as ist ein globales, ebenso Mit Beiträgen von quing. and City Builders, évek vége között (River akutes wie langfristiges Hubertus von Amelunxen/ On February 10, after a Zeit der Hölle, Rezension Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009 Regulations, Property Phänomen, dem nur mit Dieter Appelt, Anna protracted illness, Jan von Sigrid Weigel: „Walter (forthcoming) Rights and Rural Economy Maßnahmen beizukommen Bergmann, Ulrike Błonski died in Cracow. Thanks to a donation by Benjamin – Die Kreatur, in Hungary Between the ist, die die nationalen Brunotte, Iris Därmann, He was a marvellous the Deutsche Forschungs- das Heilige, die Bilder“, Négocier la (re)constitution 1820’s and the 1870’s), in: Grenzen und den nur bis Terry Eagleton, Kathleen interpreter of poetry (e.g. gemeinschaft (DFG), the Frankfurt a. M.: Fischer, de la propriété privée en Károly Halmos, Judit zu den nächsten Wahlen M. Foley, Alois Hahn/ Beckett, Proust, Witkacy, iwm could fill some gaps in 2008, in: Recherche. Roumanie postsocialiste. Klement, Béla Tomka, reichenden Horizont von Matthias Hoffmann, Sep-Szarzynski) and of the its library stock. The money Zeitung für Wissenschaft, (Nouveaux) acteurs, Ágnes Pogány (eds.), A Parteipolitik überschreiten; Hanfried Helmchen/Hans life of his country, a master was handed over by the 1 (2009) (anciennes) stratégies, in: felhalmozás míve. Történeti zugleich wirft er die Frage Lauter, Eberhard Jüngel, of the Polish language, and German Embassy, Vienna. Options Méditeranéennes, tanulmányok Kövér György nach globaler Gerechtigkeit Gabriela Kiliánová, Professor of Literature at The iwm bought only special issue “Enchâsse- tiszteletére, Budapest: und Generationengerech- Cornelia Klinger, Oliver Jagiellonian University what’s “good and expensive Susanne Lettow ment social de la question Századvég, 2009 tigkeit auf. Zum andern Krüger, Christoph Cracow. Błonski was with this money”, Cornelia Visiting Fellow foncière dans les Balkans”, in struktureller Hinsicht: Markschies, Hans-Ludwig attached to the iwm since Klinger pointed out at the 2009 (forthcoming). der Klimawandel macht Schreiber. its inception: as a Visiting presentation of the new Biophilosophien – Philo­ Denken in politischen Fellow, as a member of books on January 15th. sophische Strategien und Ressorts obsolet, denn er the Editorial Committee Thanks a lot again to the die politisch-ethische hat nicht nur ökologische, of Transit. But first and dfg and the Embassy. Formierung von Biowissen- sondern untrennbar davon foremost he was a true and schaften, in: Astrid auch ökonomische, soziale reliable friend. Deuber-Mankowsky, und sicherheitspolitische Christoph F. E. Holzhey, Konsequenzen. Anja Michaelsen (Hg.), Der Einsatz des Lebens. Lebenswissen – Medialisie- rung – Geschlecht, Berlin: b-books, 2009

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 iwmpost publications 13 Im Räderwerk der Moderne

von cornelia klinger

In den Jahren 2004 bis 2006 führte das iwm in Zusammenarbeit mit der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie viduen überlassen wird. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass kein Glaubenssys- der Wissenschaften und der Berliner Akademie der Künste ein Projekt zum Thema „Die Bedeutung des Todes in tem archaisch oder atavistisch ge- der Gesellschaft heute“ durch. Jetzt ist das Buch „Perspektiven des Todes in der modernen Gesellschaft“ erschienen, nug, kein Aberglaube zu irrational ist, um nicht den Individuen in der das die Ergebnisse des Projekts bündelt. Der folgende Text gibt eine Einführung. entzauberten, durchrationalisierten, der nüchternen modernen Wirk- lichkeit als Strohhalm ihrer idiosyn- nter den Bedingungen des gen gegenüber der Macht zu töten, sentiert. Zusammen mit der Vor- zur Schonung des ihr grundsätzlich kratischen Sinngebungsversuche zu Planeten Erde wird zu allen die – keineswegs ein menschliches stellung des Organischen weist die fremden und eben aufgrund dieser dienen. Tatsächlich ist das Individu- Zeiten und an allen Orten Privileg – noch jeder Gesellschaft moderne Gesellschaft den Tod, aber Fremdheit unantastbaren Lebens um mit dem ihm überlassenen Le- Ugestorben – und getötet. Dennoch als Hypothek ihrer Animalität auf- damit auch das Leben, die Kontin- der Einzelnen verpflichtet. Mögen ben und Sterben nicht allein. Neben hängt die Frage, was es heißt, ster- erlegt ist. Durch sie erhält die un- genz überhaupt, von sich als ganzer die Menschenrechte und das Ideal den Religionen und Religionssurro- ben zu müssen und töten zu kön- entrinnbare Ohnmacht vor dem Tod ab und den einzelnen Menschen zu. des Ewigen Friedens nur schwer zu nen, davon ab, an welchem Ort, zu den Aspekt der tragischen Verstri- So auf sich gestellt, zum Subjekt ih- realisieren sein, so sind es doch für welcher Zeit und unter welchen Um- ckung in die Macht des Todes und res Lebens und Sterbens geworden, die moderne Gesellschaft infolge ständen dies geschieht. Das univer- der Schuld vor dem Leben. werden die Einzelnen erst zu Indi- ihrer spezifischen Verfasstheit not- sale und invariante physiologische viduen, nimmt das Prinzip spezi- wendige Ideen. Wie, und Faktum des Todes, das den Men- ie moderne westliche Gesell- fisch moderner Subjektivität und Es versteht sich zweitens von mit welchen schen keineswegs allein betrifft, ist Dschaft, die ohne transzendente Individualität Gestalt an. Daraus selbst, dass die Gesellschaftsmaschi- offen für unendlich viele spezifisch Verankerung, sich auf sich selbst stel- folgt zweierlei. ne den Individuen die Suche nach menschliche Deutungen und An- lend als mechanisches „Räderwerk“ Erstens verliert eine Gesellschaft, dem Sinn ihres Lebens und Sterbens Ängsten oder schauungen, Regeln und Gesetze, konzipiert wird, rechnet nicht mit dem die dem Tod keinen Sinn zu verlei- anheim stellen muss. Die Problema- Verhaltens- und Handlungsweisen. Ende. Die erste Gesellschaft in der hen vermag, zwar nicht die Macht, tik des Todes wird in der modernen Erwartungen die Daher ist die Frage nach dem Tod menschlichen Geschichte, die über wohl aber prinzipiell das Recht zu Gesellschaft nicht „verdrängt“ – der ganz unmittelbar und wesentlich die Instrumente zu kompletter Selbst- töten. Ohne die Aussicht auf einen mit einer sehr spezifischen Bedeu- Menschen sterben, Frage nach dem Leben, nach Gesell- zerstörung verfügt, ist zugleich mit jenseitigen, höheren Sinnhorizont, tung versehene Begriff der Verdrän- schaft und Kultur. In den vielfältigen der vollständigen Absurdität die- darf die moderne Gesellschaft den gung ist in diesem Zusammenhang wird zu ihrer Antworten auf diese Fragen spiegelt ser Möglichkeit konfrontiert. Die- Individuen kein Blutopfer abver- nicht passend oder höchstens als Me- sich das weite Spektrum der unter- se, ebenso wie in diesem Licht nun langen. Dass ein moderner Staat tapher, als anderer Ausdruck für die Privatsache schiedlichen Auffassungen dercon - auch jede andere Art des Endens, einen gestrauchelten oder misslie- Verschiebung, Verlagerung, Über- ditio humana wider. Das Rätsel des weisung der Sinn- und Zielfragen Todes werden wir nicht lösen und von der Gesellschaft an die Indivi- ihm seinen Stachel nicht nehmen duen, kurzum für die Privatisierung gaten aller Art sind ganze Industri- können, aber wir erfahren sehr viel des Lebens, der Lebens(ab)läufe und en und Märkte entstanden, um den über die Menschen und ihre Welt, Wie die Frage nach des Sterbens sowie der diese Vorgän- Bedarf an Zerstreuung und Ablen- wenn wir die Frage nach dem Tod ge begleitenden Sinngebungen und kung von der Bürde der Existenz stellen. Wie die Frage nach dem Tod dem Tod zu stellen ist, Symbolisierungen. Unter dem Gebot zu decken und/oder um den schier zu stellen ist, hängt davon ab, wel- der Privatisierung steht am Beginn unersättlichen Hunger nach Sinn ches Konzept, welchen Begriff und hängt davon ab, der Moderne an erster Stelle die Reli- zu stillen. Das Angebot ist weit ge- welches Bild eine Gesellschaft von gion. Was die Menschen denken und fächert und reichhaltig, aber nichts sich selbst hat – so wie umgekehrt welches Bild eine Gesellschaft glauben, nach welchen Prinzipien sie und niemand kann und darf dem die Konzeption einer Gesellschaft ihr Leben gestalten, wen und wie sie Individuum die (Kauf-)entschei- nicht zuletzt davon abhängt, wie sie von sich selbst hat lieben, vor allem aber: wie, mit wel- dung abnehmen. ihr Verhältnis zu Sterblichkeit und chen Ängsten oder Erwartungen sie Tod bestimmt. sterben, wird zu ihrer Privatsache. nterdessen laufen die Räder der Eine Gesellschaft, die sich in ei- Mit der Privatisierung verschwin- U Gesellschaftsmaschinerie zur ner höheren, außerhalb ihrer selbst erscheint ausschließlich in der Per- bigen Bürger zum Tod verurteilt, det die Religion nicht, sondern sie materiellen Kontingenzbeherrschung liegenden, transzendenten Ordnung spektive einer Katastrophe, der Zer- scheint kaum noch erträglich; noch vervielfältigt und verbeliebigt sich, unermüdlich weiter. Die Apparatu- verankert sieht, eröffnet zu diesen störung ohne jeden Sinn. Viel mehr viel verächtlicher, dass Staaten ihre indem sie der freien Wahl der Indi- ren von Wissenschaften und Tech- Fragen einen prinzipiell anderen Zu- als mit dem Tod rechnet die moder- Bürger in den Krieg gegen einander nologie haben beachtliche Erfolge gang, als eine Gesellschaft, die nicht ne Gesellschaft mit dem Leben, ja sie schicken. Wenn beides trotzdem ge- erzielt in der Sicherung und Aus- auf einer solchen Annahme basiert. berechnet das Leben. Alle ihre Wis- schieht, dann erfolgt es – dem Cha- dehnung, in der Verbesserung und Eine Gesellschaft, die als Organismus sens- und Handlungsstrategien zie- rakter der modernen Gesellschaft als Verschönerung – „enhancement“ vorgestellt wird, sieht sich damit als len auf die Versicherung und Ver- Mechanismus entsprechend – ano- des Lebens in the brave new world – ganze den Gesetzen des Lebens und längerung, die Verbesserung und nym, mechanisch, maschinell: in den und sie versprechen das Blaue vom Sterbens unterworfen, während eine Verschönerung des Lebens. Materialschlachten moderner Kriege Himmel der Zukunft. Es ist offen- Gesellschaft, die als ein Mechanis- Insofern als (oder vielleicht auch oder mittels Giftspritze in der Todes- kundig, dass die klassisch-moderne mus gedacht wird, der als Perpetu- nur, solange) diese Strategien nicht zelle. Krieg und Todesstrafe gibt es; Trennung zwischen Gesellschafts- um Mobile auf einen infiniten Pro- ausreichen, den Tod abzuschaffen, gleichwohl steht die Verletzung oder maschine und Privatleben die Gel- gress hin angelegt ist, zwar mit der tritt hier eine Scheidung ein. Der Vernichtung des Lebens durch den tung, die sie nie vollständig hatte, Sterblichkeit ihrer Mitglieder, nicht Versuch, Kontingenzbewältigung staatlichen Apparat unter dem Ver- verloren hat oder doch in absehba- jedoch mit der Endlichkeit der Gesell- durch Trennung zu bewerkstelligen, dikt der Delegitimierung und Äch- rer Zeit verlieren wird. Damit wer- schaftsmaschine als solcher rechnet. ist an sich kein Novum – die mittel- tung, weil es der Aussicht auf Sinn den die Karten im Spiel auf Leben Entsprechend verschieden gelagert alterliche Gesellschaft, zum Beispiel, entbehrt. Wenn ein Staat sich ver- und Tod noch einmal, wieder ein- sind die blinden Flecken und Gren- hatte ihrem König zwei Körper zu- anlasst oder genötigt sieht, die ihm mal, neu gemischt. ◁ Cornelia Klinger (Hg.) zen, entsprechend unterschiedlich ge- gedacht, um sich mit dem Faktum verliehene Macht zum Töten einzu- Perspektiven des Todes in der Das Projekt „Perspektiven des Todes“ wurde unterstützt durch die Fritz Thyssen modernen Gesellschaft artet sind die Aporien und Patholo- seines Todes abfinden („Der König setzen, dann demonstriert er nicht Stiftung. gien, an und in die jede Gesellschaft ist tot!“) und ihn zugleich hochleben diese Macht, sondern nackte Gewalt. Böhlau Verlag Wien und Akademie gerät bei dem letztlich notwendiger- lassen zu können („Es lebe der Kö- Durch den Einsatz von Gewalt ge- Verlag Berlin, 2009 (Wiener Reihe, weise scheiternden Versuch der Be- nig!“), um so selbst weiter zu beste- winnt der moderne Staat nicht an Themen der Philo­sophie, hg. von wältigung des schlechthin nicht zu hen. Auch die moderne Gesellschaft Macht, sondern riskiert ihren Ver- Cornelia Klinger, Herta Nagl-Docekal, Ludwig Nagl und Alexander Somek, Bewältigenden. Entsprechend vari- nimmt eine Trennung vor, allerdings lust, indem mit diesem Einsatz sei- Band 15) ieren die allesamt beschränkten Mit- ist diese von anderer Art. Die Gesell- ne Legitimität auf dem Spiel steht. tel und Wege zur Kontingenzbewäl- schaft ist kein Körper, sie hat keinen Als Mechanismus selbst weder le- Am 12. Mai findet eine Präsen­tation des Buches mit den Heraus­gebern/ tigung, welche die Gesellschaften Körper, sie wird nicht mehr durch bendig noch sterblich, ist die mo- innen der Wiener Reihe statt. 18 Cornelia Klinger ist Professorin für entwickeln. Entsprechend differie- den (einen, beziehungsweise die bei- derne Gesellschaft in ihrer staat- Uhr, IWM Bibliothek Philosophie an der Universität Tübingen ren schließlich auch die Einstellun- den) Körper des Monarchen reprä- lichen Ganzheit, zum Schutz und und Permanent Fellow am IWM.

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 14 guest contribution iwmpost Will Europe Stay Together?

by kurt biedenkopf

Kurt Biedenkopf at the Burgtheater Debates Photo: Reinhard Werner

On February 22, Kurt Biedenkopf participated in the Debate “20 Years after 1989” uation, and unless we wake up to ness was coinciding with the will of the dimension of the situation, we the people to be free. What we have at Vienna’s Burgtheater (see page 4). The following text is an extract of his speech, won’t be able to cope with it. If you today is a situation where Europe is concentrating on Europe’s reaction to the financial crisis. ask the wrong questions, you’ll get again at the crossroads. Europeans the wrong answers. So we have to must understand the importance of ask the right questions. this for Europe. I don’t reflect on the here’s no question that what a certain extent there still is, in our difficult issues is the re-nationaliza- We should take great courage United States, which carries a gigan- is generally referred to as a elites, both in social sciences, espe- tion of financial politics. Well, to a from what Europeans were capa- tic public deficit, both in trade terms “ financial crisis is much more cially economics, in industry, in fi- certain extent, they’re no longer re- ble of doing twenty years ago. In re­ and in domestic terms, which is not Tthan a financial crisis. The eruption nance, and in politics. They all par- ally national because of the Stability trospect for the younger generation financed by the United States. It’s be- that took place because of a total de- ticipated, and the real problem we Act, so the test is whether the Sta- that seems pre-planned almost. In ing financed by Europe, Japan, and limitation, an almost total setting- have today is that this is to a very bility Act will hold. Clearly it has to hindsight, it looks as though it was all for the last three or four years it’s free of the financial markets, is the certain extent, a failure of elites, and hold, but it must also be developed very well done. Of course that’s not been financed by China. America is combination of a development that we have to fix the problem with the for the situation we’re in. The rules the case. There was a huge amount economically weak, and if they now started in the 70s in Western Europe. blow up the deficit even more, and We lived beyond what we earned, they will – to trillions rather than and we started going into debt. hundreds of billions – they cannot We had increasing budget deficits, finance it. Either they print money, and at the same time our gdp was … this is a failure of elites, and and introduce an inflation, by means growing, which was a paradox, and of which reducing the deficit, mak- we thought that we could make the we have to fix the problem with the ing the rest of the world pay, or they government’s life easier by spend- restrain themselves and go through ing more than we had, very simply same elites that failed very hard times. said. Because of that, we refused to We will have to go through re- adapt the West European countries ally hard times as well. But the won- to the revolutionary change of our derful vision here is that this Europe economies, to the increasing impor- same elites that failed. We obvious- about bailout, for example, have of courage. There was intuition, doesn’t want to be a military force tance of science-based production, ly cannot replace them, put them been made for a totally different there was idealism, there was belief anymore. Its revolutions have invent- and we also missed the chance of aside and build up new elites in a condition. We don’t bailout with- in freedom, and without these forces ed, for all practical purposes, a new putting our social systems in order, short period of time. What does in the European Union because of it wouldn’t have happened, neither way of solving basic problems: an ir- so they did not develop the kind of that mean? a danger of failure. That was a poli- in Poland, nor in Hungary, nor in reversible know­ledge, which cannot pressure on increasing government Europe really has before it a time cy directed at individual politics of the Czech Republic of today, nor in be erased, and if Europe continues on deficits that they could have. The cri- of reckoning. And this is not to im- an individual country, but it was not Slovakia, nor even in East Germany. that path, it can make a very impor- sis, therefore, hits us rather unpre- ply the importance of being a world directed at a situation like we have There was one very important assis- tant contribution to the world not in pared. Our countries are not elas- power, or being in competition with now, where the bailout problem aris- tant factor: the Soviet Union was al- the sense of power but in the sense tic enough to even solve part of it, China. I don’t think that’s the real is- es not for one country but for sever- ready weak. I had a very interesting of wisdom and culture. And when and that has a tremendous centrif- sue. Important is: Europe must stay al, both in eastern and western parts conversation with Jakovlev in Feb- I see that eight out of ten of the top ugal force. The real test on Europe together, and that includes Poland, of Europe. It arises for countries like ruary of 1989, the member of the singers in the opera contest in Dres- is whether it can manage to stay to- Hungary, the Baltic States. More- Greece, Ireland, Hungary, Italy, and Soviet politburo for foreign policy, den come from Asia, and accept our gether. Whoever doesn’t understand over, Europe has to take responsibil- others which are being rated down, and he told me then that they could culture, I feel pretty good. ◁ this, doesn’t understand the crisis. ity for its banking system. The fact which, in turn, means they have to not continue to support their satel- Europe was creating an illusion by that Europe supported the privati- pay more interest. Consequent- lite countries. They would then seek ” living on future resources to stabilize zation of banking systems in Hun- ly, there is a tremendous pressure ways of pulling back these supports, Kurt Biedenkopf was Prime Minister of the present. And it is not that pol- gary now means that it has created a on Europe to stay together, and a and look for some exit options, or the German state of Saxony from 1990 until 2002. At present he is Chairman of itics alone are responsible for that; responsibility, and should deal with strong centrifugal force, trying to some resolution, because they were the Board of Trustees of the Hertie School there was a general feeling, and to the consequences. One of the most tear it apart. This, to me, is the sit- becoming too expensive. Their weak- of Governance, Berlin.

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 iwmpost guest contribution 15 Poland Goes Global

by jacek kochanowicz

After transformation, nato- membership and accession: What is the next goal of Polish politics?

few weeks before the finan- be keen on not doing anything that cial crisis broke out, the main may reduce his popularity. A good preoccupation of the Po­lish party tactician, he rules through a Amedia was a curious, awkward, gro- tightly knit circle of loyal party ap- tesque and perhaps disgracing inci- paratchiks; reserving final decisions dent: the Prime Minister’s Office re- to himself. He has little, if any, expe- fused the President of the Republic a rience running state machinery, hav- government plane he wanted to use ing never held any public office be- in order to go to Brussels for a eu fore becoming Prime Minister. summit. (Lech Kaczynski, the Pres- Unfortunately, the problematic ident, chartered another plane and interaction between these two per- eventually got there.) Government sonalities, and indeed two parties officials were giving technical rea- rarely elevates beyond such petty in- sons for this incident, which were cidents as the one described above, not very convincing, as it was a cul- and a number of similar, although mination of a controversy over who perhaps not as grotesque, stories should lead the Polish delegation may easily be quoted. Each of them, to Brussels – the Prime Minister or not surprisingly, is enhanced by the the President. In part, it was a con- media, which is always searching sequence of somewhat contradicto- for sensation. The politicians them- ry regulations of the Polish consti- selves, eager to gain media visibil- tution, which has a parliamentary, ity, easily succumb to the style of not a presidential system, but also quick, one-sentence formulations of has the president elected by popular ideas, mostly consisting of critiques vote and gives him some unspecified of their opponents. Often they have role in foreign policy affairs. a brutal and accusatory nature, and The crux of the matter, how­ever, as a consequence, libel suits in court

is a bitter rivalry between Kaczyns- became a national sport for the Pol- Photo: Chris Niedenthal ki, the President, and Donald Tusk, ish political class. As a result of all the Prime Minister. It is a personal this, the public debate degenerates; of the semi-free elections, which al- reforms: Leszek Balcerowicz, who working class. But they were pain- rivalry as much as it is political. Both the issues of deeper importance are lowed the democratic opposition to served as a finance minister and ful enough to remove the Solidari- will start in the presidential elections swept aside. For those who are mem- form a coalition government with the deputy prime minister in the first ty-led government from office and three years from now while repre- bers of the political class, the prima- communists and their satellite par- post-communist government. In the to replace them with Social Demo- senting rival parties. Tusk is the lead- ry issue is to remain in power and ties. The economic challenges were background, were the imf and the crats – the reinvented communists er of the governing Civic Platform – if possible – keep all the perks it enormous: In the short term 40 bil- World Bank, and the program intro- – who, in order to keep popularity, (po). Kaczynski is close to the Law provides. What matters is politics lion us dollars of foreign debt, hy- duced was, in its basic lines, similar slowed down the reforms, as well as and Justice Party (pis), headed by in the narrowest sense of the word the privatization process – with one his twin brother, Jaroslaw Kaczynski, (who can outwit whom); the wider exception: they gave their blessing Prime Minister in 2005–2006. While reform agenda having less and less for the work intended to prepare a Lech Kaczynski left the party after his importance. As for the wider pub- general pension reform. They were election, he never denied his close lic, the political life becomes a the- There is a feeling that the country guided by the Chilean example and links to it. In fact, the day his elec- atrical performance, with little ref- the World Bank recommendations, tion to presidency was announced, erence to the real world. In fact, one is still not on a fast track with most i.e., shifting from the redistribu- he stood up during a meeting and, might have an impression of a cer- tive pay-as-you-go system towards addressing his brother, reported in tain aimlessness of the current pol- of the developed world a much more market based fund- a military fashion: “Mr. Chairman, icies, and a lack of clear recognition ed system. mission accomplished.” Jaroslaw Kac- of the country’s objectives. The Solidarity-dominated polit- zynski, the outspoken head of Law It was not so in the past. When ical party aws returned to power in and Justice – which gained power we look back into the period that perinflation, shortages, and waning to what is known as the Washing- 1997 and, despite its internal rival- in 2005, but later lost an early elec- opened with the collapse of state so- output; in the longer term disman- ton Consensus. These early reforms ries and rising involvement in petty tion in 2007 to Civic Platform – is cialism in Poland in 1989, the agen- tling the remnants of the collapsing were followed by a further decrease politics and even corruption, it man- less visible today than Lech Kaczyn- da was more clear, although it had command economy and introduc- of output and a wave of correction- aged to go on with the pension re- ski, who apparently tries to use the been changing. It is possible to dis- tion of some – nobody knew what al inflation, as well as heavy social form and three further big reforms: rather limited competencies of his tinguish three grand projects in the – sort of market economy. In other costs, particularly in terms of un- health care, education, and territo- office to gain as much power and vis- past, which guided the policies and words, macroeconomic stabilization employment. But almost imme- rial administration. The latter had ibility as possible. But it is a wide- allowed the mobilization of support. and institutional rebuilding. diately, they eliminated shortages, been very much related to an issue ly shared opinion that the brothers The first wastransformation . The A coincidence of factors led to and later led to price stability and increasingly on the agenda – the like- work in tandem, and that their aim second was nato. The third waseu - the choice of what became known the revival of growth (which start- ly accession to the eu. aws lost the is to secure the presidency for Mr. accession. as “shock therapy”: the end of price ed in 1992). With the prospects of elections in 2001, and the post-com- Lech Kaczynski and to maintain the controls, pegging local currency to economic stability, foreign capital munists returned to power. Law and Justice electoral base. he transformation agenda had the dollar, end of subsidization, re- started to come. As far as Tusk is concerned, he T been set by the fall of state so- moval of job security. They were to These reforms were political- n the meantime, Poland joined is much more popular than his ad- cialism in 1989. The fall of the Ber- be followed by privatization and ly possible in the specific climate of I nato in 1999. This was much versary. However, in office as Prime lin Wall in November of that year partial abolishment of the socialist communism’s collapse with the Soli- less controversial than economic re- Minister for more than a year now, shall remain the symbol, but for welfare state. These reforms were darity trade union initially giving le- forms. Nobody across the spectrum he has not accomplished anything in Poland the date was earlier: June 4 designed by a hitherto almost un- gitimization to the reforms, which, to of the political horizon seemed to op- terms of major projects and desper- (ominously, the day of the Tianan- known economist, whose name lat- a large degree, were contrary to the pose it in any serious way. Looked at ately needed reforms. He seems to men Square massacre) was the day er became symbolic for these early immediate interests of the industrial from a certain perspective, it seems

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009 16 guest contribution / upcoming events iwmpost

that the 90s opened a window of op- praised as offering opportunities deed to institutional rebuilding and structure, the issue crucial for fur- These problems are, of course, portunity in this respect. The Sovi- rather than threats. Some opponents to the introduction of a much more ther development. For 20 years, Po- recognized by experts and, to a de- et Union imploded, and, for a while argued from ideological positions. efficient (capitalist) market system; land proved unable to really move gree, even pop up in the more gen- at least, the Russian Federation – its Europe was perceived by them as in other words, to the introduction ahead with the reconstruction of eral debate. They seem, however, most important successor state – lost endangering the national and reli- of an incentive system much more its outdated road networks, and, in to have little appeal to the political its capacity for influences and veto gious (i.e. catholic) identity of the efficient than the previous one. That particular, it did very little highway class, which is fixated on their im- power in international affairs. Poles. Peasant farmers were afraid might be used to explain the ear- construction, even when in 2004, eu mediate goals of outmaneuvering The real importance of nato that they would be put out of com- ly decrease of output (until 1992), funds became available. The same is their competitors. It would be na- is, perhaps luckily, difficult to as- petition by cheap, subsidized farm as the later economic growth. De- true with the railway and, to a de- ive, of course, to expect them not certain, particularly because it is in products coming from the West. The crease (some claim it was overstat- gree, the airport facilities. This is not to do so. What is depressing, is that the process of redefining its role af- ultimate decision had to be made by ed) had been an effect of “cleaning” easy to explain. It looks as though they don’t do anything else. In part, ter the end of the Cold War. Sym- the referendum with at least 50% the economy of inefficient produc- the main obstacles were of an insti- it is the result of a certain amateur- bolically, the accession was enor- participation. Thus, the supporters tion. Later came growth by a more tutional, political, and perhaps of ism of Polish politicians, and partic- mously important, as it signified of unification, including the ruling efficient use of resources as well as a cultural character. The govern- ularly those from pis and po. They inclusion into the Western World. Social Democrats (irony of history) the subsequent investment. ment and public administration is had little previous experience of gov- After 9/11, the Polish government put, for months, a considerable ef- notoriously incapable of moving ernance. There are no real thinkers (then in the hands of the post-com- fort in mobilizing the public opin- ahead with large-scale moderniza- among them. There is a lack of in- munists) was keen to assert its com- ion in favor of unification. tion projects. stitutionalized reflection, in par- mitment to military links with the Once it was completed, the pos- In the private sector, as recent ticular, think-tanks, and apparent West, and particularly with the us, itive assessment seemed to increase The political class studies show, local firms succeed inability for systematic use of intel- by sending troops to Afghanistan with various benefits it brought, such in introducing modern technolo- lectual analysis, except, perhaps that and to Iraq. More recently, both the as access to the common market, flow seems to have gies mostly in low-tech industries, which is strictly related to political pis and the po stand committed to of money, possibilities of legal work or – at best – in those on the mid- marketing – poll-watching, pr, the allow Americans to build a medi- outside, and a general feeling of en- a sort of a tunnel dle level of technological develop- media image. (To give just one ex- um-range rocket installation with- larged space for life, particularly af- ment. This is a good solution as long ample – the President, as much as in the Polish territory. There are also ter Poland had been included into vision, focused as low wages allow for being com- he tries to be visible and to react to allegations – never proven or con- the Schengen zone. But at the same petitive: in this respect Poland can the incoming challenges, the finan- firmed – that the Poles allowedcia time, once the goal of accession was on their compete with Western Europe, but cial crisis included, does not even to keep, and perhaps torture, the Al achieved, a clear direction for the not with China. As of now, it bases have an economic advisor.) Kaida prisoners in one of its intelli- march ahead disappeared, and the internal battles its position in the wider, European The political class, thus, seems gence facilities. country lost a compass for further (or world) economy on exporting to have a sort of a tunnel vision, fo- development. low value added products of medi- cused on their immediate internal ll of this was happening while Moreover, the political system, um level technology. The automo- battles, but hardly able to see and an- A Poland was on its way to join or rather the party system of Poland, But basically, growth depends tive industry is a good example for alyze the wider issues, and, in par- the European Union. And given the proved, in a certain sense, unstable. upon innovation, so it is important this strategy. Poland is a great au- ticular, those which are related to widening rift between Europe and The 2001 elections wiped out theaws , to see how that worked in the Polish tomobile producer, but neither de- what is covered by the term “global- the United States in the first half of the Solidarity successor party, and case. Not surprisingly, most of this signs, nor technologies are devel- ization.” As I am trying to argue, in the decade, it led to the accusation put its leaders into oblivion, out of innovation – be it physical technol- oped there. 1989/90 Poland entered the global- that Poland is a “Trojan horse” of the the political scene. In a similar way, ogies as much as management, or- izing world without, perhaps, fully us in Europe, the answer to which the 2005 elections reduced the So- ganization, financial and marketing o the success of imitative mod- understanding it. For the last 15 to was that Europe can not be counted cial Democrats to their own shad- arrangements – has been brought in S ernization is a limited one. 20 years it was rather lucky to ben- upon in terms of security. ows, compromised – despite their from outside. Some of the main agents Moreover, there is little to suggest efit from the blessings of globaliza- An accession had not been very successful campaigning for the eu – were Western companies, which ei- that there are any considerable suc- tion, then to suffer from its adverse likely in the beginning. Slowly, how- by corruption scandals. Thep is and ther bought the soe and modern- cesses of original, innovative think- effects. With relatively high economic ever, it started to take shape, embrac- po campaigned under the banners ized them, or engaged de novo in ing on the way from within the so- growth, there was perhaps little real- ing not only Poland but also oth- of the “Fourth Republic” and mor- green field investment (apparently, ciety. The comparative statistics of ization than that, in the longer run, er Visegrad countries as well as the al revolution, attacking not only the most profitable); also there was original thinking is dismal. Poland the imitative modernization would Baltics. Why Europe, and Germany their predecessors, but also the lib- the import of machinery and tech- is second to last in Europe in terms have to be supplemented by the in- in particular, decided to enlarge the eral and liberal-left circles for their nologies by Polish companies; and fi- of the number of industrial patents. ternal innovative efforts, for which eu, is another matter. What is im- complicity with the ex-communists nally, on another level, were the pro- It is also very low in the rankings of it may not be enough to count on portant for Polish development is and, in consequence, not allowing a grams and projects of the eu, where its scientific publications. These low business, and by some serious pub- that it set the agenda for almost ten real change to take place. The story obtaining funds had been contin- levels of outcomes reflect as little in- lic policies, which would have to be years, requiring the country to ad- of these ideological battles, however gent upon and/or led to introduc- terest in innovative thinking by the included as well. just itself to the acquis communau- interesting in themselves, replaced ing Western technologies. political elite as by the firms, because It might be that the financial cri- taire, but offering also incentives in any serious political debate on what Thus, most of this process was in both cases the level of expendi- sis is a serious test. The Economist, the form of pre-accession funds and sort of policies were needed and pos- copying, adapting and imitating. ture on research and development analyzing recently the situation of the promise of more once it is com- sible in the face of all kinds of chal- There is, obviously, nothing wrong is low. Apart from research, there Eastern Central Europe in the pre- pleted. This process was much less lenges outside, as much as inside, in it. On the contrary, after the fall are also problems with education. vious decade, commented that it dramatic and much more mundane the country. of state socialism, it was crucial that Primary and high school education “could sit back and enjoy the weath- than the transformation in the sense It is true that among the experts the country catch-up, as much as it still remain very traditional, with not er.” We shall see what comes when described above, as it consisted of a and the public intellectuals the catch- could, with the Western economies. enough stress on languages and com- the weather turns worse. ◁ myriad of negotiations on various word is “modernization.” There is a The question remains, however, how munication skills, or on maths and Jacek Kochanowicz is Professor of levels, redrawing of laws, introduc- feeling that, whatever tremendous successful it was, and whether it is sciences. Poland boasts large num- Economic History at Warsaw University ing procedures. change has occurred in the last 20 doomed to imitation only. bers of college students, indeed high and Visiting Professor at CEU, Budapest. There was some opposition, but years, the country is still not on a Unfortunately, this success in by the European standards, but the He is the author of “Backwardness and Modernization: Poland and Eastern not much. For the political class, fast track with most of the devel- imitation, while considerable, was quality of this college training is of- Europe in the 16th–20th Centuries” Brussels had been apparently ap- oped world. Transformation led in- limited. Take the example of infra- ten also dismally low. (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006).

Upcoming Events Please visit our website for detailed information: www.iwm.at

Lectures: Lecture Series: Further Events: IHS Boston:

Charles Taylor: Master Ecopolitics and Solidarity: Book Presentation: Panel Discussion: Conference: Narratives of Secularity Claus Leggewie: Klima „Perspektiven des Modes of Secularism The Future of Food: June 9 und Demokratie Todes in der modernen and Religious Responses Transatlantic Perspectives May 14 Gesellschaft“ und with: Shlomo Avineri, May 9 Jan Patočka „Viele Religionen – eine Rajeev Bhargava, Saskia Memorial Lecture: Art – Society – Politics: Vernunft? Ein Disput Sassen, Charles Taylor For more details see: Ian Buruma: The Uwe Hebekus: „Eine zu Hegel“ June 4 (Palais Glam www.bu.edu/euforyou/eu/ Virtues and Limits of dauernd arbeitende with: Cornelia Klinger, Callas, Vienna) future-of-food.html Cosmopolitanism Selbstreinigungsappara- Herta Nagl-Docekal, June 10 (Börsensäle, tur“. Nationalsozialisti- Ludwig Nagl Panel Discussion: Vienna) sche „Bewegung“ und May 12 Die „Schöne neue Welt“ ästhetische Modernität nach dem Kommunismus: Bernhard Waldenfels: June 2 Was bleibt von 1989? Feindliche Gewalt June 15 (Renner Institut, June 18 Vienna)

no. 100 ◆ january – march 2009