Get Your Canine Flu Vaccination Here! Canine Virus (CIV) is on the rise—don’t let your best friend get sick.

dogs are at higher risk when visiting: • Dog parks Canine• Kennels Influenza • Pet shows/sporting events • Boarding facilities Dr. Jarod• Doggie Hanson, day care DVM, PhD,• GroomersDACVPM Canine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory that spreads easily from dog to dog or is transmitted indirectly through bowls, toys, clothes, or hands of the owner. Unlike human flu, which is seasonal, canine influenza can strike all-year round.

The growingWhat prevalenceIs Canine ofInfluenza? ciV H3n2 and H3n8* common ciV symptoms

Canine influenza is caused by one or more influenza A viruses. TwoAdapted distinct from the canineInfectious Disease Handbook influenza viruses, H3N8 and H3N2, have actively circulated in dog populations by Merck Animal Health WA ME feVer Clinical SignsMT ND VT 1 MN in the last several years, although H3N8NH has infected dogs for over 10 years and OR WI NY MA ID SD CT RI The onset of clinical signs is quiteMI rapid, and usually occurs in the WY 2,3 PA H3N2 may have infectedIA dogs in AsiaNJ prior to the year 2000. H and N refer to the CanineNE OH MD InfluenzaLaCk of appetIte first few days following infection. Many DE patients display few, if NV IL IN WV UT hemagglutininCO andby Dr. neuraminidase Jarod Hanson,VA DVM, proteins, PhD, DACVPMrespectively, which are protrusions on any, clinical signs (essentiallyKS MO asymptomatic),KY or display fairly mild CA

NC symptoms. Initially, flu-infectedTN dogs may have a fever, but this the surface of theOK virus that allow the virus to attach to a host, and allow a laboratory AR SC AZ What Is NMCanine Influenza? GA AL often decreases or goes awayMS entirely after the first few days of to initially identify and categorize the virus. Despite its name, canine influenza has CoUGH infection.Canine influenzaPatients mayisTX caused beLA lethargic, by one oror morelie around, influenza and mayA viruses. Two distinct canine influenza viruses, H3N8 4,5 4,6 alsoand beenH3N2, shownhave actively to infect circulated otherFL species,in dog populations including in cats, the last ferretsseveral years,(experimentally), although H3N8 has infect- not want to eat. They may 1also have runny noses, sneeze 2,3 ed dogsAK for over 10 years and H3N2 may have infected dogs in Asia prior to the year 2000. H and N excessively,and guinea and/or pigs, 7cough. so it isThe important severity of to the note cough if any is often other animals are also acting sick. refer to the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins, respectively, which are protrusions on the surface dependentCatsof the have virus on alsothat if the allowrecentlyHI influenza the virusbeen infection to infectedattach is tofollowed witha host, an andby H7N2 a allow avian a laboratory influenza, to initially or bird identify flu, andstrain catego - bacterial . In more severely affected dogs, rapId BreatHING (alongrize the with virus. theDespite attending its name, veterinarian!), canine influenza8 so hasit is also important been shown to noteto infect that other although species, this including somecats, Statesdifficulty4,5 ferrets with CIV (experimentally), H3N2-infectedbreathing dogsmay be4,6 andobserved, guinea whilepigs, 7the so it is important to note if any other animals are also LetHarGy mostisacting not severelyStates classified sick. with Cats CIVaffected H3N8-infected have as aanimals alsocanine dogs recently can influenza exhibit been severeinfected virus, withmany an different H7N2 influenza, A strainsor bird flu, can strain (along 8 respiratorypotentiallywith the attending distress infect (althoughcompanionveterinarian!), this animals.is so rare, it is andimportant most likely to note that although this is not classified as a canine influenzaStates with virus, CIV H3N2-many and different H3N8-infected influenza dogs A strains can potentially infect companion animals. Getto Yourbe seen with H3N2, Canine if observed at all). Flu Vaccination Here! * Syndromic surveillance data of Cynda Crawford, DVM, PhD, University of ; Edward Dubovi, PhD, Cornell University; Sanjay Kapill, DVM, CaninePhD, ACVIM, Oklahoma Influenza State University; RhodeVirus Island State(CIV) Veterinarian’s is office;on the rise—don’t let your best friend get sick. and IDEXX Laboratories.Transmission/Incubation October 2015. THE GROWING PREVALENCE OF Influenza viruses are most likely to infect large groups of CIV H3N2 AND H3N8* InfluenzaThe influenza viruses virusare mostcan likelybe directly to infect spread large from groups one animal to another via nose to nose contact (direct ofanimals animals during during the the winter winter months months when when environmental environ- conditionscontact). (low The temperatures virus can also and be acquiredelevatedDon’t moisture)through breathing wait, in aerosolized droplets from an infected mental conditions (low temperatures and elevated WA ME H3N2 Task Force, Jan 2016 4 12 dogs are at higher risk when visiting: 9 MT ND allowpatient, the virus or fromto live contacting longer outside a virus-infected the host animal, surface. Anyone handling the infected patient can also VT MN moisture) allow the virus to live longer outside the host NH OR 9 WI NY MA potentially move virus from one animal to another via unwashed handsID or otherSD contaminated equipment,CT animal,and animalsand are animals in closer are proximityin closer proximity to one another. to one RI • Dog parks V• KennelsaCCinatE• Pet shows/sporting eventsMI WY ® PA another.However,so anything However, the recent that thecontacts H3N2 recent outbreak a H3N2suspected outbreakin the flu United inpatient the States should be disinfected with dilute IA bleach, Lysol , or otherNJ NE OH MD • Boarding facilities • Doggiewww.doginfluenza.com10 day care • Groomers DE NV IL IN United States began in the late 10winter months and WV begansuitable in the disinfectant. late winter Itmonths is also important and continued to wash well hands after handlingUT a dog suspected of having influenza CO VA KS continued well into the summer, so flu may be an CA MO KY intoCanineto the help summer,influenza minimize so is virusflu a highly transmissionmay be contagious an issue to anyother respiratory time patients. of year. disease Dogs that exhibiting spreads clinicaleasily fromsigns dogshould to dogbe isolatedor is NC from issue any time of year. In companion animal species, TN Copyright © 2016 Intervet Inc., d/b/a Merck Animal Health, OK transmitted indirectly through bowls, toys, clothes, or hands of the owner. Unlike humanAR flu, whichSC is In othercompanion animals animal if possible species, to canine minimize influenza any additional typically spread. AZ a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc. Talk To us TodaY! NM canine influenza typically circulates in shelters and GA AL seasonal, canine influenza can strike all-year round. MS All rights reserved.boardingcirculates US/NCI/0216/0009 facilitiesin shelters after and theintroduction boarding facilities of anafter infected the TX LA animal,introduction due toof theanDiagnosis infected number animal,of unexposed due to thedogs number in the FL population,of unexposed as dogs well asin the population,constant introduction as well as the of Influenza can be diagnosed from11 a nasal swab of theAK patient. Polymerase chain reaction new,constant susceptible introduction animals of new, into susceptiblethe population. animals *into The growing prevalence11(PCR) isof used ciV asH3 then2 initial and screeningH3n8 test to look for H3N8c andommon H3N2. ci IsolationV symptoms of the virus 304148_Merck_Poster.indd 1 the population. HI 3/15/16 6:16 AM can also be attempted from the same nasal swab sample. Paired serum samplesH3N2 and/or H3N8 can also CIV not confirmed be collected, where an initial serum sample is compared to another serum sample collected ClinicalWA Signs2-3 weeks later to look for antibodiesME in the serum against influenza. Both methodsfeVer are Clinical SignsMT ND VT MN NH

OR limited in that it may miss anMA infection if the second sample is taken too early and antibodies The onset of clinical signs is quiteWI rapid, andNY usually INFECTIOUSID DISEASE HANDBOOKSD CT RI 15 The onset of clinical signs is quiteMI rapid, and usually occurs in the WY have not yet been produced.PA occurs in the first few daysIA following infection.NJ Many NE OH MD first few days following infection. Many DE patients display few, if LaCk of appetIte NV IL IN WV patients displayUT few, if any, clinical signs (essentially CO VA any, clinical signs (essentiallyKS MO asymptomatic),KY or display fairly mild CA asymptomatic),Prognosis or display fairly mild symptoms.NC Ini- symptoms. Initially, flu-infectedTN dogs may have a fever, but this OK AR SC tially, flu-infectedAZ dogs may have a fever, but this NM GA AL oftenoftenWhile decreases decreases most dogs or or goes recover goes away away withinMS entirely entirely 7-14 after days,after the thea small first first percentage few days of may experience severe respiratory distress CoUGH fewinfection.that days can of lead Patientsinfection. to death mayTX Patients beif LAleft lethargic, mayuntreated. be or lethargic, lie The around, prognosis or and may is generally worse if multiple co-infections (with lienot otheraround, want viruses andto eat. mayand/or They not )may want also to haveareeat. involved. FLTheyrunny may noses, Additionally, also sneeze infected dogs can shed the virus in respiratory haveexcessively,secretions runnyAK noses, anywhere and/or sneeze cough. from excessively, The10 to severity more and/or thanof the 20cough. cough days 13,14 is often after they are first infected, especially if infected Thedependentwith severity the recent of on the if H3N2thecoughHI influenza virus, is often meaning infection dependent even is followed dogson if the that by appeara to have recovered can still infect other dogs, influenza infection is followed by a bacterial pneumo- bacterialcats, or other pneumonia. animals. In more severely affected dogs, rapId BreatHING nia.some In more Statesdifficulty withseverely CIV H3N2-infectedbreathing affected dogsmay dogs, be observed,some difficulty while the breathing may be observed, while the most severely LetHarGy affectedmost severelyStates animals with CIVaffected can H3N8-infected exhibit animals dogs severe can respiratoryexhibit severe distress respiratory distress (although this is rare, and most likely (althoughStates this with is CIVrare, H3N2- and and mostH3N8-infected likely dogsto be seen with H3N2,to be if seenobserved with H3N2,at all). if observed at all). * Syndromic surveillance data of Cynda Crawford, DVM, PhD, University of Florida; Edward Dubovi, PhD, Cornell University;INFECTIOUS Sanjay Kapill, DVM, PhD, DISEASEACVIM, Oklahoma HANDBOOK State University; State Veterinarian’s office; 16 and IDEXX Laboratories.Transmission/Incubation October 2015. The influenza virus can be directly spread from one animal to another via nose to nose contact (direct contact). The virus can also be acquiredDon’t through breathing wait, in aerosolized droplets from an infected H3N2 Task Force, Janpatient, 2016 4 or from contacting a virus-infected surface.12 Anyone handling the infected patient can also potentially move virus from one animalVa to anotherCC viai natunwashed handsE or other contaminated equipment, ® so anything that contacts a suspected fluwww.doginfluenza.com patient should be disinfected with dilute bleach, Lysol , or other suitable disinfectant. It is also important to wash hands after handling a dog suspected of having influenza to help minimize virus transmission to other patients. Dogs exhibiting clinical signs should be isolated from Copyright © 2016 Intervet Inc., d/b/a Merck Animal Health, a subsidiary of Merckother & Co., Inc.animals if possible to minimize any Talkadditional To spread.us TodaY! All rights reserved. US/NCI/0216/0009 Diagnosis Influenza can be diagnosed from a nasal swab of the patient. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used as the initial screening test to look for H3N8 and H3N2. Isolation of the virus 304148_Merck_Poster.indd 1 3/15/16 6:16 AM can also be attempted from the same nasal swab sample. Paired serum samples can also be collected, where an initial serum sample is compared to another serum sample collected 2-3 weeks later to look for antibodies in the serum against influenza. Both methods are limited in that it may miss an infection if the second sample is taken too early and antibodies have not yet been produced.

Prognosis While most dogs recover within 7-14 days, a small percentage may experience severe respiratory distress that can lead to death if left untreated. The prognosis is generally worse if multiple co-infections (with other viruses and/or bacteria) are involved. Additionally, infected dogs can shed the virus in respiratory secretions anywhere from 10 to more than 20 days13,14 after they are first infected, especially if infected with the recent H3N2 virus, meaning even dogs that appear to have recovered can still infect other dogs, cats, or other animals.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE HANDBOOK 16 Get Your Canine Flu Vaccination Here! Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) is on the rise—don’t let your best friend get sick.

dogs are at higher risk when visiting: • Dog parks • Kennels • Pet shows/sporting events Get Your Canine• Boarding Flu facilities Vaccination• Doggie day care Here!• Groomers Canine Influenza Virus (CIV)Canine is influenzaon the rise—don’t is a highly contagious let your bestrespiratory friend disease get sick. that spreads easily from dog to dog or is transmitted indirectly through bowls, toys, clothes, or hands of the owner. Unlike human flu, which is seasonal, canine influenza can strike all-year round.

dogs are at higher risk when visiting: * • Dog parks The •growing Kennels prevalence of ciV H3n2• andPet shows/sporting H3n8 events common ciV symptoms • Boarding facilities • Doggie day care • Groomers

Canine influenza is a highly contagious respiratoryWA disease that spreads easily fromME dog to dog or is feVer Clinical SignsMT ND VT MN transmitted indirectly through bowls, toys, clothes, or hands of the owner. UnlikeNH human flu, which is OR WI NY MA ID SD CT RI seasonal, canine influenza can strike all-yearThe onset round. of clinical signs is quiteMI rapid, and usually occurs in the WY PA IA NJ NE OH MD first few days following infection. Many DE patients display few, if LaCk of appetIte NV IL IN WV UT CO VA any, clinical signs (essentiallyKS MO asymptomatic),KY or display fairly mild CA

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AK WA excessively,ME and/or cough. The severity of the cough is oftenfeVer Clinical SignsMT ND VT HI MN dependentNH on if the influenza infection is followed by a OR WI NY MA ID SD CT RI rapId BreatHING Transmission/IncubationThe onset of clinical signs is quiteMI rapid,bacterial and usually pneumonia. occursPrognosis in In the more severely affected dogs, WY PA IA NJ NE OH MD States with CIV H3N2-infected dogs LaCk of appetIte Thefirst influenza few days virus following can be infection.directly spread Manysome fromDE patients difficultyone display Whilebreathing few, most if maydogs be recover observed, within while 7-14 the days, a small per- NV IL IN WV UT LetHarGy CO VA centage may experience severe respiratory distress animalany, clinical to another signs via (essentially KSnose MOto nose asymptomatic),KY contactmost (direct severely or display affected fairly mild animals can exhibit severe CA States with CIV H3N8-infected dogs NC that can lead to death if left untreated. The prognosis contact).symptoms. The Initially,virus can flu-infected also be acquiredTN dogs throughrespiratorymay have a fever,distress but (although this this is rare, and most likely OK AR SC AZ States with CIV H3N2- and H3N8-infected dogs breathing in aerosolizedNM droplets from an infected is generally worse if multiple co-infections (with other GA AL often decreases or goes awayMS entirely afterto be theseen first with few H3N2, days if ofobserved at all). 4 12 patient, or from contacting a virus-infected surface. viruses and/or bacteria) are involved. Additionally,CoUGH infection. Patients mayTX beLA lethargic,* Syndromic orsurveillance lie around,data of Cynda Crawford, and DVM,may PhD, University of Florida; Edward Dubovi, PhD, Cornell Anyone handling the infected patientUniversity; can Sanjay Kapill, also DVM, PhD, ACVIM, Oklahomainfected State University; dogs Rhode Islandcan State shed Veterinarian’s the office; virus in respiratory secre- and IDEXXFL Laboratories. October 2015. potentiallynot want move to eat. virus They from may one also animal have runnytoTransmission/Incubation another noses, via sneeze tions anywhere from 10 to more than 20 days13,14 after AK unwashedexcessively, hands and/or or other cough. contaminated The severity Theequipment, of the influenza cough isvirusthey often can are be first directly infected, spread especially from one if infectedanimal to withanother the via nose to nose contact (direct so dependentanything that on contactsif theHI influenza a suspected infection flucontact). ispatient followed The virusby recenta can alsoH3N2 be virus, acquired meaningDon’t through even breathing dogs wait, that in appearaerosolized droplets from an infected ® to have recovered can still infect other dogs, cats, or shouldbacterial be disinfected pneumonia. with In morediluteH3N2 severely bleach,Task Force, Jan patient,Lysolaffected 2016 , or4 ordogs, from contacting a virus-infected rsurface.apId Breat12HING Anyone handling the infected patient can also other suitable disinfectant. It is also important to wash other animals. some Statesdifficulty with CIV H3N2-infectedbreathing dogsmay be observed,potentially while move the virus from one animal to another via unwashed hands or other contaminated equipment, hands after handling a dog suspected of having LetVHarGyaCCinatE most severely affected animals can exhibit severe ® influenzaStates to withhelp CIV minimizeH3N8-infected virus dogs transmissionso anythingto other that Treatmentcontacts a suspected flu patient should be disinfected with dilute bleach, Lysol , or other respiratory distress (although this is rare, and most likely www.doginfluenza.com Treatment patients.States Dogs with exhibiting CIV H3N2- and clinical H3N8-infected signs dogs shouldsuitable be disinfectant.Treatment It is also usually important involves to washsupportive hands after handling a dog suspected of having influenza isolatedto be seenfrom otherwith H3N2, animals if observedif possible atto all).minimizeto help minimize any care, virus whichtransmission may include to other supple patients.- Dogs exhibiting clinicalTreatment signs should usually be involves isolated supportive from care, which may include supplemental oxygen, fluids, * Syndromic additionalsurveillance data of Cynda spread. Crawford, DVM, PhD, University ofCopyright Florida; Edward © 2016 Dubovi, Intervet PhD, Cornell Inc., d/b/a Merck Animalmental Health, oxygen, fluids, bronchodila- bronchodilators, and/or antibiotics (if secondary bacterial infections are suspected in the University; Sanjay Kapill, DVM, PhD, ACVIM, Oklahoma State University;a Rhodesubsidiary Island ofState Merck Veterinarian’sother & Co., office; Inc.animals if possible to minimize any Talkadditional To spread.us TodaY! and IDEXX Laboratories. October 2015. tors, and/or antibiotics (if secondary ® Transmission/IncubationAll rights reserved. US/NCI/0216/0009 patient). Antiviral drugs are typically reserved for use in humans, and (Tamiflu ) Diagnosis bacterial infections are suspected in specifically is not recommended in companion species due to unknown effectiveness. It The influenza virus can be directly spread from oneDiagnosis animalthe patient). to another Antiviral via nose drugs to arenose typi contact- (direct Influenza can be diagnosed from would likely need to be given to the pet within the first 24-48 hours of infection, something a nasalcontact). swab The of virusthe patient. can also Poly be- acquiredDon’t through breathingInfluenza callywait, inreserved aerosolizedcan be fordiagnosed use droplets in humans, from from a nasaland an infected swab of the patient. Polymerase chain reaction ® not typically possible with the majority of veterinary influenza cases as most do not exhibit H3N2 Task Force,merase Janpatient, 2016 chain4 or fromreaction contacting (PCR) is a virus-infected surface.(PCR)12 Anyoneoseltamivir is used handling as(Tamiflu the initialthe) specificallyinfected screening patient testis not to can recommended look also for H3N8 and H3N2. Isolation of the virus 304148_Merck_Poster.indd 1 clinical signs for several days after they are first infected.3/15/16 6:16 AM usedpotentially as the initial move screening virus from test one to animal to another viacan unwashedin also companion be attempted hands species or otherfrom due thecontaminated to same unknown nasal effectiveness. equipment,swab sample. Paired serum samples can also VaCCinatIt would likely needE to be given to the pet within the lookso foranything H3N8 and that H3N2. contacts Isolation a suspected flu patient shouldbe collected, be disinfected where an with initial dilute serum bleach, sample Lysol is® compared, or other to another serum sample collected of the virus can also be attempted first 24-48 hours of infection, something notReferences typically www.doginfluenza.com2-3 weeks later to look for antibodies in the serum against influenza. Both methods are fromsuitable the same disinfectant. nasal swab It is sample. also important to wash handspossible after handling with the a majoritydog suspected of veterinary of having influenza influenza cases 1. Crawford PC, Dubovi EJ, Castleman WL, et al. Transmission of virus to dogs. Science 2005;310:482- Pairedto help serum minimize samples virus can transmission also be collected, to other where patients. limited Dogsas most inexhibiting that do itnot may exhibitclinical miss clinicalansigns infection should signs if forbe the severalisolated second days fromsample is taken too early and antibodies Copyright © 2016 Intervet Inc., d/b/a Merck Animal Health, haveafter not they yet beenare first produced. infected. 485. a subsidiary of Merckanother initial& Co., Inc. animalsserum sample if possible is compared to minimize to anotherany Talkadditional serum To spread.us TodaY! All rights reserved.sample US/NCI/0216/0009 collected 2-3 weeks later to look for antibod- 2. Song D, Kang B, Lee C, et al. Transmission of avian influenza virus (H3N2) to dogs. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:741-746. ies in the serum Diagnosisagainst influenza. Both methodsPrognosis are 3. Zhu H, Hughes J, Murcia PR. Origins and evolutionary dynamics of H3N2 canine influenza virus. J Virol 2015;89:5406- limited in that it may miss an infection if the second 5418. Influenza can be diagnosedWhile from most a nasaldogs swab recover of thewithin patient. 7-14 days, Polymerase a small percentagechain reaction may experience severe respiratory distress sample is taken too early and antibodies have not yet 4. Kim H, Song D, Moon H, et al. Inter- and intraspecies transmission of canine influenza virus (H3N2) in dogs, cats, and been produced.(PCR) is used as the initialthat screening can lead test to todeath look if for left H3N8 untreated. and H3N2. The prognosis Isolation is of generally the virus worse if multiple co-infections (with 304148_Merck_Poster.indd 1 ferrets. Influenza Other3/15/16 Respir6:16 AM Viruses 2013;7:265-270. can also be attempted fromother the viruses same and/ornasal swab bacteria) sample. are Pairedinvolved. serum Additionally, samples caninfected also dogs can shed the virus in respiratory 13,14 5. Song DS, An DJ, Moon HJ, et al. Interspecies transmission of the canine influenza H3N2 virus to domestic cats in South be collected, where an initialsecretions serum anywheresample is fromcompared 10 to moreto another than 20 serum days sample after collected they are first infected, especially if infected Korea, 2010. J Gen Virol 2011;92:2350-2355. 2-3 weeks later to look forwith antibodies the recent in theH3N2 serum virus, against meaning influenza. even dogs Both that methods appear toare have recovered can still infect other dogs, 6. Lee YN, Lee DH, Park JK, et al. Experimental infection and natural contact exposure of ferrets with canine influenza limited in that it may misscats, an infection or other ifanimals. the second sample is taken too early and antibodies virus (H3N2). J Gen Virol 2013;94:293-297. have not yet been produced. References 7. Lyoo KS, Kim JK, Kang B, et al. Comparative analysis of virulence of a novel, avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus in 1. Crawford PC, Dubovi EJ, Castleman WL, et al. Transmission of equine influenza virus to 9. Poulson RL, Tompkins SM, Berghaus RD, Brown JD, Stallknecht DE. Environmental stability dogs. Science 2005;310:482-485. of swine and human pandemic influenza viruses in water under variable conditions variousof host species. Virus Res 2015;195:135-140. 2. SongPrognosis D, Kang B, Lee C, et al. Transmission of avian influenza virus (H3N2) to dogs. Emerg temperature, salinity, and pH. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016;82:3721-3726. Infect Dis 2008;14:741-746. 10. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Health Diagnostic8. Center. Centers for Disease Control. Avian Influenza A (H7N2) in Cats in Animal Shelters in NY; One Human Infection. 2016. 3. ZhuWhile H, Hughes most J, Murcia dogs PR. Origins recover and evolutionary within dynamics 7-14INFECTIOUS ofdays, H3N2 canine a small influenza DISEASE percentage Canine HANDBOOK influenza may virus experience monitoring effort. severe2015. https://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/docs/CIV_Mon respiratory distresshttps://www.cdc.gov/flu/spotlights/avian-influenza-cats.htm. - 16 Accessed 03/23/2017. virus. J Virol 2015;89:5406-5418. itoring_2015-10-15.pdf. Accessed 12/02/2015. 4. Kimthat H, Song can D, Moon lead H, etto al. death Inter- and ifintraspecies left untreated. transmission of canineThe influenzaprognosis virus is11. generallyDalziel BD, Huang worse K, Geoghegan if multiple JL, et al. Contact co-infections heterogeneity, rather (with than9. transPoulson- RL, Tompkins SM, Berghaus RD, Brown JD, Stallknecht DE. Environmental stability of swine and human (H3N2) in dogs, cats, and ferrets. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013;7:265-270. mission efficiency, limits the emergence and spread of canine influenza virus. PLoS Pathog other viruses and/or bacteria) are involved. Additionally,2014;10:e1004455. infected dogs can shed the virus in respiratory pandemic influenza viruses in water under variable conditions of temperature, salinity, and pH. Appl Environ Microbiol 5. Song DS, An DJ, Moon HJ, et al. Interspecies transmission of the canine influenza H3N2 virus to domestic cats in South Korea, 2010. J Gen Virol 2011;92:2350-2355. 13,14 12. Thompson KA, Bennett AM. Persistence of influenza on surfaces. J Hosp Infect secretions anywhere from 10 to more than 20 days after2017;95:194-199. they are first infected, especially if infected 2016;82:3721-3726. 6. Lee YN, Lee DH, Park JK, et al. Experimental infection and natural contact exposure of ferretswith with caninethe recentinfluenza virusH3N2 (H3N2). virus, J Gen Virol meaning 2013;94:293-297. even dogs that appear13. Cima G.to H3N2 have canine recovered flu may require longercan stillisolation. infect J Am Vet other Med Assoc dogs,10. Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Health Diagnostic Center. Canine influenza virus monitoring 2016;248:139. 7. Lyoocats, KS, Kim or JK, other Kang B, etanimals. al. Comparative analysis of virulence of a novel, avian-origin effort. 2015. https://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/docs/CIV_Monitoring_2015-10-15.pdf. Accessed 12/02/2015. H3N2 canine influenza virus in various host species. Virus Res 2015;195:135-140. 14. Newbury S, Godhardt-Cooper J, Poulsen KP, Cigel F, Balanoff L, Toohey-Kurth K. Prolonged intermittent virus shedding during an outbreak of canine influenza A H3N2 virus 8. Centers for Disease Control. Avian Influenza A (H7N2) in Cats in Animal Shelters in NY; infection in dogs in three Chicago area shelters: 16 cases (March to May 2015).11. J Am Dalziel Vet BD, Huang K, Geoghegan JL, et al. Contact heterogeneity, rather than transmission efficiency, limits the One Human Infection. 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/spotlights/avian-influenza-cats.htm. Med Assoc 2016;248:1022-1026. Accessed 03/23/2017. emergence and spread of canine influenza virus. PLoS Pathog 2014;10:e1004455. 12. Thompson KA, Bennett AM. Persistence of influenza on surfaces. J Hosp Infect 2017;95:194-199. 13. Cima G. H3N2 canine flu may require longer isolation. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016;248:139. INFECTIOUS DISEASE HANDBOOK 14. Newbury 16 S, Godhardt-Cooper J, Poulsen KP, Cigel F, Balanoff L, Toohey-Kurth K. Prolonged intermittent virus shedding during an outbreak of canine influenza A H3N2 virus infection in dogs in three Chicago area shelters: 16 cases (March to May 2015). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016;248:1022-1026.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE HANDBOOK 17