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A Course in Nepali David Mathews

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A Course in Nepali David Mathews © David Matthews 1984 CONTENTS British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Preface Abbreviations iv Matthews, D.J. Pronunciation and script A course in Nepali. 1 1. Nepali language - Grammar The devanagarl syllabary 19 I. Title Other systems of transliteration 20 49T.49 PK2596 Nepali handwriting 21 ISBN 0-7286-0115-X Lesson 1: nouns; adjectives; cha, ho; possessives; postposi¬ 23 tions. Lesson 2: plural forms; plural and negative verbs; questions; 28 greetings; ko, ke; the postposition -ko; polite expres¬ sions; -bata, -dekhi. Lesson 3: personal pronouns; the verb ‘to be’; feminine forms; 39 comparison of adjectives; the particles po, ni, hay, ta; kohl, kehl. Lesson 4: more postpositions; the oblique case; expressions of 51 time; numeral classifiers; ‘to have’, rahccha. Lesson 5: verb bases; Simple Indefinite; emphatic forms; Pres¬ 59 ent Continuous. Lesson 6: negative verbs; the direct object; -le; kahile; katay; 68 huncha. Lesson 7: fractions; more expressions of time; -tlra; -cahi; ko, 79 Published in India by: koko; compound postpositions; jasto; arko, aru; the Heritage Publishers, Imperative; re. 4C, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Lesson 8: Secondary Verbal Base; Simple Past; thiyo; bhayo; 93 New Delhi 110002 days of the week. Lesson 9: I-Stem verbs, open conditions, expressions of price, 103 weight and measure; other forms of the Imperative. Lesson 10: Conjunctive Participles; reported speech; lagnu; 115 parnu; expressions of age. Typeset in Great Britain by Tek Translation and International Print Ltd., and printed by Biddles Ltd., Lesson 11: necessity; ‘must’, ‘have to’; aphno; the Second Infini¬ 127 Guildford, Surrey tive. Lesson 12: First Perfect Participle; more uses of the Second Infinitive; sakesamma. Lesson 13: First Perfect Tense; First Perfect Participle with ta and tara; First Pluperfect Tense; more uses of the Second Infinitive. Lesson 14: Infinitival Participle; bhanne; the Nepali calendar. Lesson 15: Infinitival Participle (cont.); Infinitival Future; Third PREFACE Infinitive. Lesson 16: Second Perfect Participle; conditional and concessive Nepali1, the official language of the Kingdom of Nepal, is widely spoken clauses; pronominal adjectives and adverbs; Second throughout the Eastern Himalayas, where it functions as one of the major Perfect Tense; Second Pluperfect Tense. vehicles of communication. Nepali has also been adopted by peoples of the Lesson 117:7: The Injunctive; Future Tense; hola. Himalayan region who belong to different linguistic groups, and is now under¬ Lesson 18: Past Habitual; impossible conditions; causative stood throughout the whole of Nepal, the Darjeeling region of West Bengal, verbs. Sikkim, Bhutan and parts of Tibet, where it has functioned as a language of Lesson 19: Imperfect Participle; continuous tenses; literary trade and commerce for well over two centuries. forms of verbs. Like most of the languages of the northern subcontinent, Nepali belongs to Lesson 20: Absolutive Participle; frequentative and continuous the Indo-Aryan family, being ultimately derived from Sanskrit, the classical tenses; compound verbs; ‘royal honorific’; -jel. language of India. The Indo-Aryan languages are historically related to many Appendix 1 The Nepali numerals. of the languages of Europe, including English, though at first sight the relation¬ Appendix 2 Geographical terms. ship may appear to be remote. Linguistically, Nepali is most closely related to Appendix 3 Nepali relationship terms. Hindi, with which it shares a large proportion of its technical vocabulary, and a Key to Exercises. script, which differs from that of Hindi in only a few minor details. The two Nepali-English Vocabulary. languages are in fact so close to each other (Italian and Spanish would be a fair European parallel) that early Western grammarians regarded Nepali merely as a dialect of Hindi. The two languages are, however, by no means mutually comprehensible and are now considered to be completely distinct from each other. Although there is enough evidence to show that Nepali has been spoken in the Eastern Himalayas for several centuries, literature, in the real sense of the term, was not written in it until the beginning of the nineteenth century when classical Sanskrit was gradually abandoned in favour of the vernacular. One of the earliest and most revered Nepali works is the Ramayan of the Brahmin poet, Bhanubhakta AcharyS, who completed his long epic relating the exploits of Rama in 1853. The collapse of the Ranh regime in 1949 led to a great upsurge in Nepali writing, and since that time many novels, short stories, plays and poetical works have been published from the two major centres of Kath¬ mandu and Darjeeling. When learning Nepali, a number of peculiar difficulties are encountered which do not have to be faced when beginning the more frequently studied European languages. *NepaIi is often referred to as Gorkhall ‘the language of the people of Gorkha’. In the past the terms Khas Kura and Parbatlya were also used. 1 As might be expected, Nepali, which is spoken over a large and fairly remote The introductory chapter deals with the pronunciation of Nepali and the area, where the rate of illiteracy is still high, has a number of dialects. In some script used for writing the language. The script is logical and can be learnt cases, the difference between the dialects is not very great and amounts only to without much difficulty. Correct pronunciation is obviously difficult to learn slight variations in pronunciation or the preference of one word or grammatical from a book, and if possible should be learnt with a native Nepali speaker. form to another. On the other hand, an inhabitant of Kathmandu might find the Each lesson consists of a discussion of the grammar and the words required dialect spoken in the hills of the far west of Nepal difficult to understand for tackling the reading passages and exercises which follow. The material of without a good deal of practice. However, over the last two decades, a rapid one lesson should be thoroughly mastered before the next lesson is started. increase in education and an improvement in communications have greatly Nepali vocabulary may at first seem difficult to learn, since few words (unlike eased the dialect problem and a standard form of Nepali, based largely on the those of French and German for example) bear any resemblance to those of speech of the educated Brahmins and Chetris of central Nepal is gradually English. The vocabulary, which is listed in each lesson in the correct alphabeti¬ emerging, and this is now understood over the greater part of the language cal order, should always be memorized. The best test of whether you have area. learnt the words is to proceed from the English side of the list to the Nepali. Another difficulty lies in the fairly big differences which exist between the This course covers the whole grammar and all the constructions of modem spoken and the written language. The latter, which is employed in most printed Nepali, and introduces most of the spoken and written styles of the language. works, newspapers and the broadcasts of Radio Nepal, is characterised by the For the preparation of the course I am indebted to the help given to me by large number of words taken over from Sanskrit, a more or less consistent use many Nepali friends. Special thanks are due to ManI Rana, Padma Prakash of grammatical gender and certain verbal forms which feature only sporadically Shrestha, Drubha Adhikaif and Miss Shanta Shrestha who have checked the in everyday speech. Although in the first half of this century, the literary material and offered many invaluable suggestions. I would like to thank the language would have been regarded as artificial, and understood only by the Publications Committee of the School of Oriental and African Studies for educated elite, an increase in literacy and the growing use of the transistor have meeting the cost of publication. radically altered the situation. The effect of the written style on speech has Nepal is a land which already provides great enjoyment to the increasing given rise to a certain inconsistency, and it is no longer uncommon to hear both number of visitors from the West. A knowledge of the language leads to a literary and colloquial forms of the same word in the space of a few sentences. deeper understanding of the culture of its people, and the object of this course The debate among Nepali speakers about which form is ‘correct’ is endless! is to provide the means of learning it without too much difficulty. Orthography, which tended to be erratic and inconsistent in earlier printed works, has now, largely by the efforts of the Royal Nepal Academy, been standardised, though variant spellings of the same word are still occasionally encountered. Most of the variants are obvious and the slight inconsistency which still prevails causes little difficulty once the nature of the script has been understood. The aim of this course is to present a full description of both the spoken and written forms of modern standard Nepali, and to enable the student to under¬ stand, speak and read most types of Nepali he or she is likely to encounter. The earlier lessons concentrate mainly on the spoken style, and the conversation passages contain material which will prove useful for those who are about to travel in Nepal, as one usually does, on foot! The reading passages in the later lessons concern religious, political and literary topics, and will enable those who wish to read more widely in Nepali to do so without much difficulty. The Nepali script has been employed throughout the course, and the spel¬ ling, based on that suggested by Balchandra Sharma in his excellent dictionary, Nepali Shabdakosh, is consistent throughout. However the most commonly encountered orthographical and dialectal variants have been pointed out at various stages in the course. ii Abbreviations PRONUNCIATION AND SCRIPT adj.
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