Appendix 1 Note #1: Data on stores listed below (entries #1-#18) also include examples of content that violate Facebook’s prohibition on hate speech, which Facebook defines as “anything that directly attacks people based on what are known as their ‘protected characteristics’ – race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, sex, gender, gender identity, or serious disability or disease.”1 Facebook’s Community Standards define a “direct attack” as “violent or dehumanizing speech, statements of inferiority, or calls for exclusion or segregation.”2 Articles sold by these 18 Facebook stores either a) promote or glorify neo-Nazism, which inherently advocates for the persecution, subjugation, or outright extermination of groups based on their race, ethnicity, national origin, religious affiliation, sexual orientation, gender identity or serious disability or disease, b) directly encourage violent acts against individuals based on their race, or religious affiliation, or c) directly advocate for systems of white supremacy, which entails the persecution, subjugation, or use of violence against groups based on their race, ethnicity, national origin, or religious affiliation, and frequently also includes groups based on their sexual orientation, gender identity or serious disability or disease. The individuals who are selling merchandise directly on Facebook, or are using Facebook to advertise their products, are seeking to both profit off of hate, as well as use social media to amplify their political message. Note #2: Data on groups listed below (entries #19-#40) are for organizations or groups that promote the ideologies of neo-Nazism or white supremacy, and the affiliated principles of racism, anti-Semitism, Islamophobia, xenophobia, and homophobia. Facebook’s Community Standards prohibit the platform’s use by “organizations or individuals that are engaged in…organized hate.”3 Facebook defines hate organizations as Any association of three or more people that is organized under a name, sign, or symbol and that has an ideology, statements, or physical actions that attack individuals based on characteristics, including race, religious affiliation, nationality, ethnicity, gender, sex, sexual orientation, serious disease or disability. Stores 1. White Rex France Europe URL: https://www.facebook.com/White-REX-France-Europe-251694871857956/ 1 Richard Allan, “Hard Questions: Who Should Decide What Is Hate Speech in an Online Global Community?” Facebook Newsroom, June 27, 2017, https://newsroom.fb.com/news/2017/06/hard-questions-hate-speech/. 2 “Objectionable Content” Facebook Community Standards, Facebook, accessed November 14, 2018, https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards/objectionable_content. 3 “Dangerous Individuals and Organizations” Facebook Community Standards, Facebook, accessed November 14, 2018, https://www.facebook.com/communitystandards/dangerous_individuals_organizations. 1 Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A Russian/French clothing brand that sells t-shirts and accessories for white supremacists. September likes: 1,681 October likes: 1,686 November likes: 1,861 Change in likes (September to November): +180 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +(10.7%) Page Date Created: June 1, 2016 Removed by Facebook: No T-shirt that shows skinheads attacking Arab/Muslims. 2 T-shirt that includes a tattoo that includes “14/88” which stands for the white supremacist 14 words (“We must secure the existence of our people and a future for white children”) and “Heil Hitler” (H is the eighth letter of the English alphabet). White Rex France Europe Facebook page, October 7, 2018. White Rex France Europe Facebook page, November 7, 2018. 2. Nationalist Gear URL: https://www.facebook.com/NationalistGear/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A U.S. based clothing company that sells t-shirts, music, and accessories that endorse white supremacist and neo-Nazi themes. 3 September likes: 929 October likes: 920 November likes: 929 Change in likes (September to November): 0 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): 0% Page Date Created: August 9, 2016 Removed by Facebook: No T-shirt that includes a Sonnenrad, a symbol appropriated by the Nazis that is frequently used as a covert symbol by neo-Nazi groups. 4 T-shirt with a Celtic white power cross. Nationalist Gear Facebook page, October 7, 2018. 5 Nationalist Gear Facebook page, November 7 2018. 3. M.E.T. Productions URL: https://www.facebook.com/MET-productions-420772711616963/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A French clothing and record label that promotes white supremacist and neo-Nazi bands such as Bunker 84, Semtex 18, and Bound For Glory. September likes: 1,347 October likes: 1,405 November likes: 1,436 Change in likes (September to November): +89 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +6.6% Page Date Created: May 1, 2017 Removed by Facebook: No 6 T-shirt for Bunker 84, a French neo-Nazi skinhead band. An advertisement for an Ian Stuart Donaldson memorial show sponsored by the French chapter of the neo-Nazi Blood and Honour network. 7 M.E.T. Productions Facebook page, October 7, 2018. M.E.T. Productions Facebook page, November 7, 2018. 4. ESE Sound URL: https://www.facebook.com/ESE-SOUND-1556387451319716/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A German music distributor of both neo-Nazi skinhead music and some non-racist skinhead music. Music from neo-Nazi bands includes Skrewdriver, Endstufe, Brutal Attack, and others. September likes: 1,346 October likes: 1,365 8 November likes: 1,405 Change in likes (September to November): 59 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): 4.4% Page Date Created: February 15, 2016 Removed by Facebook: No (Facebook claimed the page was removed) Skrewdriver t-shirt sold be Ese Sound. Skrewdriver was the most well-known and influential neo- Nazi skinhead band. English Rose t-shirt sold by Ese Sound. English Rose is a notorious British white supremacist band. 9 Ese Sound Facebook page, October 7, 2018. Ese Sound Facebook page, November 7, 2018. 5. Walknvt URL: https://www.facebook.com/walknvt/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: A Ukrainian shop that sells white supremacist themed apparel and accessories. Merchandise is geared towards the metal community and the transnational Slavic neo-Nazi group Misanthropic Division. September likes: 2667 October likes: 2746 November likes: 2790 10 Change in likes (September to November): 123 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +4.6 Page Date Created: April 30, 2016 Removed by Facebook: No Patch sold by Walknvt. NSBM stands for National Socialist Black Metal, behind it is the Nordic death rune. National Socialist Black Metal is a neo-Nazi metal subgenre. Walknvt Facebook page, October 7, 2018. 11 Walknvt Facebook page, November 7, 2018. 6. The Knot and Thread URL: https://www.facebook.com/The-Knot-and-Thread-204410983469868/ Active: Semi-Active Reason for inclusion: A small web shop from Newstead, UK that sells Nazi themed patches. September likes: 83 October likes: 84 November likes: 84 Change in likes (September to November): 1 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): 1.2% Page Date Created: January 11, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: Yes 12 SS deaths head patches for sale by the Knot and Thread. The Knot and Thread Facebook page, October 7, 2018. 13 The Knot and Thread Facebook page, November 7, 2018. 7. Scrofa Division URL: https://www.facebook.com/scrofadivision/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: Scrofa Division is a white supremacist webstore that sells a variety of t- shirts and other merchandise. Paypal banned Scrofa Division from using their services in July 2018. September likes: 153 October likes: 161 November likes: 170 Change in likes (September to November): +17 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +11.1% Page Date Created: October 9, 2017 Page Removed by Facebook: Yes (Removed prior to being reported by CEP) 14 Siege t-shirts, hats, and mugs for sale by Scrofa Division. Siege is a notorious neo-Nazi book by James Mason which advocates for a violent leaderless neo-Nazi guerilla movement to bring down the government. Scrofa Division Facebook site, October 7, 2018. 15 Scrofa Division Facebook site, November 7, 2018. 8. Right Wing Wear URL: https://www.facebook.com/598699443810882/photos/598700080477485/ Active: No Reason for inclusion: A collection of extreme right-wing t-shirts that endorse Mussolini and fascism. The Italian fascist government passed racial anti-Semitic legislation in 1938.4 The page also promotes racism through it’s “fascist sponge” character. September likes: 1,139 October likes: 1,138 November likes: 1,137 Change in likes (September to November): -2 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): -0.2 Page Date Created: April 1, 2018 Page Removed by Facebook: No 4 “Italy,” Holocaust Encyclopedia, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed November 13, 2018, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/italy 16 Mussolini t-shirt sold by Right Wing Wear. Right Wing Wear Facebook page, October 7, 2018. 17 Right Wing Wear Facebook page, November 7, 2018. 9. Rebel Records URL: https://www.facebook.com/RBLRCRDS/ Active: Yes Reason for inclusion: Rebel Records is a German record label and music store that sells various neo-Nazi and white supremacist punk and skinhead music, including music from bands such as Squadron, Mistreat, and Dirlewanger. September likes: 1,194 October likes: 1,210 November likes: 1,224 Change in likes (September to November): +30 Percent increase/decrease in likes (September to November): +2.5% Page Date Created: October 6, 2017 Page Removed by Facebook: No (Facebook claimed the page was removed) 18 Ian Stuart Donaldson t-shirt sold by Rebel Records. Ian Stuart Donaldson was the front man for the British neo-Nazi band Skrewdriver, and was one of the founders of the neo-Nazi Blood and Honour network. Dirlewanger cd for sale by Rebel Records. Dirlewanger was a Swedish white power band named for a Waffen SS unit in World War II. 19 Rebel Records Facebook page, October 7, 2018.