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Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Influenza C Virus
viruses Review Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics of Influenza C Virus Bethany K. Sederdahl 1 and John V. Williams 1,2,* 1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; [email protected] 2 Institute for Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in Children (i4Kids), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 December 2019; Accepted: 7 January 2020; Published: 13 January 2020 Abstract: Influenza C virus (ICV) is a common yet under-recognized cause of acute respiratory illness. ICV seropositivity has been found to be as high as 90% by 7–10 years of age, suggesting that most people are exposed to ICV at least once during childhood. Due to difficulty detecting ICV by cell culture, epidemiologic studies of ICV likely have underestimated the burden of ICV infection and disease. Recent development of highly sensitive RT-PCR has facilitated epidemiologic studies that provide further insights into the prevalence, seasonality, and course of ICV infection. In this review, we summarize the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of ICV. Keywords: orthomyxoviruses; influenza C; epidemiology 1. Introduction Influenza C virus (ICV) is lesser known type of influenza virus that commonly causes cold-like symptoms and sometimes causes lower respiratory infection, especially in children <2 years of age [1]. ICV is mainly a human pathogen; however, the virus has been detected in pigs, dogs, and cattle, and rare swine–human transmission has been reported [2–6]. ICV seropositivity has been found to be as high as 90% by 7–10 years of age, suggesting that most people are exposed to influenza C virus at least once during childhood [7,8]. -
Influenza D Virus of New Phylogenetic Lineage, Japan
RESEARCH LETTERS of death were higher for patients with multiple and Influenza D Virus of New more severe underlying conditions. Further studies are necessary to better clarify the mechanisms that Phylogenetic Lineage, Japan lead to severe outcomes among these patients. For case-patients infected with MERS-CoV, the Shin Murakami, Ryota Sato, Hiroho Ishida, presence and compounding of underlying condi- Misa Katayama, Akiko Takenaka-Uema, tions, including DM, hypertension, and, ultimately, Taisuke Horimoto COD, corresponded with an increasingly complicated clinical course and death. These findings indicate that Author affiliations: University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan increased clinical vigilance is warranted for patients (S. Murakami, H. Ishida, M. Katayama, A. Takenaka-Uema, with multiple and severe underlying conditions who T. Horimoto); Yamagata Livestock Hygiene Service Center, are suspected of being infected with MERS-CoV. Yamagata, Japan (R. Sato) DOI: https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2601.191092 About the Author Influenza D virus (IDV) can potentially cause respiratory Dr. Alanazi is director general of infection prevention and diseases in livestock. We isolated a new IDV strain from control at the Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. diseased cattle in Japan; this strain is phylogenetically His research interests include prevention and control of and antigenically distinguished from the previously de- infectious diseases in the healthcare setting. scribed IDVs. nfluenza D virus (IDV; family Orthomyxoviridae) is References 1. World Health Organization. Regional office for the Eastern Ione of the possible bovine respiratory disease com- Mediterranean. MERS situation update; October 2018 [cited plex (BRDC) causative agents. IDVs are detected in and 2019 Oct 30]. http://www.emro.who.int/pandemic- isolated from cattle in many countries in North Amer- epidemic-diseases/mers-cov/mers-situation-update- ica, Asia, Europe, and Africa (1–4). -
A Mini Review of the Zoonotic Threat Potential of Influenza Viruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Enteroviruses
MINI REVIEW published: 09 April 2018 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00104 A Mini Review of the Zoonotic Threat Potential of influenza viruses, Coronaviruses, Adenoviruses, and Enteroviruses Emily S. Bailey1,2*, Jane K. Fieldhouse1,2, Jessica Y. Choi 1,2 and Gregory C. Gray1,2,3,4 1 Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States, 2 Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States, 3 Global Health Research Center, Duke-Kunshan University, Kunshan, China, 4 Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore During the last two decades, scientists have grown increasingly aware that viruses are emerging from the human–animal interface. In particular, respiratory infections are problematic; in early 2003, World Health Organization issued a worldwide alert for a previously unrecognized illness that was subsequently found to be caused by a novel Edited by: Margaret Ip, coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus]. In addition to SARS, The Chinese University other respiratory pathogens have also emerged recently, contributing to the high bur- of Hong Kong, China den of respiratory tract infection-related morbidity and mortality. Among the recently Reviewed by: Peng Yang, emerged respiratory pathogens are influenza viruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, Beijing Center for Disease and adenoviruses. As the genesis of these emerging viruses is not well understood Prevention and Control, China and their detection normally occurs after they have crossed over and adapted to man, Sergey Eremin, World Health Organization ideally, strategies for such novel virus detection should include intensive surveillance at (Switzerland), Switzerland the human–animal interface, particularly if one believes the paradigm that many novel *Correspondence: emerging zoonotic viruses first circulate in animal populations and occasionally infect Emily S. -
Current and Novel Approaches in Influenza Management
Review Current and Novel Approaches in Influenza Management Erasmus Kotey 1,2,3 , Deimante Lukosaityte 4,5, Osbourne Quaye 1,2 , William Ampofo 3 , Gordon Awandare 1,2 and Munir Iqbal 4,* 1 West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens (WACCBIP), University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana; [email protected] (E.K.); [email protected] (O.Q.); [email protected] (G.A.) 2 Department of Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 54, Ghana 3 Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra P.O. Box LG 581, Ghana; [email protected] 4 The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; [email protected] 5 The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH25 9RG, UK * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 20 May 2019; Accepted: 17 June 2019; Published: 18 June 2019 Abstract: Influenza is a disease that poses a significant health burden worldwide. Vaccination is the best way to prevent influenza virus infections. However, conventional vaccines are only effective for a short period of time due to the propensity of influenza viruses to undergo antigenic drift and antigenic shift. The efficacy of these vaccines is uncertain from year-to-year due to potential mismatch between the circulating viruses and vaccine strains, and mutations arising due to egg adaptation. Subsequently, the inability to store these vaccines long-term and vaccine shortages are challenges that need to be overcome. Conventional vaccines also have variable efficacies for certain populations, including the young, old, and immunocompromised. -
Canine Influenza Updates and Current Trends
Published by the American Animal Hospital Association with a generous educational grant from Merck Animal Health Canine Influenza Updates and Current Trends CIV_AAHAMerck_2020.indd 1 1/28/20 12:56 PM Contents A Brief History of Canine Influenza Virus in the United States Current Canine Influenza Trends (2017–2019) Which Dogs Are at Risk of Canine Influenza Virus? Canine Influenza Presentation in Infected Dogs Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease—Test, Don’t Guess Lessons Learned from Previous Canine Influenza Outbreaks Canine Influenza Outbreak Management Preventing Canine Influenza Virus Protecting Your Patients from Canine Influenza Before an Outbreak What Every Pet Owner Needs to Know About Canine Influenza What Every Pet-Care Business Needs to Know About Canine Influenza Talking to Pet Owners About Vaccinating for Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease CIV_AAHAMerck_2020.indd 2 1/28/20 12:56 PM Dear colleague, Canine influenza emerged as a novel disease in the United States more than 15 years ago, and it has significantly affected canine health. Those of you who have had direct experience with an outbreak understand how devastating canine influenza can be to your clients and their pets. If you have not yet seen the spread of canine influenza in your local area, consider yourself fortunate. We have seen businesses close or lose substantial revenue during outbreaks. Plus, the disease is not slowing down. Whatever your experience is with this disease, what prevention protocol do you have in place for your patients? Today’s dog owners seek socialization opportunities patients seems like an easy decision; however, a large for their pets, such as: percentage of pets remain unprotected from canine • Spending time at doggy daycare influenza. -
Dissertation Epidemiology, Ecology, and Evolution Of
DISSERTATION EPIDEMIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION OF CANINE INFLUENZA VIRUS H3N8 IN UNITED STATES DOGS Submitted by Heidi Lee Pecoraro Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2012 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: Gabriele Landolt Carol Blair Richard Bowen Kathryn Huyvaert Copyright by Heidi Lee Pecoraro 2012 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT EPIDEMIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION OF CANINE INFLUENZA VIRUS H3N8 IN UNITED STATES DOGS Canine influenza virus (CIV) first emerged in dogs at a Florida racing track in 2004, although serological evidence suggests the virus has been circulating in the Unites States since as early as 1999. Phylogenetic analysis shows that CIV isolates are related to equine influenza virus of the Florida Clade 1 sublineage. However, sustained transmission of CIV among dogs and further genetic evolution of the virus has established CIV as a canine-specific influenza A virus (IAV). During the early years after emergence, studies determining the impact of CIV on dog populations were scarce. The few published findings were also alarming, with case fatality rates as high as 36% and seropositivity as high as 97% in certain dog populations. Despite these reports, the prevalence of CIV infection in dogs, the transmission dynamics among dog populations, risk factors for CIV infection, and how the virus was evolving within the canine host had yet to be examined. The research described here -
Strategies for Improving Influenza Immunization Rates Among Hard-To-Reach Populations
Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, Vol. 84, No. 4 doi:10.1007/s11524-007-9197-z * 2007 The New York Academy of Medicine For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected] Advance Access publication Strategies for Improving Influenza Immunization Rates among Hard-to-Reach Populations David Vlahov, Micaela H. Coady, Danielle C. Ompad, and Sandro Galea ABSTRACT Whereas considerable attention has been devoted to achieving high levels of influenza immunization, the importance of this issue is magnified by concern over pandemic influenza. Most recommendations for vaccine administration address high risk groups such as the elderly and those with chronic diseases, but coverage for hard- to-reach (HTR) populations has had less attention. HTR populations include minorities but also include other primarily urban groups such as undocumented immigrants, substance users, the homeless, and homebound elderly. Obstacles to the provision of immunization to HTR populations are present at the patient, provider, and structural levels. Strategies at the individual level for increasing immunization coverage include community-based educational campaigns to improve attitudes and increase motivation for receiving vaccine; at the provider level, education of providers to encourage immunizations, improving patient–provider interactions, broadening the provider base to include additional nurses and pharmacists, and adoption of standing orders for immunization administration; and at the structural level, promoting -
Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses in Patients with Acute Respiratory Infections Using Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR
Uncorrected Proof Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2019 November; 12(11):e96513. doi: 10.5812/jjm.96513. Published online 2019 December 31. Research Article Detection of Common Respiratory Viruses in Patients with Acute Respiratory Infections Using Multiplex Real-Time RT-PCR Niloofar Neisi 1, 2, Samaneh Abbasi 3, Manoochehr Makvandi 1, 2, *, Shokrollah Salmanzadeh 4, Somayeh Biparva 5, Rahil Nahidsamiei 1, 2, Mehran Varnaseri Ghandali 4, Mojtaba Rasti 1, 2 and Kambiz Ahmadi Angali 6 1Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 2Virology Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 3Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran 4Deputy of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 5Department of General Courses, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran 6Biostatistics Department, School of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran *Corresponding author: Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Email: [email protected] Received 2019 July 21; Revised 2019 December 07; Accepted 2019 December 19. Abstract Background: Acute respiratory infection (ARI) is caused by human metapneumovirus (HMPV), respiratory syncytial virus type A and B (RSV-A, RSV-B), human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3 (HPIV-1, HPIV-2, and HPIV-3), influenza viruses A and B (IfV-A, IfV-B), and human coronaviruses (OC43/HKU1, NL63, 229E) worldwide. Objectives: This study was conducted to assess the causative agents of viral ARI among hospitalized adults by real-time PCR. Methods: Clinical nasopharyngeal swabs of 112 patients including 55 (49.1%) males and 57 (50.89%) females with ARI were analyzed using multiplex real-time RT-PCR. -
Bin Brook Easter 2018
Bin Brook Draft 4 AW.qxp_Layout 1 01/08/2018 13:48 Page 1 BIN EASTER 2018 BROOK ROBINSON COLLEGE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE Diversifying Robinson Bringing Focus on Medicine From bats to Travels with our students India Remembering Robinson the brightest and best to Cambridge herpes with Robinson's medics and Iraq with Zhuan and Molly Dr Mary Stewart's living legacy Bin Brook Draft 4 AW.qxp_Layout 1 01/08/2018 13:48 Page 2 02 Contents WELCOME 03 News in brief 04 Diversifying Robinson Bin Brook is Robinson’s flagship publication, keeping our alumni and friends 05 Access to Robinson Eleanor Humphrey in touch with the College and with each other. In view of its importance 06 My Robinson Dr Ben Guy we felt it was owed a facelift, and we hope you like the new look. 07 e Cancer Problem Dr Gary Doherty 08 Must all that lives die? Dr Anke Timmerman Easter 2018 is the first in a series of themed issues, focusing this time on the ground- breaking work of our Fellows in Medicine. ere can be few of us whose lives have 09 Fighting fluProfessor Wendy Barclay been untouched by illnesses such as cancer, viral disease or dementia, and it’s exciting to see that the research that may change the direction of our approaches 10 Bats in the limelight Dr Oliver Restif to these modern-day plagues may come out of Robinson. 11 Learning about memory Dr Brian McCabe Oxbridge admissions have been in the media spotlight recently and we are pleased to offer an 12 Brain Training Dr Duncan Astle insight into our outreach work, answering some of our readers’ questions on this most important 13 e Medic’s Tale Oliver Fox subject that is so close to Robinson’s heart and heritage. -
Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) Is on the Rise—Don’T Let Your Best Friend Get Sick
Get Your Canine Flu Vaccination Here! Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) is on the rise—don’t let your best friend get sick. Dogs are at higher risk when visiting: • Dog parks Canine• Kennels Influenza • Pet shows/sporting events • Boarding facilities Dr. Jarod• Doggie Hanson, day care DVM, PhD,• GroomersDACVPM Canine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease that spreads easily from dog to dog or is transmitted indirectly through bowls, toys, clothes, or hands of the owner. Unlike human flu, which is seasonal, canine influenza can strike all-year round. The growingWhat prevalenceIs Canine ofInfluenza? CIV H3N2 and H3N8* Common CIV symptoms Canine influenza is caused by one or more influenza A viruses. TwoAdapted distinct from the canineInfectious Disease Handbook influenza viruses, H3N8 and H3N2, have actively circulated in dog populations by Merck Animal Health WA ME FEVER Clinical SignsMT ND VT 1 MN in the last several years, although H3N8NH has infected dogs for over 10 years and OR WI NY MA ID SD CT RI The onset of clinical signs is quiteMI rapid, and usually occurs in the WY 2,3 PA H3N2 may have infectedIA dogs in AsiaNJ prior to the year 2000. H and N refer to the CanineNE OH MD InfluenzaLACK OF APPETITE first few days following infection. Many DE patients display few, if NV IL IN WV UT hemagglutininCO andby Dr. neuraminidase Jarod Hanson,VA DVM, proteins, PhD, DACVPMrespectively, which are protrusions on any, clinical signs (essentiallyKS MO asymptomatic),KY or display fairly mild CA NC symptoms. Initially, flu-infectedTN dogs may have a fever, but this the surface of theOK virus that allow the virus to attach to a host, and allow a laboratory AR SC AZ What Is NMCanine Influenza? GA AL often decreases or goes awayMS entirely after the first few days of to initially identify and categorize the virus. -
The Future of Vaccination the FUTURE of VACCINATION the FUTURE of VACCINATION
The future of vaccination THE FUTURE OF VACCINATION THE FUTURE OF VACCINATION Vaccines are one of the greatest triumphs in modern medicine, saving up to 3m lives each year. They are widely regarded as the single most cost-effective public health intervention: every dollar spent on childhood immunisations in Africa returns $44 in economic benefits. We mostly think of vaccines as a way of protecting against communicable (infectious) childhood diseases such as measles. Professor Robin Shattock, In fact, vaccines are far more versatile. They offer hope for Professor Wendy Barclay combating HIV as well as non-communicable diseases such and Professor Jason Hallett as cancer and Alzheimer’s disease, due in part to the presented their research to development of DNA and RNA vaccination techniques. the World Economic Forum in Davos. Fast-tracked vaccines have the potential to contain disease outbreaks before they escalate into epidemics or pandemics. Such research offers the opportunity to innovate in science Vaccines can also target antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and manufacturing; to save lives; enhance wellbeing; and a growing threat that jeopardises hard-won gains in public even to safeguard the future of humanity. health and could claim as many as 10m lives annually by 2050. The feature includes interviews with academics in the cross- This feature offers a broad overview on vaccines, covering disciplinary Imperial Network for Vaccine Research, and other the following five areas: researchers and policymakers. These interviews focus on future vaccine research and the policy changes needed to maximise • what is a vaccine and how does it work? the benefits of that research. -
The Impact of NMR and MRI
WELLCOME WITNESSES TO TWENTIETH CENTURY MEDICINE _____________________________________________________________________________ MAKING THE HUMAN BODY TRANSPARENT: THE IMPACT OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING _________________________________________________ RESEARCH IN GENERAL PRACTICE __________________________________ DRUGS IN PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE ______________________ THE MRC COMMON COLD UNIT ____________________________________ WITNESS SEMINAR TRANSCRIPTS EDITED BY: E M TANSEY D A CHRISTIE L A REYNOLDS Volume Two – September 1998 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 1998 First published by the Wellcome Trust, 1998 Occasional Publication no. 6, 1998 The Wellcome Trust is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 186983 539 1 All volumes are freely available online at www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/wellcome_witnesses/ Please cite as : Tansey E M, Christie D A, Reynolds L A. (eds) (1998) Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 2. London: Wellcome Trust. Key Front cover photographs, L to R from the top: Professor Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, speaking (NMR) Professor Robert Steiner, Professor Sir Martin Wood, Professor Sir Rex Richards (NMR) Dr Alan Broadhurst, Dr David Healy (Psy) Dr James Lovelock, Mrs Betty Porterfield (CCU) Professor Alec Jenner (Psy) Professor David Hannay (GPs) Dr Donna Chaproniere (CCU) Professor Merton Sandler (Psy) Professor George Radda (NMR) Mr Keith (Tom) Thompson (CCU) Back cover photographs, L to R, from the top: Professor Hannah Steinberg, Professor