WHO PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH AGENDA for INFLUENZA Biannual Progress Review and Report 2010–2011

BIANNUAL PROGRESS REVIEW AND REPORT 2010–2011

WHO PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH AGENDA FOR INFLUENZA Biannual Progress Review and Report 2010–2011

Global Influenza Programme

i © World Health Organization 2013 Contents

Executive Summary of Two Years’ Progress 1 1. Introduction 3 2. Progress review 5 3. Conclusion 15

Appendices 17 Appendix 1: Table of the WHO commissioned reviews 19 Appendix 2: List of publications, virus-specific factors associated with zoonotic and pandemic potential, 2010–2011 22 Appendix 3: List of publications, human animal interface, 2010–2011 30 Appendix 4: List of publications, influenza surveillance, 2010–2011 32 Appendix 5. List of publications, interventions for animal influenza, 2010–2011 44 Appendix 6: List of publications, factors affecting transmission and dynamics, 2010–2011 47 Appendix 7: List of publications, measures to limit transmission, 2010–2011 52 Appendix 8: List of publications, burden of influenza, 2010–2011 55 Appendix 9: List of publications, influenza vaccine and vaccine policy, 2010–2011 59 Appendix 10: Clinical features of influenza infections publications, 2010–2011 189 Appendix 11: Diagnostics for influenza publications, 2010–2011 199 Appendix 12: Antivirals publications, 2010–2011 211 Appendix 13: Modelling and influenza publications, 2010–2011 317 Appendix 14: Risk communication publications, 2010–2011 320

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Executive Summary of Two Years’ Progress

In order to evaluate the impact of WHO’s initiative to encourage research on better prevention and control of influenza globally, a biannual progress review was conducted. WHO Secretariat, with help from the scientific committee, identified high priority public health research topics from the five main research areas (‘Streams’) and commissioned literature reviews for each. Over 4000 citations of publications from 2010–2011 in more than 200 journals or other peer-reviewed publications were found through the literature reviews and database searches for this Progress Report. Defining the major achievements reflected in this large number of publications relies to a degree on subjective evaluations; however, without doubt, research related to understanding the emergence and progression of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic dominated the body of work. Publications related to specific pharmacologic interventions, influenza vaccines and antivirals, also predominated in the published work, representing more than half of the total. The work also represents a truly international effort to address influenza, with many of the publications in non-English language journals. Major research achievements for each stream, that were felt to have a direct impact on public health, were discussed during the informal consultation and some highlights can be summarized briefly: Stream 1: The role of mutations and re-assortment in nature of animal influenza virus genes with human virus genes to generate potential human zoonotic or pandemic strains has become clearer. This research clearly stresses the need for enhanced, molecularly based surveillance efforts at the animal-human interface, including more work in swine and those exposed to them. Stream 2: Knowledge concerning virus survival in the environment, recognition of the importance of close contact for transmission and new evidence in support of the potential for aerosol transmission has all expanded. Further studies of the effectiveness of particular types of personal protection strategies in different settings (schools, households, healthcare) are needed. Stream 3: Ongoing burden-of-disease and expanded epidemiological studies in the developing world are providing new information for informing seasonal influenza vaccination policy decisions. More immunogenic and in some cases more effective as well as novel broad-spectrum influenza vaccines continue to be developed and are moving closer to licensure. Stream 4: Knowledge has increased about safety, routes of administration and dose regimens of current antivirals, including those for selected at-risk populations; in addition more is known about the effectiveness of new agents, including intravenous formulations, adjunctive therapies, and therapeutic combinations as well as about the timing and selection of antibacterial agents. Operational issues to ensure adequate health service and care require further study. The effectiveness of WHO-led

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syndromic clinical approach e.g. IMAI (integrated management of adults and adolescents illnesses) and IMCI(Integrated management of childhood illness) needs evaluation. Stream 5: Modelling was a useful tool for planning but evaluation and improvement of methodology are required. More research is warranted in the area of social and behavioural science in order to learn about people’s (different audience) risk perception and behaviour.

2 1. Introduction

1.1 The development of the WHO Public Health Research Agenda for Influenza From November 17 to 20 2009 the WHO Global Influenza Program held a consultation to assess the status of global research efforts to understand, prevent and treat influenza; to develop a Research Agenda that would reflect a consensus of investigators working on the disease; and to propose recommendations that would help to meet identified gaps in our understanding of the emergence, transmission, mitigation and management of influenza. This meeting was a continuation of WHO’s commitment to addressing global influenza problems, as reflected by earlier documents: the 2002 WHO Global Agenda on Influenza1 and the 2006–7 WHO Strategic Action Plan for Pandemic In- fluenza.2 More than 90 investigators, research funder representatives, public- health and policy officials from 35 countries joined the WHO Secretariat in developing research agenda to ensure knowledge gained could improve public health decision-making for prevention and control of influenza. The consultation produced a consensus document, WHO’s first public health influenza research agenda (http://www.who.int/influenza/resources/research/2010_04_29_global_influenza_ research_agenda_version_01_en.pdf). This document outlined priority research recommendations in five specific areas or Streams (outlined below) covering the landscape of global research -ef forts. Subsequently, three WHO Regions (Africa, South-East Asia and Western Pacific) held meetings to decide regional influenza research priorities and agenda implementation strategies.3

1.2 Review objectives Although in development since 2008, the original Research Agenda and its recommendations were also made in light of the then ongoing 2009 (H1N1) pandemic. With the declared end of the H1N1 pandemic and the resulting host of ‘lessons learned’ documents and new scientific and public health information available, a review of the original 2009 recommendations was needed to determine whether these recommendations were still valid and, importantly, how the lessons learned from the H1N1 pandemic might change the prioritization of specific recommendations. Thus the key objectives of this current review were to (i) collate the new knowledge and progress attained since the launch of

1 The Global Agenda on Influenza Surveillance and Control. http://www.who.int/docstore/wer/pdf/2002/wer7722.pdf http://www.who.int/docstore/wer/pdf/2002/wer7723.pdf http://download.thelancet.com/flatcontentassets/H1N1-flu/surveillance/surveillance-5.pdf 2 http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/WHO_CDS_EPR_GIP_2006_2/en/ 3 http://www.who.int/influenza/resources/research/en/

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the Agenda, (ii) interpret or apply this information for improved influenza prevention and control, and (iii) highlight remaining gaps and revise recommendations as appropriate.

1.3 Progress review process The elements of the review included a 3-step process: (1) verifying consensus with the scientific committee on the priority research recommendations for the five research Streams, (2) commission- ing of two to four topic-specific literature reviews per Stream and of one summary progress report, (3) convening a review committee meeting to assess these reports, evaluate the Research Agenda implementation and provide new recommendations for the WHO Secretariat.

4 2. Progress review

WHO’s Global Influenza Program contracted for and received more than 20 literature reviews from influenza researchers around the world. A table of the reviews provided, the review topic area and their authors is attached (Appendix 1). The goal of these literature reviews and summaries was to provide a thorough overview of the publications since the first consultation, highlighting progress related to the original recommendations, and to identify gaps that remain. Based on these literature reviews as well as further reviews of other sub-streams not covered, lists of pertinent recent publications were developed (appendix 2–14), including citations of more than 4000 articles published in 2010 and 2011 from more than 200 journals or other peer-reviewed publications. The second component of the ongoing progress review was to bring together the original chairs and members of the five Streams to discuss progress and gaps and make recommendations for the next steps related to the WHO research Agenda.

2.1 Stream 1: Reducing the Risk of Emergence of Pandemic Influenza Undoubtedly the most effective way to prevent emergence of a novel influenza virus in humans would be to remove the source of the virus or prevent onward transmission from the source. Since all of the human influenza A strains characterized to date have had an avian or porcine connection at some point in their evolution, the importance of knowing what influenza viruses are ‘out there’ in those animal populations is paramount. We also know that interactions between humans and their food animals is only going to become more frequent as both populations increase and that the likelihood of removing influenza viruses from our food animals is extremely small. Therefore, limiting the spread of zoonotic and potentially pandemic influenza viruses will directly affect our ability to reduce either the presence of the virus in the source or human contact with the source. Progress in both of these efforts has been notable since the Research Agenda was developed. Three major areas of emphasis were identified in this Stream: 1) understanding the molecular changes/features that allow transition from an animal influenza strain into a human influenza strain, particularly one capable of pandemic transmission; 2) determining the risks associated with exposure of humans to animal viruses at the ‘human animal interface’, particularly behaviours that increase the probability of transmission from animals to humans; and 3) evaluating the best methods for preventing influenza in animals and/or preventing exposure to humans. Additionally, viral surveillance efforts, which are clearly of high importance in identifying and reducing risk, were reviewed and evaluated. However, since so many entities are currently carrying out influenza viral surveillance in animals and humans, and updates on these activities are regularly provided, it was concluded that a full literature

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review on surveillance was not needed. As with the other Streams that follow below, several sub- areas of specific research were identified for each of the major areas of interest. These will not be covered in detail but may be referred to as needed. Following the WHO consultation in 2009 numerous research studies have been published that are directly related to advancing our understanding of the molecular pathways that animal influenza viruses might follow to become human influenza viruses. Nearly 50 studies directly pertinent to this stream were found with 2010 and 2011 publication dates (Appendix 2). Most of these investigated the changes that occur in or around the virus’ receptor binding site on the HA protein during adaptation from avian to mammalian epithelial cells (5,7,15,17,28,43,46,51,53,63,73,77,85,87,88,92,96 ,98,104,109 ). In particular, advances in the understanding of the types and structures of glycan preferred by human viruses were described in several papers. Additionally, work continued in full stride to understand the role of the polymerase protein PB2 in the transition from avian to mammalian viruses, as well as the role of the avian PB1-F2 peptide and the NS gene in virulence in humans (2,3,8–10,12,24,35,38,54,55,58,67,70,74,83,97,105,113). Another promising new research domain has been recently opened concerning the co-evolution of influenza virus and host genomes, e.g., by systematically searching for human microRNAs targeting PB1 and PB2. These microRNAs could pos- sibly serve as markers of host resistance, depending on length and repetition of contacts between the host and pathogen RNA’s (81). Several articles related to understanding the zoonotic risks and important features of the connections between humans and their food animals are listed from 2010–2011 (Appendix 3). A review of the importance of influenza at the human animal interface was published in 2011 14( ) that covered the known risk factors and the ‘state of the art’. Additional serological studies were published and still indicate that the incidence of subclinical or unrecognized H5N1 infections in South-East Asia appear to be relatively small to insignificant, supporting earlier findings (4,8,10,12, and 14 ). Although prospective studies are underway, in Vietnam for example, it is still not clear whether the lack of positive serological data has major significance, and this uncertainty remains a research gap. The role of other potential environmental exposure routes and the influence of familial or other genetic factors on susceptibility to animal influenza virus infections in humans still remain unclear. Other gaps include the need for increased research collaboration between animal and human laboratories, although some good progress has been made, particularly in live animal market studies (2,6, and 9 ), and the need for standardized case investigations for zoonotic influenza outbreaks. Surveillance of influenza viruses in the animal world cuts across essentially all of the other Streams. Its importance cannot be overemphasized. Since surveillance now provides so much more than just identifying the presence of viruses (e.g. phylogenetic status, presence of virulence factors, re-assortment and other mutations, antiviral susceptibility), gaps persist in making this information most useful to public health authorities. Significant funding increases for influenza virus surveillance at many levels have resulted in substantial expansion of efforts globally. In particular, expansions of the use of diagnostic assays that directly identify viruses have contributed greatly to both animal and human influenza surveillance. Increases now in routine reporting of influenza viruses in swine and poultry could only help to fill gaps. There is a need to determine and establish the extent of surveillance (i.e. how much is adequate) and to what extent human adapted strains might be re-introduced into animals, particularly swine, where novel reassortants may occur. Over 150 research articles and reports

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were published summarizing influenza viral surveillance data (Appendix 4). This body of publications clearly indicates an important and dynamic ongoing field of study. Finally, the interventions needed to reduce the presence of virus in animal populations and the subsequent exposure to humans were reviewed in depth. More than 40 related publications and reports were found for 2010–2011 (Appendix 5). Progress was reported in the development and use of cost-benefit analyses and new modelling approaches to verify or predict the best ways to control avian influenza 13,16,19,22,23,35,39( ) as well as in the development of new animal influenza vaccines and approaches to vaccination (7,20,29,31,37). Some gaps here include 1) understanding and addressing the unique differences in control measures and animal health agency capabilities as they exist in different countries; 2) and widely differing environments and lack of full understanding of the measurable effectiveness of various interventions and control measures. For example, are vaccination programs coupled with stamping out better than one or the other alone?

2.2 Stream 2: Limiting the spread of pandemic, zoonotic and seasonal epidemic influenza Most experts would agree that removing influenza viruses from our food animals is not possible in the foreseeable future, much less removing influenza viruses from nature. As such, the next two research Streams (2 and 3) form the second line of defence against a major health catastrophe should a pandemic begin. Key questions for Stream 2 are whether we can 1) determine the relative importance of different modes of influenza transmission (contact, fomites, large droplet, droplet nuclei/aerosol or other) in given situations (e.g., households, healthcare facilities, schools, tropical areas); and 2) understand and quantify the effectiveness of individual (e.g. hand hygiene, masking) and public health measures (e.g., quarantine, school closures) to limit or interrupt transmission. Answers to these key scientific questions underpin the ongoing debate and unsolved controversy over the correct Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and related policies for influenza-related infection control measures that make sense in households, workplaces and schools. Information resulting from these lines of research should serve to mitigate all forms of influenza, zoonotic, pandemic and seasonal. Numerous recent publications address these questions (Appendix 6). The key current research efforts to address transmission are related to the physical aspects of human-to-human spread, although the molecular markers within viral genes that promote transmissibility are under intense study in several laboratories (16,69 ). Research evidence is drawn from several areas: knowledge concerning virus survival, i.e., retention of infectivity, in the environment, recognition of the importance of close contact for transmission, and data supporting the potential for aerosol transmission. Available evidence indicates that all routes of transmission are possible; circumstances will determine their relative importance. A workshop on influenza transmission held in 2010 at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1 outlined the state of the science for many of these areas, as does the literature review linked to this progress report. Remaining areas of needed research include further defining close contact (e.g., how close is close?), understanding the role of fomites and hand contamination-self-inoculation, evaluating heterogeneity of infectiousness among individuals, characterizing the impact of aerosol generation in health-care settings, as well as

1 http://www.cdc.gov/influenzatransmissionworkshop2010

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the relative contributions of contact, aerosol, and droplet transmission on the dynamics of epidemics/ pandemics. Further important questions include the contribution of asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic and subclinical infection phases to transmission of virus and the impact of masks/respirators for those exposed and of masks for source control, increased hygiene, case isolation, contact quarantine, antiviral treatment, and combinations of these modalities. The dynamics of the spread of influenza at global and local levels are still poorly understood. Broader questions regarding intercontinental spread unrelated to human travel/movement have also been raised. Data that quantify the impact of particular non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), like pro- hibiting mass gatherings, school closures, border control and quarantine policies or combinations of NPIs and, in particular, optimizing the timing of such interventions (stopping as well as starting) would represent a considerable research advance for public health officials and health policy makers. Several studies and publications have shown NPI effects (Appendix 7), though many were instituted well into the H1N1 pandemic, and quantitative assessments of impact are difficult without matched controls. Assessing the magnitude of their effectiveness and the costs and consequences of their implementation are essential to public health decision-making, New public health policies for preventing viral transmission could also take into account considerations coming from the at-risk social networks favouring dissemination. Recent literature on the role of social (familial, professional, educational) networks in the spread of contagious diseases shows that it is now possible to get data and build efficient models in this field. The social networks’ growth occurring in a demographic and geo-climatic context, in which populations are not constant in size and location, are contrary to the hypotheses made in the large majority of models of influenza propagation. The use of demographic and geo-climatic data bases from the national census offices could improve the predictive power of the models, the challenge being to acquire progressively the same accuracy as meteorological forecasts. Validation of the various models with high-quality surveillance data remains an unmet need.

2.3 Stream 3: Minimizing the impact of pandemic, zoonotic and seasonal epidemic influenza; Stream 3 research efforts focus on better understanding of the true burden and social impact of influenza on a global scale and on evaluating various methods used to minimize the impact of influenza, both the disease and its transmission. Vaccination of course has always been the cornerstone of efforts to control and minimize the impact of influenza, but vaccination programs can be expensive compared to other potential control methods that might reduce the impact of the disease, particularly in its mild forms and in the context of competing public health needs. In particular, early recognition of the disease and its transmission characteristics has direct impact on public health policies including the use of vaccines, antivirals and NPIs. Further, policy development and implementation for influenza control vary widely among countries and considerable gaps exist in knowledge of how to effectively deliver vaccines, antivirals and other control measures. If immunization is to remain the cornerstone of mitigation efforts, then we know, for pandemics at least, that we need much faster vaccine production and preferably approaches that yield broader and longer-lasting protection. A considerable amount of research in these areas has been published since the Report of the First Global Consulta-

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tion,1 and research progress on novel broad-spectrum and long-duration influenza vaccines has been regularly reviewed at WHO meetings, the fifth of which was held on 16–17 November 2011.2 A number of studies (Appendix 8) evaluated the economic and other burden/impact of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic in several regions, concluding not surprisingly that the waves of this relatively mild pandemic still had significant impact on several levels, such as health-care systems, households and overall economies. Other studies looked at various interventions and assessed cost effectiveness (5,15,17,18,20,34,41,42 ). A review of the studies listed in appendix 8 indicate that the burden of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was similar across countries, although many ongoing studies directly comparing impacts in low resource settings are yet to be published. At least one burden study published following the first consultation has described the impact of seasonal influenza in low resource settings (54 ). Gaps in this area include insufficient data from low income countries where financial assessments of influenza burden are very sparse, questions on how to extrapolate data from a mild pandemic to a severe form and the need for standardized reporting of interventions in socially disadvantaged groups. Additionally. standardized approaches to define severity measures and develop burden of influenza studies that will have the most meaningful results to WHO and other public health agencies are needed. For example, should viral surveillance efforts be preferentially targeted among paediatric rather than adult patients, among hospitalized patients compared to community-dwelling ones, or in the context of populations rather than vaccine ‘probe’ studies? An extraordinary number of studies on the development of new influenza vaccines, vaccination approaches and policies have been published since the last review. More than 1800 publications, reviews, commentaries and case reports were found (Appendix 9). Progress has been significant in several areas, including development of such novel approaches to influenza vaccination as so-called ‘universal” or conserved epitope vaccines (72,162,194,259,310,397,423,438,632,778,930,1122,118 3,1284,1313,1362,1479,1496,1587,1801 ), use of adjuvants for dose-sparing and enhanced protection (62,63,74,93–95,106,130–132,138,173,174,180,189,208,219,231,237,238,252,256,269,296, 311,312,325,341,361,372,379,413,415,439,441,455,461–463,467,508,511,540,561,634,635,641, 682,691,729,739,782,783,806,897,920,823,949,994,996,1024,1028,1084,1099,1108,1125,1162, 1202,1283,1350,1390,1381,1407,1411,1437,1459,1521,1522,1525,1574,1596,1631,1651,1664,1769, 1779,1782,1788,1794 ), advanced development and efficacies of cell-based (57,82,139,140,479,517, 557,574,601,616,656,716,786,900,950,957,1195,1239,1245,1410,1531,1599,1639,1790 ) and recombinant influenza vaccines 112,147,200,405,612,698,801,843,919–920,940,1025,1281,1296,( 1317,1445,1451,1475,1544,1556,1562,1574,1589,1590,1664,1706,1737,1775,1794,1787 ), and technology transfer of existing and new technologies to low resource countries (327,1238 ), just to highlight some. Based on lessons learned from the pandemic, new research initiatives have been funded to shorten the time to availability of pandemic vaccines by improving potency and sterility assays to yield faster regulatory release of vaccines and by improving strain selection and vaccine candidate development methods. These initiatives have also focused on making better use of bioinformatics approaches to

1 http://www.who.int/influenza/resources/research/2010_11_report_of_the_first_global_consultation_ november_2009.pdf 2 http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/influenza/meeting_16_17_Nov_2011/en/index.html

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predict optimal vaccine design. Areas that need more attention are (1) understanding and addressing the real and perceived (e.g., rumours) issues of safety of different vaccines, (2) overcoming the challenges of vaccine distribution in developing countries, (3) meeting the information needs of policy- makers and the public to increase influenza vaccine uptake at community levels, and (4) addressing the unique needs of specific target risk groups. The role of live-attenuated intranasal influenza vaccines (LAIV) also needs to be further explored, particularly for the very young (<2 yo), for risk groups, and for rapid production and deployment in pandemic situations. Further studies on identifying correlates of protection for these LAIV’s as well as other non-traditional (non-HA-based) influenza vaccines are needed, as are improved understanding of such correlates (e.g., hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralizing antibody levels) of current vaccines.

2.4 Stream 4: Optimizing the treatment of patients Scores of reports from many countries on the clinical spectrum resulting from infections with the H1N1pdm09 virus were published in 2010 and 2011 (Appendix 10). These characterized viral and host factors affecting pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory findings, prognostic risk factors and groups, mortality rates and problems with distinguishing pandemic influenza from other ILI’s. While previously known groups had higher risk for severe influenza-associated complications (e.g., pregnant women, immunocompromised individuals and disadvantaged populations), morbid obesity emerged as a new risk factor for severe illness. Because of incomplete surveillance and sampling, questions still remain regarding the variation in mortality rates observed, the percentages of asymptomatic infections, and the causes of severe illness and death during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. Some progress was made on assessing the role(s) of virus and host factors in the clinical progression of disease (69,72,77,87,92,99,113,114,136,153, 158 ). It is still not known, however what factors are important in the severe disease caused by the H5N1 avian viruses. Studies are underway to elucidate potential genetic factors for susceptibility as many cases have strong blood relative linkages. Further work is needed to determine prognostic factors that might be used at initial clinical presentation to guide therapeutic decisions. Currently commercially available point-of -care rapid diagnostic tests perform generally with accept- able specificity, but with highly variable sensitivity, especially in adults, and are inadequate to guid- ing management (Appendix 11). Progress has been made in developing sensitive viral nucleic acid amplification assays for same-day diagnosis, but these tests remain technically complex and costly. A very large number of studies related to antiviral treatment of influenza infections, development of new antivirals and treatment approaches, antiviral resistance and pharmacokinetics have been published since the last consultation (see Appendix 12). More evidence has become available showing that early oseltamivir use reduced hospitalization/mortality, although some patients developed severe disease despite early initiation of antiviral therapy (535,975 ). Prophylaxis with the standard prophylactic dose showed few failures in most retrospective studies (58). Whether full therapeutic dosing should be used for prophylaxis in general against a new virus for which the population is im- munologically naïve requires further study. Immonocompromised individuals have a higher chance of giving a rise to resistant viruses.

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Knowledge gaps have been filled in terms of pharmacokinetics of oral oseltamivir in the groups with increased risk for severe disease: children < 1 year of age, pregnant women and obese persons. No new safety signals were identified with the neuraminidase inhibitors, and the available data also supported the safety of oseltamivir in the very young and during pregnancy (1419 ). Absorption of extemporaneous oseltamivir delivered through naso-gastric tubes was adequate in treating severely ill patients in the absence of parenteral therapy (70,1335 ). However, nebulized delivery of zanamivir in its lactose-containing commercial formulation was found to be dangerous in mechanically ventilated patients. A considerable number of publications described use of the investigational intravenous neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), particularly zanamivir, in individual cases or case series of severely ill patients with suspected or proven oseltamivir resistance. Further studies of intravenous NAIs in hospitalized patients are in progress and future work should examine both antiviral combinations and combinations of antivirals and host biologic response modifiers. Resistance to treatment with antivirals continues to pose significant challenges and antivirals with novel (non-neuraminidase targeted) modes of action and antiviral combinations are needed. Co-bacterial infection was identified in one third to one half of fatal cases resulting from (H1N1) pdm09 virus infections. Common community-acquired pneumonia pathogens such as S. pneumoniae, S. Aureus, including methicillin resistant strains, S. pyogenes, and H. influenzae were most frequently identified in these patients. The relative effectiveness of different antimicrobials for difficult-to-treat mixed viral-bacterial or secondary pneumonia like methicillin-resistant S. aureus requires further study. Only a few studies have been done on non-antiviral therapies for the severely ill, and best practices for case management of the severely ill in resource-limited settings. The possible value of immunomodulatory interventions are clearly knowledge gaps. The clinical research response to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic was inadequate (552) and key pathogenesis and treatment information emerged slowly. The mechanisms by which influenza infection led to severe viral pneumonia, lung injury, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) remain incompletely understood. In the absence of quality data, many clinicians used systemic corticosteroids for treating influenza-related ARDS, but subsequent reports showed that this approach was associated with increased complications and mortality (1419 ). In the future, establishing and strengthening outbreak-ready, multi-centre clinical research networks in geographically diverse regions would facilitate the rapid detection of cases and assessment of disease manifestations, as well as enable sequential collection of key clinical data and samples for analysis by specialized laboratories. This information will form the basis of policies related to the clinical management and healthcare system response. Such clinical research consortia can undertake prospective studies of treatment modalities, as well as contribute to collecting and distributing information. Clinical studies to address outstanding questions and protocols for prospective data collection should ideally be tested during inter-pandemic periods. Development and sharing of simple research protocols that can be applied in lower resource settings should be facilitated by the international research community. High dependency medical services such as intensive care units (ICU) were most affected during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic because of surges of patients with primary viral pneumonia requiring ventilation. Basic health care capacity and response vary dramatically among the various developing countries, and understanding how to increase the effectiveness of the global response to a pandemic, given these constraints is an important area for study.

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2.5 Stream 5: Promoting the development and application of modern public health tools Finally, it is universally recognized that the expanded use of modern public health tools and the development of new fit-for-purpose ones could have an impact on controlling influenza. Three of these – advanced surveillance/monitoring and reporting approaches, disease impact and transmission modelling for public health decision making, and novel strategic communications approaches – were identified as the major themes of research efforts recommended in the original Research Agenda. Disease transmission and other types of modelling efforts directly related to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic were increased quite substantially during and after the pandemic. The establishment of several coalitions of modellers by WHO and other agencies provided a strong quantitative framework to apply the huge amount of surveillance data available from pandemic H1N1 spread. Numerous studies were published in 2010 and 2011 evaluating impact or effects of vaccination, antivirals, diagnostics, facemasks, increased hygiene, school closures and other measures on the progression of the pandemic; economic and social impacts were evaluated as well. While modelling is still a powerful tool to help public health officials make decisions or assess different scenarios (Appendix 13), gaps still exist in model validation (some assumptions were inadequate), in communication with both policy-makers and the public about what modelling can do, and in the time required to linking modellers to epidemiological data and results of control and intervention. Risk communication and risk communications research are both complex and difficult. Communi- cation of course is a key strategy in responding to any epidemic or pandemic disease. Accurate communication is complicated by the rapid evolution of public perception shaped by easy access to alternative, and sometimes erroneous or conflicting sources of information on the internet and in social media. Communications effectiveness during a public health crisis is dependent in large part on the trust the public has in general in the public health or government officials doing the communicating. There are different levels of trust across countries: very briefly, it appears that the least trusted are governments, media and pharmaceutical industries while the most trusted are health professionals and sometimes national health authorities. We know from recent published studies (Appendix 14) that the effectiveness of communication varies from country to country and by the strategies employed, so that making broad generalizations about the best ways to communicate risk is difficult if not impossible. Still, a considerable body of information has become recently available on risk and pandemic perceptions, vaccination perceptions and practices, rumours and their propagation, and risk and health communication practices. However, there is still a limited interaction between the social sciences producing this knowledge and the decision- makers. Social sciences are often seen as a tool to be used when the response strategy does not work. while they should be embedded in the response process from the beginning. Health-care workers (HCWs) have been targeted as a priority group for receiving seasonal and pandemic vaccinations in many countries because of the risk of their both contracting and spreading influenza 1,5–7( ) However, when questioned, HCWs rarely identify themselves as being particularly vulnerable to the disease. On the contrary, they perceive that their immune systems are ‘strong’ and that they can mount an appropriate response to influenza infection (8–11,13–15 ).

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Immunization of HCW’s against both seasonal and pandemic influenza is thought to protect patients from nosocomial infection, reduce health care-related costs, and protect the health-care infrastructure during outbreaks (7). Despite these strong and practical arguments in favor of vaccination, HCWs often choose to receive the vaccine based on a personal motivation to protect themselves (8, 16,18,19 ). While patient protection is often cited as a reason to receive the seasonal flu shot, this is often secondary to self-protection as a motivator for vaccination (7–8,16,19 ). Social science studies often last long and the results are not available on a real- time basis. More effort is needed to ensure that social sciences can contribute effectively to the response process by developing ‘quick and dirty’ operational research during a crisis and by accelerating the publishing process; for example, a greater initiative towards the study of compliance with vaccination, as well as other mitigation efforts, can be of crucial importance as the pandemic unfolds. An example of the need to invest in operational research on HCWs during a pandemic was seen in that, prior to the 2009 (H1N1) pandemic, much of the literature focused on the factors influencing compliance of HCWs with seasonal influenza vaccination (4,20). Although much of the research has now shown that the previous uptake of the seasonal influenza vaccine should predict uptake of a pandemic vaccine (9,13,30,32,33,24,25), the reality was that in many countries adherence to vaccination against H1N1 during the 2009/2010 campaign was still very low (19,24,39,40). Efforts in the initial stages of the pandemic were made to collect data on factors associated with the intentions of HCWs to comply with vaccine efforts (9,13,26,27,30,33,35). While the publication of these studies filled a gap in our knowledge about willingness among this group to be vaccinated with a novel vaccine, relatively fewer articles actually focused on the factors and motivators for receipt of the vaccine. While research on intentions to be vaccinated is informative, studies on actual vaccination behaviours is necessary as there are numerous factors that can modulate the intention-behavior relationship (41). Studies on perceptions and factors associated with pandemic vaccine receipt in HCWs were published mostly in 2010 and 2011 (10,19,21,24,25,32,36,42,48). These shed some light on the factors that have influenced behavior and will help inform vaccination efforts from now on. Risk communication often focuses on targeting different audiences. However, little is known about the ‘audience’ and there needs to be greater understanding of the concerns and fears of different sub-groups in order to design effective messages that will persuade them to comply with mitigation measures. The findings from the social sciences literature have shown that HCWs, despite their role as the care- takers of society, are often found to have very low participation in voluntary immunization with the influenza vaccine 7( ). Within this group failure to comply with vaccination is often greater in nurses than among physicians (11,13,21,23–26 ). There could be many reasons for this gap in compliance, although the most important finding here is that there is a need to tailor messages and persuasive efforts differently for physicians and nurses in order to ensure that the specific barriers that relate to each sub-group are addressed and that compliance is achieved across all categories of HCWs (7). Rumors are not the result of failures of communication. They are often viewed as obstacles to official prevention programs; they emerge in a context of asymmetries of power and lack of responses to doubts and questions; they provide parallel information when official communication is limited to a

13 WHO PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH AGENDA FOR INFLUENZA

top-down approach. Denying rumors is not sufficient: work needs to be done on alternative hypotheses and narratives, evidence must be provided and questions and doubts have to be answered. Identified research needs include accurate assessments of public health crisis narratives, longitudinal assessments of risk perceptions among the general population, determining role and impact of jour- nalists’ professional practices in a context of public health crises and identifying role and impact of public health authorities’ risk communication practices.

2.6 Work of the Secretariat i. RA has gone regional to solicit research needs and implementation in resource-low settings (AFRO, SEARO, WPRO) ii. WHO Secretariat has worked with key technical and financial support agencies to align WHO RA with institutional research priorities iii. IHR review committee recommendation 15 to pursue a comprehensive influenza research and evaluation programme.

14 3. Conclusion

The Report of the First Global Consultation on the Research Agenda identified several objectives:  Provide a framework reflecting public health research priorities for pandemic, zoonotic, and seasonal epidemic influenza  Identify specific research topics, reinforce and prioritize their importance in meeting public health needs over a medium-to-long term period  Maintain a focus on relatively less well addressed areas such as operational research and  research with applications in under-resourced countries  Facilitate discussion, coordination and interaction among researchers, donors and public health professionals  Highlight the need and benefits of a multidisciplinary approach to address knowledge gaps in public health related to influenza and its control These objectives remain central to facilitating progress in influenza research but will require a sustained effort to assure that they are ultimately met. Clearly, the amount of ongoing research on influenza has mushroomed in recent years and billions of dollars of funding have been provided for influenza research by funding agencies since the spread of H5N1 began nearly 10 years ago. It is important to perform expert evaluation of such outlays of money, and the WHO Research Agenda initiative provides at least an independent qualitative evaluation, albeit without comparative costs or performance criteria. Additionally. the initiative directly supports the multidisciplinary approach specified in the objectives by assuring that all aspects of research into solving influenza problems are addressed, including research by animal health professionals, clinicians, basic researchers, economists and modellers. The second Consultation held in Geneva in November of 2011 and the extraordinary amount of information published since the first Consultation two years earlier unquestionably confirmed the considerable progress that has been made towards addressing the research gaps identified in the first.

3.1 Next steps The WHO Public Health Research Agenda should be updated and continue to be analysed and modified through expert consultations. The present progress report illustrates both the dramatic increase in influenza research since the pandemic and the need for periodic assessments to determine if the agenda remains valid.

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The coordination with various stakeholders on the Research Agenda should continue and be enhanced by incorporating regional input and obtaining support from funding agencies, policy-makers, and scientists. Global evaluation of current funding levels for each of the Streams would provide very useful information, particularly if some determination of the proportion of research in low-income countries were available. However, much of this information is proprietary or confidential, especially as related to diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics, and consequently an accurate assessment will be difficult in some topic areas.

16 Appendices

Appendix 1: Table of the WHO commissioned reviews 19 Appendix 2: List of publications, virus-specific factors associated with zoonotic and pandemic potential, 2010–2011 21 Appendix 3: List of publications, human animal interface, 2010–2011 29 Appendix 4: List of publications, influenza surveillance, 2010–2011 31 Appendix 5. List of publications, interventions for animal influenza, 2010–2011 43 Appendix 6: List of publications, factors affecting transmission and dynamics, 2010–2011 46 Appendix 7: List of publications, measures to limit transmission, 2010–2011 51 Appendix 8: List of publications, burden of influenza, 2010–2011 54 Appendix 9: List of publications, influenza vaccine and vaccine policy, 2010–2011 58 Appendix 10: Clinical features of influenza infections publications, 2010–2011 188 Appendix 11: Diagnostics for influenza publications, 2010–2011 198 Appendix 12: Antivirals publications, 2010–2011 210 Appendix 13: Modelling and influenza publications, 2010–2011 316 Appendix 14: Risk communication publications, 2010–2011 319

APPENDIX 1 Table of the WHO commissioned reviews

Research Lead undertaking Journal Review topic Authors Stream institution publication Stream 1 Virus-specific factors associated Romero Tejeda A, Istituto Zooprofilattico with zoonotic and pandemic Capua I Sperimentale potential delle Venezie, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human–Animal Interface, Padova, Italy Highly Pathogenic Avian Van Kerkhove MD Imperial College PLoS ONE Influenza at the Animal Human London, UK Interface Control and preventive measures Sims L OFFLU applied in poultry for avian influenza Stream 2 The role of host genetic factors Horby P, Baillie JK Oxford University PLoS ONE in susceptibility to influenza et al Clinical Research infection and disease Unit–Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, UK Lessons learned from school Kamigaki T, Tohoku University, closures implemented during Oshitani H Graduate School of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Medicine, Sendai, outbreaks: A literature review Japan Routes of influenza transmission Killingley B, University of PLoS ONE Nguyen-Van-Tam JS Nottingham, UK Stream 3 Economic costs of seasonal Bernstein D National Health influenza Insurance Fund, Paris, France Assessing key model parameters Pérez Velasco R, Department of Health, PLoS ONE for economic evaluation of Teerawattananon Y Ministry of Public pandemic influenza interventions et al Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand

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Macro-economic impact Smith RD, London School of of pandemic influenza and Koegh-Brown MR Hygiene & Tropical associated policies in Thailand, Medicine, London, UK South Africa and Uganda Impact of H1N1 on socially Tricco AC, Straus SE Li Ka Shing PLoS ONE disadvantaged populations et al Knowledge Institute of St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada, University of Toronto, Canada Improving influenza vaccine virus WHO writing group WHO Influenza selection and other Respiratory Viruses Healthcare Worker Compliance Bellia C, Flahault A Ecole des Hautes to Seasonal and Pandemic et al Etudes en Sante Influenza Vaccination Publique, Rennes, France Risk Perception, Acceptability, Bellia C, Flahault A Ecole des Hautes and Compliance with Non- et al Etudes en Sante Pharmaceutical Measures Publique, Rennes, France Identification of publications Bellia C, Flahault A Ecole des Hautes and trends in the social science et al Etudes en Sante literature on avian, seasonal Publique, Rennes, epidemic, and pandemic France influenza in the last two to three decades Stream 4 Influenza vaccination for Beck CR, University of PLoS ONE immunocompromised patients: Nguyen-Van-Tam JS Nottingham, systematic review and meta- et al Nottingham, United analysis from a public health Kingdom policy perspective Vaccination of Health Care Dolan GP, University of Emerging Workers to Protect Patients Nguyen-Van-Tam JS Nottingham, Infectious at Increased Risk for Acute et al Nottingham, United Disease Respiratory Disease Kingdom Antivirals for influenza: Hsu J, McMaster University, Annals of Systematic review and meta- Schünemann HJ Hamilton,Canada Internal analysis of the evidence from et al Medicine observational studies A review of influenza co- Joseph C WHO infections and secondary infections

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Supply of Neuraminidase Miller PE et al Saint Olaf College, PLoS ONE Inhibitors Related to Reduced Northfield, USA Influenza A(H1N1) Mortality during the 2009–2010 H1N1 Pandemic: An Ecological Study Hospital Care for Severe Ortiz JR, West TE University of Critical Care Influenza and Other Severe et al Washington, Seattle, Medicine Illness in Resource-Constrained USA Settings: the Need for Evidence and Guidelines Develop rapid, reliable, Perdue ML WHO affordable point of care diagnostic tests for influenza viruses A review on the clinical Punpanich W, Department of Int Journal spectrum and natural history of Chotpitazasunondh T Pediatrics, Queen of Infectious human influenza Sirikit National Disease Institute of Child Health, Bangkok , Thailand Stream 5 Brief Literature Review – Role Van Kerkhove MD MRC Centre for WHO of Mathematical Modelling in Outbreak Analysis and Bulletin Public Health Decision Making Modelling, Imperial During the 2009 H1N1 Influenza College London, Pandemic London, Risk Communication Research Barrelet C, Unversitz of Geneva, and Mapping of Risk Bourrier M et al Switzerland Communication Research Networks and Institutions, 2009–2011

21 APPENDIX 2 List of publications, virus-specific factors associated with zoonotic and pandemic potential, 2010–2011

1. Abbas MA, Spackman E, Swayne DE, Ahmed Z, Sarmento L, Siddique N, Naeem K, Hameed A, Rehmani S. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of H7N3 avian influenza viruses isolated from poultry in Pakistan 1995–2004. Virol. J. 2010 Jun 24; 7:137. 2. Aggarwal, S., B. Bradel-Tretheway, T. Takimoto, S. Dewhurst, and B. Kim. 2010. Biochemical characterization of enzyme fidelity of influenza A virus RNA polymerase complex. PLoS.One. 5:e10372. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010372 [doi]. 3. Aggarwal, S., S. Dewhurst, T. Takimoto, and B. Kim. 2011. Biochemical impact of the host adaptation- associated PB2 E627K mutation on the temperature-dependent RNA synthesis kinetics of influenza A virus polymerase complex. J.Biol.Chem. 286:34504–34513. doi:M111.262048 [pii];10.1074/jbc. M111.262048 [doi]. 4. Bastien N, Antonishyn NA, Brandt K, Wong CE, Chokani K, Vegh N, et al. Human infection with a triple reassortant swine infl uenza A(H1N1) virus containing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of seasonal influenza virus. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1178–82. 5. Bateman AC, Karamanska R, Busch MG, Dell A, Olsen CW, Haslam SM. Glycan analysis and influenza A virus infection of primary swine respiratory epithelial cells: the importance of NeuAc{alpha}2-6 glycans. J Biol Chem. 2010 Oct 29; 285(44):34016–26. 6. Belser JA, Maines TR, Tumpey TM, Katz JM. Influenza A virus transmission: contributing factors and clinical implications. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2010 Dec 9; 12:e39. Review. 7. Bogs J, Veits J, Gohrbandt S, Hundt J, Stech O, Breithaupt A, Teifke JP, Mettenleiter TC, Stech J. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza viruses carry virulence determinants beyond the polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site. PLoS One. 2010 Jul 27; 5(7):e11826. 8. Boivin, S. and D. J. Hart. 2011. Interaction of the influenza A virus polymerase PB2 C-terminal region with importin alpha isoforms provides insights into host adaptation and polymerase assembly. J.Biol. Chem. 286:10439–10448. doi:M110.182964 [pii];10.1074/jbc.M110.182964 [doi]. 9. Boivin, S., S. Cusack, R. W. Ruigrok, and D. J. Hart. 2010. Influenza A virus polymerase: structural insights into replication and host adaptation mechanisms. J.Biol.Chem. 285:28411–28417. doi:R110.117531 [pii];10.1074/jbc.R110.117531 [doi]. 10. Bortz, E., L. Westera, J. Maamary, J. Steel, R. A. Albrecht, B. Manicassamy, G. Chase, L. Martinez- Sobrido, M. Schwemmle, and A. Garcia-Sastre. 2011. Host- and strain-specific regulation of influenza virus polymerase activity by interacting cellular proteins. MBio. 2. doi:mBio.00151-11 [pii];10.1128/ mBio.00151-11 [doi]. 11. Brookes, S. M., A. Nunez, B. Choudhury, M. Matrosovich, S. C. Essen, D. Clifford, M. J. Slomka, G. Kuntz-Simon, F. Garcon, B. Nash, A. Hanna, P. M. Heegaard, S. Queguiner, C. Chiapponi, M. Bublot, J. M. Garcia, R. Gardner, E. Foni, W. Loeffen, L. Larsen, R. K. Van, J. Banks, R. M. Irvine, and I. H. Brown. 2010. Replication, pathogenesis and transmission of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in non-immune pigs. PLoS.One. 5:e9068.

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12. Bussey KA, Bousse TL, Desmet EA, Kim B, Takimoto T. PB2 residue 271 plays a key role in enhanced polymerase activity of influenza A viruses in mammalian host cells. J Virol. 2010 May; 84(9):4395– 406. 13. Butt AM, Siddique S, Idrees M, Tong Y. Avian influenza A (H9N2): computational molecular analysis and phylogenetic characterization of viral surface proteins isolated between 1997 and 2009 from the human population. Virol J. 2010 Nov 15; 7:319. 14. Capua I. What have we learned from H5N1? 2nd FAO-OIE-WHO Joint Scientific Consultation on Influenza and Other emerging Zoonotic Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface. Verona, Italy, 27–29 April 2010. 15. Chen LM, Rivailler P, Hossain J, Carney P, Balish A, Perry I, Davis CT, Garten R, Shu B, Xu X, Klimov A, Paulson JC, Cox NJ, Swenson S, Stevens J, Vincent A, Gramer M, Donis RO. Receptor specificity of subtype H1 influenza A viruses isolated from swine and humans in the United States. Virology. 2011 Apr 10; 412(2):401–10. 16. Christman MC, Kedwaii A, Xu J, Donis RO, Lu G. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus revisited: an evolutionary retrospective. Infect Genet Evol. 2011 Jul; 11(5):803–11. 17. Chutinimitkul S, Herfst S, Steel J, Lowen AC, Ye J, van Riel D, Schrauwen EJ, Bestebroer TM, Koel B, Burke DF, Sutherland-Cash KH, Whittleston CS, Russell CA, Wales DJ, Smith DJ, Jonges M, Meijer A, Koopmans M, Rimmelzwaan GF, Kuiken T, Osterhaus AD, García-Sastre A, Perez DR, Fouchier RA. Virulence associated substitution D222G in the hemagglutinin of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus affects receptor binding. J Virol. 2010 Nov; 84(22):11802–13. 18. Ciccozzi M, Babakir-Mina M, Lo Presti A, Marcuccilli F, Perno CF, Ciotti M. Phylogenesis and Clinical Aspects of Pandemic 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection. Open Virol J. 2011; 5:22–6. 19. Cong Y, Wang G, Guan Z, Chang S, Zhang Q, Yang G, Wang W, Meng Q, Ren W, Wang C, Ding Z. Reassortant between human-Like H3N2 and avian H5 subtype influenza A viruses in pigs: a potential public health risk. PLoS One. 2010 Sep 7; 5(9):e12591. 20. De Wit E, Munster VJ, van Riel D, Beyer WE, Rimmelzwaan GF, Kuiken T, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Molecular determinants of adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N7 viruses to efficient replication in the human host. J Virol. 2010 Feb; 84(3):1597–606. 21. Deng G, Bi J, Kong F, Li X, Xu Q, Dong J, Zhang M, Zhao L, Luan Z, Lv N, Qiao J. Acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by H9N2 virus in mice. Arch Virol. 2010 Feb; 155(2):187–95. 22. Dong G, Luo J, Zhang H, Wang C, Duan M, Deliberto TJ, Nolte DL, Ji G, He H. Phylogenetic diversity and genotypical complexity of H9N2 influenza A viruses revealed by genomic sequence analysis. PLoS One. 2011 Feb 28; 6(2):e17212. 23. Dos Reis M, Tamuri AU, Hay AJ, Goldstein RA. Charting the host adaptation of influenza viruses. Mol Biol Evol. 2011 Jun; 28(6):1755–67. 24. Foeglein A, Loucaides EM, Mura M, Wise HM, Barclay WS, Digard P. Influence of PB2 host- rangedeterminants on the intranuclear mobility of the influenza A virus polymerase. J Gen Virol. 2011 Jul; 92 (Pt 7):1650–61. 25. Forrest HL, Webster RG. Perspectives on influenza evolution and the role of research. Anim Health Res Rev. 2010 Jun; 11(1):3–18. Review. 26. Foucault ML, Moules V, Rosa-Calatrava M, Riteau B. Role for proteases and HLA-G in the pathogenicity of influenza A viruses. J Clin Virol. 2011 Jul; 51(3):155–9. 27. Fouchier R and Swayne D. Virological characteristics of public health concern (what are we worried about). 2nd FAO-OIE-WHO Joint Scientific Consultation on Influenza and Other emerging Zoonotic Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface. Verona, Italy, 27–29 April 2010.

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43. Kilander A, Rykkvin R, Dudman SG, Hungnes O. Observed association between the HA1 mutation D222G in the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus and severe clinical outcome, Norway 2009– 2010. Euro Surveill. 2010 Mar 4; 15(9). 44. Kimble JB, Sorrell E, Shao H, Martin PL, Perez DR. Compatibility of H9N2 avian influenza surface genes and 2009 pandemic H1N1 internal genes for transmission in the ferret model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Jul 5. 45. Kitikoon P, Sreta D, Tuanudom R, Amonsin A, Suradhat S, Oraveerakul K, Poovorawan Y, Thanawongnuwech R. Serological evidence of pig-to-human influenza virus transmission on Thai swinefarms. Vet Microbiol. 2011 Mar 24; 148(2–4):413–8. 46. Klenk HD, Garten W, Matrosovich M. Molecular mechanisms of interspecies transmission and pathogenicity of influenza viruses: Lessons from the 2009 pandemic. Bioessays. 2011 Mar;33(3):180– 8. 47. Kubiak, R. J., N. Arinaminpathy, and A. R. McLean. 2010. Insights into the evolution and emergence of a novel infectious disease. PLoS.Comput.Biol. 6. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000947 [doi]. 48. Li W, Shi W, Qiao H, Ho SY, Luo A, Zhang Y, Zhu C. Positive selection on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of H1N1 influenza viruses. Virol J. 2011 Apr 21; 8:183. 49. Liu W, Li ZD, Tang F, Wei MT, Tong YG, Zhang L, et al. Mixed infections of pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2 viruses in 1 outbreak. Clin Infect Dis. 2010; 50:1359–65. DOI: 10.1086/652143 50. Maeda N, Uede T. Swine-origin influenza-virus-induced acute lung injury: Novel or classical pathogenesis? World J Biol Chem. 2010 May 26; 1(5):85–94. 51. Maines TR, Chen LM, Van Hoeven N, Tumpey TM, Blixt O, Belser JA, Gustin KM, Pearce MB, Pappas C, Stevens J, Cox NJ, Paulson JC, Raman R, Sasisekharan R, Katz JM, Donis RO. Effect of receptor binding domain mutations on receptor binding and transmissibility of avian influenza H5N1 viruses. Virology. 2011 Apr 25; 413(1):139–47. 52. Mak GC, Leung CK, Cheng KC, Wong KY, Lim W. Evolution of the haemagglutinin gene of the influenza A(H1N1)2009 virus isolated in Hong Kong, 2009–2011. Euro Surveill. 2011 Mar 3; 16(9). 53. Maurer-Stroh S, Lee RT, Eisenhaber F, Cui L, Phuah SP, Lin RT. A new common mutation in the hemagglutinin of the 2009 (H1N1) influenza A virus. PLoS Curr. 2010 Jun 1; 2:RRN1162. 54. McAuley JL, Chipuk JE, Boyd KL, Van De Velde N, Green DR, McCullers JA. PB1-F2 proteins from H5N1 and 20th century pandemic influenza viruses cause immunopathology. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Jul 22; 6(7). 55. Mehle, A., V. G. Dugan, J. K. Taubenberger, and J. A. Doudna. 2011. Reassortment and mutation of the avian influenza polymerase PA subunit overcomes species barriers. J.Virol. doi:JVI.06203-11 [pii];10.1128/JVI.06203–11 56. Metreveli G, Emmoth E, Zohari S, Bálint A, Widén F, Muradrasoli S, Wallgren P, Belák S, Leblanc N, Berg M, Kiss I. Comparison of two H1N2 swine influenza A viruses from disease outbreaks in pigs in Sweden during 2009 and 2010. Virus Genes. 2011 Apr; 42(2):236–44. 57. Miotto O, Heiny AT, Albrecht R, García-Sastre A, Tan TW, August JT, Brusic V. Complete-proteome mapping of human influenza A adaptive mutations: implications for human transmissibility of zoonotic strains. PLoS One. 2010 Feb 3; 5(2). 58. Moncorgé O, Mura M, Barclay WS. Evidence for avian and human host cell factors that affect the activity of influenza virus polymerase. J Virol. 2010 Oct; 84(19):9978–86. 59. Mondal SI, Zubaer A, Thapa S, Saha C, Alum MA, Reza MS, Akter A, Azad AK. Envelope Proteins Pertain with Evolution and Adaptive Mechanism of the Novel Influenza A/H1N1 in Humans. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010 Nov; 20(11):1500–5.

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60. Morens DM and Taubenberger JK. Pandemic influenza: certain uncertainties. Rev Med Virol. 2011 Jun 27. doi: 10.1002/rmv.689. 61. Munier S, Moisy D, Marc D, Naffakh N. Interspecies transmission, adaptation to humans and pathogenicity ofanimal influenza viruses. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2010 Apr; 58(2):e59–68. 62. Munster VJ, Schrauwen EJ, de Wit E, van den Brand JM, Bestebroer TM, Herfst S, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Insertion of a multibasic cleavage motif into the hemagglutinin of a low pathogenic avian influenza H6N1 virus induces a highly pathogenic phenotype. J Virol. 2010 Aug; 84(16):7953–60. 63. Nagarajan K, Saikumar G, Arya RS, Gupta A, Somvanshi R, Pattnaik B. Influenza A H1N1 virus in Indian pigs & its genetic relatedness with pandemic human influenza A 2009 H1N1. Indian J Med Res. 2010 Aug; 132:160–7. 64. Nelli RK, Kuchipudi SV, White GA, Perez BB, Dunham SP, Chang KC. Comparative distribution of human and avian type sialic acid influenza receptors in the pig. BMC Vet Res. 2010 Jan 27; 6:4. 65. Neumann G, Chen H, Gao GF, Shu Y, Kawaoka Y. H5N1 influenza viruses: outbreaks and biological properties. Cell Res. 2010 Jan; 20(1):51–61. Epub 2009 Nov 3.Review. 66. Nidom CA, Takano R, Yamada S, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Daulay S, Aswadi D, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y, Shinya K, Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Muramoto Y, Kawaoka Y. Influenza A (H5N1) viruses from pigs, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Oct; 16(10):1515–23. 67. Octaviani CP, Goto H, Kawaoka Y. Reassortment between seasonal H1N1 and pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses is restricted by limited compatibility among polymerase subunits. J Virol. 2011 Jun 15. 68. Octaviani CP, Li C, Noda T, Kawaoka Y. Reassortment between seasonal and swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses generates viruses with enhanced growth capability in cell culture. Virus Res. 2011b, Mar;156(1–2):147–50. 69. Pepin KM, Lass S, Pulliam JR, Read AF, Lloyd-Smith JO. Identifying genetic markers of adaptation for surveillance of viral host jumps. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010 Nov; 8(11):802–13. Review. 70. Ping J, Dankar SK, Forbes NE, Keleta L, Zhou Y, Tyler S, Brown EG. PB2 and hemagglutinin mutations are major determinants of host range and virulence in mouse-adapted influenza A virus. J Virol. 2010 Oct;84(20):10606–18. 71. Ping J, Keleta L, Forbes NE, Dankar S, Stecho W, Tyler S, Zhou Y, Babiuk L, Weingartl H, Halpin RA, Boyne A, Bera J, Hostetler J, Fedorova NB, Proudfoot K, Katzel DA, Stockwell TB, Ghedin E, Spiro DJ, Brown EG. Genomic and protein structural maps of adaptive evolution of human influenza A virus to increased virulence in the mouse. PLoS One. 2011; 6 (6):e21740. 72. Piwpankaew Y, Monteerarat Y, Suptawiwat O, Puthavathana P, Uipresertkul M, Auewarakul P. Distribution of viral RNA, sialic acid receptor, and pathology in H5N1 avian influenza patients. APMIS. 2010 Nov; 118(11):895–902. 73. Ramos I, Bernal-Rubio D, Durham N, Belicha-Villanueva A, Lowen AC, Steel J, Fernandez-Sesma A. Effects of receptor binding specificity of avian influenza virus on the human innate immune response. J Virol. 2011 May; 85(9):4421–31. 74. Ruigrok, R. W., T. Crepin, D. J. Hart, and S. Cusack. 2010. Towards an atomic resolution understanding of the influenza virus replication machinery. Curr.Opin.Struct.Biol. 20:104–113 75. Sakabe S, Ozawa M, Takano R, Iwastuki-Horimoto K, Kawaoka Y. Mutations in PA, NP, and HA of a pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus contribute to its adaptation to mice. Virus Res. 2011 Jun; 158(1–2):124–9. Epub 2011 Mar 31. 76. Schrauwen EJ, Herfst S, Chutinimitkul S, Bestebroer TM, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD, Kuiken T, Fouchier RA. Possible increased pathogenicity of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus upon reassortment. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Feb; 17(2):200–8.

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77. Shelton H, Ayora-Talavera G, Ren J, Loureiro S, Pickles RJ, Barclay WS, Jones IM. Receptor binding profiles of avian influenza virus hemagglutinin subtypes on human cells as a predictor of pandemic potential. J Virol. 2011 Feb; 85(4):1875–80. 78. Shi W, Lei F, Zhu C, Sievers F, Higgins DG. A complete analysis of HA and NA genes of influenza A viruses. PLoS One. 2010 Dec 29; 5(12):e14454. 79. Shinya K, Makino A, Kawaoka Y. Emerging and reemerging influenza virus infections. Vet Pathol. 2010 Jan; 47(1):53–7. 80. Soda K, Asakura S, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Kida H. H9N2 influenza virus acquires intravenous pathogenicity on the introduction of a pair of di-basic amino acid residues at the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin and consecutive passages in chickens. Virol J. 2011 Feb 10; 8(1):64. 81. Song, L., Liu H, Gao S, Jiang, W and Huang W. 2010. Cellular microRNA’s inhibit replication of the H1N1 influenza A virus in infected cells. J. Virol 84 (17) 8849–60. 82. Song XF, Han P, Chen YP. Genetic variation of the hemagglutinin of avian influenza virus H9N2. J Med Virol. 2011b May; 83(5):838–46. 83. Song MS, Pascua PN, Lee JH, Baek YH, Park KJ, Kwon HI, Park SJ, Kim CJ, Kim H, Webby RJ, Webster RG, Choi YK. Virulence and Genetic Compatibility of Polymerase Reassortant Viruses Derived from the Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza Virus and Circulating Influenza A Viruses. J Virol. 2011 Jul; 85(13):6275–86. 84. Sorrell, E. M., H. Song, L. Pena, and D. R. Perez. 2010. A 27-amino-acid deletion in the neuraminidase stalk supports replication of an avian H2N2 influenza A virus in the respiratory tract of chickens. J.Virol. 84:11831–11840 85. Sriwilaijaroen N, Kondo S, Yagi H, Takemae N, Saito T, Hiramatsu H, Kato K, Suzuki Y. N-glycans from porcine trachea and lung: predominant NeuAcα2-6Gal could be a selective pressure for influenza variants in favor of human-type receptor. PLoS One. 2011 Feb 9; 6(2):e16302. 86. Sun Y, Pu J, Jiang Z, Guan T, Xia Y, Xu Q, Liu L, Ma B, Tian F, Brown EG, Liu J. Genotypic evolution and antigenic drift of H9N2 influenza viruses in China from 1994 to 2008. Vet Microbiol. 2010 Dec 15; 146(3–4):215–25. 87. Sun, S., Q. Wang, F. Zhao, W. Chen, and Z. Li. 2011. Glycosylation site alteration in the evolution of influenza A (H1N1) viruses. PLoS.One. 6:e22844. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022844 [doi];PONE-D-11-08948 [pii]. 88. Tambunan US, Ramdhan. Identification of sequence mutations affecting hemagglutinin specificity to sialic acid receptor in influenza A virus subtypes. Bioinformation. 2010 Nov 27; 5(6):244–9. 89. Tang JW, Shetty N, Lam TT, Hon KL. Emerging, novel, and known influenza virus infections in humans. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010 Sep; 24(3):603–17. Review. 90. Taubenberger JK and Kash JC. Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation. Cell Host Microbe. 2010 Jun 25; 7(6):440–51. Review. 91. Thomas M, Kranjec C, Nagasaka K, Matlashewski G, Banks L. Analysis of the PDZ binding specificities of Influenza A virus NS1 proteins. Virol J. 2011 Jan 19; 8:25. 92. Thongratsakul S, Suzuki Y, Hiramatsu H, Sakpuaram T, Sirinarumitr T, Poolkhet C, Moonjit P, Yodsheewan R, Songserm T. Avian and human influenza A virus receptors in trachea and lung of animals. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2010 Dec; 28(4):294–301. 93. Tsai KN and Chen GW. Influenza genome diversity and evolution. Microbes Infect.2011 May; 13(5):479–88. 94. Turner SJ, Doherty PC, Kelso A. Q&A: H1N1 pandemic influenza – what’s new? BMC Biol. 2010 Oct 11; 8:130.

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95. Van Kerkhove MD, Mumford E, Mounts AW, Bresee J, Ly S, Bridges CB, Otte J.Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1): pathways of exposure at the animal-human interface, a systematic review. PLoS One. 2011 Jan 24; 6(1):e14582. 96. Van Poucke SG, Nicholls JM, Nauwynck HJ, Van Reeth K. Replication of avian, human and swine influenza viruses in porcine respiratory explants and association with sialic acid distribution. Virol J. 2010 Feb 16; 7:38. 97. Varga ZT, Ramos I, Hai R, Schmolke M, García-Sastre A, Fernandez-Sesma A, Palese P. The Influenza Virus Protein PB1-F2 Inhibits the Induction of Type I Interferon at the Level of the MAVS Adaptor Protein. PLoS Pathog. 2011 Jun;7(6):e1002067. 98. Viswanathan K, Chandrasekaran A, Srinivasan A, Raman R, Sasisekharan V, Sasisekharan R. Glycans as receptors for influenza pathogenesis. Glycoconj J. 2010, Aug; 27(6):561–70. Review. 99. Wang, Z., X. Liu, Z. Zhao, C. Xu, K. Zhang, C. Chen, L. Sun, G. F. Gao, X. Ye, and W. Liu. 2011. Cyclophilin E functions as a negative regulator to influenza virus replication by impairing the formation of the viral ribonucleoprotein complex. PLoS.One. 6:e22625. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022625 [doi];PONE-D-11-04879 [pii]. 100. Watanabe Y, Ibrahim MS, Ellakany HF, Kawashita N, Mizuike R, Hiramatsu H, Sriwilaijaroen N, Takagi T, Suzuki Y, Ikuta K. Acquisition of Human-Type Receptor Binding Specificity by New H5N1 Influenza Virus Sublineages during Their Emergence in Birds in Egypt. PLoS Pathog. 2011 May; 7(5):e1002068. Epub 2011 May 26. 101. Weingartl HM. Did the 2009 pandemic influenza virus originate in humans? Future Microbiol. 2010 Jul; 5(7):989–91. 102. Xu, J., M. C. Christman, R. O. Donis, and G. Lu. 2011. Evolutionary dynamics of influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) lineages revealed by large-scale sequence analyses. Infect.Genet.Evol. doi:S1567- 1348(11)00236-X [pii];10.1016/j.meegid.2011.07.002 [doi]. 103. Xu L, Bao L, Zhou J, Wang D, Deng W, Lv Q, Ma Y, Li F, Sun H, Zhan L, Zhu H,Ma C, Shu Y, Qin C. Genomic Polymorphism of the Pandemic A (H1N1) Influenza Viruses Correlates with Viral Replication, Virulence, and Pathogenicity In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One. 2011; 6(6):e20698. 104. Xu Z, Zhou R and Jin M, Chen H. Selection pressure on the hemagglutinin gene of influenza A (H1N1) virus: adaptation to human and swine hosts in Asia. Acta Virol. 2010; 54(2):113–8. 105. Yamada S, Hatta M, Staker BL, Watanabe S, Imai M, Shinya K, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Ito M, Ozawa M, Watanabe T, Sakabe S, Li C, Kim JH, Myler PJ, Phan I, Raymond A, Smith E, Stacy R, Nidom CA, Lank SM, Wiseman RW, Bimber BN, O’Connor DH, Neumann G, Stewart LJ, Kawaoka Y. Biological and structural characterization of a host-adapting amino acid in influenza virus. PLoS Pathog. 2010 Aug 5; 6(8). 106. Yassine HM, Lee CW, Gourapura R, Saif YM. Interspecies and intraspecies transmission of influenza A viruses: viral, host and environmental factors. Anim Health Res Rev. 2010 Jun; 11(1):53–72. Review. 107. Yea C, McCorrister S, Westmacott G, Petric M, Tellier R. Early detection of influenza A(H5) viruses with affinity for the human sialic acid receptor by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry based mutation detection. J Virol Methods. 2011 Mar; 172(1–2):72–7. 108. Yu H, Zhou YJ, Li GX, Ma JH, Yan LP, Wang B, Yang FR, Huang M, Tong GZ. Genetic diversity of H9N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China: a potential threat to human health? Vet Microbiol. 2011b Apr 21; 149(1–2):254–61. 109. Yu JE, Yoon H, Lee HJ, Lee JH, Chang BJ, Song CS, Nahm SS. Expression patterns of influenza virus receptors in the respiratory tracts of four species of poultry. J Vet Sci. 2011, Mar; 12(1):7–13.

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110. Zhang H, Li W, Wang G, Su Y, Zhang C, Chen X, Xu Y, Li K. The Distinct Binding Properties between Avian /Human Influenza A Virus NS1 and Postsynaptic Density Protein-95 (PSD-95), and Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production. Virol J. 2011 Jun 13; 8(1):298. 111. Zhao G, Fan Q, Zhong L, Li Y, Liu W, Liu X, Gao S, Peng D, Liu X. Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of pandemic H1N1/09 influenza virus from swine in Jiangsu province of China. Res Vet Sci. 2011 Jun 30. 112. Zhou B, Jerzak G, Scholes DT, Donnelly ME, Li Y, Wentworth DE. Reverse genetics plasmid for cloning unstable influenza A virus gene segments. J Virol Methods. 2011 May; 173(2):378–83. 113. Zhu, H., J. Wang, P. Wang, W. Song, Z. Zheng, R. Chen, K. Guo, T. Zhang, J. S. Peiris, H. Chen, and Y. Guan. 2010. Substitution of lysine at 627 position in PB2 protein does not change virulence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus in mice. Virology 401:1–5. doi:S0042-6822(10)00133-9 [pii];10.1016/j. virol.2010.02.024 [doi]. 114. Zhu, W., J. Zhou, K. Qin, N. Du, L. Liu, Z. Yu, Y. Zhu, W. Tian, X. Wu, and Y. Shu. 2011. A reporter system for assaying influenza virus RNP functionality based on secreted Gaussia luciferase activity. Virol.J. 8:29. doi:1743-422X-8-29 [pii];10.1186/1743-422X-8-29 [doi]. 115. Zhu, Y., L. Q. Liu, J. F. Zhou, W. F. Zhu, K. Qin, Z. J. Yu, D. Y. Wang, X. Zhao, X. Y. Li, Y. Lan, and Y. L. Shu. 2011. [Establishment of a mouse-lethal model for pandemic H1N1 influenza virus]. Bing.Du Xue.Bao. 27:103–107.

29 APPENDIX 3 List of publications, human animal interface, 2010–2011

1. Abdelwhab EM, Hafez HM. An overview of the epidemic of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in Egypt: epidemiology and control challenges. Epidemiol Infect. 2011;139(5):647–57. 2. Abdelwhab EM, Selim AA, Arafa A, Galal S, Kilany WH, Hassan MK, Aly MM, Hafez MH. Circulation of avian influenza H5N1 in live bird markets in Egypt. Avian Dis 2010;54(2):911–4. 3. Anderson T, Capua I, Dauphin G, Donis R, Fouchier R, Mumford E, Peiris M, Swayne D, Thiermann A. FAO-OIE-WHO Joint Technical Consultation on Avian Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2010;4(Suppl 1):1–29. 4. Cavailler P, Chu S, Ly S, Garcia J, Ha D, Bergeri I, Som L, Ly S, Sok T, Vong S, Buchy P. Seroprevalence of anti-H5 antibody in rural Cambodia, 2007. J Clin Virol. 2010;Mar 29. [Epub ahead of print]. 5. Eyanoer PC, Singhasivanon P, Kaewkungwal J, Apisarnthanarak A. Human avian influenza in Indonesia: are they really clustered? Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011;42(3):583–95. 6. Indriani R, Samaan G, Gultom A, Loth L, Indryani S, Adjid R, Dharmayanti NLPI, Weaver J, Mumford E, Lokuge K, Kelly PM, Darminto. Environmental contamination with avian influenza A H5N1 in live bird markets, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16(12):1889–1895. 7. Kayali G, Webby R, Xiong X, Sherif L, A El-Ghafar E, Ali M. Prospective study of avian influenza transmission to humans in Egypt. BMC Public Health 2010;10(1):685. 8. Khuntirat, B. P., I. K. Yoon, P. J. Blair, W. S. Krueger, M. Chittaganpitch, S. D. Putnam, K. Supawat, R. V. Gibbons, S. Pattamadilok, P. Sawanpanyalert, G. L. Heil, J. A. Friary, A. W. Capuano, and G. C. Gray. 2011. Evidence for subclinical avian influenza virus infections among rural Thai villagers. Clin. Infect.Dis. 53:e107–e116. doi:cir525 [pii];10.1093/cid/cir525 [doi]. 9. Negovetich NJ, Feeroz MM, Jones-Engel L, Walker D, Alam SM, Hasan K, Seiler P, Ferguson A, Friedman K, Barman S, Franks J, Turner J, Krauss S, Webby RJ, R.G. W. Live bird markets of Bangladesh: H9N2 viruses and the near absence of highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza. PLoS One 2011;6(5):e19311. 10. Rabinowitz, P., M. Perdue, and E. Mumford. 2010. Contact variables for exposure to avian influenza H5N1 virus at the human-animal interface. Zoonoses.Public Health 57:227–238. doi:JVB1223 [pii];10.1111/j.1863–2378.2008.01223.x [doi]. 11. Samaan G, Gultom A, Indriani R, Lokuge K, Kelly PM. Critical control points for avian influenza A H5N1 in live bird markets in low resource settings. Prev Vet Med 2011;100(1):71–8. 12. Shinde V, Hanshaoworakul W, Simmerman JM, Narueponjirakul U, Sanasuttipun W, Kaewchana S, Areechokechai D, Ungchusak K, Fry AM. A comparison of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of fatal human infections with H5N1 and human influenza viruses in Thailand, 2004–2006. PLoS One 2011;6(4):e14809.

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13. Slota KE, Hill AE, Keefe TJ, Bowen RA, Miller RS, Pabilonia KL. Human-Bird Interactions in the United States Upland Gamebird Industry and the Potential for Zoonotic Disease Transmission. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2010;Dec 13. [Epub ahead of print]. 14. Van Kerkhove MD, Mumford E, Mounts AW, Bresee J, Ly S, Bridges CB, Otte J. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1): Pathways of Exposure at the Animal-Human Interface, a systematic review. PLoS One 2011;6(1):e14582. 15. WHO. Cumulative Number of Confirmed Human Cases of Avian Influenza A/(H5N1) Reported to WHO 2 August 2011. Website: http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/cases_ table_2011_08_02/en/index.html. Accessed 9 August 2011. 2011. 16. Xiang N, Shi Y, Wu J, Zhang S, Ye M, Peng Z, Zhou L, Zhou H, Liao Q, Huai Y, Li L, Yu Z, Cheng X, Su W, Wu X, Ma H, Lu J, McFarland J, Yu H. Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) relating to avian influenza in urban and rural areas of China. BMC Infectious Diseases 2010;10(1):34.

31 APPENDIX 4 List of publications, influenza surveillance, 2010–2011

1. 2011. Agreement on a pandemic influenza preparedness framework for the sharing of viruses and benefit sharing. Euro.Surveill 16. 2. 2011. Self-reported influenza-like illness during the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic – United States, September 2. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. 60:37–41. doi:mm6002a1 [pii]. 3. 2011. Summary analysis of 2010 survey of National Influenza Centres in the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance Network. Wkly.Epidemiol.Rec. 86:166–169. 4. Advani, A., A. M. Turuvekere, C. Liu, K. Rubin, C. Lamer, and T. Cullen. 2010. Design and assessment of a common, multi-national public health informatics infrastructure to enable H1N1 influenza surveillance. Stud.Health Technol.Inform. 160:452–456. 5. Agrawal, A. S., M. Sarkar, S. Ghosh, T. Roy, S. Chakrabarti, R. Lal, A. C. Mishra, M. S. Chadha, and M. Chawla-Sarkar. 2010. Genetic characterization of circulating seasonal Influenza A viruses (2005– 2009) revealed introduction of oseltamivir resistant H1N1 strains during 2009 in eastern India. Infect. Genet.Evol. 10:1188–1198. doi:S1567-1348(10)00207-8 [pii];10.1016/j.meegid.2010.07.019 [doi]. 6. Ajelli, M., S. Merler, A. Pugliese, and C. Rizzo. 2011. Model predictions and evaluation of possible control strategies for the 2009 A/H1N1v influenza pandemic in Italy. Epidemiol.Infect. 139:68–79. doi:S0950268810001317 [pii];10.1017/S0950268810001317 [doi]. 7. Amato-Gauci, A., P. Zucs, R. Snacken, B. Ciancio, V. Lopez, E. Broberg, P. Penttinen, and A. Nicoll. 2011. Surveillance trends of the 2009 influenza A(H1N1) pandemic in Europe. Euro.Surveill 16. 8. Amendola, A., E. Pariani, A. Vigano, P. Erba, A. Zappa, V. Giacomet, E. Tanzi, G. V. Zuccotti, and A. Zanetti. 2010. Influenza surveillance in a cohort of HIV-infected children and adolescents immunized against seasonal influenza. Vaccine 28:2700–2704. doi:S0264-410X(10)00053-8 [pii];10.1016/j. vaccine.2010.01.021 [doi]. 9. Amicizia, D., I. Cremonesi, R. Carloni, and S. Schiaffino. 2011. The response of the Liguria Region (Italy) to the pandemic influenza virus A/H1N1sv. J.Prev.Med.Hyg. 52:120–123. 10. Ampofo, W. K., N. Baylor, S. Cobey, N. J. Cox, S. Daves, S. Edwards, N. Ferguson, G. Grohmann, A. Hay, J. Katz, K. Kullabutr, L. Lambert, R. Levandowski, A. C. Mishra, A. Monto, M. Siqueira, M. Tashiro, A. L. Waddell, N. Wairagkar, J. Wood, M. Zambon, and W. Zhang. 2011. Improving influenza vaccine virus selectionReport of a WHO informal consultation held at WHO headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, 14–16 June 2010. Influenza.Other Respi.Viruses. doi:10.1111/j.1750- 2659.2011.00277.x [doi]. 11. Anton, A., M. A. Marcos, F. M. Codoner, M. P. de, A. Martinez, N. Cardenosa, P. Godoy, N. Torner, M. J. Martinez, S. Ramon, G. Tudo, R. Isanta, V. Gonzalo, M. T. de Anta, and T. Pumarola. 2011. Influenza C virus surveillance during the first influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic wave in Catalonia, Spain. Diagn.Microbiol.Infect.Dis. 69:419–427. doi:S0732-8893(10)00540-7 [pii];10.1016/j. diagmicrobio.2010.11.006 [doi].

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120. Schmidt, W. P., R. Pebody, and P. Mangtani. 2010. School absence data for influenza surveillance: a pilot study in the United Kingdom. Euro.Surveill 15. 121. Seligova, J., A. Culmanova, Z. Kristufkova, L. Cislakova, and H. Hudeckova. 2011. Changes in surveillance of acute respiratory infections including influenza in the Slovak Republic during 1993– 2008. Cent.Eur.J.Public Health 19:20–25. 122. Shinde, V., W. Hanshaoworakul, J. M. Simmerman, U. Narueponjirakul, W. Sanasuttipun, S. Kaewchana, D. Areechokechai, K. Ungchusak, and A. M. Fry. 2011. A comparison of clinical and epidemiological characteristics of fatal human infections with H5N1 and human influenza viruses in Thailand, 2004–2006. PLoS.One. 6:e14809. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014809 [doi];10-PONE-RA- 21410R1 [pii]. 123. Shivakoti, S., H. Ito, T. Murase, E. Ono, H. Takakuwa, T. Yamashiro, K. Otsuki, and T. Ito. 2010. Development of reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for detection of avian influenza viruses in field specimens. J.Vet.Med.Sci. 72:519–523. doi:JST.JSTAGE/ jvms/09-0473 [pii]. 124. Short, V. L., C. K. Marriott, S. Ostroff, and K. Waller. 2011. Description and evaluation of the 2009– 2010 Pennsylvania Influenza Sentinel School Monitoring System. Am.J.Public Health 101:2178– 2183. doi:AJPH.2011.300132 [pii];10.2105/AJPH.2011.300132 [doi]. 125. Shu, Y. L. 2011. [Reflection on the history and development of influenza surveillance.]. Zhonghua Liu Xing.Bing.Xue.Za Zhi. 32:334–336. 126. Sigmundsdottir, G., T. Gudnason, O. Olafsson, G. E. Baldvinsdottir, A. Atladottir, A. Love, L. Danon, and H. Briem. 2010. Surveillance of influenza in Iceland during the 2009 pandemic. Euro.Surveill 15. 127. Simon, M. L., O. S. de Mateo, C. A. Larrauri, S. Jimenez-Jorge, R. J. Vaque, and H. S. Perez. 2011. [Transmissibility and severity of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus in Spain]. Gac.Sanit. 25:296–302. doi:S0213-9111(11)00057-4 [pii];10.1016/j.gaceta.2011.02.008 [doi]. 128. Snacken, R., P. Zucs, C. Brown, P. Jorgensen, J. A. Mott, and A. Amato-Gauci. 2011. Influenza surveillance in Europe. Eur.J.Public Health 21:674–675. doi:ckq185 [pii];10.1093/eurpub/ckq185 [doi]. 129. Sobers-Grannum, N., K. Springer, E. Ferdinand, and J. J. St. 2010. Response to the challenges of pandemic H1N1 in a small island state: the Barbadian experience. BMC.Public Health 10 Suppl 1:S10. doi:1471-2458-10-S1-S10 [pii];10.1186/1471-2458-10-S1-S10 [doi]. 130. Soebiyanto, R. P., F. Adimi, and R. K. Kiang. 2010. Modeling and predicting seasonal influenza transmission in warm regions using climatological parameters. PLoS.One. 5 :e9450. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0009450 [doi]. 131. Stack, J. C., J. D. Welch, M. J. Ferrari, B. U. Shapiro, and B. T. Grenfell. 2010. Protocols for sampling viral sequences to study epidemic dynamics. J.R.Soc.Interface 7 :1119–1127. doi:rsif.2009.0530 [pii];10.1098/rsif.2009.0530 [doi]. 132. Stefler, D. and R. Bhopal. 2010. Comparison of the Hungarian and Scottish communicable disease control systems: lessons for a convergent European Community. Public Health 124:167–173. doi:S0033-3506(10)00032-6 [pii];10.1016/j.puhe.2010.02.005 [doi]. 133. Suarthana, E., J. D. McFadden, A. S. Laney, K. Kreiss, H. A. Anderson, D. C. Hunt, D. Neises, K. Goodin, A. Thomas, M. Vandermeer, and E. Storey. 2010. Occupational distribution of persons with confirmed 2009 H1N1 influenza. J.Occup.Environ.Med. 52:1212–1216. doi:10.1097/ JOM.0b013e3181fd32e4 [doi]. 134. Tang, J. W., P. A. Tambyah, F. Y. Lai, H. K. Lee, C. K. Lee, T. P. Loh, L. Chiu, and E. S. Koay. 2010. Differing symptom patterns in early pandemic vs seasonal influenza infections. Arch.Intern.Med. 170:861–867. doi:170/10/861 [pii];10.1001/archinternmed.2010.108 [doi].

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135. Truyers, C., E. Lesaffre, S. Bartholomeeusen, B. Aertgeerts, R. Snacken, B. Brochier, F. Yane, and F. Buntinx. 2010. Computerized general practice based networks yield comparable performance with sentinel data in monitoring epidemiological time-course of influenza-like illness and acute respiratory illness. BMC.Fam.Pract. 11:24. doi:1471-2296-11-24 [pii];10.1186/1471-2296-11-24 [doi]. 136. Valenciano, M., E. Kissling, B. C. Ciancio, and A. Moren. 2010. Study designs for timely estimation of influenza vaccine effectiveness using European sentinel practitioner networks. Vaccine 28:7381– 7388. doi:S0264-410X(10)01318-6 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.010 [doi]. 137. Valleron, A. J. and B. Guidet. 2010. Real-time comparative monitoring of the A/H1N1 pandemic in France. Clin.Microbiol.Infect. 16:393–396. doi:CLM3166 [pii];10.1111/j.1469-0691.2010.03166.x [doi]. 138. van den Wijngaard, C. C., A. L. van, A. Meijer, P. W. van, N. J. Nagelkerke, G. A. Donker, M. A. van der Sande, and M. P. Koopmans. 2010. Detection of excess influenza severity: associating respiratory hospitalization and mortality data with reports of influenza-like illness by primary care physicians. Am.J.Public Health 100:2248–2254. doi:AJPH.2009.168245 [pii];10.2105/AJPH.2009.168245 [doi]. 139. van, d., V, E. J. Veldhuis Kroeze, K. J. Stittelaar, M. Linster, A. Van der Linden, E. J. Schrauwen, L. M. Leijten, A. G. van, M. Schutten, T. Kuiken, A. D. Osterhaus, R. A. Fouchier, C. A. Boucher, and S. Herfst. 2011. Multidrug resistant 2009 A/H1N1 influenza clinical isolate with a neuraminidase I223R mutation retains its virulence and transmissibility in ferrets. PLoS.Pathog. 7:e1002276. doi:10.1371/ journal.ppat.1002276 [doi];PPATHOGENS-D-11-00782 [pii]. 140. Vijaykrishna, D., G. J. Smith, O. G. Pybus, H. Zhu, S. Bhatt, L. L. Poon, S. Riley, J. Bahl, S. K. Ma, C. L. Cheung, R. A. Perera, H. Chen, K. F. Shortridge, R. J. Webby, R. G. Webster, Y. Guan, and J. S. Peiris. 2011. Long-term evolution and transmission dynamics of swine influenza A virus. Nature 473:519–522. doi:nature10004 [pii];10.1038/nature10004 [doi]. 141. Vongphrachanh, P., J. M. Simmerman, D. Phonekeo, V. Pansayavong, T. Sisouk, S. Ongkhamme, G. T. Bryce, A. Corwin, and J. E. Bryant. 2010. An early report from newly established laboratory-based influenza surveillance in Lao PDR. Influenza.Other Respi.Viruses. 4:47–52. doi:IRV120 [pii];10.1111/ j.1750-2659.2009.00120.x [doi]. 142. Wang, X., X. W. Cheng, H. W. Ma, J. F. He, X. Xie, S. S. Fang, C. L. Wu, X. Lu, S. J. Mei, Y. Li, and J. Q. Cheng . 2011. Influenza surveillance in Shenzhen, the largest migratory metropolitan city of China, 2006–2009. Epidemiol.Infect. 139:1551–1559. doi:S0950268810002694 [pii];10.1017/ S0950268810002694 [doi]. 143. Warren-Gash, C., K. Bhaskaran, A. Hayward, G. M. Leung, S. V. Lo, C. M. Wong, J. Ellis, R. Pebody, L. Smeeth, and B. J. Cowling. 2011. Circulating influenza virus, climatic factors, and acute myocardial infarction: a time series study in England and Wales and Hong Kong. J.Infect.Dis. 203:1710–1718. doi:jir171 [pii];10.1093/infdis/jir171 [doi]. 144. Wenger, J. B. and E. N. Naumova. 2010. Seasonal synchronization of influenza in the United States older adult population. PLoS.One. 5:e10187. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0010187 [doi]. 145. Whelen, A. C., M. J. Bankowski, G. Furuya, S. Honda, R. Ueki, A. Chan, K. Higa, D. Kumashiro, N. Moore, R. Lee, T. Koyamatsu, and P. V. Effler. 2010. Pandemic preparedness in Hawaii: a multicenter verification of real-time RT-PCR for the direct detection of influenza virus types A and B. Public Health Rep. 125 Suppl 2:81–87. 146. Widgren, K., J. Nielsen, and K. Molbak. 2010. Registry-based surveillance of influenza-associated hospitalisations during the 2009 influenza pandemic in Denmark: the hidden burden on the young. PLoS.One. 5:e13939. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013939 [doi].

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147. Wielders, C. C., E. A. van Lier, T. M. van ‘t Klooster, A. B. van Gageldonk-Lafeber, C. C. van den Wijngaard, J. A. Haagsma, G. A. Donker, A. Meijer, W. van der Hoek, A. K. Lugner, M. E. Kretzschmar, and M. A. van der Sande. 2010. The burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in the Netherlands. Eur.J.Public Health. doi:ckq187 [pii];10.1093/eurpub/ckq187 [doi]. 148. Wolf, Y. I., A. Nikolskaya, J. L. Cherry, C. Viboud, E. Koonin, and D. J. Lipman. 2010. Projection of seasonal influenza severity from sequence and serological data. PLoS.Curr. 2:RRN1200. doi:10.1371/ currents.RRN1200 [doi];k/-/-/agr0htar1u6r/22 [pii]. 149. Wu, A., Y. Peng, X. Du, Y. Shu, and T. Jiang. 2010. Correlation of influenza virus excess mortality with antigenic variation: application to rapid estimation of influenza mortality burden. PLoS.Comput.Biol. 6. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000882 [doi]. 150. Wu, J. T., E. S. Ma, C. K. Lee, D. K. Chu, P. L. Ho, A. L. Shen, A. Ho, I. F. Hung, S. Riley, L. M. Ho, C. K. Lin, T. Tsang, S. V. Lo, Y. L. Lau, G. M. Leung, B. J. Cowling, and J. S. Peiris. 2011. A serial cross- sectional serologic survey of 2009 Pandemic (H1N1) in Hong Kong: implications for future pandemic influenza surveillance. Influenza.Other Respi.Viruses. 5 Suppl 1:190–194. 151. Xie, X., S. Q. Lu, J. Q. Cheng, X. W. Cheng, Z. H. Xu, J. Mou, S. J. Mei, D. F. Kong, X. Wang, Y. Li, G. Fellmeth, and H. W. Ma. 2011. Estimate of 2009 H1N1 influenza cases in Shenzhen – the biggest migratory city in China. Epidemiol.Infect.1–10. doi:S0950268811001312 [pii];10.1017/ S0950268811001312 [doi]. 152. Xu, J., M. C. Christman, R. O. Donis, and G. Lu. 2011. Evolutionary dynamics of influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) lineages revealed by large-scale sequence analyses. Infect.Genet.Evol. doi:S1567- 1348(11)00236-X [pii];10.1016/j.meegid.2011.07.002 [doi]. 153. Yamaoka, M., J. F. Palilingan, J. Wibisono, R. Yudhawati, R. V. Nidom, M. Y. Alamudi, T. E. Ginting, A. Makino, C. A. Nidom, K. Shinya, and Y. Kawaoka. 2011. Virological surveillance of human influenza in Indonesia, October 2008–March 2010. Microbiol.Immunol. 55:514–517. doi:10.1111/j.1348- 0421.2011.00344.x [doi]. 154. Yang, J. R., C. H. Lin, C. J. Chen, J. L. Liu, Y. P. Huang, C. Y. Kuo, C. Y. Yao, L. C. Hsu, J. Lo, Y. L. Ho, H. S. Wu, and M. T. Liu. 2010. A new antigenic variant of human influenza A (H3N2) virus isolated from airport and community surveillance in Taiwan in early 2009. Virus Res. 151:33–38. doi:S0168-1702(10)00111-5 [pii];10.1016/j.virusres.2010.03.011 [doi]. 155. Zhang, G., Z. Xia, Y. Liu, X. Li, X. Tan, Y. Tian, L. Liang, G. Nie, and B. Zhou. 2011. Epidemiological and clinical features of 308 hospitalized patients with novel 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in China during the first pandemic wave. Intervirology 54:164–170. doi:000319930 [pii];10.1159/000319930 [doi]. 156. Zhang, Y., L. May, and M. A. Stoto. 2011. Evaluating syndromic surveillance systems at institutions of higher education (IHEs): a retrospective analysis of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic at two universities. BMC.Public Health 11:591. doi:1471-2458-11-591 [pii];10.1186/1471-2458-11-591 [doi]. 157. Zhu, H., B. Zhou, X. Fan, T. T. Lam, J. Wang, A. Chen, X. Chen, H. Chen, R. G. Webster, R. Webby, J. S. Peiris, D. K. Smith, and Y. Guan. 2011. Novel reassortment of Eurasian avian-like and pandemic/2009 influenza viruses in swine: infectious potential for humans. J.Virol. 85:10432– 10439. doi:JVI.05352-11 [pii];10.1128/JVI.05352-11 [doi].

43 APPENDIX 5 List of publications, interventions for animal influenza, 2010–2011

1. Abdelwhab EM, Grund C, Aly MM, Beer M, Harder TC, Hafez HM (2011) Influence of maternal immunity on vaccine efficacy and susceptibility of one day old chicks against Egyptian highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1. Vet.Microbiol.Epublished ahead of press 2. Abdelwhab EM, Selim AA, Arafa A, Galal S, Kilany WH, Hassan MK, Aly MM, Hafez MH (2010) Circulation of avian influenza H5N1 in live bird markets in Egypt. Avian Dis. 54, 911–914. 3. Aral Y, Yalcin C, Cevger Y, Sipahi C, Sariozkan S (2010) Financial effects of the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks on the Turkish broiler producers. Poult.Sci. 89, 1085–1088. 4. Azhar M, Lubis AS, Siregar ES, Alders RG, Brum E, McGrane J, Morgan I, Roeder P (2010) Participatory disease surveillance and response in Indonesia: strengthening veterinary services and empowering communities to prevent and control highly pathogenic avian influenza. Avian Dis. 54, 749–753. 5. Bett B, Okike I, Unger F and Randolph (2010) Alignment of poultry sector actors with avian influenza control. Available at http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/HPAI/PRE101025_Bett_Institutions. pdf 6. Cameron A (2011) Surveillance needs tools and options: experiences between developed and developing worlds In FAO Animal Health and Production Proceedings Challenges of Animal Disease Information and Systems for Animal Diseases and Zoonoses. 91–94. Available at http://www.fao.org/ docrep/014/i2415e/i2415e00.pdf 7. Eggert D, Swayne DE (2010) Single vaccination provides limited protection to ducks and geese against H5N1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. Avian Dis. 54, 1224–1229. 8. Elbers AR, Gorgievski-Duijvesteijn MJ, Zarafshani K, Koch G (2010) To report or not to report: a psychosocial investigation aimed at improving early detection of avian influenza outbreaks. Rev.Sci. Tech. 29, 435–449. 9. European Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza (2011) Avian influenzasurveillance in the European Union during 2010 Available at http://ec.europa.eu/food/committees/regulatory/scfcah/animal_ health/presentations/0405102011_ai_eu_en.pdf 10. FAO (2011a) A value chain approach to animal diseases risk management Available at www.fao.org/ docrep/014/i2198e/i2198e00.pdf 11. FAO (2011b) Approaches to controlling, preventing and eliminating H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza in endemic countries Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2150e/i2150e.pdf 12. FAO (2011c) Cleaning and disinfection of poultry farms Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/ al876e/al87600.pdf 13. Fasina FO, Ali AM, Yilma JM, Thieme O, Ankers P (2011) The cost-benefit of biosecurity measures on infectious diseases in the Egyptian household poultry. Prev.Vet.Med.Epublished ahead of print.

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14. Gonzales JL, Elbers AR, Bouma A, Koch G, de Wit JJ, Stegeman JA (2011) Transmission characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza virus of H7N7 and H5N7 subtypes in layer chickens. Vet.Microbiol. 15. Hamilton K and Bruckner G (2010) Good governance for early detection and response Avian Diseases 54(1 Suppl) 384–6. 16. Hamilton, SA (2011) Simulating the transmission and control of highly pathogenic avian influenza epidemics in the Australian poultry industries, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Sydney, Australia. 17. Hinrichs J, Otte J Rushton J (2010) Technical, epidemiological and financial implications of large-scale national vaccination campaigns to control HPAI H5N1. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 5, No. 021. 18. Hogerwerf L, Wallace RG, Ottaviani D, Slingenbergh J, Prosser D, Bergmann L, Gilbert M (2010) Persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus defined by agro-ecological niche. Ecohealth. 7, 213–225. 19. Knight-Jones TJ, Gibbens J, Wooldridge M, Stark KD (2011) Assessment of farm-level biosecurity measures after an outbreak of avian influenza in the United Kingdom. Transbound.Emerg.Dis. 58, 69–75. 20. Liu J, Chen P, Jiang Y, Wu L, Zeng X, Tian G, Ge J, Kawaoka Y, Bu Z, Chen H (2011) A Duck Enteritis Virus-vectored Bivalent Live Vaccine Provides Fast and Complete Protection against H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus in Ducks. J.Virol. 21. Lyall J, Irvine RM, Sherman A, McKinley TJ, Nunez A, Purdie A, Outtrim L, Brown IH, Rolleston- Smith G, Sang H, Tiley L (2011) Suppression of avian influenza transmission in genetically modified chickens. Science 331, 223–226. 22. Martin V, Pfeiffer DU, Zhou X, Xiao X, Prosser DJ, Guo F, Gilbert M (2011a) Spatial distribution and risk factors of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in China. PLoS.Pathog. 7, e1001308. 23. Martin V, Zhou X, Marshall E, Jia B, Fusheng G, Francodixon MA, Dehaan N, Pfeiffer DU, Soares Magalhaes RJ, Gilbert M (2011b) Risk-based surveillance for avian influenza control along poultry market chains in South China: The value of social network analysis. Prev.Vet.Med. 24. OFFLU (2010) Influenza surveillance Available at http://www.offlu.net/fileadmin/home/en/ publications/pdf/OFFLUsurveillance.pdf 25. OIE (2011a) Avian influenza portal. Available at http://www.oie.int/en/animal-health-in-the-world/ web-portal-on-avian-influenza/global-strategy/ 26. OIE (2011b) – World Animal Health Information System. Available at: http://web.oie.int/wahis/public. php?page=home 27. OIE (2011c). – Vaccine bank. Available at: http://www.oie.int/en/support-to-oie-members/vaccine- bank/ 28. Ottaviani D, de la Rocque S, Khomenko S, Gilbert M, Newman SH, Roche B, Schwabenbauer K, Pinto J, Robinson TP, Slingenbergh J (2010) The cold European winter of 2005–2006 assisted the spread and persistence of H5N1 influenza virus in wild birds. Ecohealth. 7, 226–236. 29. Poetri O, Bouma A, Claassen I, Koch G, Soejoedono R, Stegeman A, van BM (2011) A single vaccination of commercial broilers does not reduce transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza. Vet.Res. 42, 74. 30. Pongcharoensuk P, Adisasmito W, Sat LM, Silkavute P, Muchlisoh L, Cong HP, Coker R (2011) Avian and pandemic human influenza policy in South-East Asia: the interface between economic and public health imperatives. Health Policy Plan. E-published ahead of print

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31. Rauw F, Palya V, Van BS, Welby S, Tatar-Kis T, Gardin Y, Dorsey KM, Aly MM, Hassan MK, Soliman MA, Lambrecht B, van den Berg T (2011) Further evidence of antigenic drift and protective efficacy afforded by a recombinant HVT-H5 vaccine against challenge with two antigenically divergent Egyptian clade 2.2.1 HPAI H5N1 strains. Vaccine 29, 2590–2600. 32. Rich KM, Perry BD (2011) The economic and poverty impacts of animal diseases in developing countries: new roles, new demands for economics and epidemiology. Prev.Vet.Med. 101, 133–147. 33. Shi H, Ashraf S, Gao S, Lu J, Liu X (2010) Evaluation of transmission route and replication efficiency of H9N2 avian influenza virus. Avian Dis. 54, 22–27. 34. Sims L (2010) Strategies for controlling animal influenza and implications for human health. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5 (Suppl 1) 2– 53. 35. Stegeman JA, Bouma A, de Jong MC (2011) Epidemiological models to assist the management of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Rev.Sci.Tech. 30, 571–579. 36. Te Beest DE, Hagenaars TJ, Stegeman JA, Koopmans MP, van BM (2011) Risk based culling for highly infectious diseases of livestock. Vet.Res. 42, 81. 37. Tian G, Zeng X, Li Y, Shi J, Chen H (2010) Protective efficacy of the H5 inactivated vaccine against different highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses isolated in China and Vietnam. Avian Dis. 54, 287–289. 38. Van Kerkhove MD, Mumford E, Mounts AW, Bresee J, Ly S, Bridges CB, Otte J (2011) Highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1): pathways of exposure at the animal-human interface, a systematic review. PLoS.One. 6, e14582. 39. Walker PG, Cauchemez S, Metras R, Dung dH, Pfeiffer D, Ghani AC (2010) A Bayesian approach to quantifying the effects of mass poultry vaccination upon the spatial and temporal dynamics of H5N1 in Northern Vietnam. PLoS.Comput.Biol. 6, e1000683. 40. Wan XF, Dong L, Lan Y, Long LP, Xu C, Zou S, Li Z, Wen L, Cai Z, Wang W, Li X, Yuan F, Sui H, Zhang Y, Dong J, Sun S, Gao Y, Wang M, Bai T, Yang L, Li D, Yang W, Yu H, Wang S, Feng Z, Wang Y, Guo Y, Webby RJ, Shu Y (2011) Indications that Live Poultry Markets are a Major Source of Human H5N1 Influenza Virus Infection in China. J.Virol. 41. WHO (2011) Antigenic and genetic characteristics of zoonotic influenza viruses and development of candidate vaccine viruses for pandemic preparedness Weekly Epidemiological Record 86: 469–480.

46 APPENDIX 6 List of publications, factors affecting transmission and dynamics, 2010–2011

1. Adalja, A. A., P. S. Crooke, and J. R. Hotchkiss. 2010. Influenza Transmission in Preschools: Modulation by contact landscapes and interventions. Math.Model.Nat.Phenom. 5 :3–14. doi:10.1051/ mmnp/20105301 [doi]. 2. Aiello, A.E., et al., Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: a randomized intervention trial. J Infect Dis, 2010. 201(4): p. 491–8. 3. Apisarnthanarak, A. and L.M. Mundy, Outbreak of influenza A (2009) H1N1 among Thai healthcare workers: is it time to integrate a vaccination program? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2010. 31(8): p. 854–6. 4. Baker, M.G., et al., Transmission of pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza on passenger aircraft: retrospective cohort study. BMJ, 2010. 340: p. c2424. 5. Beaudoin, A., S. Johnson, P. Davies, J. Bender, and M. Gramer. 2011. Characterization of Influenza A Outbreaks in Minnesota Swine Herds and Measures Taken to Reduce the Risk of Zoonotic Transmission. Zoonoses.Public Health. doi:10.1111/j.1863-2378.2011.01423.x [doi]. 6. Bedford, T., S. Cobey, P. Beerli, and M. Pascual. 2010. Global migration dynamics underlie evolution and persistence of human influenza A (H3N2). PLoS.Pathog. 6:e1000918. doi:10.1371/journal. ppat.1000918 [doi]. 7. Bergeron, V., A. Chalfine, B. Misset, V. Moules, N. Laudinet, J. Carlet, and B. Lina. 2011. Supplemental treatment of air in airborne infection isolation rooms using high-throughput in- room air decontamination units. Am.J.Infect.Control 39:314–320. doi:S0196-6553(10)00799-6 [pii];10.1016/j.ajic.2010.06.013 [doi]. 8. Bischoff, W.E., et al., Transocular entry of seasonal influenza-attenuated virus aerosols and the efficacy of n95 respirators, surgical masks, and eye protection in humans. J Infect Dis, 2011. 204(2): p. 193–9. 9. Brandt, C., H. F. Rabenau, and S. Wicker. 2011. Attitudes of influenza-vaccinated health care workers toward masks to prevent nosocomial transmission of influenza. Influenza.Other Respi.Viruses. 5:61–66. doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00174.x [doi]. 10. Bright, K.R., S.A. Boone, and C.P. Gerba, Occurrence of bacteria and viruses on elementary classroom surfaces and the potential role of classroom hygiene in the spread of infectious diseases. J Sch Nurs, 2010. 26(1): p. 33–41. 11. Canini, L., et al., Surgical mask to prevent influenza transmission in households: a cluster randomized trial. PLoS One, 2010. 5(11): p. e13998. 12. Carlson, A. L., A. P. Budd, and T. M. Perl. 2010. Control of influenza in healthcare settings: early lessons from the 2009 pandemic. Curr.Opin.Infect.Dis. 23:293–299. doi:10.1097/ QCO.0b013e32833bb804 [doi];00001432-201008000-00002 [pii].

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13. Catala, L., C. Rius, O. P. Garcia de, J. L. Nelson, J. Alvarez, S. Minguell, N. Camps, M. R. Sala, C. Arias, I. Barrabeig, M. Carol, R. Torra, N. Cardenosa, T. Pumarola, and J. A. Cayla. 2011. Pandemic A/H1N1 influenza: Transmission of the first cases in Spain. Enferm.Infecc.Microbiol.Clin. doi:S0213- 005X(11)00220-5 [pii];10.1016/j.eimc.2011.06.007 [doi]. 14. Cauchemez, S., A. Bhattarai, T. L. Marchbanks, R. P. Fagan, S. Ostroff, N. M. Ferguson, and D. Swerdlow. 2011. Role of social networks in shaping disease transmission during a community outbreak of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A 108:2825–2830. doi:1008895108 [pii];10.1073/pnas.1008895108 [doi]. 15. Chan, M.C., et al., Tropism and innate host responses of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in ex vivo and in vitro cultures of human conjunctiva and respiratory tract. Am J Pathol, 2010. 176(4): p. 1828–40. 16. Chou,Y.Y.; Albrecht,R.A.; Pica,N.; Lowen,A.C.; Richt,J.A.; Garcia-Sastre,A.; Palese,P.; Hai,R. 2011 The M segment of the 2009 new pandemic H1N1 influenza virus is critical for its high transmission efficiency in the guinea pig model. J. Virol 85 (21) 11235–11241 17. Chowell, G., S. Echevarria-Zuno, C. Viboud, L. Simonsen, J. Tamerius, M. A. Miller, and V. H. Borja- Aburto. 2011. Characterizing the epidemiology of the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in Mexico. PLoS.Med. 8:e1000436. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000436 [doi];10-PLME-RA-6265R3 [pii]. 18. Coelho, F. C., C. T. Codeco, and M. G. Gomes. 2011. A Bayesian framework for parameter estimation in dynamical models. PLoS.One. 6:e19616. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019616 [doi];PONE-D-10-04829 [pii]. 19. Cowling, B.J., et al., Comparative epidemiology of pandemic and seasonal influenza A in households. N Engl J Med, 2010. 362(23): p. 2175–84. 20. Cui, F., et al., Transmission of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus in a Train in China. J Epidemiol, 2011. Expert Rev Mol Med, 2010. 12: p. e39. 21. Del Valle, S. Y., R. Tellier, G. S. Settles, and J. W. Tang. 2010. Can we reduce the spread of influenza in schools with face masks? Am.J.Infect.Control 38:676–677. doi:S0196-6553(10)00461-X [pii];10.1016/j.ajic.2010.03.012 [doi]. 22. Edlund, S., J. Kaufman, J. Lessler, J. Douglas, M. Bromberg, Z. Kaufman, R. Bassal, G. Chodick, R. Marom, V. Shalev, Y. Mesika, R. Ram, and A. Leventhal. 2011. Comparing three basic models for seasonal influenza. Epidemics. 3:135–142. doi:S1755-4365(11)00025-9 [pii];10.1016/j. epidem.2011.04.002 [doi]. 23. Fabian, P., et al., Origin of exhaled breath particles from healthy and human rhinovirus-infected subjects. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv, 2011. 24(3): p. 137–47. 24. Ferguson. 2011. Transmission characteristics of the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic: comparison of 8 Southern hemisphere countries. PLoS.Pathog. 7:e1002225. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002225 [doi];PATHOGENS-D-10-00627 [pii]. 25. Foxwell, A. R., L. Roberts, K. Lokuge, and P. M. Kelly. 2011. Transmission of influenza on international flights, may 2009. Emerg.Infect.Dis. 17:1188–1194. doi:10.3201/eid1707.101135 [doi]. 26. Fraser, C., D. A. Cummings, D. Klinkenberg, D. S. Burke, and N. M. Ferguson. 2011. Influenza transmission in households during the 1918 pandemic. Am.J.Epidemiol. 174:505–514. doi:kwr122 [pii];10.1093/aje/kwr122 [doi]. 27. Gonzalez-Parra, P. A., S. Lee, L. Velazquez, and C. Castillo-Chavez. 2011. A note on the use of optimal control on a discrete time model of influenza dynamics. Math.Biosci.Eng 8:183–197. 28. Gralton, J., et al., The role of particle size in aerosolised pathogen transmission: A review. J Infect, 2010.

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29. Gustin, K.M., et al., Influenza virus aerosol exposure and analytical system for ferrets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2011. 108(20): p. 8432–7. 30. Hanley, B. P. and B. Borup. 2010. Aerosol influenza transmission risk contours: a study of humid tropics versus winter temperate zone. Virol.J. 7:98. doi:1743-422X-7-98 [pii];10.1186/1743- 422X-7-98 [doi]. 31. Holmgren, H., et al., Size distribution of exhaled particles in the range from 0.01 to 2.0 [mu]m. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2010. 41(5): p. 439–446. 32. Jones, R.M., Critical Review and Uncertainty Analysis of Factors Influencing Influenza Transmission. Risk Anal, 2011. 33. Jusot, J. F., L. Adamou, and J. M. Collard. 2011. Influenza transmission during a one-year period (2009–2010) in a Sahelian city: low temperature plays a major role. Influenza.Other Respi.Viruses. doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00286.x [doi]. 34. Kayali, G., R. J. Webby, X. Xiong, L. S. Sherif, A. El-Ghafar, and M. A. Ali. 2010. Prospective study of avian influenza transmission to humans in Egypt. BMC.Public Health 10:685. doi:1471-2458-10-685 [pii];10.1186/1471-2458-10-685 [doi]. 35. Killingley, B., et al., Virus shedding and environmental deposition of novel A (H1N1) pandemic influenza virus: interim findings. Health Technol Assess, 2010. 14(46): p. 237–354 36. Killingley, B., J. Enstone, R. Booy, A. Hayward, J. Oxford, N. Ferguson, and J. N. Van-Tam. 2011. Potential role of human challenge studies for investigation of influenza transmission. Lancet Infect.Dis. 11:879–886. doi:S1473-3099(11)70142-6 [pii];10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70142-6 [doi]. 37. Killingley, B.a.N.V.-T., J. on behalf of the Influenza Transmission Strategy Development Group, Influenza Transmission – A Challenging Subject, in Options for the Control of Influenza VII. 2010: Hong Kong. 38. Klick, B., G. M. Leung, and B. J. Cowling. 2011. Optimal design of studies of influenza transmission in households. I: Case-ascertained studies. Epidemiol.Infect.1–9. doi:S0950268811000392 [pii];10.1017/S0950268811000392 [doi]. 39. Knibbs, L. D., L. Morawska, and S. C. Bell. 2011. The risk of airborne influenza transmission in passenger cars. Epidemiol.Infect.1–5. doi:S0950268811000835 [pii];10.1017/ S0950268811000835 [doi]. 40. Larson, E.L., et al., Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on URIs and influenza in crowded, urban households. Public Health Rep, 2010. 125(2): p. 178–91. 41. Lau, L.L., et al., Viral shedding and clinical illness in naturally acquired influenza virus infections. J Infect Dis, 2010. 201(10): p. 1509–16. 42. Lessler, J., D. A. Cummings, J. M. Read, S. Wang, H. Zhu, G. J. Smith, Y. Guan, C. Q. Jiang, and S. Riley. 2011. Location-specific patterns of exposure to recent pre-pandemic strains of influenza A in southern China. Nat.Commun. 2:423. doi:ncomms1432 [pii];10.1038/ncomms1432 [doi]. 43. Lindsley, W.G., et al., Distribution of airborne influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus in an urgent care medical clinic. Clin Infect Dis, 2010. 50(5): p. 693–8. 44. Lindsley, W.G., et al., Measurements of airborne influenza virus in aerosol particles from human coughs. PLoS One, 2010. 5(11): p. e15100. 45. Looker, C., K. Carville, K. Grant, and H. Kelly. 2010. Influenza A (H1N1) in Victoria, Australia: a community case series and analysis of household transmission. PLoS.One. 5:e13702. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0013702 [doi].

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46. MacIntyre, C.R., et al., A cluster randomized clinical trial comparing fit-tested and non-fit-tested N95 respirators to medical masks to prevent respiratory virus infection in health care workers. Influenza Other Respi Viruses, 2011. 5(3): p. 170–9. 47. Magill, S.S., et al., Investigation of an Outbreak of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A Virus (H1N1) Infections among Healthcare Personnel in a Chicago Hospital. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 2011. 32(6): p. 611–5 48. McDevitt, J., et al., Role of absolute humidity in the inactivation of influenza viruses on stainless steel surfaces at elevated temperatures. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2010. 76(12): p. 3943–7. 49. Milton DK, F.P., Angel M, Perez DR, McDevitt JJ. , Influenza virus aerosols in human exhaled breath: particle size, culturability and effect of surgical masks, in Swine origin H1N1: the first pandemic of the 21st century. 2010: Atlanta, USA. 50. Myatt, T.A., et al., Modeling the airborne survival of influenza virus in a residential setting: the impacts of home humidification. Environ Health, 2010. 9: p. 55. 51. Opatowski, L., C. Fraser, J. Griffin, S. E. de, M. D. Van Kerkhove, E. J. Lyons, S. Cauchemez, and N. M. Papenburg, J., et al., Household transmission of the 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus: elevated laboratory-confirmed secondary attack rates and evidence of asymptomatic infections. Clin Infect Dis, 2010. 51(9): p. 1033–41. 52. Park, J. H., H. K. Cheong, D. Y. Son, S. U. Kim, and C. M. Ha. 2010. Perceptions and behaviors related to hand hygiene for the prevention of H1N1 influenza transmission among Korean university students during the peak pandemic period. BMC.Infect.Dis. 10:222. doi:1471-2334-10-222 [pii];10.1186/1471-2334-10-222 [doi]. 53. Perez, V., M. Uddin, S. Galea, A. S. Monto, and A. E. Aiello. 2011. Stress, adherence to preventive measures for reducing influenza transmission and influenza-like illness. J.Epidemiol.Community Health. doi:jech.2010.117002 [pii];10.1136/jech.2010.117002 [doi]. 54. Piso, R.J., et al., Low transmission rate of 2009 H1N1 Influenza during a long-distance bus trip. Infection, 2011. 39(2): p. 149–53. 55. Poletti, P., M. Ajelli, and S. Merler. 2011. The effect of risk perception on the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza dynamics. PLoS.One. 6:e16460. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016460 [doi]. 56. Shaman, J., V. E. Pitzer, C. Viboud, B. T. Grenfell, and M. Lipsitch. 2010. Absolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United States. PLoS.Biol. 8:e1000316. doi:10.1371/ journal.pbio.1000316 [doi]. 57. Simmerman, J.M., et al., Findings from a household randomized controlled trial of hand washing and face masks to reduce influenza transmission in Bangkok, Thailand. Influenza Other Respi Viruses, 2011. 5(4): p. 256–67. 58. Simmerman, J.X., et al., Influenza Virus Contamination of Common Household Surfaces during the 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Pandemic in Bangkok, Thailand: Implications for Contact Transmission. Clin Infect Dis, 2010. 59. Simonds, A.K., et al., Evaluation of droplet dispersion during non-invasive ventilation, oxygen therapy, nebuliser treatment and chest physiotherapy in clinical practice: implications for management of pandemic influenza and other airborne infections. Health Technol Assess, 2010. 14(46): p. 131–172 60. Snyder, K. M. 2010. Does hand hygiene reduce influenza transmission? J.Infect.Dis. 202:1146–1147. doi:10.1086/656144 [doi]. 61. Soebiyanto, R. P., F. Adimi, and R. K. Kiang. 2010. Modeling and predicting seasonal influenza transmission in warm regions using climatological parameters. PLoS.One. 5:e9450. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0009450 [doi].

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62. Spicknall, I.H., et al., Informing optimal environmental influenza interventions: how the host, agent, and environment alter dominant routes of transmission. PLoS Comput Biol, 2010. 6(10): p. e1000969. 63. Stebbins, S., et al., Reduction in the Incidence of Influenza A But Not Influenza B Associated With Use of Hand Sanitizer and Cough Hygiene in Schools: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2011. 64. Suess, T., et al., Shedding and Transmission of Novel Influenza Virus A/H1N1 Infection in Households – Germany, 2009. Am J Epidemiol, 2010. 65. Talaat M, A.S., Dueger E, El-Ashry N, Marfin A, Kandeel A, et al., Effects of hand hygiene campaigns on incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza and absenteeism in schoolchildren, Cairo, Egypt. . Emerging Infectious Diseases 2011. Epub ahead of print. 66. Teunis, P.F., N. Brienen, and M.E. Kretzschmar, High infectivity and pathogenicity of influenza A virus via aerosol and droplet transmission. Epidemics, 2011. 2(4): p. 215–22. 67. Thomas, Y.S., P. Peduzzi, E. Eckert, T. Koch, D. Mathys, P. Kaiser, L, Survival of Influenza Virus on Human Fingers, in Options for the control of influenza VII. 2010: Hong Kong.. 68. Tseng, C.C., L.Y. Chang, and C.S. Li, Detection of airborne viruses in a pediatrics department measured using real-time qPCR coupled to an air-sampling filter method. J Environ Health, 2010. 73(4): p. 22–8. 69. Tumpey, T. M., et al. 2007. A two-amino acid change in the hemagglutinin of the 1918 influenza virus abolishes transmission. Science 315:655–659 70. Vukotich, C.J., Jr., et al., Findings, gaps, and future direction for research in nonpharmaceutical interventions for pandemic influenza. Emerg Infect Dis, 2010. 16(4): p. e2. 71. Ward, K. A., P. Armstrong, J. M. McAnulty, J. M. Iwasenko, and D. E. Dwyer. 2010. Outbreaks of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal influenza A (H3N2) on cruise ship. Emerg.Infect.Dis. 16:1731– 1737. doi:10.3201/eid1611.100477 [doi]. 72. Wong, B.C., et al., Possible role of aerosol transmission in a hospital outbreak of influenza. Clin Infect Dis, 2010. 51(10): p. 1176–83. 73. Wong, C. M., T. Q. Thach, P. Y. Chau, E. K. Chan, R. Y. Chung, C. Q. Ou, L. Yang, J. S. Peiris, G. N. Thomas, T. H. Lam, T. W. Wong, and A. J. Hedley. 2010. Part 4. Interaction between air pollution and respiratory viruses: time-series study of daily mortality and hospital admissions in Hong Kong. Res. Rep.Health Eff.Inst.283–362. 74. Yang, W., S. Elankumaran, and L.C. Marr, Concentrations and size distributions of airborne influenza A viruses measured indoors at a health centre, a day-care centre and on aeroplanes. J R Soc Interface, 2011.

51 APPENDIX 7 List of publications, measures to limit transmission, 2010–2011

1. 2010. Parental attitudes and experiences during school dismissals related to 2009 influenza A (H1N1) – United States, 2009. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. 59:1131–1134. doi:mm5935a2 [pii]. 2. Becker, N. G. and D. Wang. 2011. Can antiviral drugs contain pandemic influenza transmission? PLoS.One. 6:e17764. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0017764 3. Boelle PY, Ansart S, Cori A, Valleron AJ. Transmission parameters of the A/H1N1 (2009) influenza virus pandemic: a review. Influenza Other Respi Viruses. 2011; 5(5): 306–16. 4. Borse RH, Behravesh CB, Dumanovsky T, Zucker JR, Swerdlow D, Edelson P, et al. Closing schools in response to the 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 virus in New York City: economic impact on households. Clin Infect Dis. 2011; 52 Suppl 1: S168–72. 5. Brown, S. T., J. H. Tai, R. R. Bailey, P. C. Cooley, W. D. Wheaton, M. A. Potter, R. E. Voorhees, M. LeJeune, J. J. Grefenstette, D. S. Burke, S. M. McGlone, and B. Y. Lee. 2011. Would school closure for the 2009 H1N1 influenza epidemic have been worth the cost?: a computational simulation of Pennsylvania. BMC.Public Health 11:353. doi:1471-2458-11-353 [pii];10.1186/1471-2458-11-353 [doi] 6. Calatayud L, Kurkela S, Neave PE, Brock A, Perkins S, Zuckerman M, et al. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus outbreak in a school in London, April–May 2009: an observational study. Epidemiol Infect. 2010; 138(2): 183–91. 7. Carrillo-Santisteve P, Renard-Dubois S, Cheron G, Csaszar-Goutchkoff M, Lecuit M, Lortholary O, et al. 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) outbreak in a complex of schools in Paris, France, June 2009. Euro Surveill. 2010 Jun 24;15(25). 8. Cauchemez S, Bhattarai A, Marchbanks TL, Fagan RP, Ostroff S, Ferguson NM, et al. Role of social networks in shaping disease transmission during a community outbreak of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011 Feb 15;108(7):2825–30. 9. Chen WC, Huang AS, Chuang JH, Chiu CC, Kuo HS. Social and economic impact of school closure resulting from pandemic influenza A/H1N1. J Infect. 2011; 62(3): 200–3. 10. Chowell G, Viboud C, Munayco CV, Gomez J, Simonsen L, Miller MA, et al. Spatial and temporal characteristics of the 2009 A/H1N1 influenza pandemic in Peru. PLoS One. 2011;6(6):e21287. 11. Cohen NJ, Callahan DB, Gonzalez V, Balaban V, Wang RT, Pordell P, et al. Respiratory Illness in Households of School-Dismissed Students during Influenza Pandemic, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Sep;17(9):1756–7 12. Destefano F, Haber M, Currivan D, Farris T, Burrus B, Stone-Wiggins B, et al. Factors associated with social contacts in four communities during the 2007–2008 influenza season. Epidemiol Infect. 2011 Aug;139(8):1181–90. 13. Eames KT, Tilston NL, Edmunds WJ. The impact of school holidays on the social mixing patterns of school children. Epidemics. 2011; 3(2): 103–8.

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14. Effler, P. V., D. Carcione, C. Giele, G. K. Dowse, L. Goggin, and D. B. Mak. 2010. Household responses to pandemic (H1N1) 2009-related school closures, Perth, Western Australia. Emerg.Infect. Dis. 16:205–211. doi:10.3201/eid1602.091372 [doi 15. Gift TL, Palekar RS, Sodha SV, Kent CK, Fagan RP, Archer WR, et al. Household effects of school closure during pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Pennsylvania, USA. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010; 16(8): 1315–7. 16. Halder N, Kelso JK, Milne GJ. Analysis of the effectiveness of interventions used during the 2009 A/ H1N1 influenza pandemic. BMC Public Health. 2010; 10: 168. 17. Halder N, Kelso JK, Milne GJ. Cost-effective strategies for mitigating a future influenza pandemic with H1N1 2009 characteristics. PLoS One. 2011; 6(7): e22087. 18. Halder N, Kelso JK, Milne GJ. Developing guidelines for school closure interventions to be used during a future influenza pandemic. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:221. 19. Horby P, Pham QT, Hens N, Nguyen TT, Le QM, Dang DT, et al. Social contact patterns in Vietnam and implications for the control of infectious diseases. PLoS One. 2011; 6(2): e16965. 20. House T, Baguelin M, Van Hoek AJ, White PJ, Sadique Z, Eames K, et al. Modelling the impact of local reactive school closures on critical care provision during an influenza pandemic. Proc Biol Sci. 2011 Feb 2. 21. Jackson C, Mangtani P, Vynnycky E, Fielding K, Kitching A, Mohamed H, et al. School closures and student contact patterns. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Feb;17(2):245–7. 22. Janusz KB, Cortes JE, Serdarevic F, Jones RC, Jones JD, Ritger KA, et al. Influenza-like illness in a community surrounding a school-based outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus- Chicago, Illinois, 2009. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. 2011; 52 Suppl 1: S94–101. 23. Jhung MA, Swerdlow D, Olsen SJ, Jernigan D, Biggerstaff M, Kamimoto L, et al. Epidemiology of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 1;52 Suppl 1:S13–26. 24. Kelly HA, Priest PC, Mercer GN, Dowse GK. We should not be complacent about our population-based public health response to the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11: 78 25. Kiviniemi, M. T., P. K. Ram, L. T. Kozlowski, and K. M. Smith. 2011. Perceptions of and willingness to engage in public health precautions to prevent 2009 H1N1 influenza transmission. BMC.Public Health 11:152. doi:1471-2458-11-152 [pii];10.1186/1471-2458-11-152 [doi 26. Lee, V. J., J. Yap, A. R. Cook, M. I. Chen, J. K. Tay, I. Barr, A. Kelso, B. H. Tan, J. P. Loh, R. Lin, L. Cui, P. M. Kelly, Y. S. Leo, K. S. Chia, W. L. Kang, P. A. Tambyah, and B. Seet. 2010. Effectiveness of public health measures in mitigating pandemic influenza spread: a prospective sero-epidemiological cohort study. J.Infect.Dis. 202:1319–1326. doi:10.1086/656480 [doi]. 27. Marchbanks TL, Bhattarai A, Fagan RP, Ostroff S, Sodha SV, Moll ME, et al. An outbreak of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in an elementary school in Pennsylvania. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 1;52 Suppl 1:S154–60. 28. Monteiro SM, Jancey J, Howat P, Burns S, Jones C, Dhaliwal SS, et al. The protocol of a randomized controlled trial for playgroup mothers: Reminder on Food, Relaxation, Exercise, and Support for Health (REFRESH) Program. BMC Public Health. 2011; 11: 648. 29. Nishiura H, Roberts MG. Estimation of the reproduction number for 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in the presence of imported cases. Euro Surveill. 2010;15(29).

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30. Parental attitudes and experiences during school dismissals related to 2009 influenza A (H1N1) – United States, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010; 59(35): 1131–4. 31. Perlroth DJ, Glass RJ, Davey VJ, Cannon D, Garber AM, Owens DK. Health outcomes and costs of community mitigation strategies for an influenza pandemic in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jan 15;50(2):165–74. 32. Shiino T, Okabe N, Yasui Y, Sunagawa T, Ujike M, Obuchi M, et al. Molecular evolutionary analysis of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm, May–September, 2009: temporal and spatial spreading profile of the viruses in Japan. PLoS One. 2010; 5(6): e11057. 33. Shrestha SS, Swerdlow DL, Borse RH, Prabhu VS, Finelli L, Atkins CY, et al. Estimating the burden of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the United States (April 2009–April 2010). Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 1;52 Suppl 1:S75–82. 34. Wheeler, C. C., L. M. Erhart, and M. L. Jehn. 2010. Effect of school closure on the incidence of influenza among school-age children in Arizona. Public Health Rep. 125:851–859. 35. Wu JT, Cowling BJ, Lau EH, Ip DK, Ho LM, Tsang T, et al. School closure and mitigation of pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Mar;16(3):538–41.

54 APPENDIX 8 List of publications, burden of Influenza, 2010–2011

1. Anderson R, Shemilt I. The role of economic perspectives and evidence in systematic review. In:Shemilt I, Mugford M, Vale L, Marsh K, Donaldson C, editors. Evidence-based decisions and economics. Health care, social welfare, education and criminal justice. 2nd ed. Chichester (UK): John Wiley and Sons; 2010. 2. Andradóttir S, Chiu W, Goldsman D, Lee ML, Tsui KL, Sander B, et al. Reactive Strategies for containing developing outbreaks of influenza pandemics. Technical report. Atlanta, GA: H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology; 2010. 3. Bandaranayake D, Jacobs M, Baker M, Hunt D, Wood T, Bissielo A et al. The second wave of 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) in New Zealand, January–October 2010. Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin 2011; 16(6). 4. Bettinger JA, Sauve LJ, Scheifele DW, Moore D, Vaudry W, Tran D et al. Pandemic influenza in Canadian children: a summary of hospitalized pediatric cases. Vaccine 2010; 28(18):3180–3184. 5. Brouwers L, Cakici B, Camitz M, Tegnell A, Boman M. Economic consequences to society of pandemic H1N1 influenza 2009 – preliminary results for Sweden. Euro Surveill. [Internet]. 2009 Sept [cited 2010 Oct 5];14(37):pii=19333. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle. aspx?ArticleId=19333 6. Campbell A, Rodin R, Kropp R, Mao Y, Hong Z, Vachon J et al. Risk of severe outcomes among patients admitted to hospital with pandemic (H1N1) influenza. CMAJ 2010; 182(4):349–355. 7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Deaths related to 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) among American Indian/Alaska Natives – 12 states, 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009; 58(48):1341–1344. 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Surveillance for Pediatric Deaths Associated with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection – United States, April–August 2009. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2009; 58(34):941–947. 9. Chacko J, Gagan B, Ashok E, Radha M, Hemanth HV. Critically ill patients with 2009 H1N1 infection in an Indian ICU. Indian J Crit Care Med 2010; 14(2):77–82. 10. Chitnis AS, Truelove SA, Druckenmiller JK, Heffernan RT, Davis JP. Epidemiologic and clinical features among patients hospitalized in Wisconsin with 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus infections, april to august 2009. Wis Med J 2010; 109(4):201–208. 11. Cohen, S. A., S. Ahmed, A. C. Klassen, E. M. Agree, T. A. Louis, and E. N. Naumova. 2010. Childhood Hib vaccination and pneumonia and influenza burden in US seniors. Vaccine 28:4462–4469. doi:S0264-410X(10)00541-4 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.035 [doi]. 12. Creanga AA, Johnson TF, Graitcer SB, Hartman LK, Al-Samarrai T, Schwarz AG et al. Severity of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 115(4):717–726.

55 WHO PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH AGENDA FOR INFLUENZA

13. Dee DL, Bensyl DM, Gindler J, Truman BI, Allen BG, D’Mello T et al. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Hospitalizations and Deaths Associated with 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infections in the United States. Ann Epidemiol 2011; 21(8):623–630. 14. Dee S, Jayathissa S. Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the hospitalised patients due to pandemic H1N1 2009 viral infection: experience at Hutt Hospital, New Zealand. N Z Med J 2010; 123(1312):45–53. 15. Durbin A, Corallo AN, Wibisino TG, Aleman DM, Schwartz B, Coyte PC. A cost effectiveness analysis of the H1N1 vaccine strategy for Ontario, Canada. Canad J Public Health Forthcoming 2011. 16. Epidemiological Task Group for Overseas French Territories of the Pacific, Barboza P, Baudon C, et al. Influenza A(H1N1)2009 in the French Pacific territories: assessment of the epidemic wave during the austral winter. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2010 Apr;16(4):304–8. 17. Falagas ME, Cholevas NV, Kapaskelis AM, Vouloumanou EK, Michalopoulos A, Rafailidis PI. Epidemiological aspects of 2009 H1N1 influenza: the accumulating experience from the Northern Hemisphere. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29(11):1327–1347. 18. Falagas ME, Koletsi PK, Baskouta E, Rafailidis PI, Dimopoulos G, Karageorgopoulos DE. Pandemic A(H1N1) 2009 influenza: review of the Southern Hemisphere experience. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 139(1):27–40. 19. Flint SM, Davis JS, Su JY, Oliver-Landry EP, Rogers BA, Goldstein A et al. Disproportionate impact of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza on Indigenous people in the Top End of Australia’s Northern Territory. Med J Aust 2010; 192(10):617–622. 20. Gerry Fairbrother et al., “High costs of influenza: Direct medical costs of influenza disease in young children,” Vaccine (May 31, 2010), http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20576536. 21. Girard MP, Tam JS, Assossou OM, Kieny MP. The 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus pandemic: A review. Vaccine 2010;28(31):4895–902. 22. Gordon A et al. Clinical attack rate and presentation of pandemic H1N1 influenza versus seasonal influenza A and B in a pediatric cohort in Nicaragua. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2010;50:1462– 1467 23. Harris PN, Dixit R, Francis F, Buettner PG, Leahy C, Burgher B et al. Pandemic influenza H1N1 2009 in north Queensland – risk factors for admission in a region with a large indigenous population. Commun Dis Intell 2010; 34(2):102–109. 24. Helferty M, Vachon J, Tarasuk J, Rodin R, Spika J, Pelletier L. Incidence of hospital admissions and severe outcomes during the first and second waves of pandemic (H1N1) 2009. CMAJ 2010; 182(18):1981–1987. 25. Jain S, Kamimoto L, Bramley AM, Schmitz AM, Benoit SR, Louie J et al. Hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in the United States, April–June 2009. N Engl J Med 2009; 361(20):1935– 1944. 26. Jouvet P, Hutchison J, Pinto R, Menon K, Rodin R, Choong K et al. Critical illness in children with influenza A/pH1N1 2009 infection in Canada. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2010; 11(5):603–609. 27. Kelly H, Mercer G, Cheng A. Quantifying the risk of pandemic influenza in pregnancy and indigenous people in Australia in 2009. Euro Surveillance: Bulletin Europeen sur les Maladies Transmissibles = European Communicable Disease Bulletin 2009; 14(50). 28. Kelly PM, Kotsimbos T, Reynolds A, Wood-Baker R, Hancox B, Brown SG et al. FluCAN 2009: initial results from sentinel surveillance for adult influenza and pneumonia in eight Australian hospitals. Med J Aust 2011; 194(4):169–174.

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29. Knight MP. Critical illness with AH1N1v influenza in pregnancy: a comparison of two population-based cohorts. BJOG 2011; 118(2):232–239. 30. Kumar S, Havens PL, Chusid MJ, Willoughby RE, Jr., Simpson P, Henrickson KJ. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of children hospitalized with 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29(7):591–594. 31. Larussa P. Pandemic Novel 2009 H1N1 Influenza: What Have We Learned? Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 32(4):393–399. 32. Lee BY, McGlone SM, Bailey RR, Wiringa AE, Zimmer SM, Smith KJ, et al. To test or to treat? An analysis of influenza testing and antiviral treatment strategies using economic computer modeling. PLoS One [Internet]. 2010 Jun [cited 2010 Oct 5];5(6):e11284.Available from: http://www.plosone. org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011284 33. Louie JK, Gavali S, Acosta M, Samuel MC, Winter K, Jean C et al. Children hospitalized with 2009 novel influenza A(H1N1) in California. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2010; 164(11):1023–1031. 34. Lugnér AK, Mylius SD, Wallinga J. Dynamic versus static models in cost-effectiveness analyses of anti-viral drug therapy to mitigate an influenza pandemic. Health Econ 2010;19(5):518–31. 35. Mandelcwajg, A., F. Moulin, C. Menager, F. Rozenberg, P. Lebon, and D. Gendrel. 2010. Underestimation of influenza viral infection in childhood asthma exacerbations. J.Pediatr. 157:505- 506. doi:S0022-3476(10)00386-0 [pii];10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.04.067 [doi]. 36. Massad, E., M. N. Burattini, F. A. Coutinho, and C. J. Struchiner. 2010. The risk of acquiring the new influenza A(H1N1) for Brazilian travelers to Chile, Argentina and the USA. Mem.Inst.Oswaldo Cruz 105:179–183. doi:S0074-02762010000200012 [pii]. 37. Miller RR, III, Markewitz BA, Rolfs RT, Brown SM, Dascomb KK, Grissom CK et al. Clinical findings and demographic factors associated with ICU admission in Utah due to novel 2009 influenza A(H1N1) infection. Chest 2010; 137(4):752–758. 38. Nitsch-Osuch, A. and K. Wardyn. 2009. Influenza vaccine coverage in age-related risk groups in Poland, 2004–2007. Cent.Eur.J.Public Health 17:198–202. 39. Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Openshaw PJM, Hashim A, Gadd EM, Lim WS, Semple MG et al. Risk factors for hospitalisation and poor outcome with pandemic A/H1N1 influenza: United Kingdom first wave (May–September 2009). Thorax 2010; 65(7):645–651. 40. Oluyomi-Obi T, Avery L, Schneider C, Kumar A, Lapinsky S, Menticoglou S et al. Perinatal and maternal outcomes in critically ill obstetrics patients with pandemic H1N1 Influenza A. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2010; 32(5):443–447. 41. Perlroth DJ, Glass RJ, Davey VJ, Cannon D, Garber AM, Owens DK. Health outcomes and costs of community mitigation strategies for an influenza pandemic in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50(2):165–74. 42. Piercy J, Miles A (Mapi Values, Macclesfield, UK). The economics of influenza pandemics in Switzerland. Final report [Internet]. Bern (CH): Federal Office of Public Health; 2003 March. Report No.: SO 9841 [cited 2010 Oct 11]. Available from: http://www.bag.admin.ch/themen/ medizin/00682/00686/02314/ 43. Pramanick A, Rathore S, Peter JV, Moorthy M, Lionel J. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus infection during pregnancy in South India. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011; 113(1):32–35. 44. Priyanka Saksena et al., “Patient costs for paediatric hospital admissions in Tanzania: a neglected burden?,” Health Policy Plan. (February 2, 2010): czq003

57 WHO PUBLIC HEALTH RESEARCH AGENDA FOR INFLUENZA

45. Puvanalingam A, Rajendiran C, Sivasubramanian K, Ragunanthanan S, Suresh S, Gopalakrishnan S. Case series study of the clinical profile of H1N1 swine flu influenza. J Assoc Physicians India 2011; 59:14–16. 46. Sachedina N, Donaldson LJ. Paediatric mortality related to pandemic influenza A H1N1 infection in England: an observational population-based study. Lancet 2010; 376(9755):1846–1852. 47. Schanzer DL, Langley JM, Tam TW. Influenza-attributed hospitalization rates among pregnant women in Canada 1994–2000. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2007; 29(8):622–629. 48. Siston AM, Rasmussen SA, Honein MA, Fry AM, Seib K, Callaghan WM et al. Pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) virus illness among pregnant women in the United States. JAMA 2010; 303(15):1517–1525. 49. Truelove SA, Chitnis AS, Heffernan RT, Karon AE, Haupt TE, Davis JP. Comparison of patients hospitalized with pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection during the first two pandemic waves in Wisconsin. J Infect Dis 2011; 203(6):828–837. 50. Tuite AR et al. Estimated epidemiologic parameters and morbidity associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza. CMAJ, 2010, 182(2):131–136. 51. Verrall A, Norton K, Rooker S, Dee S, Olsen L, Tan CE et al. Hospitalizations for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among Maori and Pacific Islanders, New Zealand. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16(1):100–102. 52. Vongphrachanh, P., J. M. Simmerman, D. Phonekeo, V. Pansayavong, T. Sisouk, S. Ongkhamme, G. T. Bryce, A. Corwin, and J. E. Bryant. 2010. An early report from newly established laboratory-based influenza surveillance in Lao PDR. Influenza.Other Respi.Viruses. 4:47–52. doi:IRV120 [pii];10.1111/ j.1750-2659.2009.00120.x [doi]. 53. Wenger JD, Castrodale LJ, Bruden DL, Keck JW, Zulz T, Bruce MG et al. 2009 Pandemic influenza A H1N1 in Alaska: temporal and geographic characteristics of spread and increased risk of hospitalization among Alaska Native and Asian/Pacific Islander people. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 52(Suppl 1):S189–S197. 54. Zaman, R. U., A. S. Alamgir, M. Rahman, E. Azziz-Baumgartner, E. S. Gurley, M. A. Sharker, W. A. Brooks, T. Azim, A. M. Fry, S. Lindstrom, L. V. Gubareva, X. Xu, R. J. Garten, M. J. Hossain, S. U. Khan, L. I. Faruque, S. S. Ameer, A. I. Klimov, M. Rahman, and S. P. Luby. 2009. Influenza in outpatient ILI case-patients in national hospital-based surveillance, Bangladesh, 2007–2008. PLoS. One. 4:e8452. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008452 [doi].

58 APPENDIX 9 List of publications, influenza vaccine and vaccine policy, 2010–2011

1. 2010. A call for mandatory flu vaccinations. OR.Manager. 26:5. 2. 2010. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 468: Influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Obstet.Gynecol. 116:1006–1007. doi:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181fae845 [doi];00006250-201010000-00040 [pii]. 3. 2010. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza A(H5N1)and influenza A(H9N2) viruses and candidate vaccine viruses developed for potential use in human vaccines. Wkly.Epidemiol.Rec. 85:418–424. 4. 2010. European Medicines Agency updates on the review of Pandemrix and reports of narcolepsy. Euro.Surveill 15. 5. 2010. Flu vaccination challenge enters third season with room for more participants and better rates. Jt.Comm Perspect. 30:9, 11. 6. 2010. Future pandemic vaccines may face suspicion. Hum.Vaccin. 6:526. doi:12826 [pii]. 7. 2010. Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety,3–4 December 2009. Wkly.Epidemiol.Rec. 85:29–33. 8. 2010. H1N1 and this flu season. The pandemic may be over, but the virus is still around, and children, young adults, and pregnant women are susceptible. Harv.Health Lett. 36:1–2. 9. 2010. H1N1 vaccine in children – one dose seems to provide some protection . . . Child Health Alert. 28:1. 10. 2010. Interim results: influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent and seasonal influenza vaccination coverage among health-care personnel – United States, August 2009–January 2010. MMWR Morb. Mortal.Wkly.Rep. 59:357–362. doi:mm5912a1 [pii]. 11. 2010. Interim results: influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccination coverage – United States, October–December 2009. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. 59:44–48. doi:mm5902a4 [pii]. 12. 2010. Interim results: state-specific influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccination coverage – United States, October 2009–January 2010. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. 59:363–368. doi:mm5912a2 [pii]. 13. 2010. Licensure of a high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine for persons aged >or=65 years (Fluzone High-Dose) and guidance for use – United States, 2010. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. 59:485–486. doi:mm5916a2 [pii]. 14. 2010. Outbreaks of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) among long-term-care facility residents – three states, 2009. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. 59:74–77. doi:mm5903a3 [pii]. 15. 2010. Policy statement – recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2010–2011. Pediatrics 126:816–826. doi:peds.2010-2216 [pii];10.1542/peds.2010-2216 [doi]. 16. 2010. Preliminary results: surveillance for Guillain-Barre syndrome after receipt of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine – United States, 2009–2010. MMWR Morb.Mortal.Wkly.Rep. 59:657– 661. doi:mm5921a3 [pii].

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1759. Yasuda, Y., R. Komatsu, K. Matsushita, T. Minami, Y. Suehiro, H. Sawata, N. Nakura, R. K. Jaeger, and M. Lattanzi. 2010. Comparison of half and full doses of an MF59-adjuvanted cell culture-derived A/H1N1v vaccine in Japanese children. Adv.Ther. 27:444–457. doi:10.1007/s12325-010-0043-4 [doi]. 1760. Yates, L., M. Pierce, S. Stephens, A. C. Mill, P. Spark, J. J. Kurinczuk, M. Valappil, P. Brocklehurst, S. H. Thomas, and M. Knight. 2010. Influenza A/H1N1v in pregnancy: an investigation of the characteristics and management of affected women and the relationship to pregnancy outcomes for mother and infant. Health Technol.Assess. 14:109–182. doi:10.3310/hta14340-02 [doi]. 1761. Yewdell, J. W. 2011. Viva la Revolucion: Rethinking Influenza A Virus Antigenic Drift. Curr.Opin.Virol. 1:177–183. doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2011.05.005 [doi]. 1762. Yi, S., D. Nonaka, M. Nomoto, J. Kobayashi, and T. Mizoue. 2011. Predictors of the uptake of A (H1N1) influenza vaccine: findings from a population-based longitudinal study in Tokyo. PLoS.One. 6:e18893. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018893 [doi]. 1763. Yin, J. K., G. Khandaker, H. Rashid, L. Heron, I. Ridda, and R. Booy. 2011. Immunogenicity and safety of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccine: systematic review and meta-analysis. Influenza.Other Respi.Viruses. 5:299–305. doi:10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00229.x [doi]. 1764. Yin, J. K., H. Wang, S. R. Skinner, G. Salkeld, and R. Booy. 2011. Assessing seasonal vaccine- related cross-protection from 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza through teacher absenteeism. Aust.N.Z.J.Public Health 35:393–394. doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00748.x [doi]. 1765. Yoo, B. K., A. Berry, M. Kasajima, and P. G. Szilagyi. 2010. Association between Medicaid reimbursement and child influenza vaccination rates. Pediatrics 126:e998–1010. doi:peds.2009-3514 [pii];10.1542/peds.2009-3514 [doi]. 1766. Yoo, B. K., M. Kasajima, C. E. Phelps, K. Fiscella, N. M. Bennett, and P. G. Szilagyi. 2011. Influenza vaccine supply and racial/ethnic disparities in vaccination among the elderly. Am.J.Prev.Med. 40:1–10. doi:S0749-3797(10)00553-2 [pii];10.1016/j.amepre.2010.09.028 [doi]. 1767. Yoo, B. K., M. L. Holland, J. Bhattacharya, C. E. Phelps, and P. G. Szilagyi. 2010. Effects of mass media coverage on timing and annual receipt of influenza vaccination among Medicare elderly. Health Serv.Res. 45:1287–1309. doi:HESR1127 [pii];10.1111/j.1475-6773.2010.01127.x [doi]. 1768. Yoo, J. K., D. P. Baker, and E. N. Fish. 2010. Interferon-beta modulates type 1 immunity during influenza virus infection. Antiviral Res. 88:64–71. doi:S0166-3542(10)00671-6 [pii];10.1016/j. antiviral.2010.07.006 [doi]. 1769. Yoshida, T., R. Yoshida, B. Y. Ma, S. Mikolajczak, D. J. Kelvin, and A. Ochi. 2010. A novel mitogen fusion protein against CD40+ cells with potent vaccine adjuvant properties. Vaccine 28:3688–3695. doi:S0264-410X(10)00350-6 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.014 [doi]. 1770. Young, F. and F. Marra. 2011. A systematic review of intradermal influenza vaccines. Vaccine 29:8788–8801. doi:S0264-410X(11)01496-4 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.077 [doi]. 1771. Yri, O. E., D. Torfoss, O. Hungnes, A. Tierens, K. Waalen, T. Nordoy, S. Dudman, A. Kilander, K. F. Wader, B. Ostenstad, R. Ekanger, P. Meyer, and A. Kolstad. 2011. Rituximab blocks protective serological response to influenza A(H1N1) 2009 vaccination in lymphoma patients during or within six months after treatment. Blood. doi:blood-2011-08-372649 [pii];10.1182/blood-2011-08-372649 [doi]. 1772. Yu, D. S., H. Y. Li, and X. M. Gao. 2010. [Analysis of influenza type A(H1N1) antibody levels in different population in Gansu province]. Zhongguo Yi.Miao.He.Mian.Yi. 16:219–21, 260. 1773. Yudin, M. H., M. Salaripour, and M. D. Sgro. 2010. Acceptability and feasibility of seasonal influenza vaccine administration in an antenatal clinic setting. J.Obstet.Gynaecol.Can. 32:745–748.

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1774. Yudin, M. H., M. Salripour, and M. D. Sgro. 2010. Impact of patient education on knowledge of influenza and vaccine recommendations among pregnant women. J.Obstet.Gynaecol.Can. 32:232– 237. 1775. Yusibov, V., S. J. Streatfield, and N. Kushnir. 2011. Clinical development of plant-produced recombinant pharmaceuticals: vaccines, antibodies and beyond. Hum.Vaccin. 7:313–321. doi:14207 [pii]. 1776. Zaharatos, G. J., J. Yu, C. Pace, Y. Song, S. Vasan, D. D. Ho, and Y. Huang. 2011. HIV-1 and influenza antigens synthetically linked to IgG2a Fc elicit superior humoral responses compared to unmodified antigens in mice. Vaccine. doi:S0264-410X(11)01693-8 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.056 [doi]. 1777. Zakay-Rones, Z. 2010. Human influenza vaccines and assessment of immunogenicity. Expert.Rev. Vaccines. 9:1423–1439. doi:10.1586/erv.10.144 [doi]. 1778. Zamparo, E. and D. Little. 2011. Immunogenicity and effectiveness of virosomal adjuvanted vaccines against influenza: a brief review of their utility in the elderly population. J.Prev.Med.Hyg. 52:116–119. 1779. Zanvit, P., A. Tichopad, M. Havlickova, O. Novotna, M. Jirkovska, K. Kolostova, D. Cechova, J. Julak, I. Sterzl, and L. Prokesova. 2010. Adjuvant effect of Bacillus firmus on the expression of cytokines and toll-like receptors in mouse nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) after intranasal immunization with inactivated influenza virus type A. Immunol.Lett. 134:26–34. doi:S0165-2478(10)00200-2 [pii];10.1016/j.imlet.2010.08.006 [doi]. 1780. Zarocostas, J. 2011. WHO backs further probes into possible link between H1N1 vaccine and narcolepsy in children. BMJ 342:d909. 1781. Zarubaev, V. V., A. V. Garshinina, N. A. Kalinina, A. A. Shtro, S. V. Beliaevskaia, V. E. Nebol’sin, and O. I. Kiselev. 2010. [Protective activity of Ingavirin in experimental lethal influenza due to pandemic influenza virus A (H1N1)v in albino mice]. Antibiot.Khimioter. 55:24–31. 1782. Zeng, W., K. J. Horrocks, G. Robevska, C. Y. Wong, K. Azzopardi, M. Tauschek, R. M. Robins-Browne, and D. C. Jackson. 2011. A modular approach to assembly of totally synthetic self-adjuvanting lipopeptide-based vaccines allows conformational epitope building. J.Biol.Chem. 286:12944–12951. doi:M111.227744 [pii];10.1074/jbc.M111.227744 [doi]. 1783. Zhan, Y., Z. Yang, L. Li, D. Ye, H. Wu, R. Fu, S. Zhao, Y. Wang, R. Zhou, and R. Chen. 2011. Immunogenicity and safety of a China-made monovalent pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A vaccine in healthcare workers in Guangzhou, China. Jpn.J.Infect.Dis. 64:190–194. 1784. Zhang, J., A. E. While, and I. J. Norman. 2010. Knowledge and attitudes regarding influenza vaccination among nurses: a research review. Vaccine 28:7207–7214. doi:S0264-410X(10)01222-3 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.065 [doi]. 1785. Zhang, J., E. B. Tarbet, H. Toro, and D. C. Tang. 2011. Adenovirus-vectored drug-vaccine duo as a potential driver for conferring mass protection against infectious diseases. Expert.Rev.Vaccines. 10:1539–1552. doi:10.1586/erv.11.141 [doi]. 1786. Zhang, L. X., Z. J. Yu, J. F. Zhou, and Y. L. Shu. 2011. [The development of influenza virus-like particle vaccines]. Bing.Du Xue.Bao. 27:402–408. 1787. Zhang, Q., Z. Guo, and N. E. MacDonald. 2011. Vaccine preventable community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized children in Northwest China. Pediatr.Infect.Dis.J. 30:7–10. doi:10.1097/ INF.0b013e3181ec6245 [doi]. 1788. Zhang, Q., Z. Wang, Y. Yuan, Z. Xue, G. Zhai, W. Zuo, S. Zhu, G. Zhu, and X. Xu. 2011. Immunoadjuvant effects of hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) on the inactivated H9 subtype avian influenza virus vaccine. Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol. 141:116–123. doi:S0165-2427(11)00080-8 [pii];10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.021 [doi].

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1789. Zhang, W. W., L. Li, and F. C. Zhu. 2010. [Research progress of influenza type A(H1N1) vaccine and monitoring adverse reaction]. Zhongguo Yi.Miao.He.Mian.Yi. 16:275–278. 1790. Zhang, W., T. Xue, X. Wu, P. Zhang, G. Zhao, D. Peng, S. Hu, X. Wang, X. Liu, W. Liu, and X. Liu. 2011. Increase in viral yield in eggs and MDCK cells of reassortant H5N1 vaccine candidate viruses caused by insertion of 38 amino acids into the NA stalk. Vaccine 29:8032–8041. doi:S0264- 410X(11)01295-3 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.054 [doi]. 1791. Zhang, X., M. Liu, C. Liu, J. Du, W. Shi, E. Sun, H. Li, J. Li, and Y. Zhang. 2011. Vaccination with different M2e epitope densities confers partial protection against H5N1 influenza A virus challenge in chickens. Intervirology 54:290–299. doi:000319440 [pii];10.1159/000319440 [doi]. 1792. Zhang, X., Y. Zhao, and A. U. Neumann. 2010. Partial immunity and vaccination for influenza. J.Comput.Biol. 17:1689–1696. doi:10.1089/cmb.2009.0003 [doi]. 1793. Zhang, Z., Y. Li, S. Xu, F. Chen, L. Zhang, B. Jiang, and X. Chen. 2010. Fusion to chicken C3d enhances the immunogenicity of the M2 protein of avian influenza virus. Virol.J. 7:89. doi:1743- 422X-7-89 [pii];10.1186/1743-422X-7-89 [doi]. 1794. Zhao, G., L. Du, W. Xiao, S. Sun, Y. Lin, M. Chen, Z. Kou, Y. He, S. Lustigman, S. Jiang, B. J. Zheng, and Y. Zhou. 2010. Induction of protection against divergent H5N1 influenza viruses using a recombinant fusion protein linking influenza M2e to Onchocerca volvulus activation associated protein-1 (ASP-1) adjuvant. Vaccine 28:7233–7240. doi:S0264-410X(10)01194-1 [pii];10.1016/j. vaccine.2010.08.049 [doi]. 1795. Zhao, G., S. Sun, L. Du, W. Xiao, Z. Ru, Z. Kou, Y. Guo, H. Yu, S. Jiang, Y. Lone, B. J. Zheng, and Y. Zhou. 2010. An H5N1 M2e-based multiple antigenic peptide vaccine confers heterosubtypic protection from lethal infection with pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus. Virol.J. 7:151. doi:1743-422X-7-151 [pii];10.1186/1743-422X-7-151 [doi]. 1796. Zhao, G., Y. Lin, L. Du, J. Guan, S. Sun, H. Sui, Z. Kou, C. C. Chan, Y. Guo, S. Jiang, B. J. Zheng, and Y. Zhou . 2010. An M2e-based multiple antigenic peptide vaccine protects mice from lethal challenge with divergent H5N1 influenza viruses. Virol.J. 7:9. doi:1743-422X-7-9 [pii];10.1186/1743-422X-7-9 [doi]. 1797. Zhao, K., G. X. Li, Y. Y. Jin, H. X. Wei, Q. S. Sun, T. T. Huang, Y. F. Wang, and G. Z. Tong. 2010. Preparation and immunological effectiveness of a Swine influenza DNA vaccine encapsulated in PLGA microspheres. J.Microencapsul. 27:178–186. doi:10.3109/02652040903059239 [doi]. 1798. Zhao, K., X. Shi, Y. Zhao, H. Wei, Q. Sun, T. Huang, X. Zhang, and Y. Wang. 2011. Preparation and immunological effectiveness of a swine influenza DNA vaccine encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. Vaccine 29:8549–8556. doi:S0264-410X(11)01435-6 [pii];10.1016/j. vaccine.2011.09.029 [doi]. 1799. Zheng, Z., W. Luo, H. Song, Y. Chen, J. Xiong, Y. Chen, Y. Gu, H. Chen, J. W. Shih, J. Zhang, and N. Xia. 2010. Antibody reactivity of conformational peptide mimics of a conserved H5N1 neutralization site in different fusion proteins. Arch.Virol. 155:19–26. doi:10.1007/s00705-009-0542-2 [doi]. 1800. Zhou, B., Y. Li, J. A. Belser, M. B. Pearce, M. Schmolke, A. X. Subba, Z. Shi, S. R. Zaki, D. M. Blau, A. Garcia-Sastre, T. M. Tumpey, and D. E. Wentworth. 2010. NS-based live attenuated H1N1 pandemic vaccines protect mice and ferrets. Vaccine 28:8015–8025. doi:S0264-410X(10)01324-1 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.106 [doi]. 1801. Zhou, D., T. L. Wu, M. O. Lasaro, B. P. Latimer, E. M. Parzych, A. Bian, Y. Li, H. Li, J. Erikson, Z. Xiang, and H. C. Ertl. 2010. A universal influenza A vaccine based on adenovirus expressing matrix-2 ectodomain and nucleoprotein protects mice from lethal challenge. Mol.Ther. 18:2182–2189. doi:mt2010202 [pii];10.1038/mt.2010.202 [doi].

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1802. Zhou, J. J., J. Tian, D. Y. Fang, Y. Liang, H. J. Yan, J. M. Zhou, H. L. Gao, C. Y. Fu, Y. Liu, H. Z. Ni, C. W. Ke, and L. F. Jiang. 2011. Analysis of antigen epitopes and molecular pathogenic characteristics of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza A virus in China. Acta Virol. 55:195–202. 1803. Zhou, X. and J. E. McElhaney. 2011. Age-related changes in memory and effector T cells responding to influenza A/H3N2 and pandemic A/H1N1 strains in humans. Vaccine 29 :2169–2177. doi:S0264- 410X(10)01781-0 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.029 [doi]. 1804. Zhu, W., B. W. Higgs, C. Morehouse, K. Streicher, C. S. Ambrose, J. Woo, G. W. Kemble, B. Jallal, and Y. Yao. 2010. A whole genome transcriptional analysis of the early immune response induced by live attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in young children. Vaccine 28:2865–2876. doi:S0264-410X(10)00136-2 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.060 [doi]. 1805. Zimmerman, R. K., D. S. Lauderdale, S. M. Tan, and D. K. Wagener. 2010. Prevalence of high- risk indications for influenza vaccine varies by age, race, and income. Vaccine 28:6470–6477. doi:S0264-410X(10)01032-7 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.037 [doi]. 1806. Zimmerman, R. K., S. M. Albert, M. P. Nowalk, M. A. Yonas, and F. Ahmed. 2011. Use of standing orders for adult influenza vaccination a national survey of primary care physicians. Am.J.Prev.Med. 40:144–148. doi:S0749-3797(10)00637-9 [pii];10.1016/j.amepre.2010.10.027 [doi]. 1807. Zuccotti, G. V. and V. Fabiano. 2011. Influvac, a trivalent inactivated subunit influenza vaccine. Expert. Opin.Biol.Ther. 11:89–98. doi:10.1517/14712598.2011.541436 [doi]. 1808. Zuccotti, G. V. and V. Fabiano. 2011. Strategies for preventing influenza: future perspectives in influenza vaccine technology. Expert.Opin.Biol.Ther. 11:1–4. doi:10.1517/14712598.2010.539047 [doi]. 1809. Zuccotti, G. V., E. Pariani, A. Scaramuzza, L. Santoro, E. Giani, M. Macedoni, A. Gazzarri, G. Anselmi, A. Amendola, and A. Zanetti. 2011. Long-lasting immunogenicity and safety of a 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) MF59-adjuvanted vaccine when co-administered with a 2009–2010 seasonal influenza vaccine in young patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet.Med. doi:10.1111/j.1464- 5491.2011.03449.x [doi]. 1810. Zuccotti, G., L. Pogliani, E. Pariani, A. Amendola, and A. Zanetti. 2010. Transplacental antibody transfer following maternal immunization with a pandemic 2009 influenza A(H1N1) MF59-adjuvanted vaccine. JAMA 304:2360–2361. doi:304/21/2360 [pii];10.1001/jama.2010.1729 [doi]. 1811. Zverev, V. V., M. P. Kostinov, N. A. Mikhailova, S. N. Zhirova, A. N. Mironov, O. A. Terkacheva, A. A. Romanova, and A. P. Cherdantsev. 2011. [Immunogenicity of inactivated subunit adsorbed monovalent vaccine against influenza A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) strain]. Vopr.Virusol. 56:20–23.

188 APPENDIX 10 Clinical features of influenza infections publications, 2010–2011

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115. Plessa E, Diakakis P, Gardelis J, Thirios A, Koletsi P, Falagas ME. Clinical features, risk factors, and complications among pediatric patients with pandemic influenza A (H1N1). Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2010 Aug;49(8):777–81. 116. Ramakrishna K, Peter JV, Karthik G, Abraham AM, Surekha V, Karthik R, et al. Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic: was there a difference in the two waves in patients requiring admission to the intensive-care unit? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011 May 24. 117. Rellosa N, Bloch KC, Shane AL, Debiasi RL. Neurologic manifestations of pediatric novel h1n1 influenza infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Feb;30(2):165–7. 118. Riquelme R, Jimenez P, Videla AJ, Lopez H, Chalmers J, Singanayagam A, et al. Predicting mortality in hospitalized patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza pneumonia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011 Apr;15(4):542–6. 119. Riquelme R, Riquelme M, Rioseco ML, Inzunza C, Gomez Y, Contreras C, et al. Characteristics of hospitalised patients with 2009 H1N1 influenza in Chile. Eur Respir J. 2010 Oct;36(4):864–9. 120. Rizzo C, Rota MC, Bella A, Alfonsi V, Declich S, Caporali MG, et al. Cross-reactive antibody responses to the 2009 A/H1N1v influenza virus in the Italian population in the pre-pandemic period. Vaccine. 2010 Apr 30;28(20):3558–62. 121. Sam IC, Abdul-Murad A, Karunakaran R, Rampal S, Chan YF, Nathan AM, et al. Clinical features of Malaysian children hospitalized with community-acquired seasonal influenza. Int J Infect Dis. 2010 Sep;14 Suppl 3:e36–40. 122. Samuel N, Attias O, Tatour S, Brik R. Novel influenza A (H1N1) and acute encephalitis in a child. Isr Med Assoc J. 2010 Jul;12(7):446–7. 123. Santa-Olalla Peralta P, Cortes Garcia M, Limia Sanchez A, Andres Prado J, Pachon Del Amo I, Sierra Moros MJ. Critically ill patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection in Spain: factors associated with death, April 2009–January 2010. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2010 Sep– Oct;84(5):547–67. 124. Sasbon JS, Centeno MA, Garcia MD, Boada NB, Lattini BE, Motto EA, et al. Influenza A (pH1N1) infection in children admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit: differences with other respiratory viruses. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011 May;12(3):e136–40. 125. Sha L, Cao L, Chen HZ, Yuan Y, Zhu RN, Deng J, et al. [Analysis of clinical manifestations of 159 hospitalized children infected with 2009 novel influenza A (H1N1) virus]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2010 Aug;48(8):575–9. 126. Shieh WJ, Blau DM, Denison AM, Deleon-Carnes M, Adem P, Bhatnagar J, et al. 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1): pathology and pathogenesis of 100 fatal cases in the United States. Am J Pathol. 2010 Jul;177(1):166–75. 127. Shim SS, Kim Y, Ryu YJ. Novel influenza A (H1N1) infection: chest CT findings from 21 cases in Seoul, Korea. Clin Radiol. 2011 Feb;66(2):118–24. 128. Shin SY, Kim JH, Kim HS, Kang YA, Lee HG, Kim JS, et al. Clinical characteristics of Korean pediatric patients critically ill with influenza A (H1N1) virus. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010 Oct;45(10):1014–20. 129. Shlomai A, Nutman A, Kotlovsky T, Schechner V, Carmeli Y, Guzner-Gur H. Predictors of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus positivity and adverse outcomes among hospitalized patients with a compatible syndrome. Isr Med Assoc J. 2010 Oct;12(10):622–7. 130. Siau C, Tee A, Au V, Raghuram J, Oh HM, Fock KM, et al. Influenza A H1N1 (2009): clinical spectrum of disease among adult patients admitted to a regional hospital in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 2011 Jul;52(7):475–80.

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131. Skarbinski J, Jain S, Bramley A, Lee EJ, Huang J, Kirschke D, et al. Hospitalized patients with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in the United States – September–October 2009. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jan 1;52 Suppl 1:S50–9. 132. Souza TM, Salluh JI, Bozza FA, Mesquita M, Soares M, Motta FC, et al. H1N1pdm influenza infection in hospitalized cancer patients: clinical evolution and viral analysis. PLoS One. 2010;5(11):e14158. 133. Stein M, Tasher D, Glikman D, Shachor-Meyouhas Y, Barkai G, Yochai AB, et al. Hospitalization of children with influenza A(H1N1) virus in Israel during the 2009 outbreak in Israel: a multicenter survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010 Nov;164(11):1015–22. 134. Surana P, Tang S, McDougall M, Tong CY, Menson E, Lim M. Neurological complications of pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 infection: European case series and review. Eur J Pediatr. 2011 Aug;170(8):1007–15. 135. Tamma PD, Turnbull AE, Milstone AM, Cosgrove SE, Valsamakis A, Budd A, et al. Clinical outcomes of seasonal influenza and pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in pediatric inpatients. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:72. 136. To KK, Chan KH, Li IW, Tsang TY, Tse H, Chan JF, et al. Viral load in patients infected with pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus. J Med Virol. 2010 Jan;82(1):1–7. 137. To KK, Hung IF, Li IW, Lee KL, Koo CK, Yan WW, et al. Delayed clearance of viral load and marked cytokine activation in severe cases of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 15;50(6):850–9. 138. To KK, Wong SS, Li IW, Hung IF, Tse H, Woo PC, et al. Concurrent comparison of epidemiology, clinical presentation and outcome between adult patients suffering from the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus and the seasonal influenza A virus infection. Postgrad Med J. 2010 Sep;86(1019):515–21. 139. Tom BD, AJ VANH, Pebody R, McMenamin J, Robertson C, Catchpole M, et al. Estimating time to onset of swine influenza symptoms after initial novel A(H1N1v) viral infection. Epidemiol Infect. 2011 Sep;139(9):1418–24. 140. Torres JP, O’Ryan M, Herve B, Espinoza R, Acuna G, Manalich J, et al. Impact of the novel influenza A (H1N1) during the 2009 autumn–winter season in a large hospital setting in Santiago, Chile. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 15;50(6):860–8. 141. Torres SF, Iolster T, Schnitzler EJ, Farias JA, Bordogna AC, Rufach D, et al. High mortality in patients with influenza A pH1N1 2009 admitted to a pediatric intensive care unit: A predictive model of mortality. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2011 May 5. 142. Tse H, To KK, Wen X, Chen H, Chan KH, Tsoi HW, et al. Clinical and Virological Factors Associated with Viremia in Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1/2009 Virus Infection. PLoS One. 2011;6(9):e22534. 143. Tuite AR, Greer AL, Whelan M, Winter AL, Lee B, Yan P, et al. Estimated epidemiologic parameters and morbidity associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza. CMAJ. 2010 Feb 9;182(2):131–6. 144. Tutuncu EE, Ozturk B, Gurbuz Y, Haykir A, Sencan I, Kuscu F, et al. Clinical characteristics of 74 pandemic H1N1 influenza patients from Turkey. Risk factors for fatality. Saudi Med J. 2010 Sep;31(9):993–8. 145. Uchimura T, Mori M, Nariai A, Yokota S. Analysis of cases of severe respiratory failure in children with influenza (H1N1) 2009 infection in Japan. J Infect Chemother. 2011 Aug 2. 146. van Zwol A, Witteveen R, Markhorst D, Geukers VG. Clinical features of a Dutch cohort of critically ill children due to the 2009 new influenza A H1N1 pandemic. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011 Jan;50(1):69– 72.

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147. Vasquez RD, Chavez VM, Gamio IE, Munoz RI, Polar MF, Montalvo R, et al. Probable vertical transmission of the influenza virus A (H1N1): apropos of a case. Rev Peru Med Exp Salud Publica. 2010 Sep;27(3):466–9. 148. Vila de Muga M, Torre Monmany N, Asensio Carretero S, Traveria Casanovas FJ, Martinez Mejias A, Coll Sibina MT, et al. Clinical features of influenza A H1N1 2009: a multicentre study. An Pediatr (Barc). 2011 Jul;75(1):6–12. 149. Wang YG, Ni L, Zhang W, Du HB, Li XW, Wang RB. [Clinical feature and treatment of 69 Chinese children patients infected with influenza A (H1N1)]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2010 Feb;48(2):100–3. 150. Wang ZF, Su F, Lin XJ, Dai B, Kong LF, Zhao HW, et al. Serum D-dimer changes and prognostic implication in 2009 novel influenza A(H1N1). Thromb Res. 2011 Mar;127(3):198–201. 151. Williams CJ, Schweiger B, Diner G, Gerlach F, Haaman F, Krause G, et al. Seasonal influenza risk in hospital healthcare workers is more strongly associated with household than occupational exposures: results from a prospective cohort study in Berlin, Germany, 2006/07. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:8. 152. Writing Committee of the WHO Consultation on Clinical Aspects of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Influenza. Clinical Aspects of Pandemic 2009 Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection. N Engl J Med. 2010(362):1708–19. 153. Wu JT, Ma ES, Lee CK, Chu DK, Ho PL, Shen AL, et al. The infection attack rate and severity of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza in Hong Kong. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Nov 15;51(10):1184–91. 154. Xi X, Xu Y, Jiang L, Li A, Duan J, Du B. Hospitalized adult patients with 2009 influenza A(H1N1) in Beijing, China: risk factors for hospital mortality. BMC Infect Dis. 2010;10:256. 155. Yamagishi T, Matsui T, Nakamura N, Oyama T, Taniguchi K, Aoki T, et al. Onset and duration of symptoms and timing of disease transmission of 2009 influenza A (H1N1) in an outbreak in Fukuoka, Japan, June 2009. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2010 Sep;63(5):327–31. 156. Yun TJ, Kwon GJ, Oh MK, Woo SK, Park SH, Choi SH, et al. Radiological and clinical characteristics of a military outbreak of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection. Korean J Radiol. 2010 Jul– Aug;11(4):417–24. 157. Yun TJ, Park CM, Kwon GJ, Woo SK, Park SH, Choi SH, et al. Clinical and radiological features of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection manifesting as acute febrile respiratory illness at their initial presentations: comparison with contemporaneous non-H1N1 patients. Acta Radiol. 2011 May 1;52(4):410–6. 158. Zarychanski R, Stuart TL, Kumar A, Doucette S, Elliott L, Kettner J, et al. Correlates of severe disease in patients with 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) virus infection. CMAJ. 2010 Feb 23;182(3):257– 64. 159. Zhang XY, Ye XW, Feng DX, Han J, Li D, Zhang C. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Induced by Severe Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Virus Infection: A Case Report. Case Report Med. 2011;2011:951910. 160. Zheng B, Chan KH, Zhang AJ, Zhou J, Chan CC, Poon VK, et al. D225G mutation in hemagglutinin of pandemic influenza H1N1 (2009) virus enhances virulence in mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2010 Aug;235(8):981–8. 161. Zhou BT, Fan YM, Li TM, Liu XQ. Clinical features of initial cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in Macau, China. Chin Med J (Engl). 2010 Oct;123(19):2651–4.

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1. Abdelwhab, e., A. M. Erfan, C. Grund, M. Ziller, A. S. Arafa, M. Beer, M. M. Aly, H. M. Hafez, and T. C. Harder. 2010. Simultaneous detection and differentiation by multiplex real time RT-PCR of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N1 classic (clade 2.2.1 proper) and escape mutant (clade 2.2.1 variant) lineages in Egypt. Virol.J. 7:260.:260. 2. Ali, S. A., J. E. Gern, T. V. Hartert, K. M. Edwards, M. R. Griffin, E. K. Miller, T. Gebretsadik, T. Pappas, W. M. Lee, and J. V. Williams. 2011. Real-world comparison of two molecular methods for detection of respiratory viruses. Virol.J. 8:332.:332. 3. Angoulvant, F., X. Bellettre, N. Houhou, J. B. Dexpert, L. Morin, J. Y. Siriez, F. Soole, L. A. de, R. Cohen, F. Brun-Vezinet, C. Alberti, and J. C. Mercier. 2011. Sensitivity and specificity of a rapid influenza diagnostic test in children and clinical utility during influenza A (H1N1) 2009 outbreak. Emerg.Med.J. 28:924–926. 4. Arafa, A. S., A. A. Selim, M. K. Hassan, and M. M. Aly. 2010. Genetic characterization of variant strains of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 that escaped detection by real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR diagnostic tests. Avian Dis. 54:673–676. 5. Arankalle, V. A., R. G. Virkar, B. V. Tandale, and N. B. Ingle. 2010. Utility of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus recombinant hemagglutinin protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serosurveillance. Clin.Vaccine Immunol. 17:1481–1483. 6. Arens, M. Q., R. S. Buller, A. Rankin, S. Mason, A. Whetsell, E. Agapov, W. M. Lee, and G. A. Storch. 2010. Comparison of the Eragen Multi-Code Respiratory Virus Panel with conventional viral testing and real-time multiplex PCR assays for detection of respiratory viruses. J.Clin.Microbiol. 48:2387– 2395. 7. Arya, S. C. and N. Agarwal. 2010. Rapid influenza diagnostic test during the outbreak of the novel influenza A/H1N1 2009 in Thailand: an experience with better test performance in resource limited setting. J.Infect. 60:402–403. 8. Avellaneda, G., E. Mundt, C. W. Lee, S. Jadhao, and D. L. Suarez. 2010. Differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) using the NS1 protein of avian influenza virus. Avian Dis. 54:278–286. 9. Bicanic, T., A. W. Solomon, N. Karunaharan, F. Chua, C. Pope, M. Pond, J. Herman, A. Loyse, T. Harrison, and M. Wansbrough-Jones. 2010. Positive predictive value of the UK clinical case definition for H1N1/09 (‘swine’) influenza. J.Infect. 60:405–407. 10. Biggs, C., P. Walsh, C. L. Overmyer, D. Gonzalez, M. Feola, E. Mordechai, M. E. Adelson, and K. T. Iacono. 2010. Performance of influenza rapid antigen testing in influenza in emergency department patients. Emerg.Med.J. 27:5–7. 11. Binsaeed, A. A., A. A. Al-Khedhairy, A. M. Mandil, S. A. Shaikh, R. Qureshi, A. S. Al-Khattaf, H. A. Habib, A. A. Alam, L. A. Al-Ansary, and M. Al-Omran. 2011. A validation study comparing the sensitivity and specificity of the new Dr. KSU H1N1 RT-PCR kit with real-time RT-PCR for diagnosing influenza A (H1N1). Ann.Saudi.Med. 31:351–355.

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12. Blazquez, D., J. Diaz, J. Cruz, D. Folgueira, J. Acosta, and M. Marin. 2010. [Rapid influenza diagnostic tests for detection of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus in children]. Enferm.Infecc.Microbiol. Clin. 28:698–700. 13. Brittain-Long, R., J. Westin, S. Olofsson, M. Lindh, and L. M. Andersson. 2010. Prospective evaluation of a novel multiplex real-time PCR assay for detection of fifteen respiratory pathogens- duration of symptoms significantly affects detection rate. J.Clin.Virol. 47:263–267. 14. Brittain-Long, R., L. M. Andersson, S. Olofsson, M. Lindh, and J. Westin. 2011. Seasonal variations of 15 respiratory agents illustrated by the application of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Scand.J.Infect.Dis. 15. Brown, J. S., M. C. Lipman, and H. J. Zar. 2011. What’s new in respiratory infections and tuberculosis 2008–2010. Thorax. 16. Burkardt, H. J. 2011. Pandemic H1N1 2009 (‘swine flu’): diagnostic and other challenges. Expert. Rev.Mol.Diagn. 11:35–40. 17. Caliendo, A. M. 2011. Multiplex PCR and emerging technologies for the detection of respiratory pathogens. Clin.Infect.Dis. 52 Suppl 4:S326–30.:S326–S330. 18. Carney, P. J., A. S. Lipatov, A. S. Monto, R. O. Donis, and J. Stevens. 2010. Flexible label-free quantitative assay for antibodies to influenza virus hemagglutinins. Clin.Vaccine Immunol. 17:1407– 1416. 19. Chartrand, C., J. Minion, and M. Pai. 2010. Rapid diagnostics for influenza: what are the options? Future.Microbiol. 5:1451–1455. 20. Chen, Y. T., R. H. Juang, J. L. He, W. Y. Chu, and C. H. Wang. 2010. Detection of H6 influenza antibody by blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Vet.Microbiol. 19;142:205–210. 21. Chen, Y., F. Xu, X. Gui, K. Yang, X. Wu, Q. Zheng, S. Ge, Q. Yuan, A. E. Yeo, J. Zhang, Y. Guan, H. Chen, and N. Xia. 2010. A rapid test for the detection of influenza A virus including pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009. J.Virol.Methods 167:100–102. 22. Cheng, P. K., K. K. Wong, G. C. Mak, A. H. Wong, A. Y. Ng, S. Y. Chow, R. K. Lam, C. S. Lau, K. C. Ng, and W. Lim . 2010. Performance of laboratory diagnostics for the detection of influenza A(H1N1)v virus as correlated with the time after symptom onset and viral load. J.Clin.Virol. 47:182–185. 23. Cheng, X. D., Q. Yuan, Q. H. Yue, Q. B. Zheng, Y. Y. Ma, B. C. Yang, R. Zhang, Y. X. Chen, M. Q. Su, J. Zhang, N. S. Xia, and X. K. Hao. 2011. Evaluation of a new rapid influenza A diagnostic test for detection of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and seasonal influenza A virus. J.Clin.Virol. 50:153–155. 24. Choi, S. H., S. Y. Cho, and J. W. Chung. 2011. Poor performance of a national clinical case definition of influenza infection during an outbreak of 2009 pandemic H1N1. J.Infect. 62:325–327. 25. Cholewinska, G., J. Higersberger, R. Podlasin, A. Wiercinska-Drapalo, D. Lipowski, M. Olszynska- Krowicka, W. Przyjalkowski, and A. Horban. 2010. [Clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of swine flu (A/H1N1) infection among patients hospitalized in the Hospital of Infectious Diseases in Warsaw in 2009]. Przegl.Epidemiol. 64:15–19. 26. Chu, H., E. T. Lofgren, M. E. Halloran, P. F. Kuan, M. Hudgens, and S. R. Cole. 2011. Performance of rapid influenza H1N1 diagnostic tests: a meta-analysis. Influenza.Other Respi.Viruses.10–2659. 27. Chu, H., E. T. Lofgren, M. E. Halloran, P. F. Kuan, M. Hudgens, and S. R. Cole. 2011. Performance of rapid influenza H1N1 diagnostic tests: a meta-analysis. Influenza.Other Respi.Viruses.10–2659. 28. Ciblak, M. A., M. Kanturvardar, S. Asar, E. Bozkaya, O. S. Yenen, and S. Badur. 2010. Sensitivity of rapid influenza antigen tests in the diagnosis of pandemic (H1N1)2009 compared with the standard rRT-PCR technique during the 2009 pandemic in Turkey. Scand.J.Infect.Dis. 42:902–905.

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123. Papenburg, J., M. Baz, M. E. Hamelin, C. Rheaume, J. Carbonneau, M. Ouakki, I. Rouleau, I. Hardy, D. Skowronski, M. Roger, H. Charest, S. G. De, and G. Boivin. 2010. Household transmission of the 2009 pandemic A/H1N1 influenza virus: elevated laboratory-confirmed secondary attack rates and evidence of asymptomatic infections. Clin.Infect.Dis. 51:1033–1041. 124. Papenburg, J., M. Baz, M. E. Hamelin, C. Rheaume, J. Carbonneau, M. Ouakki, I. Rouleau, S. G. De, and G. Boivin. 2011. Evaluation of serological diagnostic methods for the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus. Clin.Vaccine Immunol. 18:520–522. 125. Petrauskene, O. V., M. A. Schumaker, Y. Thorstenson, C. Fearnley, T. Pavlidis, S. N. Liew, J. Cork, M. R. Furtado, P. R. Wakeley, and M. J. Slomka. 2010. New highly sensitive and accurate lyophilized real-time RT-PCR tests for early detection of avian influenza. Avian Dis. 54:686–689. 126. Petrozzino, J. J., C. Smith, and M. J. Atkinson. 2010. Rapid diagnostic testing for seasonal influenza: an evidence-based review and comparison with unaided clinical diagnosis. J.Emerg.Med. 39:476– 490. 127. Phungoen, P., K. Sawanyawisuth, C. Engchanil, S. Sutra, D. Rangsrikajee, V. Lulitanond, J. Srinakarin, P. Pithak, J. Bourpoern, and S. Phondongnok. 2011. Clinical factors predictive of PCR positive in pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection. Influenza.Other Respi.Viruses. 5:e558–e562. 128. Pianciola, L., G. Gonzalez, M. Mazzeo, M. Navello, N. Quidel, and M. F. Bulgheroni. 2010. [Direct immunofluorescence assay performance in diagnosis of the Influenza A(H1N1) virus]. Rev.Panam. Salud Publica. 27:452–454. 129. Pizzuto, M. S., B. P. De, S. Maniero, M. Toson, W. G. Dundon, S. B. M’Baye, and I. Capua. 2011. 130. Pongthanapisith, V., C. Sukasem, K. Premchaiporn, C. Srichantaratsamee, and W. Chantratita. 2011. Clinical performance of three rapid diagnostic tests for influenza virus in nasopharyngeal specimens to detect novel swine-origin influenza viruses. Infection. 39:105–111. 131. Postel, A., T. Letzel, F. Muller, R. Ehricht, P. Pourquier, M. Dauber, C. Grund, M. Beer, and T. C. Harder. 2011. In vivo biotinylated recombinant influenza A virus hemagglutinin for use in subtype- specific serodiagnostic assays. Anal.Biochem. 411:22–31. 132. Qi, C., X. S. Tian, S. Chen, J. H. Yan, Z. Cao, K. G. Tian, G. F. Gao, and G. Jin. 2010. Detection of avian influenza virus subtype H5 using a biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry. Biosens. Bioelectron. 25:1530–1534. 133. Rimmelzwaan, G. F., R. J. Verburgh, N. J. Nieuwkoop, T. M. Bestebroer, R. A. Fouchier, and A. D. Osterhaus. 2011. Use of GFP-expressing influenza viruses for the detection of influenza virus A/H5N1 neutralizing antibodies. Vaccine. 29:3424–3430. 134. Rogoski, R. R. 2010. New tests stop flu in its tracks. MLO.Med.Lab Obs. 42:22, 24. 135. Ronkko, E., N. Ikonen, M. Kontio, M. Haanpaa, H. Kallio-Kokko, L. Mannonen, M. Lappalainen, I. Julkunen, and T. Ziegler. 2011. Validation and diagnostic application of NS and HA gene-specific real- time reverse transcription-PCR assays for detection of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viruses in clinical specimens. J.Clin.Microbiol. 49:2009–2011. 136. Rosen, D. G., A. E. Lopez, M. L. Anzalone, D. A. Wolf, S. M. Derrick, L. F. Florez, M. L. Gonsoulin, M. O. Hines, III, R. A. Mitchell, D. R. Phatak, K. Haden-Pinneri, and L. A. Sanchez. 2010. Postmortem findings in eight cases of influenza A/H1N1. Mod.Pathol. 23:1449–1457. 137. Rudolf, M., M. Poppel, A. Frohlich, A. Breithaupt, J. Teifke, U. Blohm, T. Mettenleiter, M. Beer, and T. Harder. 2010. Longitudinal 2 years field study of conventional vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in layer hens. Vaccine. 28:6832–6840. 138. Sakai-Tagawa, Y., M. Ozawa, D. Tamura, M. Q. Le, C. A. Nidom, N. Sugaya, and Y. Kawaoka. 2010. Sensitivity of influenza rapid diagnostic tests to H5N1 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 viruses. J.Clin. Microbiol. 48:2872–2877.

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139. Sala, H., J. S. Roca, C. Zerbo, R. Garcia, G. Cabral, A. Fernandez, C. Tummino, M. Baldini, and O. Rizzo. 2011. Initial Clinical Management of Symptomatic Adult Patients during Influenza A (H1N1) Epidemics. J.Emerg.Med. 41:435–440. 140. Sambol, A. R., B. Abdalhamid, E. R. Lyden, T. A. Aden, R. K. Noel, and S. H. Hinrichs. 2010. Use of rapid influenza diagnostic tests under field conditions as a screening tool during an outbreak of the 2009 novel influenza virus: practical considerations. J.Clin.Virol. 47:229–233. 141. Sambol, A. R., P. C. Iwen, M. Pieretti, S. Basu, M. H. Levi, K. D. Gilonske, K. D. Moses, J. L. Marola, and P. Ramamoorthy. 2010. Validation of the Cepheid Xpert Flu A real time RT-PCR detection panel for emergency use authorization. J.Clin.Virol. 48:234–238. 142. Samuel, D., L. Warrener, and K. Hoschler. 2011. Monoclonal antibodies to the haemagglutinin HA1 subunit of the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009 virus and potential application to serodiagnosis. J.Med.Virol. 83:559–567. 143. Sandora, T. J., S. C. Smole, G. M. Lee, S. Chung, L. Williams, and A. J. McAdam. 2010. Test characteristics of commercial influenza assays for detecting pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in children. Pediatr.Infect.Dis.J. 29:261–262. 144. Schulze, M., A. Nitsche, B. Schweiger, and B. Biere. 2010. Diagnostic approach for the differentiation of the pandemic influenza A(H1N1)v virus from recent human influenza viruses by real-time PCR. PLoS.One. 5:e9966. 145. Settembre, E. C., P. R. Dormitzer, and R. Rappuoli. 2010. H1N1: can a pandemic cycle be broken? Sci.Transl.Med. 2:24ps14. 146. She, R. C., E. W. Taggart, and C. A. Petti. 2010. Comparison of 10 indirect fluorescent antibodies to detect and type influenza A specimens. Arch.Pathol.Lab Med. 134:1177–1180.]. 147. Shubin, I. V., M. V. Raicheva, M. A. Bashtovoi, and A. G. Chuchalin. 2010. [Modern approaches to diagnostics and treatment of influenza in pandemic period]. Voen.Med.Zh. 331:27–32. 148. Sidoti, F., F. Rizzo, C. Costa, S. Astegiano, A. Curtoni, M. L. Mandola, R. Cavallo, and M. Bergallo. 2010. Development of real time RT-PCR assays for detection of type A influenza virus and for subtyping of avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes. Mol.Biotechnol. 44:41–50. 149. Slomka, M. J., R. M. Irvine, T. Pavlidis, J. Banks, and I. H. Brown. 2010. Role of real-time RT-PCR platform technology in the diagnosis and management of notifiable avian influenza outbreaks: experiences in Great Britain. Avian Dis. 54:591–596. 150. Song, D. S., Y. J. Lee, O. M. Jeong, Y. J. Kim, C. H. Park, J. E. Yoo, W. J. Jeon, J. H. Kwon, G. W. Ha, 151. Stephenson, I., A. Heath, D. Major, R. W. Newman, K. Hoschler, W. Junzi, J. M. Katz, J. P. Weir, M. C. 152. Stevenson, H. L. and M. J. Loeffelholz. 2010. Poor positive accuracy of QuickVue rapid antigen tests during the influenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic. J.Clin.Microbiol. 48 :3729–3731. 153. Suntarattiwong, P., R. G. Jarman, J. Levy, H. C. Baggett, R. V. Gibbons, T. Chotpitayasunondh, and J. M. Simmerman. 2010. Clinical performance of a rapid influenza test and comparison of nasal versus throat swabs to detect 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection in Thai children. Pediatr.Infect. Dis.J. 29:366–367. 154. Suzuki, Y., R. Saito, H. Zaraket, C. Dapat, I. Caperig-Dapat, and H. Suzuki. 2010. Rapid and specific detection of amantadine-resistant influenza A viruses with a Ser31Asn mutation by the cycling probe method. J.Clin.Microbiol. 48:57–63. 155. Szewczuk, E., K. Thapa, T. Anninos, K. McPhie, G. Higgins, D. E. Dwyer, K. K. Stanley, and J. R. Iredell. 2010. Rapid semi-automated quantitative multiplex tandem PCR (MT-PCR) assays for the differential diagnosis of influenza-like illness. BMC.Infect.Dis. 10:113.:113.

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156. Takahashi, H., Y. Otsuka, and B. K. Patterson. 2010. Diagnostic tests for influenza and other respiratory viruses: determining performance specifications based on clinical setting. J.Infect. Chemother. 16:155–161. 157. Takekawa, J. Y., N. J. Hill, A. K. Schultz, S. A. Iverson, C. J. Cardona, W. M. Boyce, and J. P. Dudley. 2011. Rapid diagnosis of avian influenza virus in wild birds: use of a portable rRT-PCR and freeze- dried reagents in the field. J.Vis.Exp.2829. 158. Talbot, H. K. and A. R. Falsey. 2010. The diagnosis of viral respiratory disease in older adults. Clin. Infect.Dis. 50:747–751. 159. Talbot, H. K., J. V. Williams, Y. Zhu, K. A. Poehling, M. R. Griffin, and K. M. Edwards. 2010. Failure of routine diagnostic methods to detect influenza in hospitalized older adults. Infect.Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 31:683–688. 160. Troppan, K. T., M. Bozic, B. I. Santner, and H. H. Kessler. 2010. Evaluation of four molecular assays for detection of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus in the routine diagnostic laboratory. J.Clin. Virol. 49:82–84. 161. Tsai, T. F., P. Pedotti, A. Hilbert, K. Lindert, M. Hohenboken, A. Borkowski, N. Groth, L. J. da Silva, and M. H. Kyaw. 2010. Regional and age-specific patterns of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus seroprevalence inferred from vaccine clinical trials, August–October 2009. Euro.Surveill 15. 162. Tsao, K. C., Y. B. Kuo, C. G. Huang, S. W. Chau, and E. C. Chan. 2011. Performance of rapid-test kits for the detection of the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus. J.Virol.Methods. 173:387–389. 163. Tsukamoto, K., D. Noguchi, K. Suzuki, M. Shishido, T. Ashizawa, M. C. Kim, Y. J. Lee, and T. Tada. 2010. Broad detection of diverse H5 and H7 hemagglutinin genes of avian influenza viruses by real- time reverse transcription-PCR using primer and probe sets containing mixed bases. J.Clin.Microbiol. 48:4275–4278. 164. Tsunetsugu-Yokota, Y. and T. Kageyama. 2010. [Diagnosis of novel swine flu]. Nihon Rinsho. 68 Suppl 6:385–8.:385–388. 165. Uchida, Y., K. Kanehira, M. Mase, N. Takemae, C. Watanabe, T. Usui, Y. Fujimoto, T. Ito, M. Igarashi, K. Ito, A. Takada, Y. Sakoda, M. Okamatsu, Y. Yamamoto, K. Nakamura, H. Kida, Y. Hiromoto, T. Tsuda, and T. Saito. 2011. Genetic characterization and susceptibility on poultry and mammal of H7N6 subtype avian influenza virus isolated in Japan in 2009. Vet.Microbiol. 147:1–10. 166. van der Goot, J. A., B. Engel, S. G. van de Water, W. Buist, M. C. de Jong, G. Koch, B. M. van, and A. Stegeman. 2010. Validation of diagnostic tests for detection of avian influenza in vaccinated chickens using Bayesian analysis. Vaccine. 28:1771–1777. 167. van Gageldonk-Lafeber, A. B., M. Hooiveld, A. Meijer, G. A. Donker, M. J. Veldman-Ariesen, W. van der Hoek, and M. A. van der Sande. 2011. The relative clinical impact of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in the community compared to seasonal influenza in the Netherlands was most marked among 5–14 year olds. Influenza.Other Respi.Viruses. 5:e513–e520. 168. Velasco, J. M., M. L. Montesa-Develos, R. G. Jarman, M. N. Lopez, R. V. Gibbons, M. T. Valderama, and I. K. Yoon . 2010. Evaluation of QuickVue influenza A+B rapid test for detection of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009. J.Clin.Virol. 48:120–122. 169. Vernadakis, S., M. Adamzik, M. Heuer, G. Antoch, H. Baba, M. Fiedler, J. Buer, A. Paul, and G. M. Kaiser. 2010. [Hemicolectomy for ischemic colitis : A case report of a (H1N1) virus-associated death]. Chirurg 81:841–845. 170. Wada, A., Y. Sakoda, T. Oyamada, and H. Kida. 2011. Development of a highly sensitive immunochromatographic detection kit for H5 influenza virus hemagglutinin using silver amplification. J.Virol.Methods.

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210 APPENDIX 12 Antivirals publications, 2010–2011

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1474. Yoshioka, D., I. Tokimatsu, H. Ishii, and J. Kadota. 2010. [Current anti-influenza virus chemotherapy]. Nihon Rinsho 68:1679–1684. 1475. Young, J. A., D. Sermwittayawong, H. J. Kim, S. Nandu, N. An, H. Erdjument-Bromage, P. Tempst, L. Coscoy, and A. Winoto. 2011. Fas-associated death domain (FADD) and the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM21 interact to negatively regulate virus-induced interferon production. J.Biol.Chem. 286:6521–6531. doi:M110.172288 [pii];10.1074/jbc.M110.172288 [doi]. 1476. Yount, J. S., B. Moltedo, Y. Y. Yang, G. Charron, T. M. Moran, C. B. Lopez, and H. C. Hang. 2010. Palmitoylome profiling reveals S-palmitoylation-dependent antiviral activity of IFITM3. Nat.Chem.Biol. 6:610–614. doi:nchembio.405 [pii];10.1038/nchembio.405 [doi]. 1477. Yu, C., Y. Yan, X. Wu, B. Zhang, W. Wang, and Q. Wu. 2010. Anti-influenza virus effects of the aqueous extract from Mosla scabra. J.Ethnopharmacol. 127:280–285. doi:S0378-8741(09)00703-X [pii];10.1016/j.jep.2009.11.008 [doi]. 1478. Yu, H., Q. Liao, Y. Yuan, L. Zhou, N. Xiang, Y. Huai, X. Guo, Y. Zheng, H. R. van Doorn, J. Farrar, Z. Gao, Z. Feng, Y. Wang, and W. Yang. 2010. Effectiveness of oseltamivir on disease progression and viral RNA shedding in patients with mild pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1: opportunistic retrospective study of medical charts in China. BMJ 341:c4779. 1479. Yu, H., Z. Feng, T. M. Uyeki, Q. Liao, L. Zhou, L. Feng, M. Ye, N. Xiang, Y. Huai, Y. Yuan, H. Jiang, Y. Zheng, P. Gargiullo, Z. Peng, Y. Feng, J. Zheng, C. Xu, Y. Zhang, Y. Shu, Z. Gao, W. Yang, and Y. Wang. 2011. Risk factors for severe illness with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in China. Clin.Infect.Dis. 52:457–465. doi:ciq144 [pii];10.1093/cid/ciq144 [doi]. 1480. Yu, J., B. W. Liu, L. Lan, Y. Yuan, H. Zhang, and C. H. Jia. 2010. [Efficacy of peginterferon alpha-2a in combination with ribavirin in treatment of eldly patients with chronic hepatitis C]. Zhonghua Shi Yan.He.Lin.Chuang.Bing.Du Xue.Za Zhi. 24:373–375. 1481. Yu, K., C. Luo, G. Qin, Z. Xu, N. Li, H. Liu, X. Shen, J. Ma, Q. Wang, C. Yang, W. Zhu, and H. Jiang. 2009. Why are oseltamivir and zanamivir effective against the newly emerged influenza A virus (A/ H1N1)? Cell Res. 19:1221–1224. doi:cr2009111 [pii];10.1038/cr.2009.111 [doi]. 1482. Yu, L., L. Sun, Y. Nan, and L. Y. Zhu. 2011. Protection from H1N1 influenza virus infections in mice by supplementation with selenium: a comparison with selenium-deficient mice. Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 141:254–261. doi:10.1007/s12011-010-8726-x [doi]. 1483. Yu, M., A. Liu, G. Du, L. Naesens, E. Vanderlinden, C. E. De, and X. Liu. 2011. Discovery of dihydro- alkyloxy-benzyl-oxopyrimidines as promising anti-influenza virus agents. Chem.Biol.Drug Des 78:596–602. doi:10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01180.x [doi]. 1484. Zandvliet, M. L., L. E. van, I. Jedema, S. Kruithof, M. G. Kester, H. J. Guchelaar, J. H. Falkenburg, and P. Meij. 2011. Simultaneous isolation of CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells specific for multiple viruses for broad antiviral immune reconstitution after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. J.Immunother. 34:307–319. doi:10.1097/CJI.0b013e318213cb90 [doi]. 1485. Zanvit, P., A. Tichopad, M. Havlickova, O. Novotna, M. Jirkovska, K. Kolostova, D. Cechova, J. Julak, I. Sterzl, and L. Prokesova. 2010. Adjuvant effect of Bacillus firmus on the expression of cytokines and toll-like receptors in mouse nasopharynx-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) after intranasal immunization with inactivated influenza virus type A. Immunol.Lett. 134:26–34. doi:S0165-2478(10)00200-2 [pii];10.1016/j.imlet.2010.08.006 [doi]. 1486. Zapata, R., M. Uribe, W. Martinez, A. Andrade, J. L. Leal, and F. Gomez. 2010. Severe novel H1N1 influenza A infection in the immediate postoperative period of a liver transplant patient. Liver Transpl. 16:447–452. doi:10.1002/lt.22013 [doi]. 1487. Zaraket, H., H. Kondo, C. Tabet, R. Hanna-Wakim, Y. Suzuki, G. S. Dbaibo, R. Saito, and H. Suzuki. 2011. Genetic diversity and antiviral drug resistance of pandemic H1N1 2009 in Lebanon. J.Clin.Virol. 51:170–174. doi:S1386-6532(11)00141-7 [pii];10.1016/j.jcv.2011.04.001 [doi].

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1488. Zaraket, H., R. Saito, R. Wakim, C. Tabet, F. Medlej, M. Reda, T. Baranovich, Y. Suzuki, C. Dapat, I. Caperig-Dapat, G. S. Dbaibo, and H. Suzuki. 2010. Antiviral drug susceptibilities of seasonal human influenza viruses in Lebanon, 2008–09 season. J.Med.Virol. 82:1224–1228. doi:10.1002/jmv.21795 [doi]. 1489. Zaraket, H., R. Saito, Y. Suzuki, T. Baranovich, C. Dapat, I. Caperig-Dapat, and H. Suzuki. 2010. Genetic makeup of amantadine-resistant and oseltamivir-resistant human influenza A/H1N1 viruses. J.Clin.Microbiol. 48:1085–1092. doi:JCM.01532-09 [pii];10.1128/JCM.01532-09 [doi]. 1490. Zaraket, H., R. Saito, Y. Suzuki, Y. Suzuki, I. Caperig-Dapat, C. Dapat, I. I. Shabana, T. Baranovich, and H. Suzuki. 2010. Genomic events contributing to the high prevalence of amantadine-resistant influenza A/H3N2. Antivir.Ther. 15:307–319. doi:10.3851/IMP1538 [doi]. 1491. Zarubaev, V. V., A. V. Garshinina, N. A. Kalinina, A. A. Shtro, S. V. Beliaevskaia, V. E. Nebol’sin, and O. I. Kiselev. 2010. [Protective activity of Ingavirin in experimental lethal influenza due to pandemic influenza virus A (H1N1)v in albino mice]. Antibiot.Khimioter. 55:24–31. 1492. Zarubaev, V. V., A. V. Garshinina, N. A. Kalinina, A. A. Shtro, V. E. Nebol’sin, and O. I. Kiselev. 2010. [Antiviral activity of Ingavirin in experimental lethal influenza due to influenza virus B in albino mice]. Antibiot.Khimioter. 55:8–11. 1493. Zarubaev, V. V., E. L. Golod, P. M. Anfimov, A. A. Shtro, V. V. Saraev, A. S. Gavrilov, A. V. Logvinov, and O. I. Kiselev. 2010. Synthesis and anti-viral activity of azolo-adamantanes against influenza A virus. Bioorg.Med.Chem. 18:839–848. doi:S0968-0896(09)01065-7 [pii];10.1016/j. bmc.2009.11.047 [doi]. 1494. Zarybaev, V. V., O. I. Kiselev, N. A. Kalinina, A. L. Kovalenko, A. V. Garshinina, A. K. Sirotkin, S. V. Beliaevskaia, and M. G. Romantsov. 2011. [Effect of antiviral drugs with various mechanisms of action on morphogenesis of infection caused by extremely pathogenic influenza virus strains in animals]. Eksp.Klin.Farmakol. 74:17–21. 1495. Zarychanski, R., T. L. Stuart, A. Kumar, S. Doucette, L. Elliott, J. Kettner, and F. Plummer. 2010. Correlates of severe disease in patients with 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1) virus infection. CMAJ. 182:257–264. doi:cmaj.091884 [pii];10.1503/cmaj.091884 [doi]. 1496. Zenciroglu, A., A. A. Kundak, M. Aydin, N. Okumus, A. Dursun, M. S. Ipek, B. S. Karagol, N. Hakan, N. N. Karadag, A. B. Altas, and G. Korukluoglu. 2011. Swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in infants. Eur.J.Pediatr. 170:333–338. doi:10.1007/s00431-010-1293-5 [doi]. 1497. Zeng, H., C. Pappas, J. M. Katz, and T. M. Tumpey. 2011. The 2009 pandemic H1N1 and triple- reassortant swine H1N1 influenza viruses replicate efficiently but elicit an attenuated inflammatory response in polarized human bronchial epithelial cells. J.Virol. 85:686–696. doi:JVI.01568-10 [pii];10.1128/JVI.01568-10 [doi]. 1498. Zhang, C. J., L. G. Gu, and H. T. Yu. 2011. [Antagonism of baicalin on cell cyclical distribution and cell apoptosis in A549 cells infected with influenza A (H1N1) virus]. Bing.Du Xue.Bao. 27:108–116. 1499. Zhang, C., Y. Xu, L. Jia, Y. Yang, Y. Wang, Y. Sun, L. Huang, F. Qiao, S. Tomlinson, X. Liu, Y. Zhou, and H. Song. 2010. A new therapeutic strategy for lung tissue injury induced by influenza with CR2 targeting complement inhibitor. Virol.J. 7:30. doi:1743-422X-7-30 [pii];10.1186/1743-422X-7-30 [doi]. 1500. Zhang, G. B., F. H. Bing, J. Liu, Z. Li, Y. F. Liao, J. Li, and C. Y. Dong. 2010. Effect of total alkaloids from Commelina communis L. on lung damage by influenza virus infection. Microbiol.Immunol. 54:754–757. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00277.x [doi]. 1501. Zhang, G., S. Sun, T. Zhu, Z. Lin, J. Gu, D. Li, and Q. Gu. 2011. Antiviral isoindolone derivatives from an endophytic fungus Emericella sp. associated with Aegiceras corniculatum. Phytochemistry 72:1436–1442. doi:S0031-9422(11)00238-X [pii];10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.04.014 [doi].

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1502. Zhang, G., Z. Xia, Y. Liu, X. Li, X. Tan, Y. Tian, L. Liang, G. Nie, and B. Zhou. 2011. Epidemiological and clinical features of 308 hospitalized patients with novel 2009 influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in China during the first pandemic wave. Intervirology 54:164–170. doi:000319930 [pii];10.1159/000319930 [doi]. 1503. Zhang, H. P., Y. M. Zeng, Z. S. Lin, W. Chen, J. S. Liang, H. Zhang, and W. R. Huang. 2009. [Clinical characteristics and therapeutic experience of case of severe highly pathogenic A/H5N1 avian influenza with bronchopleural fistula]. Zhonghua Jie.He.He.Hu Xi.Za Zhi. 32:356–359. 1504. Zhang, H., J. Song, and J. Shi. 2011. [Screen anti-influenza virus serum marker of Lonicera japonica by proteomics technology]. Zhongguo Zhong.Yao Za Zhi. 36:1071–1074. 1505. Zhang, J., X. Geng, Y. Ma, S. Ruan, S. Xu, L. Liu, H. Xu, G. Yang, C. Wang, C. Liu, X. Han, Q. Yu, H. Cheng, and Z. Li. 2010. Fatal avian influenza (H5N1) infection in Human, China. Emerg.Infect.Dis. 16:1799–1801. doi:10.3201/eid1611.090212 [doi]. 1506. Zhang, L., Y. X. Cheng, A. L. Liu, H. D. Wang, Y. L. Wang, and G. H. Du. 2010. Antioxidant, anti- inflammatory and anti-influenza properties of components from Chaenomeles speciosa. Molecules. 15:8507–8517. doi:molecules15118507 [pii];10.3390/molecules15118507 [doi]. 1507. Zhang, Q., Q. J. Zhao, R. S. Xiong, J. F. Li, and J. S. Shen. 2010. [Research progress of anti- influenza virus agents]. Yao Xue.Xue.Bao. 45:289–299. 1508. Zhang, Q., Z. Wang, Y. Yuan, Z. Xue, G. Zhai, W. Zuo, S. Zhu, G. Zhu, and X. Xu. 2011. Immunoadjuvant effects of hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) on the inactivated H9 subtype avian influenza virus vaccine. Vet.Immunol.Immunopathol. 141:116–123. doi:S0165-2427(11)00080-8 [pii];10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.02.021 [doi]. 1509. Zhang, T., C. Y. Wang, Y. W. Gao, S. T. Yang, T. C. Wang, and X. Z. Xia. 2011. [Development of anti- influenza drug]. Bing.Du Xue.Bao. 27:475–480. 1510. Zhang, T., P. S. Zhao, W. Zhang, M. Liang, Y. W. Gao, S. T. Yang, T. C. Wang, C. Qin, C. Y. Wang, and X. Z. Xia. 2011. Antisense oligonucleotide inhibits avian influenza virus H5N1 replication by single chain antibody delivery system. Vaccine 29:1558–1564. doi:S0264-410X(10)01861-X [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.088 [doi]. 1511. Zhao, C., T. Y. Hsiang, R. L. Kuo, and R. M. Krug. 2010. ISG15 conjugation system targets the viral NS1 protein in influenza A virus-infected cells. Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A 107:2253–2258. doi:0909144107 [pii];10.1073/pnas.0909144107 [doi]. 1512. Zhao, S. P., Z. H. Hai, D. M. Tan, G. L. Xiao, Q. H. Gu, M. Li, X. M. Li, and C. P. Hu. 2009. [Clinical experience of successful management of a human case with A/H5N1 infection in Hunan Province]. Zhonghua Jie.He.He.Hu Xi.Za Zhi. 32:347–350. 1513. Zhao, X., C. Li, S. Zeng, and W. Hu. 2011. Discovery of highly potent agents against influenza A virus. Eur.J.Med.Chem. 46:52–57. doi:S0223-5234(10)00750-6 [pii];10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.10.010 [doi]. 1514. Zhiqiang, W., Y. Yaowu, Y. Fan, Y. Jian, H. Yongfeng, Z. Lina, W. Jianwei, and J. Qi. 2010. Effective siRNAs inhibit the replication of novel influenza A (H1N1) virus. Antiviral Res. 85:559–561. doi:S0166-3542(10)00003-3 [pii];10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.12.010 [doi]. 1515. Zhirnov, O. P. and H. D. Klenk. 2011. [Aprotinin-induced inhibition of pandemic influenza virus A(H1N1) reproduction]. Vopr.Virusol. 56:24–28. 1516. Zhirnov, O. P., H. D. Klenk, and P. F. Wright. 2011. Aprotinin and similar protease inhibitors as drugs against influenza. Antiviral Res. 92:27–36. doi:S0166-3542(11)00385-8 [pii];10.1016/j. antiviral.2011.07.014 [doi].

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1517. Zhirnov, O. P., T. Y. Matrosovich, M. N. Matrosovich, and H. D. Klenk. 2011. Aprotinin, a protease inhibitor, suppresses proteolytic activation of pandemic H1N1v influenza virus. Antivir.Chem. Chemother. 21:169–174. doi:10.3851/IMP1715 [doi]. 1518. Zhou, B. T., Y. M. Fan, T. M. Li, and X. Q. Liu. 2010. Clinical features of initial cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) in Macau, China. Chin Med.J.(Engl.) 123:2651–2654. 1519. Zhou, B., Y. Li, J. A. Belser, M. B. Pearce, M. Schmolke, A. X. Subba, Z. Shi, S. R. Zaki, D. M. Blau, A. Garcia-Sastre, T. M. Tumpey, and D. E. Wentworth. 2010. NS-based live attenuated H1N1 pandemic vaccines protect mice and ferrets. Vaccine 28:8015–8025. doi:S0264-410X(10)01324-1 [pii];10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.08.106 [doi]. 1520. Zhou, H., J. Zhu, J. Tu, W. Zou, Y. Hu, Z. Yu, W. Yin, Y. Li, A. Zhang, Y. Wu, Z. Yu, H. Chen, and M. Jin. 2010. Effect on virulence and pathogenicity of H5N1 influenza A virus through truncations of NS1 eIF4GI binding domain. J.Infect.Dis. 202:1338–1346. doi:10.1086/656536 [doi]. 1521. Zhou, J., L. Zou, X. Zhang, J. Liao, H. Ni, N. Hou, Y. Wang, H. Li, J. Wu, M. Jonges, A. Meijer, M. Koopmans, and C. Ke. 2011. Adamantane- and oseltamivir-resistant seasonal A (H1N1) and pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza viruses in Guangdong, China, during 2008 and 2009. J.Clin.Microbiol. 49:2651–2655. doi:JCM.00535-11 [pii];10.1128/JCM.00535-11 [doi]. 1522. Zhu, Y., L. Lu, L. Xu, H. Yang, S. Jiang, and Y. H. Chen. 2010. Identification of a gp41 core- binding molecule with homologous sequence of human TNNI3K-like protein as a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry inhibitor. J.Virol. 84:9359–9368. doi:JVI.00644-10 [pii];10.1128/JVI.00644-10 [doi]. 1523. Zielecki, F., I. Semmler, D. Kalthoff, D. Voss, S. Mauel, A. D. Gruber, M. Beer, and T. Wolff. 2010. Virulence determinants of avian H5N1 influenza A virus in mammalian and avian hosts: role of the C-terminal ESEV motif in the viral NS1 protein. J.Virol. 84:10708–10718. doi:JVI.00610-10 [pii];10.1128/JVI.00610-10 [doi]. 1524. Zink, M. C., A. K. Brice, K. M. Kelly, S. E. Queen, L. Gama, M. Li, R. J. Adams, C. Bartizal, J. Varrone, S. A. Rabi, D. R. Graham, P. M. Tarwater, J. L. Mankowski, and J. E. Clements. 2010. Simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy have reduced central nervous system viral replication and inflammation but persistence of viral DNA. J.Infect.Dis. 202:161–170. doi:10.1086/653213 [doi]. 1525. Zohari, S., M. Munir, G. Metreveli, S. Belak, and M. Berg. 2010. Differences in the ability to suppress interferon beta production between allele A and allele B NS1 proteins from H10 influenza A viruses. Virol.J. 7:376. doi:1743-422X-7-376 [pii];10.1186/1743-422X-7-376 [doi]. 1526. Zoidis, G., N. Kolocouris, J. M. Kelly, S. R. Prathalingam, L. Naesens, and C. E. De. 2010. Design and synthesis of bioactive adamantanaminoalcohols and adamantanamines. Eur.J.Med.Chem. 45:5022– 5030. doi:S0223-5234(10)00573-8 [pii];10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.08.009 [doi]. 1527. Zonis, Z., D. Engelhard, M. Hindiyeh, D. Ram, M. Mandelboim, E. Mendelson, and D. Glikman. 2010. Community-acquired oseltamivir-resistant pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in child, Israel. Emerg.Infect.Dis. 16:1045–1046. doi:10.3201/eid1606.091875 [doi].

316 APPENDIX 13 Modelling and influenza publications, 2010–2011

1. Baguelin M, Hoek AJV, Jit M, Flasche S, White PJ, Edmunds WJ. Vaccination against pandemic influenza A/H1N1v in England: A real-time economic evaluation. Vaccine 2011;28(12):2370–2384. 2. Boëlle PY, Ansart S, Cori A, Valleron AJ. Transmission parameters of the A/H1N1 (2009) influenza virus pandemic: a review. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2011;Mar 31. doi: 10.1111/j.1750– 2659.2011.00234.x. [Epub ahead of print]. 3. Brown S, Tai J, Bailey R, Cooley P, Wheaton W, Potter M, Voorhees R, LeJeune M, Grefenstette J, Burke D, McGlone S, Lee B. Would school closure for the 2009 H1N1 influenza epidemic have been worth the cost?: a computational simulation of Pennsylvania. BMC Public Health 2011;11(1):353. 4. Cauchemez S, Bhattarai A, Marchbanks TL, Fagan RP, Ostroff S, Ferguson NM, Swerdlow D, the Pennsylvania H1N1 working group. Role of social networks in shaping disease transmission during a community outbreak of 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2011;108(7):2825–2830. 5. Chowell G, Echevarria-Zuno S, Viboud C, Simonsen L, Tamerius J, Miller MA, Borja-Aburto V. Characterizing the Epidemiology of the 2009 Influenza A/H1N1 Pandemic in Mexico. PLoS Med 2011;8(5):e1000436. 6. Chowell G, Viboud C, Munayco CV, Gomez J, Simonsen L, Miller MA, Tamerius J, Fiestas V, Halsey ES, Laguna-Torres VA. Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of the 2009 A/H1N1 Influenza Pandemic in Peru. PLoS One 2011;6(6):e21287. 7. Donnelly CA, Finelli L, Cauchemez S, Olsen SJ, Doshi S, Jackson ML, Kennedy ED, Kamimoto L, Marchbanks TL, Morgan OW, Patel M, Swerdlow DL, Ferguson NM, the pH1N1 Household Investigations Working Group. Serial Intervals and the Temporal Distribution of Secondary Infections within Households of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1): Implications for Influenza Control Recommendations. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011;52(suppl 1):S123–S130. 8. Eames KT, Tilston NL, White PJ, Adams E, Edmunds WJ. The impact of illness and the impact of school closure on social contact patterns. Health Technol Assess 2010;14(34):267–312. 9. Flasche S, Hens N, Boëlle P-Y, Mossong J, van Ballegooijen WM, Nunes B, Rizzo C, Popovici F, Santa- Olalla P, Hrubá F, Parmakova K, Baguelin M, van Hoek AJ, Desenclos J-C, Bernillon P, Cámara AL, Wallinga J, Asikainen T, White PJ, Edmunds WJ. Different transmission patterns in the early stages of the influenza A(H1N1)v pandemic: A comparative analysis of 12 European countries. Epidemics 2011;3(2):125–133. 10. Hansen E, Day T, Arino J, Wu JT, Moghadas SM. Strategies for the use of oseltamivir and zanamivir during pandemic outbreaks. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol 2010;21(1):e28–63. 11. House T, Baguelin M, Van Hoek AJ, White PJ, Sadique Z, Eames K, Read JM, Hens N, Melegaro A, Edmunds WJ, Keeling MJ. Modelling the impact of local reactive school closures on critical care provision during an influenza pandemic. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2011;278(1719):2753–2760.

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12. Jarquin VG, Callahan DB, Cohen NJ, Balaban V, Wang R, Beato R, Pordell P, Oyervides O, Huang WT, Lipman H, Fishbein D, Massoudi MS. Effect of school closure from pandemic (H1N1) 2009, Chicago, Illinois, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17(4):751–3. 13. Kenah E, Chao DL, Matrajt L, Halloran ME, Longini IM, Jr. The Global Transmission and Control of Influenza. PLoS One 2011;6(5):e19515. 14. Knipl DH, Röst G. Modelling the strategies for age specific vaccination scheduling during influenza pandemic outbreaks. Math Biosci Eng 2011;8(1):123–39. 15. Lessler J, dos Santos T, Aguilera X, Brookmeyer R, PAHO Influenza Technical Working Group, Cummings DA. H1N1pdm in the Americas. Epidemics 2010;2(3):132–8. 16. Lipsitch M, Finelli L, Heffernan RT, Leung GM, Redd SC, 2009 H1N1 Surveillance Group. Improving the evidence base for decision making during a pandemic: the example of 2009 influenza A/H1N1. Biosecur Bioterror 2011;9(2):89–115. 17. Marchbanks TL, Bhattarai A, Fagan RP, Ostroff S, Sodha SV, Moll MÃ rE, Lee BY, Chang C-CH, Ennis B, Britz P, Fiore A, Nguyen M, Palekar R, Archer WR, Gift TL, Leap R, Nygren BL, Cauchemez S, Angulo FJ, Swerdlow D, Group PW. An Outbreak of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection in an Elementary School in Pennsylvania. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2011;52(suppl 1):S154–S160. 18. Mathematical modelling of the pandemic H1N1 2009. Weekly Epidemiological Record 2009;84:341– 352. Available at: http://www.who.int/wer/2009/wer8434.pdf. 19. Matrajt L, Longini IM. Optimizing vaccine allocation at different points in time during an epidemic. PLoS One 2010;5(11):e13767. 20. Moss R, McCaw JM, McVerno J. Diagnosis and antiviral intervention strategies for mitigating an influenza epidemic. PLoS One 2011;6(2):e14505. 21. Opatowski L, Fraser C, Griffin J, de Silva E, Van Kerkhove MD, Lyons EJ, Cauchemez S, Ferguson NM. Transmission Characteristics of Novel H1N1 Influenza : Experience from the South Hemisphere. PLoS Pathogens 2011;in press. 22. Prosper O, Saucedo O, Thompson D, Torres-Garcia G, Wang X, Castillo-Chavez C. Modeling control strategies for concurrent epidemics of seasonal and pandemic H1N1 influenza. Math Biosci Eng 2011;8(1):141–70. 23. Prosser LA, Lavelle TA, Fiore AE, Bridges CB, Reed C, Jain S, Dunham KM, Meltzer MI. Cost- Effectiveness of 2009 Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1) Vaccination in the United States. PLoS One 2011;6(7):e22308. 24. Sander B, Bauch CT, Fisman D, Fowler RA, Kwong JC, Maetzel A, McGeer A, Raboud J, Scales DC, Gojovic MZ, Krahn M. Is a mass immunization program for pandemic (H1N1) 2009 good value for money? Evidence from the Canadian Experience. Vaccine 2010;28(38):6210–6220. 25. Shaman J, Goldstein E, Lipsitch M. Absolute humidity and pandemic versus epidemic influenza. Am J Epidemiol 2011;173(2):127–35. 26. Shaman J, Jeon CY, Giovannucci E, Lipsitch M. Shortcomings of Vitamin D-Based Model Simulations of Seasonal Influenza. PLoS One 2011;6(6):e20743. 27. Shoji M, Katayama K, Sano K. Absolute humidity as a deterministic factor affecting seasonal influenza epidemics in Japan. Tohoku J Exp Med 2011;224(4):251–6. 28. Tracht SM, Del Valle SY, Hyman JM. Mathematical Modeling of the Effectiveness of Facemasks in Reducing the Spread of Novel Influenza A (H1N1). PLoS One 2010;5(2):e9018. 29. Truscott J, Fraser C, Cauchemez S, Meeyai A, Hinsley W, Donnelly CA, Ghani A, Ferguson N. Essential epidemiological mechanisms underpinning the transmission dynamics of seasonal influenza. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 2011.

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30. Tuite AR, Fisman DN, Kwong JC, Greer AL. Optimal pandemic influenza vaccine allocation strategies for the Canadian population. PLoS One 2010;5(5):e10520. 31. van Hoek AJ, Underwood A, Jit M, Miller E, Edmunds WJ. The Impact of Pandemic Influenza H1N1 on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Prospective Population-Based Study. PLoS One 2011;6(3):e17030. 32. Van Kerkhove MD, Asikainen T, Becker NG, Bjorge S, Desenclos J-C, dos Santos T, Fraser C, Leung GM, Lipsitch M, Longini IM, Jr., McBryde ES, Roth CE, Shay DK, Smith DJ, Wallinga J, White PJ, Ferguson NM, Riley S, for the WHO Informal Network for Mathematical Modelling for Pandemic Influenza. Studies Needed to Address Public Health Challenges of the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic: Insights from Modeling. PLoS Med 2010;7(6):e1000275. 33. Viboud C, Miller M, Olson D, Osterholm M, Simonsen L. Preliminary Estimates of Mortality and Years of Life Lost Associated with the 2009 A/H1N1 Pandemic in the US and Comparison with Past Influenza Seasons. PLoS Curr Influenza 2010;Mar 20:RRN1153. 34. Wu J, Zhong X, Li CK-f, Zhou J-f, Lu M, Huang K-Y, Dong M, Liu Y, Luo F-J, Du N, Chui C, Liu L-Q, Smith NMG, Li B, Shi N-M, Song L-F, Gao Y, Wang D-Y, Wang X, Zhu W-F, Yan Y, Li Z, Chen J-T, McMichael AJ, Yin W-D, Xu X-N, Shu Y. Optimal vaccination strategies for 2009 pandemic H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccines in humans. Vaccine 2011;29(5):1009–1016.

319 APPENDIX 14 Risk communication publications, 2010–2011

1. Abeysinghe S, White K. The avian influenza pandemic: Discourses of risk, contagion and preparation in Australia. Health, Risk & Society. 2011;13(4):311–326. 2. Alkuwari MG, Aziz N a, Nazzal Z a S, Al-Nuaimi S a. Pandemic influenza A/H1N1 vaccination uptake among health care workers in Qatar: Motivators and barriers. Vaccine. 2011;29(11):2206–2211. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X10012752 [Accessed November 10, 2011] 3. Amodio E, Anastasi G, Marsala MGL, et al. Vaccination against the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) among healthcare workers in the major teaching hospital of Sicily (Italy). Vaccine. 2011;29(7):1408–12. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21199700 [Accessed October 10, 2011]. 4. Barrière J, Vanjak D, Kriegel I, et al. Acceptance of the 2009 A(H1N1) influenza vaccine among hospital workers in two French cancer centers. Vaccine. 2010;28(43):7030–4. Available at: http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20817011 [Accessed November 17, 2011]. 5. Beck G, Kropp C. Infrastructures of risk: a mapping approach towards controversies on risks. Journal of Risk Research. 2011;14(1):1–16. 6. Bentley RA, Ormerod P. A rapid method for assessing social versus independent interest in health issues: a case study of ‘bird flu’ and ‘swine flu’. Social Science & Medicine. 2010;71(3):482–485. 7. Betsch C, Renkewitz F, Betsch T, Ulshofer C. The Influence of Vaccine-critical Websites on Perceiving Vaccination Risks. Journal of Health Psychology. 2010;15(3):446–455. 8. Boholm Å, Corvellec H. A relational theory of risk. Journal of Risk Research. 2011;14(2):175–190. 9. Boyeau C, Tanguy M, Pean S. Couverture vaccinale antigrippale saisonnière et pandémique (H1N1) 2009 : étude auprès du personnel du CHU? d’Angers. Santé Publique. 2011;23(1):19–29. 10. Briggs CL. Communicating Biosecurity. Medical Anthropology. 2011;30(1):6–29. 11. Caduff C. Public prophylaxis: Pandemic influenza, pharmaceutical prevention and participatory governance. BioSocieties. 2010;5(2):199–218. 12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Interim Results : Influenza A ( H1N1 ) 2009 Monovalent and Seasonal Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Health- Care Personnel — United States , August 2009 – January 2010. Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report. 2010;59(12):357–362. 13. Chanel O, Luchini S, Massoni S, Vergnaud J. Impact of information on intentions to 0vaccinate in a potential epidemic: Swine-origin Influenza A (H1N1). Social Science & Medicine. 2011;72(2):142– 148. 14. Cirhinlioglu FG, Cirhinlioglu Z. Social Representations of H1N1 Influenza A (Swine Flu). Revija za sociologiju. 2010;40(3):273–295.

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15. Collins JW. Mobile phone masts, social rationalities and risk: negotiating lay perspectives on technological hazards. Journal of Risk Research. 2010;13(5):621–637. 16. Davis M, Stephenson N, Flowers P. Compliant, complacent or panicked? Investigating the problematisation of the Australian general public in pandemic influenza control. Social Science & Medicine. 2011;72(6):912–918. 17. Dubé E, Gilca V, Sauvageau C, et al. Canadian family physiciansʼ and paediatricians’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding A(H1N1) pandemic vaccine. BMC research notes. 2010;3:102. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2864287&tool=pmcentrez &rendertype=abstract. 18. Dupagne D. Les nouvelles informations en santé. Les Tribunes de la santé. 2010;29(4):33.21 19. Durodié B. H1N1 – the social costs of elite confusion. Journal of Risk Research.2011;14(5):1–8. 20. Esteves-Jaramillo A et al. Acceptance of a Vaccine Against Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Among Health Care Workers in Two Major Cities in Mexico. Archives of Medical Research. 2009;40(8):705– 711. 21. Ferron C. Vaccination contre la grippe : fallait-il faire usage de la peur ? Santé Publique. 2010;22(2):249–252. 22. Ferguson CD, Ferguson TE, Golledge J, McBride WJH. Pandemic influenza vaccination: will the health care system take its own medicine? The Australian journal of rural health. 2010;18(4):137–42. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20690908 [Accessed November 17, 2011]. 23. flu. Observatorio (OBS). 2011;5(2):135–160. 24. Fressoz J. Le risque et la multitude. Réflexion historique sur l’échec vaccinal de 2009. La vie des idées. 2010. [Accédé Juin 29, 2011]. Available at: 25. Gilmour J, Beilin R, Sysak T. Biosecurity risk and periıurban landholders – using a stakeholder consultative approach to build a risk communication strategy. Journal of Risk Research. 2011;14(3):281–295. 26. Hellsten I, Nerlich B. Bird flu hype: The spread of a disease outbreak through the media and Internet discussion groups. Journal of Language and Politics. 2010;9(3):393–408. 27. Henrich N, Holmes B. What the public was saying about the H1N1 vaccine: perceptions and issues discussed in on-line comments during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(4):e18479. 28. Hidiroglu S, Ay P, Topuzoglu A, Kalafat C, Karavus M. Resistance to vaccination: the attitudes and practices of primary healthcare workers confronting the H1N1 pandemic. Vaccine. 2010;28(51):8120–4. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20950726 [Accessed June 19, 2011] 29. Hollmeyer HG, Hayden F, Poland G, Buchholz U. Influenza vaccination of health care workers in hospitals – a review of studies on attitudes and predictors. Vaccine. 2009;27(30):3935–44. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19467744 [Accessed August 11, 2011 30. http://harvard.academia.edu/JeanBaptisteFressoz/Papers/546459/List_of_publications Ghersetti M, Odén TA. Top marks: How the media got Swedes to vaccinate against swine 31. Kaboli F, Astrakianakis G, Li G, et al. Influenza vaccination and intention to receive the pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine among healthcare workers of British Columbia, Canada: a cross-sectional study. Infection control and hospital epidemiology : the official journal of the Society of Hospital Epidemiologists of America. 2010;31(10):1017–24. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/20707670 [Accessed October 27, 2011]. 32. Keck F. Un Monde Grippé. Paris: Flammarion; 2010.

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33. Keck F. Une sentinelle sanitaire aux frontières du vivant*. Terrain. 2010;(54):26–41 34. Liao Q, Cowling BJ, Lam WWT, Fielding R. Factors affecting intention to receive and self- reported receipt of 2009 pandemic (H1N1) vaccine in Hong Kong: a longitudinal study. PloS one. 2011;6(3):e17713. Available at: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=305587 6&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract [Accessed July 11, 2011].. 35. Lofstedt R, Bouder F, Wardman J, Chakraborty S. The changing nature of communication and regulation of risk in Europe. Journal of Risk Research. 2011;14(4):409–429. 36. Lowe C. VIRAL CLOUDS: Becoming H5N1 in Indonesia. Cultural Anthropology. 2010;25(4):625–649. 37. Maltezou HC, Wicker S, Borg M, et al. Vaccination policies for health-care workers in acute health-care facilities in Europe. Vaccine. 2011. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ pubmed/21964058 [Accessed November 4, 2011 38. Maltezou HC, Dedoukou X, Patrinos S, et al. Determinants of intention to get vaccinated against novel (pandemic) influenza A H1N1 among health-care workers in a nationwide survey. The Journal of infection. 2010;61(3):252–8. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600304 [Accessed November 10, 2011] 39. Méadel C, Akrich M. Internet, tiers nébuleux de la relation patient-médecin. Les Tribunes de la santé. 2010;29(4):41–48. 40. O’Farrell D, Aubrey DL. Rural Responses to H1N1: A Flexible Model for Community Collaboration. Rural Society. 2010;20(1):76–84. 41. Prati G, Pietrantoni L, Zani B. A Social-Cognitive Model of Pandemic Influenza H1N1 Risk Perception and Recommended Behaviors in Italy. Risk Analysis. 2011;31(4):645–656. 42. Prior L, Evans MR, Prout H. Talking about colds and flu: The lay diagnosis of two common illnesses among older British people. Social Science & Medicine. 2010:1–7. 43. Rachiotis G, Mouchtouri V a, Kremastinou J, Gourgoulianis K, Hadjichristodoulou C. Low acceptance of vaccination against the 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) among healthcare workers in Greece. Euro surveillance : bulletin européen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin. 2010;15(6):1–7. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20158980. 44. Rubin GJ, Potts HWW, Michie S. Likely uptake of swine and seasonal flu vaccines among healthcare workers. A cross-sectional analysis of UK telephone survey data. Vaccine. 2011;29(13):2421–8. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21277402 [Accessed November 20, 2011]. 45. Savas E, Tanriverdi D. Knowledge, attitudes and anxiety towards influenza A/H1N1 vaccination of healthcare workers in Turkey. BMC infectious diseases. 2010;10:281. Available at: http://www. pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=3161359&tool=pmcentrez&rendertype=abstract. 46. Schwarzinger M, Verger P, Guerville M-A, et al. Positive attitudes of French general practitioners towards A/H1N1 influenza-pandemic vaccination: a missed opportunity to increase vaccination uptakes in the general public? Vaccine. 2010;28(15):2743–8. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/20117271 [Accessed November 20, 2011]. 47. Seale H, Kaur R, Wang Q, et al. Acceptance of a vaccine against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus amongst healthcare workers in Beijing, China. Vaccine. 2011;29(8):1605–10. Available at: http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21211593 [Accessed October 10, 2011]. 48. Setbon M, Raude J. Factors in vaccination intention against the pandemic influenza A/H1N1. The European Journal of Public Health. 2010;20(5):490 –494. 49. Smillie L, Blissett A. A model for developing risk communication strategy. Journal of Risk Research. 2010;13(1):115–134.

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50. Stokes S, Ismail KM. Uptake of the H1N1 vaccine by maternity staff at a university hospital in the UK. International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics. 2011;112(3):247. Available at: http://cat.inist.fr/? aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=23879043 [Accessed November 20, 2011 51. Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization. Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization – report of the extraordinary meeting on the infl uenza A (H1N1) 2009 pandemic, 7 July 2009. Weekly epidemiological record. 2009;24th July(30):301–308 52. Tabuteau D. L’expert et la décision en santé publique. Les Tribunes de la santé. 2010;27(2):33–48. 53. Tagajdid R et al. Healthcare Worker Acceptance of Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Vaccination, Morocco [letter]. Emerging Infectious Disease journal – CDC [serial on the internet]. 2010;16(10). Available at: http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/16/10/10-0984_article.htm [Accessed November 17, 2011]. 54. Tai Z, Sun T. The rumouring of SARS during the 2003 epidemic in China. Sociology of Health & Illness. 2011;33 :1–17. 55. Taïeb E. Logiques politiques du conspirationnisme. Sociologie et sociétés. 2010;42(2):265–289. 56. Torun SD, Torun F. Vaccination against pandemic influenza A/H1N1 among healthcare workers and reasons for refusing vaccination in Istanbul in last pandemic alert phase. Vaccine. 2010;28(35):5703–10. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20600497 [Accessed November 10, 2011]. 57. Vigsø O. Naming is Framing: Swine Flu, New Flu, and A(H1N1). Observatorio (OBS). 2010;4(3):229– 241. 58. Vírseda S, Restrepo MA, Arranz E, et al. Seasonal and Pandemic A (H1N1) 2009 influenza vaccination coverage and attitudes among health-care workers in a Spanish University Hospital. Vaccine. 2010;28(30):4751–7. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20471438 [Accessed June 19, 2011]. 59. Vlek C. Judicious management of uncertain risks: II. Simple rules and more intricate models for precautionary decisionımaking. Journal of Risk Research. 2010;13(4):545–569. 60. Wagner-Egger P, Bangerter A, Gilles I, et al. Lay perceptions of collectives at the outbreak of the H1N1 epidemic: heroes, villains and victims. Public Understanding of Science. 2011;20(4):461–476. 61. Wilkinson I. Grasping the point of unfathomable complexity: the new media research and risk analysis. Journal of Risk Research. 2010;13(1):19–28. 62. Wong LP, Sam I. Public Sources of Information and Information Needs for Pandemic Influenza A(H1N1). J Community Health. 2010;35(6):676–682. 63. Zimmerman R, Restrepo CE, Culpen A, et al. Risk communication for catastrophic events: results from focus groups. Journal of Risk Research. 2010;13(7):913–935.

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