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Nations Unies A/HRC/13/42 Nations Unies A/HRC/13/42 Assemblée générale Distr. générale 19 février 2010 Français Original: anglais Conseil des droits de l’homme Treizième session Point 3 de l’ordre du jour Promotion et protection de tous les droits de l’homme, civils, politiques, économiques, sociaux et culturels, y compris le droit au développement Étude conjointe sur les pratiques mondiales concernant le recours à la détention secrète dans le cadre de la lutte contre le terrorisme présentée par le Rapporteur spécial sur la promotion et la protection des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales dans la lutte antiterroriste, Martin Scheinin; le Rapporteur spécial sur la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, Manfred Nowak; le Groupe de travail sur la détention arbitraire représenté par sa Vice- Présidente, Shaheen Sardar Ali; et le Groupe de travail sur les disparitions forcées ou involontaires représenté par son Président, Jeremy Sarkin*, ** * Soumission tardive. ** Les annexes sont reproduites telles qu'elles ont été reçues, dans la langue originale seulement. GE.10-11041 (F) 280510 280510 A/HRC/13/42 Résumé La présente étude conjointe sur les pratiques mondiales concernant le recours à la détention secrète dans le cadre de la lutte contre le terrorisme a été établie, dans l’exercice de leurs mandats respectifs, par le Rapporteur spécial sur la promotion et la protection des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales dans la lutte antiterroriste, le Rapporteur spécial sur la torture et autre peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, le Groupe de travail sur la détention arbitraire (représenté par sa Vice-Présidente) et le Groupe de travail sur les disparitions forcées ou involontaires (représenté par son Président). Étant donné que la violation des droits associée à la détention secrète relève de leurs mandats respectifs, et afin d’éviter des chevauchements d’activités et de tenir compte de leur complémentarité, les quatre titulaires de mandat ont décidé d’entreprendre l’étude conjointement. Pour effectuer la présente étude, les experts ont travaillé de manière ouverte et transparente. Ils ont sollicité des contributions de toutes les parties concernées, notamment en adressant un questionnaire à tous les États Membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. Plusieurs consultations ont eu lieu avec les États, et les experts ont fait part de leurs conclusions à tous les États concernés avant la mise au point définitive de l’étude. Des extraits pertinents du rapport ont été communiqués à ces États les 23 et 24 décembre 2009. En plus des renseignements provenant des Nations Unies et des réponses au questionnaire reçues de 44 États, les experts ont utilisé comme principales sources des entretiens avec des personnes qui avaient été détenues en secret, des membres de la famille de ces personnes, et leurs représentants. Des données de vol ont également servi à corroborer certaines informations. Outre l’analyse des décisions d’ordre politique et juridique prises par les États, l’étude avait aussi pour objectif d’illustrer concrètement ce que signifie la détention secrète, comment celle-ci peut faciliter la pratique de la torture ou de traitements inhumains et dégradants, et comment la détention secrète laisse aux victimes, tout autant qu’à leur famille, une empreinte indélébile. L’étude commence par un exposé du cadre juridique international applicable à la détention secrète. Elle expose tout d’abord la terminologie employée pour étudier ce qu’est la détention secrète dans le contexte de la lutte antiterroriste. L’analyse juridique fait ressortir que la détention secrète constitue une violation absolue du droit international relatif aux droits de l’homme, y compris en période d’état d’urgence ou de conflit armé. De même, cette pratique est en violation du droit international humanitaire durant toute forme de conflit armé. La détention secrète viole le droit à la liberté individuelle et l’interdiction des arrestations et détentions arbitraires. Aucun pays ne devrait permettre que des personnes soient secrètement privées de leur liberté pour une durée potentiellement indéfinie et détenues hors du cadre de la loi sans avoir la possibilité de recourir aux procédures légales, notamment l’habeas corpus. Les personnes détenues en secret sont généralement privées de leur droit à un procès équitable lorsque les autorités de l’État n’entendent pas les inculper ni les juger. Même lorsque des accusations pénales sont portées contre elles, le secret et l’insécurité résultant de la privation de tout contact avec l’extérieur et le fait que les membres de leur famille ignorent tout du lieu où elles se trouvent et de leur sort violent la présomption d’innocence et facilitent l’obtention d’aveux sous la torture ou d’autres formes de mauvais traitements. De même, la détention secrète constitue une disparition forcée. S’il y est recouru d’une manière généralisée ou systématique, la détention secrète peut même répondre aux critères d’un crime contre l’humanité. 2 GE.10-11041 A/HRC/13/42 Chaque cas de détention secrète est par définition une détention au secret qui, si elle est prolongée, peut faciliter la perpétration de la torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants et peut en soi être constitutive de tels traitements. Les souffrances causées aux membres de la famille d’une personne détenue en secret (de fait, disparue) peuvent aussi être constitutives de torture ou d’autres formes de mauvais traitements, et constituer en même temps une violation du droit à la protection de la vie familiale. Les États dont les autorités maintiennent une personne en un lieu de détention secret ne sont pas les seuls à assumer une responsabilité internationale en raison de violations du droit international des droits de l’homme. La pratique de la «détention par procuration», c’est-à-dire le transfert d’un détenu d’un État à un autre en dehors de toute procédure juridique internationale ou nationale («restitution» ou «transfèrement extrajudiciaire»), souvent au mépris du principe de non-refoulement, met également en cause la responsabilité de l’État sur l’ordre duquel la détention a lieu. Les Conventions de Genève, qui sont applicables à tous les conflits armés, interdisent également la détention secrète en toutes circonstances. L’étude présente par ailleurs un rappel historique du recours à la détention secrète. La détention secrète dans le contexte de la lutte contre le terrorisme n’est pas un phénomène nouveau. Depuis le régime nazi, et son Nacht und Nebel Erlaß (décret «nuit et brouillard»), jusqu’à l’ex-Union soviétique et son système des camps de travail forcé du Goulag, les États ont souvent eu recours à la détention secrète pour réduire des opposants au silence. On peut constater de frappantes similitudes entre les mesures de sécurité des années 1970 et 1980 appliquées dans les pays d’Amérique latine et, au cours du siècle passé, dans d’autres régions comme l’Afrique, l’Asie, l’Europe et le Moyen-Orient. Les méthodes employées, à l’époque comme aujourd’hui, s’appuient sur une législation d’urgence de vaste portée, l’accroissement du rôle des tribunaux militaires et des juridictions spéciales, la pratique de la torture et/ou de mauvais traitements, des enlèvements («restitutions»), des disparitions forcées et, notamment, la détention secrète. Le but est toujours le même: provoquer un effet dissuasif, faire en sorte que les détenus disparaissent sans laisser de traces, et ne communiquer aucune information quant à leur lieu de détention ou à leur sort. L’étude aborde ensuite le recours à la détention secrète dans le contexte de la «guerre mondiale contre le terrorisme» après le 11 septembre 2001. Dans ce chapitre, les experts décrivent l’élaboration progressive et résolue d’un système global et coordonné de détention secrète de personnes soupçonnées de terrorisme, impliquant non seulement les autorités des États-Unis d’Amérique, mais aussi celles d’autres États dans presque toutes les régions du monde. Après un exposé des décisions d’ordre juridique et politique prises par les autorités des États-Unis, les experts donnent un aperçu des lieux de détention secrets maintenus par celles-ci. Le rapport énumère ensuite les sites de détention par procuration et les pratiques de transfèrement extrajudiciaire qui y sont liées. Plusieurs organes des Nations Unies ont sévèrement critiqué dans le passé la politique de transfèrement extrajudiciaire d’une manière détaillée, en la qualifiant de violation incontestable du droit international. Ils ont aussi exprimé leur préoccupation à propos du recours aux assurances diplomatiques. GE.10-11041 3 A/HRC/13/42 Les experts traitent également du degré de participation et de complicité de plusieurs pays. Aux fins de l’étude, ils considèrent qu’un État est complice de la détention secrète d’une personne quand: a) il a demandé à un autre État de détenir en secret une personne; b) il tire délibérément parti de la situation de détention secrète en envoyant des questions à l’État qui détient la personne, ou sollicite ou reçoit des renseignements de personnes maintenues en détention secrète; c) il a activement participé à l’arrestation et/ou au transfert d’une personne lorsqu’il sait, ou aurait dû savoir, que la personne disparaîtrait en un lieu de détention secret, ou serait d’une autre manière détenue hors du système de détention légalement réglementé; d) il garde brièvement une personne en détention secrète avant de la remettre à un autre État où cette personne sera placée en détention secrète pour une plus longue période; et e) il s’est abstenu de prendre des mesures afin d’identifier des personnes ou des avions transitant par ses aéroports ou son espace aérien après la divulgation d’informations concernant le programme de la CIA fondé sur la détention secrète.
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