The Extreme Right on Facebook

Appendix 1 Note #1: Data on stores listed below (entries #1-#18) also include examples of content that violate Facebook’s prohibition on hate speech, which Facebook defines as “anything that directly attacks people based on what are known as their ‘protected characteristics’ – race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, sex, gender, gender identity, or serious disability or disease.”1 Facebook’s Community Standards define a “direct attack” as “violent or dehumanizing speech, statements of inferiority, or calls for exclusion or segregation.”2 Articles sold by these 18 Facebook stores either a) promote or glorify neo-Nazism, which inherently advocates for the persecution, subjugation, or outright extermination of groups based on their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, gender identity or serious disability or disease, b) directly encourage violent acts against individuals based on their race, or religious affiliation, or c) directly advocate for systems of white supremacy, which entails the persecution, subjugation, or use of violence against groups based on their race, ethnicity, national origin, or religious affiliation, and frequently also includes groups based on their sexual orientation, gender identity or serious disability or disease. The individuals who are selling merchandise directly on Facebook, or are using Facebook to advertise their products, are seeking to both profit off of hate, as well as use social media to amplify their political message. Note #2: Data on groups listed below (entries #19-#40) are for organizations or groups that promote the ideologies of neo-Nazism or white supremacy, and the affiliated principles of racism, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, xenophobia, and homophobia. Facebook’s Community Standards prohibit the platform’s use by “organizations or individuals that are engaged in…organized hate.”3 Facebook defines hate organizations as Any association of three or more people that is organized under a name, sign, or symbol and that has an ideology, statements, or physical actions that attack individuals based on characteristics, including race, religious affiliation, nationality, ethnicity, gender, sex, sexual orientation, serious disease or disability.

Stores 1. White Rex France Europe URL: https://www.facebook.com/White-REX-France-Europe-251694871857956/

1 Richard Allan, “Hard Questions: Who Should Decide What Is Hate Speech in an Online Global Community?” Facebook Newsroom, June 27, 2017, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/06/hard-questions-hate-speech/. 2 “Objectionable Content” Facebook Community Standards, Facebook, accessed November 14, 2018, https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards/objectionable_content. 3 “Dangerous Individuals and Organizations” Facebook Community Standards, Facebook, accessed November 14, 2018, https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards/dangerous_individuals_organizations.

Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A Russian/French clothing brand that sells t-shirts and accessories for white supremacists. September likes: 1,681 October likes: 1,686 November likes: 1,861 Change in likes (September to November): +180 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +(10.7%) Page Date Created: June 1, 2016 Removed by Facebook: No

T-shirt that shows skinheads attacking Arab/Muslims.

T-shirt that includes a tattoo that includes “14/88” which stands for the white supremacist 14 words (“We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children”) and “Heil Hitler” (H is the eighth letter of the English alphabet).

White Rex France Europe Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

White Rex France Europe Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

2. Nationalist Gear URL: https://www.facebook.com/NationalistGear/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A U.S. based clothing company that sells t-shirts, music, and accessories that endorse white supremacist and neo-Nazi themes.

September likes: 929 October likes: 920 November likes: 929 Change in likes (September to November): 0 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): 0% Page Date Created: August 9, 2016 Removed by Facebook: No

T-shirt that includes a Sonnenrad, a symbol appropriated by the Nazis that is frequently used as a covert symbol by neo-Nazi groups.

T-shirt with a Celtic white power cross.

Nationalist Gear Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Nationalist Gear Facebook page, November 7 2018.

3. M.E.T. Productions URL: https://www.facebook.com/MET-productions-420772711616963/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A French clothing and record label that promotes white supremacist and neo-Nazi bands such as Bunker 84, Semtex 18, and Bound For Glory. September likes: 1,347 October likes: 1,405 November likes: 1,436 Change in likes (September to November): +89 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +6.6% Page Date Created: May 1, 2017 Removed by Facebook: No

T-shirt for Bunker 84, a French neo-Nazi skinhead band.

An advertisement for an Ian Stuart Donaldson memorial show sponsored by the French chapter of the neo-Nazi Blood and Honour network.

M.E.T. Productions Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

M.E.T. Productions Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

4. ESE Sound URL: https://www.facebook.com/ESE-SOUND-1556387451319716/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A German music distributor of both neo-Nazi skinhead music and some non-racist skinhead music. Music from neo-Nazi bands includes Skrewdriver, Endstufe, Brutal Attack, and others. September likes: 1,346 October likes: 1,365

November likes: 1,405 Change in likes (September to November): 59 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): 4.4% Page Date Created: February 15, 2016 Removed by Facebook: No (Facebook claimed the page was removed)

Skrewdriver t-shirt sold be Ese Sound. Skrewdriver was the most well-known and influential neo- Nazi skinhead band.

English Rose t-shirt sold by Ese Sound. English Rose is a notorious British white supremacist band.

Ese Sound Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Ese Sound Facebook page, November 7, 2018. 5. Walknvt URL: https://www.facebook.com/walknvt/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A Ukrainian shop that sells white supremacist themed apparel and accessories. Merchandise is geared towards the metal community and the transnational Slavic neo-Nazi group Misanthropic Division. September likes: 2667 October likes: 2746 November likes: 2790

Change in likes (September to November): 123 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +4.6 Page Date Created: April 30, 2016 Removed by Facebook: No

Patch sold by Walknvt. NSBM stands for National Socialist Black Metal, behind it is the Nordic death rune. National Socialist Black Metal is a neo-Nazi metal subgenre.

Walknvt Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Walknvt Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

6. The Knot and Thread URL: https://www.facebook.com/The-Knot-and-Thread-204410983469868/ Active: Semi-Active Reason for inclusion: A small web shop from Newstead, UK that sells Nazi themed patches. September likes: 83 October likes: 84 November likes: 84 Change in likes (September to November): 1 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): 1.2% Page Date Created: January 11, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: Yes

SS deaths head patches for sale by the Knot and Thread.

The Knot and Thread Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

The Knot and Thread Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

7. Scrofa Division URL: https://www.facebook.com/scrofadivision/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: Scrofa Division is a white supremacist webstore that sells a variety of t- shirts and other merchandise. Paypal banned Scrofa Division from using their services in July 2018. September likes: 153 October likes: 161 November likes: 170 Change in likes (September to November): +17 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +11.1% Page Date Created: October 9, 2017 Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Removed prior to being reported by CEP)

Siege t-shirts, hats, and mugs for sale by Scrofa Division. Siege is a notorious neo-Nazi book by James Mason which advocates for a violent leaderless neo-Nazi guerilla movement to bring down the government.

Scrofa Division Facebook site, October 7, 2018.

Scrofa Division Facebook site, November 7, 2018.

8. Right Wing Wear URL: https://www.facebook.com/598699443810882/photos/598700080477485/ Active: No Reason for inclusion: A collection of extreme right-wing t-shirts that endorse Mussolini and fascism. The Italian fascist government passed racial anti-Semitic legislation in 1938.4 The page also promotes racism through it’s “fascist sponge” character. September likes: 1,139 October likes: 1,138 November likes: 1,137 Change in likes (September to November): -2 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): -0.2 Page Date Created: April 1, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: No

4 “Italy,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed November 13, 2018, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy

Mussolini t-shirt sold by Right Wing Wear.

Right Wing Wear Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Right Wing Wear Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

9. Rebel Records URL: https://www.facebook.com/RBLRCRDS/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: Rebel Records is a German record label and music store that sells various neo-Nazi and white supremacist punk and skinhead music, including music from bands such as Squadron, Mistreat, and Dirlewanger. September likes: 1,194 October likes: 1,210 November likes: 1,224 Change in likes (September to November): +30 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +2.5% Page Date Created: October 6, 2017 Page Removed by Facebook: No (Facebook claimed the page was removed)

Ian Stuart Donaldson t-shirt sold by Rebel Records. Ian Stuart Donaldson was the front man for the British neo-Nazi band Skrewdriver, and was one of the founders of the neo-Nazi Blood and Honour network.

Dirlewanger cd for sale by Rebel Records. Dirlewanger was a Swedish white power band named for a Waffen SS unit in World War II.

Rebel Records Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Rebel Records Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

10. PC Records URL: https://www.facebook.com/PC-Records-2028639490796755/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A German record label and music store that sells music and merchandise from various white supremacist and neo-Nazi bands such as Oidoxie and Skrewdriver. September likes: 1,198 October likes: 1,642 November likes: 1,860

Change in likes (September to November): 662 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +55.3% Page Date Created: April 14, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: No

A cd compilation for sale by PC Records featuring the infamous neo-Nazi bands Bound For Glory (USA) and Mistreat (Finland).

PC Records Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

PC Records Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

11. ISD Records URL: https://www.facebook.com/IsdRecords/?ref=br_rs Active: No Reason for inclusion: A music store that claims to be “the voice of Blood & Honour Combat 18 [sic].” Blood and Honour is a neo-Nazi skinhead political group that spreads propaganda, Combat 18 is a leaderless neo-Nazi terrorist organization.5 ISD stands for Ian Stuart Donaldson, the founder of Skrewdriver. The page has been inactive for almost five years. September likes: 750 October likes: 755 November likes: 755 Change in likes (September to November): +5 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +0.7% Page Date Created: December 3, 2012 Page Removed by Facebook: No

5 “Home”, Blood & Honour Worldwide, accessed November 13, 2018 https://www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/bhww/; Nick Lowles, “Ex-Combat 18 man speaks out,” BBC News, accessed November 13, 2018, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/1672100.stm.

An advertisement for an Ian Stuart Donaldson memorial show, featuring various white supremacist and neo-Nazi bands.

ISD Records Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

ISD Records Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

12. North Style Design URL: https://www.facebook.com/NorthStyleDesign/?ref=py_c Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A clothing store based in Russia that sells various neo-Nazi inspired t- shirts. North Style Design uses many Norse symbols as signals for use in countries where outright Nazi symbols are forbidden. September likes: 2,394 October likes: 2,391 November likes: 2,393 Change in likes (September to November): -1 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): -0.04% Page Date Created: July 13, 2014 Page Removed by Facebook: Yes

“NSBM Deutsche Division” t-shirt sold by North Style Designs, NSBM stands for National Socialist Black Metal, a neo-Nazi metal subgenre.

North Style Design Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

North Style Design Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

13. American Defense Records URL: https://www.facebook.com/bulldogAGGRESSION/ Active: No (Deleted) Reason for inclusion: A skinhead record company that has released music from several neo-Nazi bands including Red, White and Black, and Blood in the Face. Several bands that have released music from American Defense Records are affiliated with the Hammerskin Nation. September likes: 614 October likes: 621 November likes: Deleted Change in likes (September to November): N/A Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): N/A Page Date Created: August 18, 2017 Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Removed prior to being reported by CEP)

CDs and t-shirts for the neo-Nazi band Birthrite. Birthrite were scheduled to play the October 2018 Hammerskin gathering, Hammerfest, in California.

American Defense Records Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

American Defense Records Facebook page (Deleted), November 7, 2018.

14. Pride France URL: https://www.facebook.com/pridefranceH8/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A French store that sells various neo-Nazi and white supremacist themed t- shirts. September likes: 895 October likes: 1,105 November likes: 1,229 Change in likes (September to November): +334 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +37.3% Page Date Created: August 18, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: No

Death’s head t-shirt featuring the slogan “Gott Mit Uns” (God with us) for sale by Pride France.

“HTLR” (Hitler) t-shirt for sale by Pride France. The shirt also uses the slogan of the SS, “Meine Ehre Heisst Treue” (My honor is my loyalty).

Pride France Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Pride France Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

15. Angry White Boy USA URL: https://www.facebook.com/Angrywhiteboyusa/ Active: Yes (was suspended from Facebook in early November, classified as deleted/suspended in report) Reason for inclusion: Facebook page for a company that sold shirts with a hidden white supremacist message (the numbers 23 and 16, which stands for the letters W and P, for White Power). September likes: 17,422

October likes: 17,425 November likes: N/A (Deleted) (page was inaccessible on November 7, but returned by November 19) Change in likes (September to November): N/A (Page was inaccessible on November 7) Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): N/A (Page was inaccessible on November 7) Page Date Created: July 29, 2015 Page Removed by Facebook: No

T-shirt for sale by Angry White Boy USA that features the numbers 23 and 16, which stands for the letters W and P, meaning “white power”. The shirt also features the Nordic god Thor’s hammer, the Mjolnir, on the top left, which is a symbol that has been appropriated by various white power and neo-Nazi groups.

Angry White Boy USA Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Angry White Boy USA Facebook page, Unavailable on November 7, 2018. The page was later reinstated.

16. Oldschool Records URL: https://www.facebook.com/RockingOSR/ Active: Semi-Active Reason for inclusion: Facebook page for a German record label and online store that sells extreme right-wing and white supremacist punk and skinhead music, as well as t-shirts associated with those bands. September likes: 5,798 October likes: 5,818 November likes: 5,844 Change in likes (September to November): +46 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +0.8 Page Date Created: September 11, 2012 Page Removed by Facebook: Yes

Skrewdriver/Rock Against Communism banner for sale by Oldschool Records. Skrewdriver was the most well-known and influential neo-Nazi skinhead band. Rock Against Communism (also known by the abbreviation RAC) refers to a subgenre of extreme right-wing skinhead music.

Oldschool Records Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Oldschool Records Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

17. Sl88es URL: https://www.facebook.com/sl88es/ Active: No (Deleted) Reason for inclusion: A store selling various white power shirts, mugs, and decorative tiles. September likes: 583 October likes: 583 November likes: Deleted Change in likes (September to November): N/A (Deleted) Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): N/A (Deleted) Page Date Created: August 26, 2016 Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Removed prior to being reported by CEP)

Mugs for sale by Sl88es featuring Ian Stuart Donaldson and the Skrewdriver logo, as well as Ian Stuart Donaldson and the Blood and Honour logo.

Sl88es Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Sl88es Facebook page (Deleted), November 7, 2018.

18. RAC and Rall URL: https://www.facebook.com/racandrall/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: An extreme right-wing music distributor that advertises global upcoming neo-Nazi and white supremacist music performances, including from bands affiliated with the Blood and Honour network. The “RAC” in the title stands for Rock Against Communism (RAC), a subgenre of extreme right-wing skinhead music. September likes: 122 October likes: 186 November likes: 282 Change in likes (September to November): +160 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +131.1% Page Date Created: August 27, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: No

Advertisement for Ian Stuart Donaldson memorial show featuring white supremacist bands, October 12, 2018.

Advertisement for a music event sponsored by the Serbian chapter of Blood and Honour (Club 28 Serbia)

RAC and Rall Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

RAC and Rall Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

Groups 19. 28 SC PA (Blood and Honour Social Club Pennsylvania) URL: https://www.facebook.com/28SC-PA-554947297989880/ Active: No Reason for inclusion: Blood and Honour is a neo-Nazi skinhead political group that spreads propaganda.6 Page members have previously posted events and memes. “28SC” refers to Blood

6 “Home”, Blood & Honour Worldwide, accessed November 13, 2018 https://www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/bhww/.

and Honour Social Club, the use of the number 8318 in the bottom of the brass knuckle image (with the first two numbers indicating corresponding numerical values in the alphabet, in this case HC18) stands for “Hail Combat 18.” Combat 18 is a leaderless neo-Nazi terrorist organization.7 September likes: 86 October likes: 87 November likes: 88 Change in likes (September to November): +2 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +2.3% Page Date Created: October 11, 2015 Page Removed by Facebook: No

28SC PA (Blood and Honour Social Club Pennsylvania) Facebook page on October 7, 2018.

7 Nick Lowles, “Ex-Combat 18 man speaks out,” BBC News, accessed November 13, 2018, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/1672100.stm.

28SC PA (Blood and Honour Social Club Pennsylvania) Facebook page on November 7, 2018.

20. Be Active Front USA URL: https://www.facebook.com/BeActiveFrontUSA/?fref=pb&hc_location=profile_browser Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: The Be Active Front is a loose knit white supremacist skinhead group that focuses on physical training and spreading propaganda.8 According to the SPLC, the Be Active Front is active in Pennsylvania and Maryland.9 The page is regularly updated. September likes: 1,064 October likes: 1,070 November likes: 1,093 Change in likes (September to November): +29 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +2.7% Page Date Created: May 12, 2013 Page Removed by Facebook: No

8 John Kopp, “Philadelphia bucks national trend of hate-group expansion,” Philly Voice, February 22, 2018, https://www.phillyvoice.com/philadelphia-bucks-national-trend-of-hate-group-expansion/. 9 “Active Hate Groups 2016,” Southern Poverty Law Center, accessed November 13, 2018, https://www.splcenter.org/hate-map/by-state.

Be Active Front USA Facebook page on October 7, 2018.

Be Active Front USA Facebook page on November 7, 2018.

21. Fight Back 28 (Be Active Front USA 2) URL: https://www.facebook.com/fightback28/ Active: No Reason for inclusion: This is a backup Facebook page (in case of deletion of the first) for the Be Active Front. September likes: 1,288 October likes: 1,280

November likes: 1,280 Change in likes (September to November): -8 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): -0.6% Page Date Created: May 12, 2013 Page Removed by Facebook: No

Be Active Front Backup Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Be Active Front Backup Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

22. Be Active Front Baltimore URL: https://www.facebook.com/beactivefrontbaltimore/?fref=pb&hc_location=profile_browser

Active: No Reason for inclusion: The Facebook page for the Baltimore chapter of the white supremacist skinhead group Be Active Front. September likes: 179 October likes: 175 November likes: 175 Change in likes (September to November): -4 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): -2.2% Page Date Created: March 8, 2014 Page Removed by Facebook: No

Be Active Front Baltimore Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Be Active Front Baltimore Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

23. Be Active Front Altoona URL: https://www.facebook.com/altoona28/?fref=pb&hc_location=profile_browser Active: No Reason for inclusion: The Altoona, Pennsylvania chapter of the white supremacist skinhead group Be Active Front. September likes: 229 October likes: 228 November likes: 228 Change in likes (September to November): -1 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): -0.4% Page Date Created: December 18, 2013 Page Removed by Facebook: No

Be Active Front Altoona Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Be Active Front Altoona Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

24. British Movement Ulster URL: https://www.facebook.com/BM-Ulster-Sunwheel-2020636538169573/?rc=p Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: The British Movement is a small and violent white supremacist group.10 Supporters of the British Movement have appeared at a demonstration with supporters of the proscribed National Action organization.11 September likes: 124 October likes: 125 November likes: 134 Change in likes (September to November): +10 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +8.1% Page Date Created: November 13, 2017 Page Removed by Facebook: No

10 Mark Townsend, “Why has the far right made West Yorkshire a home?” The Guardian (London), June 18, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jun/18/far-right-home-in-west-yorkshire-britain-first. 11 Max Bernhard, “English Nazis held a ‘white man march’ over the weekend,” Vice, March 23, 2015, https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9bzega/white-man-march-photos-193.

British Movement Ulster Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

British Movement Ulster Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

25. Combat 18 Australia URL: https://www.facebook.com/318-Australia-997744473688614/?ref=br_rs Active: Yes

Reason for inclusion: Combat 18 is a leaderless neo-Nazi terrorist organization.12 Originating in the UK, Combat 18 has groups in dozens of countries in Europe, Western Hemisphere, and Australia.13 September likes: 209 October likes: 218 November likes: 221 Change in likes (September to November): +12 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +5.7% Page Date Created: November 4, 2016 Page Removed by Facebook: No

Combat 18 Australia Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

12 Nick Lowles, “Ex-Combat 18 man speaks out,” BBC News, accessed November 13, 2018, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/1672100.stm. 13 Terrorism and Violent Extremism Awareness Guide. Quebec: RCMP Communications Office, 2016, http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/wam/media/1731/original/1cb81f63911f002d67b340c08591bd31.pdf.

Combat 18 Australia Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

26. Combat Hellas (Combat 18 Greece) URL: https://www.facebook.com/Combat-Hellas-651157318371691/?ref=search Active: No Reason for inclusion: A Facebook page for a Greek chapter of Combat 18. Combat 18 is a leaderless neo-Nazi terrorist organization.14 Originating in the UK, Combat 18 has groups in dozens of countries in Europe, Western Hemisphere, and Australia.15 In 2018, Greek authorities claimed that Combat 18 Hellas coordinated attacks via a fake personal Facebook page.16 September likes: 19 October likes: 19 November likes: 19 Change in likes (September to November): 0 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): 0% Page Date Created: July 1, 2016 Page Removed by Facebook: No

14 Nick Lowles, “Ex-Combat 18 man speaks out,” BBC News, accessed November 13, 2018, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/1672100.stm. 15 Terrorism and Violent Extremism Awareness Guide. Quebec: RCMP Communications Office, 2016, http://www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/wam/media/1731/original/1cb81f63911f002d67b340c08591bd31.pdf. 16 Yiannis Souliotis, “Gas station worker, 35, suspected to have led Combat 18 Hellas far-right group,” Ekathimerini (Athens), March 8, 2018, http://www.ekathimerini.com/226527/article/ekathimerini/news/gas-station-worker-35- suspected-to-have-led-combat-18-hellas-far-right-group.

Combat 18 Greece Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Combat 18 Greece Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

27. 28 Canada (Blood and Honour Canada) URL: https://www.facebook.com/28canada/?ref=search Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A Facebook page for the Canadian chapter of the Blood and Honour network. Blood and Honour is a neo-Nazi skinhead political group that spreads propaganda.17 September likes: 199

17 “Home”, Blood & Honour Worldwide, accessed November 13, 2018 https://www.bloodandhonourworldwide.co.uk/bhww/.

October likes: 199 November likes: 194 Change in likes (September to November): -5 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): -2.5% Page Date Created: November 26, 2016 Page Removed by Facebook: No

Blood and Honour Canada Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Blood and Honour Canada Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

28. Crew 38 Finland URL: https://www.facebook.com/Crew-38-Finland-760715470752708/?ref=br_rs

Active: No Reason for inclusion: Crew 38 is a supporter chapter for the Hammerskin Nation, an international neo-Nazi skinhead group.18 “38” stands for CH and “Crossed Hammers.” September likes: 815 October likes: 819 November likes: 821 Change in likes (September to November): +6 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +0.7% Page Date Created: January 12, 2017 Page Removed by Facebook: No

Crew 38 Finland Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

18 Hate Symbols Database, Anti-Defamation League, accessed November 13, 2018, https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/38.

Crew 38 Finland Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

29. Women of the League (Women’s League of the South) URL: https://www.facebook.com/WomenoftheLeague/?ref=br_rs Active: No (Deleted) Reason for inclusion: A page for female members of the League of the South (LoS). LoS is a racist neo-Confederate group that supports southern secession.19 Several members of LoS were present and accused of violence during the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia in 2017.20 September likes: 14 October likes: 14 November likes: N/A (Deleted) Change in likes (September to November): N/A (Deleted) Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): (Deleted) Page Date Created: September 10, 2017 Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Removed prior to being reported by CEP)

19 “League of the South,” Southern Poverty Law Center, accessed November 13 2018, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/league-south. 20 Kelly Weill, “Neo-Confederate League of the South banned from armed protesting in Charlottesville,” The Daily Beast, March 27, 2018, https://www.thedailybeast.com/neo-confederate-league-of-the-south-banned-from- protesting-in-charlottesville.

Women of the League (Women’s League of the South) Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Women of the League (Women’s League of the South) Facebook page (Deleted), November 7, 2018.

30. Independent Georgia (Georgia League of the South) URL: https://www.facebook.com/pg/independentgeorgia/posts/?ref=page_internal Active: No (Deleted) Reason for inclusion: A page for the Georgia chapter of the League of the South (LoS). LoS is a racist neo-Confederate group that supports southern secession.21 Several members of LoS were

21 “League of the South,” Southern Poverty Law Center, accessed November 13 2018, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/league-south.

present and accused of involved in violence during the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia in 2017.22 September likes: 37 October likes: N/A (Deleted) November likes: N/A (Deleted) Change in likes (September to November): N/A (Deleted) Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): N/A (Deleted) Page Date Created: July 22, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Removed prior to being reported by CEP).

Independent Georgia (Georgia League of the South) Facebook page (Deleted), October 7, 2018

22 Kelly Weill, “Neo-Confederate League of the South banned from armed protesting in Charlottesville,” The Daily Beast, March 27, 2018, https://www.thedailybeast.com/neo-confederate-league-of-the-south-banned-from- protesting-in-charlottesville.

Independent Georgia (Georgia League of the South) Facebook page (Deleted), November 7, 2018.

31. Misanthropic Division Info URL: https://www.facebook.com/MDInfoInternational/ Active: yes Reason for inclusion: A page for the pan-Slavic neo-Nazi group Misanthropic Division (MD). MD is a racist, anti-Semitic, homophobic, anti-immigrant group. The group is most active in Ukraine, where it has links to the far-right Azov Battalion, officially part of the Ukrainian National Guard, in the Kiev government’s security forces.23 In March 2018, the Guardian reported that two members of the British far-right traveled to fight in Ukraine with help from the Misanthropic Division, which also has links with the banned group National Action.24 September likes: 367 October likes: 411 November likes: 419 Change in likes (September to November): +52 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +14.2% Page Date Created: October 2, 2017 Page Removed by Facebook: No (Facebook claimed the page was removed)

23 Kevin Rawlinson, “Neo-Nazi groups recruit Britons to fight in Ukraine,” The Guardian (London), March 1, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/02/neo-nazi-groups-recruit-britons-to-fight-in-ukraine. 24 Kevin Rawlinson, “Neo-Nazi groups recruit Britons to fight in Ukraine,” The Guardian (London), March 1, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/02/neo-nazi-groups-recruit-britons-to-fight-in-ukraine.

Misanthropic Division Info Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Misanthropic Division Info Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

32. Misanthropic Division Lisboa URL: https://www.facebook.com/YouthSlavicDivision/ Active: No Reason for inclusion: A page for the Portuguese chapter of the Misanthropic Division (MD). MD is a racist, anti-Semitic, homophobic, anti-immigrant, neo-Nazi group. MD is most active in Ukraine, where it has links to the far-right Azov Battalion, officially part of the Ukrainian

National Guard, in the Kiev government’s security forces.25 In March 2018, the Guardian reported that two members of the British far-right traveled to fight in Ukraine with help from the Misanthropic Division, which also has links with the banned group National Action.26 September likes: 872 October likes: 882 November likes: 890 Change in likes (September to November): +18 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +2.1% Page Date Created: April 21, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: No

Misanthropic Division Lisboa Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

25 Kevin Rawlinson, “Neo-Nazi groups recruit Britons to fight in Ukraine,” The Guardian (London), March 1, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/02/neo-nazi-groups-recruit-britons-to-fight-in-ukraine. 26 Kevin Rawlinson, “Neo-Nazi groups recruit Britons to fight in Ukraine,” The Guardian (London), March 1, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/02/neo-nazi-groups-recruit-britons-to-fight-in-ukraine.

Misanthropic Division Lisboa Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

33. Scottish Nationalist Society URL: https://www.facebook.com/ScottishNationalistSociety/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: The Scottish Nationalist Society (SNS) is a new group that emerged after National Action and Scottish Dawn were proscribed by the British government. While SNS claims to be unaffiliated with any previously existing organization, their iconography copies other white supremacist groups: they use a white power version of the Celtic Cross and a triskelion flag in the layout of a Nazi flag using the same colors (red background, white circle, black symbol). On their website the group describes itself as a “revolutionary nationalist movement,” organizing in cells that advocate for “closed borders” and reintroducing “section 28 to prohibit the promotion of homosexuality in our schools,” as well as opposing “race mixing.”27 September likes: 656 October likes: 651 November likes: 658 Change in likes (September to November): +2 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +0.3% Page Date Created: February 4, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Facebook did not remove the page when CEP reported it, but it was later removed)

27 “About Us,” Scottish Nationalist Society, accessed November 13, 2018 https://scottishnationalistsociety.com/about/.

Scottish Nationalist Society Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Scottish Nationalist Society Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

34. Green Line Front Francophone URL: https://www.facebook.com/greenlinefrontfrancophone/?ref=br_rs Active: Yes

Reason for inclusion: Green Line Front (also spelled Greenline Front) is a decentralized neo- Nazi environmentalist group.28 Green Line Front is linked to the neo-Nazi Misanthropic Division.29 September likes: 1,358 October likes: 1,373 November likes: 1,551 Change in likes (September to November): +193 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +14.2% Page Date Created: June 14, 2016 Page Removed by Facebook: No

Green Line Front Francophone Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

28 “Greenline Front are environmentally friendly white supremacists,” Vocativ video, accessed November 13, 2018, https://vocativ.jwpapp.com/m/CJZ3l3K4/greenline-front-are-environmentally-friendly-white- supremacists?list=x90QPHOv. 29 Matthew Collins, “Recruiting for Ukraine,” Hope Not Hate, accessed November 13, 2018, https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/research/state-of-hate-2018/violence/recruiting-for-ukraine/.

Green Line Front Francophone Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

35. Green Line Front Breizh URL: https://www.facebook.com/Green-Line-Front-Breizh-192595091499284/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: Green Line Front (also spelled Greenline Front) is a decentralized neo- Nazi environmentalist group.30 The group is linked to the neo-Nazi Misanthropic Division.31 September likes: 112 October likes: 142 November likes: 217 Change in likes (September to November): +105 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +93.8% Page Date Created: February 25, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: No

30 “Greenline Front are environmentally friendly white supremacists,” Vocativ video, accessed November 13, 2018, https://vocativ.jwpapp.com/m/CJZ3l3K4/greenline-front-are-environmentally-friendly-white- supremacists?list=x90QPHOv. 31 Matthew Collins, “Recruiting for Ukraine,” Hope Not Hate, accessed November 13, 2018, https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/research/state-of-hate-2018/violence/recruiting-for-ukraine/.

Green Line Front Breizh Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Green Line Front Breizh Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

36. GreenLine Front Iberoamerica URL: https://www.facebook.com/GLFIberoamerica/?ref=br_rs Active: Yes

Reason for inclusion: The Facebook page for the Latin American chapter of the neo-Nazi Green Line Front (also spelled Greenline Front), a decentralized neo-Nazi environmentalist group.32 The group is linked to the neo-Nazi Misanthropic Division.33 September likes: 154 October likes: 167 November likes: 344 Change in likes (September to November): +190 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +123.4% Page Date Created: March 15, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: No

GreenLine Front Iberoamerica Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

32 “Greenline Front are environmentally friendly white supremacists,” Vocativ video, accessed November 13, 2018, https://vocativ.jwpapp.com/m/CJZ3l3K4/greenline-front-are-environmentally-friendly-white- supremacists?list=x90QPHOv. 33 Matthew Collins, “Recruiting for Ukraine,” Hope Not Hate, accessed November 13, 2018, https://www.hopenothate.org.uk/research/state-of-hate-2018/violence/recruiting-for-ukraine/.

GreenLine Front Iberoamerica Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

37. NARRG (National Alliance Reform & Restoration Group) URL: https://www.facebook.com/natallreform/ Active: Semi-Active Reason for inclusion: The National Alliance Reform & Restoration Group (NARRG) is a breakaway group from the National Alliance, which by 2002 was one of the largest and most well-organized neo-Nazi organizations in the US.34 In a video on NARRG’s website, featuring a lecture from William Luther Pierce, the former leader of the National Alliance, NARRG alleges that that the “Jewish media bosses are able to determine the outcome of elections,” which leads Pierce to call for violent revolution through “A deliberate clear headed decision now on the part of every American patriot to begin a course of careful, planned, and coordinated action aimed at destroying America’s domestic enemies and regaining complete and permanent control of our own country.”35 September likes: 1,608 October likes: 1,531 November likes: 1,633 Change in likes (September to November): +25 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +1.6%

34 Mark Potok, “National Alliance Weakens,” Intelligence Report, Southern Poverty Law Center, December 18, 2002, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/national-alliance-weakens. 35 Our Revolutionary Right,” NARRG video, 1:05, July 7, 2018, https://www.narrg.media/2018/07/07/dr-pierce-our- revolutionary-right/; “Our Revolutionary Right,” NARRG video, 2:19, July 7, 2018, https://www.narrg.media/2018/07/07/dr-pierce-our-revolutionary-right/.

Page Date Created: May 3, 2014 Page Removed by Facebook: No

National Alliance Reform & Restoration Group Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

National Alliance Reform & Restoration Group Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

38. Yahweh’s children discussion and biblical study DSCI (Christian Identity) URL: https://www.facebook.com/groups/2145453805777256/?ref=gysj Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A closed Facebook group promoting Christian Identity, an anti-Semitic and racist sect that believes that Jews are the descendants of Eve and the serpent and that non-

whites have no soul.36 Christian Identity promotes the idea that white Americans (the true Israelites) must fight a race war to bring about the Second Coming.37 September likes: 62 October likes: 61 November likes: 61 Change in likes (September to November): -1 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): -1.6% Page Date Created: July 20, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: No

Yahweh’s children discussion and biblical study DSCI (Christian Identity) Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

36 “Christian Identity” Anti-Defamation League, accessed November 13, 2018, https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/christian-identity. 37 “How the Christian Identity movement began,” Intelligence Report, Southern Poverty Law Center, March 15, 1998, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/1998/how-christian-identity-movement-began.

Yahweh’s children discussion and biblical study DSCI (Christian Identity) Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

39. Christian Identity Truth URL: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1433712213560737/?ref=group_header Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A closed Christian Identity group opposed to the “Judeo-Christian web of brainwashing.”38 Christian Identity is an anti-Semitic and racist sect that believes that Jews are the descendants of Eve and the serpent and that non-whites have no soul.39 Christian Identity promotes the idea that white Americans (the true Israelites) must fight a race war to bring about the Second Coming.40 September likes: 382 October likes: 383 November likes: 398 Change in likes (September to November): +16 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +4.2% Page Date Created: June 20, 2014 Page Removed by Facebook: No

38 Christian Identity Truth, Facebook page, accessed November 13, 2018, https://www.facebook.com/groups/1433712213560737/. 39 “Christian Identity” Anti-Defamation League, accessed November 13, 2018, https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/christian-identity. 40 “How the Christian Identity movement began,” Intelligence Report, Southern Poverty Law Center, March 15, 1998, https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/1998/how-christian-identity-movement-began.

Christian Identity Truth Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

Christian Identity Truth Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

40. The American Institute of Theology URL: https://www.facebook.com/EducationAIT/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: The American Institute of Theology, a Christian Identity bible study group, is affiliated with Kingdom Identity Ministries, which promotes anti-Semitism, racism, and homophobia.41 Kingdom Identity Ministries states that “We believe in an existing being known

41 “Christian Identity” Anti-Defamation League, accessed November 13, 2018, https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounders/christian-identity.

as the Devil or Satan and called the Serpent…who has a literal ‘seed’ or posterity in the earth…commonly called Jews today… The ultimate end of this evil race whose hands bear the blood of our Savior...and all the righteous slain upon the earth…is Divine judgment.”42 September likes: 399 October likes: 399 November likes: 393 Change in likes (September to November): -6 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): -1.5% Page Date Created: December 9, 2013 Page Removed by Facebook: No

The American Institute of Theology Facebook page, October 7, 2018.

42 “Doctrinal Statement of Beliefs,” Kingdom Identity Ministries, accessed November 13, 2018, http://www.kingidentity.com/doctrine.htm.

The American Institute of Theology Facebook page, November 7, 2018.

Appendix 2 1. White Rex France Europe URL: https://www.facebook.com/White-REX-France-Europe-251694871857956/ Removed by Facebook: No

2. Nationalist Gear URL: https://www.facebook.com/NationalistGear/ Removed by Facebook: No

3. M.E.T. Productions URL: https://www.facebook.com/MET-productions-420772711616963/ Removed by Facebook: No

4. ESE Sound URL: https://www.facebook.com/ESE-SOUND-1556387451319716/ Removed by Facebook: No (Facebook claimed the page was removed)

Ese Sound Facebook page on November 28, 2018, nine days after Facebook claimed it was removed.

5. Walknvt URL: https://www.facebook.com/walknvt/ Removed by Facebook: No

6. The Knot and Thread URL: https://www.facebook.com/The-Knot-and-Thread-204410983469868/ Page Removed by Facebook: Yes

7. Scrofa Division URL: https://www.facebook.com/scrofadivision/ Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Removed prior to being reported by CEP)

8. Right Wing Wear URL: https://www.facebook.com/598699443810882/photos/598700080477485/ Page Removed by Facebook: No

9. Rebel Records

URL: https://www.facebook.com/RBLRCRDS/ Page Removed by Facebook: No (Facebook claimed the page was removed)

Rebel Records Facebook page on November 28, 2018, nine days after Facebook claimed it was removed.

10. PC Records URL: https://www.facebook.com/PC-Records-2028639490796755/ Page Removed by Facebook: No

11. ISD Records URL: https://www.facebook.com/IsdRecords/?ref=br_rs Page Removed by Facebook: No

12. North Style Design URL: https://www.facebook.com/NorthStyleDesign/?ref=py_c Page Removed by Facebook: Yes

13. American Defense Records URL: https://www.facebook.com/bulldogAGGRESSION/ Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Removed prior to being reported by CEP)

14. Pride France URL: https://www.facebook.com/pridefranceH8/ Page Removed by Facebook: No

15. Angry White Boy USA URL: https://www.facebook.com/Angrywhiteboyusa/

Page Removed by Facebook: No

16. Oldschool Records URL: https://www.facebook.com/RockingOSR/ Page Removed by Facebook: Yes

17. Sl88es URL: https://www.facebook.com/sl88es/ Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Removed prior to being reported by CEP)

18. RAC and Rall URL: https://www.facebook.com/racandrall/ Page Removed by Facebook: No

Groups 19. 28 SC PA (Blood and Honour Social Club Pennsylvania) URL: https://www.facebook.com/28SC-PA-554947297989880/ Page Removed by Facebook: No

20. Be Active Front USA URL: https://www.facebook.com/BeActiveFrontUSA/?fref=pb&hc_location=profile_browser Page Removed by Facebook: No

21. Fight Back 28 (Be Active Front USA 2) URL: https://www.facebook.com/fightback28/ Page Removed by Facebook: No

22. Be Active Front Baltimore

URL: https://www.facebook.com/beactivefrontbaltimore/?fref=pb&hc_location=profile_browser Page Removed by Facebook: No

23. Be Active Front Altoona URL: https://www.facebook.com/altoona28/?fref=pb&hc_location=profile_browser Page Removed by Facebook: No

24. British Movement Ulster URL: https://www.facebook.com/BM-Ulster-Sunwheel-2020636538169573/?rc=p Page Removed by Facebook: No

25. Combat 18 Australia URL: https://www.facebook.com/318-Australia-997744473688614/?ref=br_rs Page Removed by Facebook: No

26. Combat Hellas (Combat 18 Greece) URL: https://www.facebook.com/Combat-Hellas-651157318371691/?ref=search Page Removed by Facebook: No

27. 28 Canada (Blood and Honour Canada) URL: https://www.facebook.com/28canada/?ref=search Page Removed by Facebook: No

28. Crew 38 Finland URL: https://www.facebook.com/Crew-38-Finland-760715470752708/?ref=br_rs Page Removed by Facebook: No

29. Women of the League (Women’s League of the South) URL: https://www.facebook.com/WomenoftheLeague/?ref=br_rs Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Removed prior to being reported by CEP)

30. Independent Georgia (Georgia League of the South) URL: https://www.facebook.com/pg/independentgeorgia/posts/?ref=page_internal Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Removed prior to being reported by CEP)

31. Misanthropic Division Info URL: https://www.facebook.com/MDInfoInternational/ Page Removed by Facebook: No (Facebook claimed the page was removed)

Misanthropic Division Info Facebook page on November 28, 2018, nine days after Facebook claimed it was removed.

32. Misanthropic Division Lisboa URL: https://www.facebook.com/YouthSlavicDivision/ Page Removed by Facebook: No

33. Scottish Nationalist Society URL: https://www.facebook.com/ScottishNationalistSociety/ Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Facebook did not remove the page when CEP reported it, but it was later removed)

34. Green Line Front Francophone URL: https://www.facebook.com/greenlinefrontfrancophone/?ref=br_rs Page Removed by Facebook: No

35. Green Line Front Breizh URL: https://www.facebook.com/Green-Line-Front-Breizh-192595091499284/ Page Removed by Facebook: No

36. GreenLine Front Iberoamerica URL: https://www.facebook.com/GLFIberoamerica/?ref=br_rs Page Removed by Facebook: No

37. NARRG (National Alliance Reform & Restoration Group) URL: https://www.facebook.com/natallreform/ Page Removed by Facebook: No

38. Yahweh’s children discussion and biblical study DSCI (Christian Identity) URL: https://www.facebook.com/groups/2145453805777256/?ref=gysj Page Removed by Facebook: No

39. Christian Identity Truth URL: https://www.facebook.com/groups/1433712213560737/?ref=group_header Page Removed by Facebook: No

40. The American Institute of Theology URL: https://www.facebook.com/EducationAIT/ Page Removed by Facebook: No