Index

“24” (TV series), 253, 258, 335–36 as gateway to Guantánamo, 33–35, 65–68 519th Military Intelligence Battalion, 63, 70, 104, 107 National Directorate of Security (NDS), 23, 83, 276, 322–26 A rendition, role in, 173–74 Aamer, Shaker, 47–48 black sites, 72–74, 172–73, 177–79 Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk (“underwear bomber”), 265, Independent Human Rights Commission 319 (AIHRC), 24, 81, 83, 322, 324, 326 Abu Ghraib, 105–8 Afifi (Nik Abd-al Rahman bin Mustapha), 255 see also al-Jamadi, Manadel; ; Miller Report; Agiza, Ahmed, 165, 172, 175, 196, 200 Ahmed, Ibrahim Saeed, see al-Kuwaiti changes after Abu Ghraib, 114–16 al-Ani, Ibrahim Khalid Samir, 87–88 effect on U.S. policy, 7 al-Asad, Mohammed, 194, 198 England, Lynndie, 106 Al Farooq (training camp), 60 Frederick, Ivan, 106, 108 al-Faruq, Omar, 178 Graner, Charles, 95–96, 106–9 al-Ghuraba, see Ghuraba cell medical personnel and BSCTs, 224–26 al-Hajj, Sami, 40, 47, 64, 69, 227–28, 288, 291 mental effects, 291 al Hawsawi, Mustafa, 169 physical effects, 287–88 Al-Husayn, see reactions, 339 al-Jamadi, Manadel (“Ice Man”), 95–97, 179–80 Alberto Mora, 46 responses to death of, 21, 101, 330–31 ICRC and Christophe Girod, 51–55 al-Kuwaiti, Abu Ahmed (Ibrahim Saeed Ahmed), 245–47 setup of operations, 104–5 Allbright, Ben, 111, 277 Abu Zubaydah (Zayn Al-Abedin Muhammed Al-Husayn) Allen, John, 326 CIA’s psychological assessment, 142 Allen, Mark, 272 interrogation techniques al-Libi, Abu Faraj, 188, 245–46 and medical professionals’ role, 206–11, 216–17 al-Libi, Ibn al-Shaykh, 172, 174, 178, 194, 261–62, 264 and veracity/value of intelligence gained, 248–53, All-Party Parliamentary Group on 260–61 (UK), 198–99, 268 legal action on behalf of, 197 al-Nashiri, Abd al-Rahim, 48, 169, 177, 181–85, 188, 197, Lithuania, interrogation in, 192 210, 217 OLC memo on interrogation of, 144–45 Al Qaeda, application of to, 134–38 Poland, interrogation in, 182–85 al Qahtani, Mohammed, 39–40, 41, 221–22, 241, 245–46 Thailand, interrogation in, 177–82 al-Rawi, Bisher, 178, 196–97, 284–85, 287, 290, 292, 294 Addington, David, 36, 44, 131–32, 142, 144, 148, 153, 268 Al Saadi, Sami, 169, 172, 197, 268, 272–73 Afghanistan, 57–84 Al Shabab, 194–95, 321, 329–30 BSCTs, see Behavioral Science Consultant Teams al-Sharif, Khalid, 178–79, 270, 273–75 counterinsurgent strategy, development of, 75–81 al-Shoroeiya, see Shoroeiya Facility at Parwan (DFIP), 76–77, 81, 82–84 Al-Zawahiri, Ayman, 168 early setup, 62–64 Alzery, Muhammed, 165, 172, 175, 200 “fog of ,” 59–62 American College of Physicians future of detention and U.S. role, 81–84 ethical obligations toward detainees, 234, 236, 238

The Constitution Project 551 The Report of The Constitution Project’s Task Force on Detainee Treatment

American Medical Association (AMA) , 179–80 ethical obligations toward detainees, 230, 234, 235, Kosovo, 193–94 237–38 Lithuania, 188–92 American Psychiatric Association Morocco, 192–93 ethical obligations toward detainees, 234, 236–37 Poland, 182–86 American Psychological Association (APA) and PENS report Romania, 186–88 ethical obligations toward detainees, 234, 238–40 , see Salt Pit American Taliban, see Lindh, John Walker Somalia, 195–96 Amin, Mohammad Farik, see Zubair Thailand, 180–82 Anusauskas, Arvydas, 189–92 Blacksmith Hotel, 97, 109 Appendix M, see Army Field Manual on Interrogation Blair, Dennis, 244, 265, 314 Arar, Maher, 169–70, 172, 196, 201, 262, 285, 332 Blair, Tony, 199, 272 Army Field Manual on Interrogation, 23, 46, 63, 70, 75, 103, Bloche, M. Gregg, 225, 237, 258–59 105, 265, 313, 326, 329, 342 Boumediene v. Bush, 50, 157 Appendix M, 23, 265, 327–28 Boykin, William, 92 Asad, see al-Asad, Mohammed Bradbury, Steven, 149, 153–57, 160, 167, 213–15, 232, Ashcroft, John, 142, 146–48, 150, 196 248–49, 252–53, 335 Authorization for Use of Military Force (AUMF), 79, 130, Brand, William, 71–72 132–33, 138–39 Brant, David, 41, 42, 222 Breasseale, Todd, 21, 80 B Brennan, John, 314, 343–44 Air Base, 4, 6, 8, 62–66, 68–72, 74–78, 81, 84, 107, Britel, Abou Elkassim (Kassim el-Britel), 192–93, 196, 173, 177–78, 195–96, 251, 261, 276, 328 281–82, 291 Baheer, Ghairat, 179 Bryson, Jennifer, 276 Baker, Sean, 40 BSCTs, see Behavioral Science Consultant Teams (BSCTs) Balad (Iraq), 100–101, 102, 113 Bumgarner, Mike, 47 Banna, see el-Banna Bureau of (BOP), 228–31, 280 Barak, Aharon, 266 Burney, Paul, 219–22 Bashmilah, Mohamed, 177, 196 Bush, George W., 3, 4, 7, 33, 36, 41, 48, 62, 130, 156, 166, Battlefield Interrogation Facility (), 87–94 175, 177, 207–8, 250–51, 253–54, 261, 267–68, Beaver, Diane, 37–39, 90, 221, 258 314, 315, 320, 342–43 Begg, Moazzam, 65–66, 281, 283, 284, 285, 290, 292, 294, “Bush Six” 309 criminal complaint against, 267–68 Behavioral Science Consultant Teams (BSCTs) Bybee, Jay, 131, 135–36, 138–42, 144–47, 150–52 , 157–60, at Guantánamo, 37–38, 55, 219–24 208, 268 in Iraq and Afghanistan, 224–25 see also Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) Surgeon General’s determination re BSCTs, 235 Belhadj, Abdel Hakim, 172, 181, 197–98, 268, 270–72, 273 C Bellinger, John, 131, 141, 156, 199, 200 Cambone, Stephen, 92–93 Belmar, Richard, 197 Cameron, David, 268 Biden, Joe, 168 Camp Bondsteel (Kosovo), 193–94 bin al Shibh, Ramzi, 169, 177, 183, 188, 192–93, 250–51, 333 Camp Bucca (Iraq), 115, 116–17, 276 bin Arshad, Masran, 254–55 Camp Cropper (Iraq), 87–88, 90 bin Attash, Hassan, 178, 251 Camp Delta (Guantánamo), 29–30, 35, 47 bin Attash, Walid, 48, 183, 184, 188, 216 (Guantánamo), 48 bin Laden, Osama, 59–60, 269 Camp Nama, see Battlefield Interrogation Facility Library Tower plot, 250, 254, 256, 257 Camps 5, 6 & 7 (Guantánamo), 48–49, 224 meeting with Al Saadi, 272 Camp X-Ray (Guantánamo), 29–30, 37, 289 meeting with Belhadj, 271 Canada value of EITs in capturing, 11, 245–47 rendition, role in, 172 Zero Dark Thirty, 245, 335–36 Carrico, Terry, 36–37 bin Lep, Bashir (“Lillie”), 181, 255, 257 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) bin Mustapha, see Afifi high-value detainees’ accounts of CIA interrogation Birt, Angela, 71, 91 program, 215–18 biscuits, see Behavioral Science Consultant Teams (BSCTs) Inspector General Report, 21, 97, 149, 184, 209–11, 215, black sites, 177–96 217, 331 Afghanistan, 72–74, 172–73, 177–79 medical personnel, applicability of professional ethics, Djibouti, 194–95 234–36

552 The Constitution Project Index medical professionals’ role in treatment of in D CIA custody, 205–16 Dababa, Dilar, 94–95 Office of Medical Services (OMS), 154, 209, 242 Dalton, Jane, 39 guidelines on medical treatment of detainees, 212–15, Dark (Afghanistan), 172–73, 177–79 235 Dayton, Keith, 87, 105 Red Cross findings on CIA interrogation program, 215–18 deaths in custody, 21, 22, 48, 49, 61–62, 66, 68–72, 69, 71, Rendition Group, 166–67, 194 74, 94–101, 104, 110–15, 174, 179–80, 182, 225–27, response to allegations of abuse, 101–4 276–78, 330–31 Salt Pit, see Salt Pit Deek, Khalil, 65 and Special Forces in Iraq, 87–104 Defense Department (DOD) suspicious deaths, 94–100 see also specific subject headings Cheney, Dick, 4, 131–32, 268, 319, 336, 342 Criminal Investigation Task Force, 41, 219 , 63, 74–76, 113, 225 differences of opinion re interrogation, 41–46 CIA, see Central Intelligence Agency medical personnel, applicability of professional ethics, court system 234–36 use of by Obama Administration, 317–20 TCP Task Force statement, findings and Clarke, Richard, 166 recommendations, 7, 15, 16, 18–21 Claus, Joshua, 66, 68–70, 72 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 92, 174, 329 Clinton, Bill, 2, 17, 59, 131, 165–66, 320 re-engagement data, see recidivism Colvin, Richard, 323, 325 TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 20–21 Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRTs), 34–35, 47, 211, Deghayes, Omar, 197, 284–85, 288–89, 292, 294 217, 295 Delahunty, Robert, 132–33, 135, 147, 157–58, 175 Combined Joint Task Forces (CJTFs) Department of, see other part of name CJTF-7, 91, 105, 179 Detainee Abuse Task Force, 113–14 CJTF-180, 63, 72, 75, 79 Detainee Interrogation Working Group, 43 Common Article 3, see Geneva Conventions Detainee Review Boards (DRBs), 78–81 Conboy, Ken, 256–57 detainees confessions see also specific topics and names efficacy of /EITs, see torture effect on, 279–94 false confessions, danger of, 258–62 long-term effects of detention and abuse, 287–94 Congress, role of, 337–46 mental effects, 289–94 historical perspective, 346–46 physical effects, 287–89 reactions to post–Sept.11 abuses, 339–44 release, practical issues upon, 280–87 consequences of U.S. policies, 267–94 economic hardship, 282–85 detainees, impact upon, 279–94 limited mobility, 285 detention operations, 267–75 procedures, establishment of, 286–87 international legal consequences, 267–68 stigma, 281–82 international political consequences, 269–75 , 155–56 operational consequences for U.S. military, 275–79 detention, see specific subject headings impact on relationship with foreign militaries, 278–79 Diaz, Walter, 95–97, 179–80 impact on U.S. personnel, 276–78 base, 199 TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 20 Constitution of the U.S. death of (at Bagram), 66, 68–72, 278 application to detainee treatment, 123 diplomatic assurances, 169–70 Constitution Project Task Force, see TCP Task Force on and Obama administration, 201, 320–21 Detainee Treatment TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 16–17 Convention Against Torture (CAT), 126–29, 323, 325, 330 DiRita, Larry, 93 applicability to rendition, 140, 170–72 disclosing abuse and CIA IG report, 149 medical professionals’ role, 225–27 and Obama administration, 320 Djibouti and OLG memos, 142–46, 152, 155, 313 black sites, 194–95 and TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 16–17 lawsuits against, 198, 268 Corsetti, Damien, 72, 107, 276 doctors, see medical professionals’ role Couch, Stuart, 223 Dostum, Abdul Rashid, 34, 60–62 counterinsurgent strategy (COIN) Drumheller, Tyler, 166–67, 170, 173–74, 177 development of, 75–81 Dunlavey, Michael, 37–38, 66, 219, 222 Craig, Greg, 314–15 Durbin, Richard, 341–42 Crawford, Susan, 40

The Constitution Project 553 The Report of The Constitution Project’s Task Force on Detainee Treatment

Durham, John, 74, 180, 330–31 Gardner, Jack, 114–15 Gelles, Michael, 41, 219–23, 235, 240, 241 E Geneva Conventions, 123–26 economic hardship 3rd Geneva Convention, 125 impact on released detainees, 282–85 4th Geneva Convention, 125–26 efficacy of torture/EITs, see torture Al Qaeda and Taliban, application of Conventions to, Egypt 134–38 rendition, role in, 174–75 Common Article 3, 10, 123–25, 130, 137, 155–56, 313, el-Banna, Jamil, 178, 197 334–35, 342–43 el-Gaddafi, Muammar, 6, 59, 169 congressional role, 342–43 and consequences of U.S. policy, 269–75 evolution of interrogation techniques, 36–38 el-Gaddafi, Seif al-Islam, 273 and hunger strikes, 47–48 Elite LLC, 190 initial responses after Sept. 11, 62, 134–38 El-Mashad, Sherif, 40, 283–85 Iraq, application to, 88–89, 104–5, 111–13 El-Masri, Khaled, 21, 172–74, 179, 196–99, 268, 285, 292–93 OLC memos, 141, 147–48, 160–62 Emanuel, Rahm, 314–15, 319 PENS Report, 240 Emmerson, Ben, 197 Red Cross inspections, 328 England, Lynndie, 106 and rendition, 170–72 enhanced interrogation techniques (EITs) role in future, 334 see also interrogation; torture; specific techniques and SERE training, 205 OPR Report, see Office of Professional Responsibility TCP Task Force statement, findings and Ervin, Clark Kent, 170 recommendations, 4, 7, 10, 14, 16 Ethics,,medical, see medical professionals’ role and War Act, 129–30 European Court of Human Rights, 171, 174, 184, 188, 192, 197, 266, 268 rendition, role in, 173–74 European Parliament reports, 167, 169, 175–76, 182–83, 188, ghost detainees, 21, 86, 96–97 192 Ghul, Hassan, 246–47 European Union Ghuraba cell, 255–57 rendition, European Parliament report, 175–76 Gibson Inquiry (UK), 198 executive authority, see specific departments and offices Girod, Christophe, 51–55 extraordinary rendition, see rendition Goldsmith, Jack, see Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) Gonzales, Alberto F criminal complaint against “Bush Six,” 267–68 Fallon, Mark, 222, 266 diplomatic assurances, 169 Faruq, see al-Faruq evolution of legal advice, 146–58 Fast, Barbara, 90 hospital visit to Ashcroft, 147–48 Fay Report, 76, 97, 106–8, 179, 226–27 interrogation-techniques meetings, 141–42 Finland memos by rendition 1/18/02, on nonapplicability of Geneva, 136–38 political consequences, 201 OLC memos to, see Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) Fishback, Ian, 111–12 “War Council,” 131–32 Flanigan, Timothy, 131, 142 Goss, Porter, 169, 340 Foggo, Kyle “Dusty,” 187, 252 Graham, Lindsey, 84, 155, 319, 342–43 force-feeding, see hunger strikes Graner, Charles, 95–96, 106–9 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA), 132, 157–58 Graveline, Christopher, 106 Forward Operating Bases (FOBs) Grey, Adam, 113 Lion, 113 Grybauskaite, Dalia, 189–92 Mercury, 111 Guantánamo Bay Detention Facility, 25–55 Rifles, 99 Afghanistan as gateway, 33–35, 65–68 Tiger, 97, 111 BSCTs, see Behavioral Science Consultant Teams Frakt, David, 223 Camp Delta, 29–30, 35, 47 Franks, Tommy, 36, 62, 134, 136 Camp Iguana, 48 Frederick, Ivan, 106, 108 Camps 5, 6 & 7, 48–49, 224 Frost, Jeffrey, 95–96 Camp X-Ray, 29–30, 37, 289 future, prospects for, 334–36 current state, 48–51 detention at, generally, 25–55 G hunger strikes, 47–48, 227–32 Gaddafi, see el-Gaddafi interrogation

554 The Constitution Project Index

evolution of techniques, 36–46 Against Enforced Disappearances Pentagon, opinions within, 41–46 applicability to rendition, 170–71 as only option, 35–36 International Convention for the Protection of All Persons profiles Against Enforced Disappearances, 16, 24 Albert Shimkus, 27–32 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16, 130, Red Cross and Christophe Girod, 51–55 170, 175 suicides, 47–48 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), Guantánamo Criminal Investigative Task Force, 39 130 Guantánamo Review Task Force, 315, 318 applicability to rendition, 170 Gunawan, Rusman (“Gun Gun”), 255–56 interrogation Gutierrez, Gita, 28 see also torture; specific subject headings Army Field Manual, see Army Field Manual on H Interrogation habeas review, 6, 35, 47–48, 50–51, 66, 68, 134, 138, 157, effective interrogation without torture, 263–66 169, 195, 199, 209, 320, 332, 342–43 evolution of techniques at Guantánamo, 36–46 see also Boumediene v. Bush; Hamdan v. Rumsfeld; medical professionals’ role, see medical professionals’ Rasul v. Bush role Habibullah, Mullah OLC memos and letters, see Office of Legal Counsel death of (at Bagram), 68–72 policy, establishment of, 138–46 Hajj, see al-Hajj separation, see separation of detainees Hambali (), 181, 216, 254–58 Interrogation and Transfer Policy Task Force, 201 Hamdan, Salim, 264, 280 Iraq, 85–117 Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 135, 156, 313, 334, 342–43 Abu Ghraib, see Abu Ghraib Hammarberg, Thomas, 188 Bagram, see Bagram Air Base Harlow, Bill, 93, 251 Balad, 100–101, 102, 113 Harman, Sabrina, 95, 107–8 Battlefield Interrogation Facility, see Battlefield Harris, Harry, 48 Interrogation Facility (Camp Nama) Hawsawi, see al Hawsawi black sites, 179–80 Hayden, Michael, 167–68, 181, 245, 247, 253, 279, 336 BSCTs, see Behavioral Science Consultant Teams Haynes, William “Jim,” 35–36, 39, 42–46, 131, 147, 268 Camp Buca, 115, 116–17, 276 OLC memos to, see Office of Legal Counsel Camp Cropper, 87–88, 90 Herrington, Stuart, 67, 88, 90–91, 109, 113, 263–65, 327–28, CIA Special Forces, 87–104 336 conventional military forces, 104–16 Hicks, David, 64, 280 abuses, 105–13 high-value detainee accounts of CIA interrogation program, (see also Abu Ghraib) 215–18 rules of engagement, 104–5 High-Value Detainee Interrogation Group (HIG), 265 FOBs, see Forward Operating Bases Holbrooke, Richard, 76 former detainees’ accounts, 116–17 Holder, Eric, 74, 96, 180, 314, 318–19, 330 Mosul, 95, 109–11, 227 Hollander, Nancy, 169 Ireland Hong Kong rendition rendition, role in, 172 political consequences, 200 Hood, Jay, 40, 47–48, 229 Isamuddin, Riduan, see Hambali Hubbard, Kirk, 205–6, 209–11, 263 Italy Huber, Keith, 81 rendition, role in, 174–75 hunger strikes and force-feeding at Guantánamo, 47–49, 227–32, 288, 293 J management by physicians, 232–33 Jacoby Report, 64, 75, 92 TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 19–20 Jamadi, see al-Jamadi, Manadel Husayn, see Abu Zubaydah Jameel, Abdul, 99–100 Hussein, Saddam, 174, 261 Jawad, Mohammed, 223–24 Jemaah Islamiyah, 255–57 I Jeppesen Dataplan, 183, 188, 193, 196, 282, 332 Ice Man, see al-Jamadi, Manadel Jessen, Bruce, 205–6, 208, 210–11, 236, 241, 258, 263 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 196 Joint Personnel Recovery Agency (JPRA), 88–90, 141, 208, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 220, 225, 258 see Red Cross Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) task forces, 39, International Convention for Protection of All Persons 109, 177, 219, 220, 221, 329

The Constitution Project 555 The Report of The Constitution Project’s Task Force on Detainee Treatment

response to allegations of abuse, 101–4 rendition, role in, 172 suspicious deaths, 94–100 Lieber Code, 161–62 TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 21 Lieberman, Joseph, 341–42 treatment of detainees in Iraq, 87–100 Lillie, see bin Lep Joint Task Forces (JTFs) Lindh, John Walker (“American Taliban”), 59–61, 134, see also Combined Joint Task Forces 138–39 JTF-160, 39 Lithuania JTF-170, 37, 39, 219, 221 black sites, 188–92 JTF-GTMO, 39–40, 48–50, 66 Project No. 2, 190, 192 Seimas Report, 189, 191 rendition, role in, 174 Loper, Jerry, 98 Justice Department (DOJ) Bureau of Prisons, see Bureau of Prisons (BOP) M Office of Legal Counsel,see Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) Macedonia Office of Professional Responsibility, see Office of rendition, role in, 173–74 Professional Responsibility (OPR) Malmedy Massacre, 345–46 Manchester Manual, 49–50, 69–70, 205 K Margulies, Joseph, 51, 332–33 Karzai, Hamid, 62, 68, 77, 82–84 Markevicius, Jonas, 189 Kellenberger, Jacob, 49, 55 Marty, Dick, 175, 187, 200–201, 279, 287, 290 Kenner, Jason, 95 Mashad, see El-Mashad Khadr, Omar, 276, 318–19 Masri, see El-Masri Khalid, Asadullah, 83, 325–26 Massoud, Ahmed Shah, 34 Khan, Majid, 217, 255, 257 Mauritania Kiriakou, John, 332 rendition, role in, 174 Kleinman, Steven, 88–90, 206, 258–59, 263–64, 336 McCain, John, 112, 155, 339, 341–43 Koenig, Lyle, 88, 101–2 McChrystal, Stanley, 63, 77–78, 82, 101–4 Koh, Harold Hongju, 159, 183, 201, 316, 318, 320–21 McRaven, William, 329 Kosovo medical professionals’ role, 203–42 black sites (Camp Bondsteel), 193–94 Abu Ghraib, 224–26 KSM, see Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh abuse, medical personnel failure to report, 225–27 Abu Zubaydah, 206–11, 216–17 L BSCTs, see Behavioral Science Consultant Teams Lady, Robert, 196–97 CIA detainees, 205–16 Latif, Adnan, 49, 293–94 ethical obligations toward detainees, 233–42 Layton, Christopher, 99 DOD and CIA medical personnel, applicability of Leahy, Patrick, 1, 24, 46, 138, 339 professional ethics, 234–36 learned helplessness, 205–6, 210, 259 professional guidelines Ledford, Andrew, 96 American College of Physicians, 234, 236, 238 legal issues, 119–62 American Medical Association (AMA), 230, 234, see also Constitution of the U.S.; Convention Against 235, 237–38 Torture (CAT); Geneva Conventions; Office of American Psychiatric Association, 234, 236–37 Legal Counsel (OLC) American Psychological Association (APA) and initial response to September 11, 130–38 PENS report, 234, 238–40 “War Council,” 35–36, 131–32, 148 World Medical Association, 19–20, 230, 233, interrogation policy, establishment of, 138–46 238–39 rendition state boards, complaints against individual applicable law, 170–72 practitioners, 241 TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 14–15 hunger strikes, see hunger strikes and force-feeding Lehnert, Michael, 36 learned helplessness, 205–6 Leso, John, 219–22, 241 TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 18–20 Levin, Carl, 102, 247, 341 Mendez, Juan, 171, 330 Levin, Daniel, see Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) mental effects of detention and abuse, 289–94 Libi, see al-Libi mental health professionals, see medical professionals’ role Library Tower plot, 253–58 Merkel, Angela, 174, 198 Meyer, Gerry, 101 political consequences of U.S. detention policy, case MI-5 and MI-6, 197, 200, 268, 272, 273 study, 269–75 Mierzewski, Jerzy, 185

556 The Constitution Project Index

Mihail Kogalniceanu Air Base (Romania), 187 “separation” of detainees, actions addressing, 326–30 Mikelionis, Irmantas, 191–92 TCP Task Force findings and recommendations about, Miliband, David, 199 21–24 military commissions , disclosure of, 316–17 establishment of, 134 Uighurs, debate surrounding, 314–16 Obama administration use of, 317–20 Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) Military Commissions Acts, 156, 312, 318, 343 see also legal issues Millantz, Jonathan, 113 initial response to September 11, 131 Miller, Geoffrey, 39–40, 53, 105, 114, 222, 223 detainees, initial legal considerations, 134 see also Miller Report examination of executive authority to take action, Miller, Lenny, 89 132–33 Miller, Leszek, 182, 184–86 interrogation policy, establishment of, 138–46 Miller Report, 39–40, 225 memos on interrogation and torture, 44–46, 132–62, Mitchell, James, 205–11, 236, 241, 258, 263 171–72, 316–17 mobility issues faced by released detainees, 285 personnel changes and evolution of legal advice, 146–58 Mohammed, Binyam, 172–73, 178, 192–93, 196, 197, 199– Bradbury replaces Levin, 153 200, 248, 292, 310 Goldsmith replaces Bybee, 146–50 Mohammed, Faiz, 67 Levin replaces Goldsmith, 150–52 Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh, 48, 184, 188, 216, 245–57, 260, rights of detainees, OLC determination of, 138–40 318–19 TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 14–15, 18 Mora, Alberto, 41–46, 158, 222–23, 278–79 Office of Medical Services (OMS), see Central Intelligence Morocco Agency (CIA) rendition, role in, 172–74 Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) black sites and proxy detention, 192–93 7/29/09 report investigating OLC and CIA’s EIT program, Mosul (Iraq), 95, 109–11, 227 156, 158, 210, 249 Moulton, Randy, 88–90 OGA, see Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Mowhoush, Abed Hamed, 97–99 Olsen, Matthew, 315 medical record-keeping, 226–27 Omar, Abu, 172, 174, 196–97, 200 responses to the death of, 21 Omar, Mullah Mohammad, 59, 324–25 Mubanga, Martin, 197 Operation Enduring Freedom, 33, 79 Mueller, Robert, 207, 244, 314 OPR Report, see Office of Professional Responsibility Muhammed, Noor Uthman, 63 Other Government Agency (OGA), see Central Intelligence Mukasey, Michael, 245, 247, 253, 336 Agency (CIA) Myers, Richard, 38–39 P N Pack, Brent, 107 Nashiri, see al-Nashiri Padilla, Jose, 139, 248–49 National Directorate of Security (NDS) (Afghanistan), 23, 83, Paksas, Rolandas, 189, 190 276, 322–26 Panetta, Leon, 314, 320, 326, 344 National Emergencies Act, 130 Parwan detention facility, see Afghanistan, Bagram National Security Directive 77 (NSD-77), 165 Passaro, David, 74 Navarro, Joe, 247, 258, 263–64 Pelosi, Nancy, 340 Navy Criminal Investigative Division (NCIS), 41, 48, 49, PENS report (APA), 238–40 219, 220, 222 Pentagon, see Defense Department Navy SEALs, 95, 96, 109–10, 179 Petraeus, David, 77 Nelson, Torin, 34, 66 Phifer, Jerald, 37 Northern Alliance, 33–34, 59–62 Philbin, Patrick, 138, 144, 147–50, 153, 157 Philippine Insurrection, 344–45 O Phillips, Joshua, 110, 113 Obama administration, 311–36 physical consequences (long-term), 287–89 executive orders, 76, 158, 179, 264–65, 313, 320, 326, 334 Physicians for Human Rights (PHR), 62, 217, 227, 241, Interrogation and Transfer Policy Task Force, 201 282–83, 287, 290–91, 293 military commissions, civil courts, and detention without Pillar, Paul, 166 trial, 317–20 Pinior, Jozef, 176, 182 photos of abuse, disclosure of, 317 Poland Red Cross, interactions with, 328–30 rendition, role in, 174 rendition by, 320–26 black sites, 182–86 secrecy and accountability, 331–34 Szmany Airport, 183, 186

The Constitution Project 557 The Report of The Constitution Project’s Task Force on Detainee Treatment

Powell, Colin, 55, 62, 136–37, 174, 261–62 Remes, David, 50, 293–94 Presidential Decision Directive 39 (1995), 165 rendition, 163–201 profiles see also black sites Albert Shimkus, 27–32 diplomatic assurances, see diplomatic assurances Red Cross and Christophe Girod, 51–55 expansion of program after Sept. 11, 166–69 Project No. 2 (Lithuania), 190, 192 and Geneva Conventions, 170–72 Prosper, Pierre-Richard, 36, 62, 67 history of rendition program, 165–66 proxy detention, 320–26 international cooperation, 172–75 see also black sites; rendition law applicable, 170–72 mental effects, 289–92 lawsuits filed, 196–98 Morocco, 192–93, 281 by Obama administration, 320–26 Obama task force, 201 OLC memos, see Office of Legal Counsel Somalia, 195–96 political consequences, 198–201 TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 16–17 Finland, 201 psychologists and psychiatrists, Germany, 198 see medical professionals’ role Ireland, 200 Spain, 198–99 Q Sweden, 200 Qaddafi, see el-Gaddafi Switzerland, 200–201 Qahtani, see al Qahtani United Kingdom, 199–200 Qala-i-Jangi, 61 , 201 public recognition, 175–76 R TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 16–18 Rahman, Gul, 21, 74, 179, 180, 181, 330 Rendition Group (CIA), 166–67, 194 Rasul v. Bush, 47, 61, 342 restraint chair, 229–32 Raulušaitis, Darius, 192 Rice, Condoleezza, 46, 55, 141, 156, 173–74, 175, 198, 341 Rawi, see al-Rawi rights of detainees recidivism / re-engagement, 295–310 see also specific rights , statutes, conventions, etc. congressional report, 299–300 OLC determination of, 138–40 Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) data, 297–99 Rives, Jack, 43–45 evaluation by NGOs, academia, and the media, Rizzo, John, 73, 101, 130, 144, 206, 209, 249, 251, 253, 259, 336 300–301 OLC memos to, see Office of Legal Counsel table of individuals confirmed or suspected of re- Roberts, Pat, 339, 342, 344 engagement, 302–10 Rockefeller, Jay, 339, 342, 344 TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 20–21 Rodriguez, Jose, 37, 181–82, 206, 207, 246–47, 249–52, 255, Red Cross (ICRC) 260, 336, 340 and Abu Ghraib, 107 Romania access to detainees, 79, 91, 97, 102, 177–78, 326–30 black sites, 186–88 and BSCTs, 220, 223–24 Mihail Kogalniceanu Air Base, 187 CIA interrogation program, ICRC findings, 215–18 Rove, Karl, 167 Geneva Conventions, interpretation, 105, 125 Rumsfeld, Donald, 4, 25, 30, 33, 36, 39, 41–43, 46, 55, 60, improved procedures to notify ICRC, 328–29 62, 69, 92–93, 104, 112, 136, 146, 223, 267–68, interview with KSM, 183–84 339, 343 invitation to, 36 Russell, Terrence, 88–90, 225 and Obama administration, 328–30 Obama executive orders, 313 S profile of Christophe Girod, 51–55 Saadi, see Al Saadi rendition, report on transfer process, 168 Saidi, Laid, 178, 216 TCP Task Force statement, findings and Salt Pit (Afghanistan), 72–74, 177–79 recommendations, 5, 7, 16, 24 Sanchez, Ricardo, 104–5 TCP Task Force visit with, 49 Scheuer, Michael, 165–66 visit with Al Saadi, 273 Schmidt-Furlow Report, 40 warnings and notifications to U.S., 293, 322 Scorpions (Iraqi paramilitary unit), 97–98 re-engagement, see recidivism Seimas Report, 189, 191 Reid, Richard (“shoe bomber”), 255, 261, 319 Seligman, Martin, 205–6 release of detainees separation of detainees establishing post-release procedures, 286–87 and Appendix. M, 265 practical issues faced, 280–87 Obama administration actions, 326–30

558 The Constitution Project Index

TCP Task Force recommendations, 23 political consequences, 200 SERE program, 38, 88–89, 141, 145, 205–12, 219–20, role in, 175 224–25 Switzerland and false confessions, 258–59, 263 rendition and Geneva Conventions, 205 political consequences, 200–201 learned helplessness, 205–6 Syria TCP statement, 5 rendition, role in, 172 Sharfstein, Steven, 224, 237 Szmany Airport (Poland), 183, 186 Sharif, see al-Sharif Sheikh Abu Ahmed, see al-Kuwaiti, Abu Ahmed T Shiffrin, Richard, 35–36 Taft IV, William Howard, 36, 135–36, 137, 138, 344–45 Shimkus, Albert, 27–32 Taguba Report, 40, 76, 97, 106–8 “shoe bomber,” see Reid, Richard Taliban Shoroeiya, Mohammed, 178–79, 270 application of Geneva Conventions to, 134–38 Siemiatkowski, Zbigniew, 181, 186 Task Force 20//Task Force 6-26, see Joint Sifton, John, 109 Special Operations Command task forces Slahi, Mohamedou Ould, 223, 246 TCP Task Force on Detainee Treatment sleep deprivation findings, conclusions, and recommendations, 3–4, 9–24 and Army Field Manual, 326–27 consequences findings and recommendations, 20 details of tactic, 71–72, 213–14, 259–60 extraordinary-rendition findings and TCP Task Force statement, findings and recommendations, 16–18 recommendations, 4, 23 general findings and recommendations, 9–14 Somalia legal findings and recommendations, 14–15 black sites and proxy detention, 195–96 medical findings and recommendations, 18–20 Soufan, Ali, 166, 168, 180–81, 206–9, 249–53, 256, 257–58, Obama administration, findings and recommendations 260–61, 263–64, 336 about, 21–24 Spain recidivism findings and recommendations, 20–21 rendition statement of the Task Force, 1–8 political consequences, 198–99 Tenet, George, 98, 166, 173, 196, 207, 212, 251 Spann, Johnny “Mike,” 61 Thailand Special Missions Unit (SMU) task force, 90 rendition, role in, 172 Stafford Smith, Clive, 28 black sites, 180–82 State Department (DOS)Human Rights Reports, 17, 165, Udon Thani, 180–81 167–68, 171, 322 , 61–62, 307–8 Stefanowicz, Steve, 107–8 torture Stevanus, Dennis, 95 see also interrogation; specific subject headings Stevens, Christopher, 269–70, 271 consequences, see consequences of U.S. policies Stevens Express Leasing Inc., 183 efficacy of torture and EITs, 242–67 stigma Abu Zubaydah, 248–53, 260–61 impact on released detainees, 281–82 assertions of useful information obtained through Stimson, Charles “Cully,” 28 coercion, 245–58 Stone, Douglas, 76–77, 80, 115–16, 276 capture of , value of EITs, 11, Stormoen, Steve, 96, 101 245–47 discipline, 101 Library Tower plot, 253–58 Straw, Jack, 172, 197, 199, 268, 272 OLC memos and letters, see Office of Legal Counsel stress positions Torture Convention, see Convention Against Torture (CAT) and Army Field Manual, 326–27 Torture Statute (18 U.S.C. §§ 2340–2340A), 10, 23, 38–39, details of tactic, 71, 73, 108–9, 147, 339 119, 129, 141–44, 150–62, 215 TCP Task Force findings and recommendations, 23 Torture Victims Protection Act (TVPA), 152 suicides transfer of detainees, see rendition at Guantánamo, 47–48 trial, detention without Suleiman, Omar, 165, 168 by Obama Administration, 30, 317–20 Supervielle, Manuel, 36 Tyl, Waldemar, 185–86 survival, evasion, resistance and escape, see SERE program Tyrie, Andrew, 198, 199, 268 suspicious deaths, 94–100 Swanner, Mark, 95–96, 179–80 U Sweden Udon Thani (Thailand), 180–81 rendition Uighurs, 48, 59, 61, 308, 310, 314–16

The Constitution Project 559 The Report of The Constitution Project’s Task Force on Detainee Treatment

“underwear bomber,” see Abdulmutallab, Umar Farouk Yemen Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10, 38, 43, 335 suspension of transfers to, 51 United Kingdom U.S. embassy, planned attack of, 261 All-Party Parliamentary Group on Extraordinary Rendition, Yoo, John, 36–46, 131–60, 208, 253, 268 198–99, 268 see also Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) rendition Yousef, Ramzi, 165 political consequences, 199–200 role in, 172–73 Z United Nations Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Zawahiri, see Al-Zawahiri Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or , see Zelikow, Philip, 3, 155–56, 158 Convention Against Torture (CAT) Zero Dark Thirty, 245, 335–36 United Nations Human Rights Council Report (2010), 176 Zubair (Mohammad Farik Amin), 181, 255, 257 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 130 Usackas, Vygaudas, 191

V veracity/value of confessions, see efficacy of torture/EITs Vietor, Tommy, 247, 326

W Wali, Abdul, 74 Walker, Edward, 165 Walker, Mary, 43, 44, 45 “War Council,” 35–36, 131–32, 148 War Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. §§ 2441), 10, 23, 119, 129–30, 135, 136, 156, 160, 162, 334, 343 Warner, John, 339–43 Warsame, Ahmed Abdulkadir, 177, 329–30 and death of bin Laden, , 245–47 details of tactic, 181, 183–84, 209–11, 214–16, 250–52, 270, 273–75 and false confessions, 260–61 and Library Tower plot, 253–58 McCain assessment, 155 memos and cables concerning, 149–52, 154–55, 159–60, 208, 210–11, 214–15, 248 OMS guidelines, 212, 214, 235 opinion polls, 335–36 Philippine Insurrection, 344–45 political reaction, 339–44 TCP Task Force statement, 3 Welshofer, Lewis, 94, 97–99 West Coast plot, see Library Tower plot Wilkerson, Lawrence, 25, 174 Wilner, Thomas, 28 Wolf, Frank, 314–15 Wolfowitz, Paul, 64, 339 Wood, Carolyn, 63, 70–72, 104–5 Woods, David, 48–50 World Medical Association ethical obligations toward detainees, 19–20, 230, 233, 238–39

X Xenakis, Stephen, 217, 227, 241, 259–60

Y

560 The Constitution Project