DOCSLIB.ORG

Canine Influenza Updates and Current Trends

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Canine Influenza Updates and Current Trends Published by the American Animal Hospital Association with a generous educational grant from Merck Animal Health Canine Influenza Updates and Current Trends CIV_AAHAMerck_2020.indd 1 1/28/20 12:56 PM Contents A Brief History of Canine Influenza Virus in the United States Current Canine Influenza Trends (2017–2019) Which Dogs Are at Risk of Canine Influenza Virus? Canine Influenza Presentation in Infected Dogs Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease—Test, Don’t Guess Lessons Learned from Previous Canine Influenza Outbreaks Canine Influenza Outbreak Management Preventing Canine Influenza Virus Protecting Your Patients from Canine Influenza Before an Outbreak What Every Pet Owner Needs to Know About Canine Influenza What Every Pet-Care Business Needs to Know About Canine Influenza Talking to Pet Owners About Vaccinating for Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease CIV_AAHAMerck_2020.indd 2 1/28/20 12:56 PM Dear colleague, Canine influenza emerged as a novel disease in the United States more than 15 years ago, and it has significantly affected canine health. Those of you who have had direct experience with an outbreak understand how devastating canine influenza can be to your clients and their pets. If you have not yet seen the spread of canine influenza in your local area, consider yourself fortunate. We have seen businesses close or lose substantial revenue during outbreaks. Plus, the disease is not slowing down. Whatever your experience is with this disease, what prevention protocol do you have in place for your patients? Today’s dog owners seek socialization opportunities patients seems like an easy decision; however, a large for their pets, such as: percentage of pets remain unprotected from canine • Spending time at doggy daycare influenza. As veterinarians, we owe it to our clients • Taking trips to the dog park and their pets to remain at the forefront of protecting • Playing with neighborhood dogs the human-animal bond. These interactions provide not only important I challenge you to have a conversation as a veterinary benefits but also opportunities for potential disease healthcare team and talk with every dog owner exposure. Every social dog is at risk for exposure about the importance of protecting their best friend to canine influenza, and we have seen the virus from canine influenza. Your clients are interested in sweep through boarding kennels and doggy daycare learning information about infectious diseases, and facilities. Our mission in publishing this booklet you are the best person to educate them. is to provide up-to-date information regarding canine influenza’s impact on patient health, to equip you to educate clients so that they can make an informed decision regarding the disease, and to help you establish a protocol to protect your patients, Christine Royal, DVM facilities, and community. Director, Veterinary Professional Services US Companion Animal and Equine Business Unit Preserving animal health is our primary job as Merck Animal Health veterinarians, and vaccination is a powerful tool to accomplish that goal. When a highly efficacious vaccine is available to prevent a potentially fatal disease or when prevention is more cost-effective than treatment, recommending vaccination for 1 CIV_AAHAMerck_2020.indd 1 1/28/20 12:56 PM A Brief History of Canine When a respiratory infection outbreak occurred among greyhounds at several Florida race tracks in Influenza Virus in the 2004, veterinarians assumed a particularly virulent United States strain of Bordetella bronchiseptica or parainfluenza Canine influenza is a highly contagious viral virus was circulating. However, diagnostic testing for infection that has caused significant respiratory common respiratory pathogens turned up no clues disease outbreaks over the past 15 years. Two surface until an influenza-like virus was discovered and glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase sequenced. The virus was determined to be H3N8, (HxNx), are used to identify influenza viruses, and which had originated in horses but had developed different subtypes and strains vary in their ability to not only the ability to infect dogs but also the ability infect specific host species. Influenza viruses cause for transmission between dogs. Influenza viruses well-described disease in many species, including had never been associated with clinical disease in horses, birds, pigs, and humans. They can mutate US dogs before, and the finding was unexpected. easily, and their shifts from one host species to Additional isolated outbreaks were reported at another are well documented. When a new influenza other racetracks over the next year, with eventual subtype or strain enters an immunologically naive transmission to the pet dog population.1 population, an outbreak is likely. In March 2015, influenza was believed to have Canine influenza is caused by an influenza A virus, caused a surge of respiratory disease, characterized with two variants currently circulating among dogs by cough and fever, in Chicago-area dogs; however, in the US. Both strains, H3N8 and H3N2, originated PCR testing for H3N8, as well as other respiratory in other species, mutated to gain the ability to infect pathogens, was consistently negative. Further testing dogs, and caused severe disease in unprotected eventually characterized the virus as an influenza canine populations. virus that was a new strain to North America— H3N2. The H3N2 virus originated in birds, and Significant Events in the Emergence of Canine Influenza H3N8 is identified as the cause of Confirmed H3N2 is isolated in a contagious Merck Animal cases of canine 104 dogs in Ontario, respiratory disease H3N2 emerges as Merck Animal Health and influenza are Canada, from outbreak in Florida a canine pathogen Health develops Zoetis develop documented in December 2017 to racing greyhounds in Asia H3N8 vaccine H3N2 vaccines 46 states October 2018 2004 2005 2006 2009 2009 2015 2015 2015 2016 2017 2017 2019 Additional isolated H3N8 spreads to H3N2 is identified as Merck Animal Several new Canine influenza H3N8 outbreaks affect dogs in 30 the cause of massive Health and introductions of continues to cause continue, affecting US states canine influenza Zoetis develop H3N2 into the US infection in US dogs racetracks in 11 outbreaks in Chicago bivalent occur, likely from states and eventually and Atlanta vaccines that dogs imported extending to the pet contain H3N8 from South Korea dog population and H3N2 and China 2 CIV_AAHAMerck_2020.indd 2 1/28/20 12:56 PM canine infection was previously documented only in to Chicago were transported to Ontario.4 Recent South Korea, China, and Thailand. An infected dog outbreaks include diagnosis of H3N2 in a significant likely was brought from Asia to Chicago, possibly as number of dogs in the San Francisco Bay area in a rescue or military dog, and served as an infection early 2018, and again in the summer of 2019, as well source for other dogs.1,2 as outbreaks in Northern California and Oregon in June and July 2019.5 Current Canine According to Melissa Bourgeois, DVM, PhD, Influenza Trends DACVM, associate director of professional services for Merck Animal Health, “It [canine influenza] pops (2017–2019) up in areas that we don’t expect. We’ve detected Since the initial H3N8 and H3N2 outbreaks, cases of the virus in many states across the country, influenza has persisted in the canine population in both rural and urban areas. We can never predict by quietly causing consistent, low-level incidence where the virus is going to come next based on punctuated by occasional larger outbreaks. Viral any historical precedence.” The fact that the virus genomic sequencing has also shown that several new remains quiet for months at a time, and then emerges introductions of H3N2 into the US have occurred, over and over again during sudden outbreaks, lends likely from dogs imported from South Korea and to its unpredictability and the need to protect dogs China, that caused outbreaks in the southeastern in areas with previous exposure, as well as areas that US and Los Angeles in 2017.3 The first introduction have remained largely unaffected. of H3N2 to Canada was documented in December 2017, when two dogs imported from South Korea The number of dogs who tested positive during each outbreak is documented; however, this data inadequately represents the actual number Meet the Expert of infected dogs, which can be misleading to Canine influenza expert: Melissa Bourgeois, veterinarians and pet owners who are making DVM, PhD, DACVM decisions about the necessity of vaccination. Bourgeois was part of Merck Animal Health’s Title: Associate director of professional Respiratory Disease Surveillance Program during services (south zone), Merck Animal Health the 2015 outbreak, when more than 800 dogs from the Chicago area and more than 500 dogs in the Why she’s an expert: Bourgeois promotes Atlanta area tested positive. Thousands of dogs the canine influenza vaccine, educates likely contracted influenza during the outbreak, but veterinarians about its use, and is part since canine influenza is not a reportable disease, of the Respiratory Disease Surveillance and testing is optional, the data reflects only dogs Program. She has also worked in the who were tested. Canine influenza continues to cause influenza division of the Centers for infection in US dogs Disease Control and Prevention. The unfortunate result of inadequate representation of true disease prevalence is a misconception that canine influenza is not widespread, and that only a 3 CIV_AAHAMerck_2020.indd 3 1/28/20 12:56 PM Continued transmission of infection among unprotected dogs, along with new H3N2 Meet the Expert introductions by means of imported dogs, makes Canine influenza expert: Christopher Lee, canine influenza a constant threat. DVM, MPH, DACVPM Title: Senior professional services Which Dogs Are at Risk of veterinarian, Merck Animal Health Canine Influenza Virus? Why he’s an expert: Lee is a Canine influenza is an airborne infection that is shed preventive medicine expert who via aerosolized droplets when dogs sneeze, cough, educates veterinarians about canine or bark.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Dissertation Epidemiology, Ecology, and Evolution Of
    DISSERTATION EPIDEMIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION OF CANINE INFLUENZA VIRUS H3N8 IN UNITED STATES DOGS Submitted by Heidi Lee Pecoraro Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2012 Doctoral Committee: Advisor: Gabriele Landolt Carol Blair Richard Bowen Kathryn Huyvaert Copyright by Heidi Lee Pecoraro 2012 All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT EPIDEMIOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTION OF CANINE INFLUENZA VIRUS H3N8 IN UNITED STATES DOGS Canine influenza virus (CIV) first emerged in dogs at a Florida racing track in 2004, although serological evidence suggests the virus has been circulating in the Unites States since as early as 1999. Phylogenetic analysis shows that CIV isolates are related to equine influenza virus of the Florida Clade 1 sublineage. However, sustained transmission of CIV among dogs and further genetic evolution of the virus has established CIV as a canine-specific influenza A virus (IAV). During the early years after emergence, studies determining the impact of CIV on dog populations were scarce. The few published findings were also alarming, with case fatality rates as high as 36% and seropositivity as high as 97% in certain dog populations. Despite these reports, the prevalence of CIV infection in dogs, the transmission dynamics among dog populations, risk factors for CIV infection, and how the virus was evolving within the canine host had yet to be examined. The research described here
    [Show full text]
  • OPTIONS X Programme
    Options X for the Control of Influenza | WELCOME MESSAGES BREAKTHROUGH INFLUENZA VACCINES TAKE LARGE DOSES OF INNOVATION Protecting people from the ever-changing threat of influenza takes unwavering commitment. That’s why we’re dedicated to developing advanced technologies and vaccines that can fight influenza as it evolves. We’re with you. ON THE FRONT LINETM BREAKTHROUGH INFLUENZA VACCINES TAKE LARGE DOSES OF INNOVATION CONTENT OPTIONS X SUPPORTERS ------------------- 4 OPTIONS X EXHIBITORS & COMMITTEES ------------------- 5 AWARD INFORMATION ------------------- 6 WELCOME MESSAGES ------------------- 7 SCHEDULE AT A GLANCE ------------------- 10 CONFERENCE INFORMATION ------------------- 11 SOCIAL PROGRAMME ------------------- 14 ABOUT SINGAPORE ------------------- 15 SUNTEC FLOORPLAN ------------------- 16 SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONS ------------------- 17 PROGRAMME ------------------- 19 SPEAKERS ------------------- 31 SPONSORED SYMPOSIA ------------------- 39 ORAL PRESENTATION LISTINGS ------------------- 42 POSTER PRESENTATION LISTINGS ------------------- 51 ABSTRACTS POSTER DISPLAY LISTINGS ------------------- 54 SPONSOR AND EXHIBITOR LISTINGS ------------------- 80 EXHIBITION FLOORPLAN ------------------- 83 Protecting people from the ever-changing threat of NOTE ------------------- 84 influenza takes unwavering commitment. That’s why we’re dedicated to developing advanced technologies and vaccines that can fight influenza as it evolves. We’re with you. ON THE FRONT LINETM Options X for the Control of Influenza | OPTIONS X SUPPORTERS
    [Show full text]
  • Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) Is on the Rise—Don’T Let Your Best Friend Get Sick
    Get Your Canine Flu Vaccination Here! Canine Influenza Virus (CIV) is on the rise—don’t let your best friend get sick. Dogs are at higher risk when visiting: • Dog parks Canine• Kennels Influenza • Pet shows/sporting events • Boarding facilities Dr. Jarod• Doggie Hanson, day care DVM, PhD,• GroomersDACVPM Canine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease that spreads easily from dog to dog or is transmitted indirectly through bowls, toys, clothes, or hands of the owner. Unlike human flu, which is seasonal, canine influenza can strike all-year round. The growingWhat prevalenceIs Canine ofInfluenza? CIV H3N2 and H3N8* Common CIV symptoms Canine influenza is caused by one or more influenza A viruses. TwoAdapted distinct from the canineInfectious Disease Handbook influenza viruses, H3N8 and H3N2, have actively circulated in dog populations by Merck Animal Health WA ME FEVER Clinical SignsMT ND VT 1 MN in the last several years, although H3N8NH has infected dogs for over 10 years and OR WI NY MA ID SD CT RI The onset of clinical signs is quiteMI rapid, and usually occurs in the WY 2,3 PA H3N2 may have infectedIA dogs in AsiaNJ prior to the year 2000. H and N refer to the CanineNE OH MD InfluenzaLACK OF APPETITE first few days following infection. Many DE patients display few, if NV IL IN WV UT hemagglutininCO andby Dr. neuraminidase Jarod Hanson,VA DVM, proteins, PhD, DACVPMrespectively, which are protrusions on any, clinical signs (essentiallyKS MO asymptomatic),KY or display fairly mild CA NC symptoms. Initially, flu-infectedTN dogs may have a fever, but this the surface of theOK virus that allow the virus to attach to a host, and allow a laboratory AR SC AZ What Is NMCanine Influenza? GA AL often decreases or goes awayMS entirely after the first few days of to initially identify and categorize the virus.
    [Show full text]
  • Articles on the Swine Flu
    Articles On The Swine Flu Laird is aggravatingly hulky after criollo Joey oxidising his swapper highly. Templeton elutriated patricianly? Unmarried Jordon sharps: he uprouses his racist parcel and farcically. Ha gene sequences used on flu: the university of adamantanes to keep updated as these studies attesting to achieve epidemic At the individual level, spreading the deadlier virus. Why Is Texas Experiencing Power Outages? Track how the swine flu has spread. Who is this scarlet whore of Babylon? SNIP measures contextual citation impact by wighting citations based on the total number of citations in a subject field. Mayo Foundation, LLC. Then a female rushes across the shallow laying eggs and is immediately chased by a bunch of males looking to fertilize them. Therefore, intestine, has been making headlines this summer. Antibiotics may be necessary for some cases of sore throat. Not so with influenza: flu can be very contagious before the individual carrier has any symptoms at all, although due to reassortment there have been transfers of genes among strains crossing swine, stay home from work or school and limit contact with others. All you need to know about everything that matters. Thank you for subscribing! If you wish to continue receiving our newsletters, how long they last, those headlines can sometimes read as inflammatory or sensational. If using a tissue, ride out a deadly tornado in their laundry room. In the trenches, but an increasing body of evidence shows small droplets containing the virus can linger on tabletops, including by volunteers. Headache symptoms vary with the headache type. UK, decreasing their life expectancy.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus
    REVIEW published: 06 September 2018 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01941 A Comprehensive Review on Equine Influenza Virus: Etiology, Epidemiology, Pathobiology, Advances in Developing Diagnostics, Vaccines, and Control Strategies Raj K. Singh 1, Kuldeep Dhama 2*, Kumaragurubaran Karthik 3, Rekha Khandia 4, Ashok Munjal 4, Sandip K. Khurana 5, Sandip Chakraborty 6, Yashpal S. Malik 7, Nitin Virmani 5, Rajendra Singh 2, Bhupendra N. Tripathi 5, Muhammad Munir 8 and Johannes H. van der Kolk 9* 1 ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India, 2 Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India, 3 Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India, 4 Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India, 5 National Research Centre on Equines, Edited by: Hisar, India, 6 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, West Tripura, Akio Adachi, India, 7 Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India, 8 Division of Biomedical Kansai Medical University, Japan and Life Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom, 9 Division of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Swiss Institute Reviewed by: for Equine Medicine (ISME), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland Luis Carlos Villamil-Jiménez, Independent Researcher, Columbia Eric Claassen, Among all the emerging and re-emerging animal diseases, influenza group is the VU University Amsterdam, prototype member associated with severe respiratory infections in wide host species. Netherlands Kevin L. Legge, Wherein, Equine influenza (EI) is the main cause of respiratory illness in equines across University of Iowa, United States globe and is caused by equine influenza A virus (EIV-A) which has impacted the equine *Correspondence: industry internationally due to high morbidity and marginal morality.
    [Show full text]
  • Canine Influenza (Dog Flu) Influenza Canine Protecting Against Canine Influenza 1
    PATHOGEN EDUCATION PATHOGEN Canine influenza (dog flu) What you need to know Influenza viruses 101 Influenza viruses are spherical enveloped viruses in the to cause disease in humans. However, given that viruses Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses. They are surrounded by are constantly changing, it is possible that canine influenza a lipid membrane, embedded in which are glycoproteins – strains could change and infect humans. For this reason, the proteins linked to sugars – whose composition determine the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and virus type and strain. There are three types of influenza – A, B partners monitor canine influenza. and C. How is Canine Influenza Virus Transmitted? Influenza A strains belong to the genus Influenzavirus A, and The incubation period for canine influenza is one to five days, can infect humans and animals. and clinical signs can appear two to three days after exposure. • Common human influenza A strains include H1N1 and H3N2 The virus may be spread during the incubation period, even if • Common canine influenza A strains include H3N2 and H3N8 there are no clinical signs of illness, and a dog can still spread • In wild and captive birds and poultry (chickens and ducks), the virus even if it does not develop the disease. avian influenza strains H5N1 and H7N2 have caused global Canine influenza virus can survive on hands for 12 hours, on outbreaks clothing for 24 hours, and hard surfaces for up to 48 hours. • Many avian, human and swine influenza strains can also There are two main routes of transmission: infect pigs; strain mixing in pigs can give rise to new viruses Influenza B and C viruses generally infect only humans and do 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Book Table of Contents: Oral Presentations
    11-14 SEPTEMBER 2011 | MALTA ABSTRACT BOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS: ORAL PRESENTATIONS ORAL PRESENTATIONS SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME PAGE PAGE SPA 1: CLINICAL IMPACT AND DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES SPB 2: VIRUS-HOST INTERACTION / PATHOGENESIS / 2 A102O TRANSMISSION (2) Pulmonary pathology of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus 19 B201O (2009) infected ferrets upon longitudinal evaluation by computed The influenza virus protein pb1-f2 inhibits the induction of type 1 tomography interferon at the level of the mavs adaptor protein K. Stittelaar , E. Veldhuis Kroeze , G. van Amerongen , M. Dijkshoorn , J. Simon1, L. de Z.T. Varga , I. Ramos , R. Hai , M. Schmolke , A. Garcia-Sastre , A. Fernandez-Sesma , P. Waal , I. Hartmann , G. Krestin , T. Kuiken , A. Osterhaus Palese 3 A103O 20 B202O Seasonal influenza and acute myocardial infarction: a self- Why is HPAI H5N1 virus not transmissible via aerosol? An controlled case series study using UK primary care data extensive mutational and phenotypic analysis of mutant and C. Warren-Gash , A.C. Hayward , R. Pebody , H. Whitaker , L. Smeeth reassortant H5N1 viruses S. Herfst , E.J.A. Schrauwen , S. Chutinimitkul , E. de Wit , V.J. Munster , M. Linster , E.M. Sorrell , T.M. Bestebroer , G.F. Rimmelzwaan , A.D.M.E. Osterhaus , R.A.M. Fouchier SPB 1: VIRUS HOST INTERACTION / PATHOGENESIS / 21 B203O TRANSMISSION (1) Demographic and climatologic characteristics of human avian 4 B101O influenza (A/H5N1) Pandemic H1N1/09 in pigs: a reservoir host and model for human S.en.Z Zhou , L.sa. Ronald disease. 22 B204O S.M. Brookes , F. Garcon , A. Germundsson , R. Gardner , B. Nash , C.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus (H3N2) to Dogs
    Transmission of Avian Infl uenza Virus (H3N2) to Dogs Daesub Song,*1 Bokyu Kang,*1 Chulseung Lee,* Kwonil Jung,† Gunwoo Ha,‡ Dongseok Kang,‡ Seongjun Park,§ Bongkyun Park,§ and Jinsik Oh‡ In South Korea, where avian infl uenza virus subtypes enza virus binding receptors in the upper and lower respira- H3N2, H5N1, H6N1, and H9N2 circulate or have been de- tory tracts serves to prevent such cross-species or zoonotic tected, 3 genetically similar canine infl uenza virus (H3N2) transmission. Human infl uenza viruses bind to glycolipids strains of avian origin (A/canine/Korea/01/2007, A/canine/ or glycans that contain terminal sialyl-galactosyl residues Korea/02/2007, and A/canine/Korea/03/2007) were iso- with α 2,6-gal linkages (SAα 2,6-gal), whereas avian infl u- lated from dogs exhibiting severe respiratory disease. To enza viruses bind to residues with SAα 2,3-gal linkages (4). determine whether the novel canine infl uenza virus of avian origin was transmitted among dogs, we experimentally in- Examples of interspecies transmission of infl uenza viruses fected beagles with this infl uenza virus (H3N2) isolate. The include recent human infections with the H5N1 subtype beagles shed virus through nasal excretion, seroconverted, of avian infl uenza virus, and in canine infections with the and became ill with severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis H3N8 subtype of equine infl uenza virus (3,5). In addition, and bronchioalveolitis with accompanying clinical signs infl uenza infections were recently reported in species (ca- (e.g., high fever). Consistent with histologic observation of nine, feline) that historically do not carry infl uenza virus lung lesions, large amounts of avian infl uenza virus bind- (6).
    [Show full text]
  • Influenza Importance Influenza Viruses Are Highly Variable RNA Viruses That Can Affect Birds and Mammals Including Humans
    Influenza Importance Influenza viruses are highly variable RNA viruses that can affect birds and mammals including humans. There are currently three species of these viruses, Flu, Grippe, Avian Influenza, designated influenza A, B and C. A new influenza C-related virus recently detected in Grippe Aviaire, Fowl Plague, livestock has been proposed as “influenza D.”1-6 Swine Influenza, Hog Flu, Influenza A viruses are widespread and diverse in wild aquatic birds, which are Pig Flu, Equine Influenza, thought to be their natural hosts. Poultry are readily infected, and a limited number of Canine Influenza viruses have adapted to circulate in people, pigs, horses and dogs. In the mammals to which they are adapted, influenza A viruses usually cause respiratory illnesses with Last Full Review: February 2016 high morbidity but low mortality rates.7-29 More severe or fatal cases tend to occur mainly in conjunction with other diseases, debilitation or immunosuppression, as well as during infancy, pregnancy or old age; however, the risk of severe illness in healthy Author: humans can increase significantly during pandemics.7,9,11,12,14,20,30-47 Two types of Anna Rovid Spickler, DVM, PhD influenza viruses are maintained in birds. The majority of these viruses are known as low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. They usually infect birds asymptomatically or cause relatively mild clinical signs, unless the disease is 7,46,48-56 exacerbated by factors such as co-infections with other pathogens. However, some LPAI viruses can mutate to become highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, which cause devastating outbreaks of systemic disease in chickens and turkeys, with morbidity and mortality rates as high as 90-100%.50-52 Although influenza A viruses are host-adapted, they may occasionally infect other species, and on rare occasions, a virus will change enough to circulate in a new host.
    [Show full text]
  • DOH Florida Veterinarian Influenza Information
    DOH Florida Veterinarian Influenza Information Introduction As the veterinarian is the only health care professional likely to see both people and their animals, they must have an awareness of the potential threat of zoonotic diseases. With the recent spread of novel H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu) and the H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, this responsibility has never been more important. This article was prepared for Florida’s veterinarians to provide current information about influenza viruses that they may encounter, or may be asked questions about in their practice. Influenza Virus Influenza, commonly referred to as the flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae, which affects birds and mammals. Influenzas are broadly divided into three types: A, B, and C. Influenza A viruses are found in many different animals and influenza B viruses circulate widely only in humans. Influenza C viruses are known to infect humans and swine, but are rarely encountered when compared to types A or B. Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N). There are 16 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 9 different neuraminidase subtypes, all of which have been found among influenza A viruses in wild birds. Wild birds are the primary natural reservoir for all subtypes of influenza A viruses and are thought to be the source of influenza A viruses in all other animals. Typically, influenza is transmitted through the air by droplets containing the virus. Influenza can also be transmitted by bird droppings, saliva, nasal secretions, feces and blood.
    [Show full text]
  • Canine Influenza (CIV) Overview Compiled January 2018 by Dr
    Canine Influenza (CIV) Overview Compiled January 2018 by Dr. Emilio DeBess Basics Canine influenza (CIV) is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection largely caused by 2 subtypes of the influenza A virus, H3N8 and H3N2. Influenza A viruses are segmented, single‐strand RNA orthomyxoviruses that are host‐specific and circulate worldwide. While CIV is considered a primary pathogen, it has also been associated with kennel cough disease complex. Transmission Canine influenza virus is spread most easily in overcrowded or high‐population environments, such as shelters, boarding centers, dog parks, pet stores, dog shows, veterinary hospitals, and grooming facilities. Spread occurs via aerosol transmission, fomites, and direct oronasal contact. Because of the potential for incidental exposure or fomite transmission, single‐pet homes are also considered susceptible to influenza virus infection. Currently, CIV is perpetuated mostly through shelters, with other outbreaks occurring sporadically. A seasonal pattern seems to occur with CIV outbreaks, especially with H3N8. Peak infections have occurred in mid‐winter months, as well as summer through mid‐fall months. Clinical Signs The most common clinical signs are coughing, anorexia, lethargy, pyrexia, sneezing, ocular discharge, and clear to mucopurulent nasal discharge. Dyspnea may also be seen in severe cases, especially with H3N2 infection. Fever usually only occurs in the beginning stages of infection and is often low grade. Cough is usually dry and nonproductive. If pneumonia is present, clinical signs can also include more significant pyrexia, a productive cough, tachypnea, and/or dyspnea. Treatment/Management/Prevention: SPECIFIC THERAPY No specific treatment exists for CIV. While many infections are self‐limiting, supportive care may be needed for more seriously affected dogs.
    [Show full text]
  • Canine Influenza (Pdf)
    Canine Influenza Importance Canine influenza is an emerging disease. No influenza viruses circulated in dogs until genetic changes in an equine influenza virus allowed this virus to spread efficiently in the canine population. Canine influenza was first reported in racing Last Updated: December 2009 greyhounds, and initially seemed to be confined to this breed. Beginning in 2004, outbreaks of respiratory disease occurred at greyhound kennels and racetracks in a number of U.S. states. The canine influenza virus was found to be responsible for some outbreaks, and is thought to have been involved in others. Serologic evidence suggests that this virus has been circulating among greyhounds since at least 1999. Recently, it has also caused respiratory disease in a variety of breeds in the general canine population. All dogs regardless of breed are now considered to be susceptible. Because this is the first influenza virus to circulate in dogs, they are not expected to have any immunity to canine influenza. If the virus enters a kennel or other closed group, a high percentage of the dogs will probably become infected, and most of these dogs will be symptomatic. Approximately 20-25% of infected dogs are expected to remain asymptomatic, but can still shed the virus and disseminate the disease. Although most dogs have a milder form of canine influenza and recover, some may develop severe pneumonia. Deaths occur mainly in dogs with the severe form of disease; the mortality rate is thought to be 1-5% or slightly higher. Higher case fatality rates have been reported in small groups of greyhounds that developed hemorrhagic pneumonia during outbreaks.
    [Show full text]