III. the Pro-Hitler, Fascist Origins of the Liberal Party

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

III. the Pro-Hitler, Fascist Origins of the Liberal Party The New Citizen April 2004 Page 29 Defeat the Synarchists—Fight for a National Bank III. The Pro-Hitler, Fascist Origins of the Liberal Party THE 1930’s SYNARCHIST ASSAULT In this section The 1930s Synarchist Assault on Australia Jack Lang and Frank Anstey on the Synarchy ON AUSTRALIA The “Red Menace” and the Fascist “Citizens “And therefore, the essential conflict is between the national interest and the Leagues” The Stormtroopers—I: The League for National financiers. Hitler was not a creation of a bunch of dummies in brown uniforms. Hitler Security was the creation of bankers… The Collins House Group “The bankers of this type, the private bankers, created Hitler, because there was a Herbert Brookes and the Secret Armies financial crisis, and under conditions of financial crisis, if the government is The Stormtroopers—II: The Old Guard and the accountable to the people, it is the bankers that will pay, not the people. And therefore, New Guard the bankers say, “It’s the people, it’s the government, that has to go.” –Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., December 16, 2003 The Liberal Party: The New Face of Synarchism The Synarchy’s Political Parties The Lying Mass Media nglo-Dutch parliamentary Robert Gordon Menzies: Would-be Petain of Asystems are a puppet show, in Britain which the strings are held by cen- The “New Liberalism”: The Old Fascism tral banks, which in turn are con- Friedrich von Hayek, Founding Father of the Liberal trolled by a cabal of private finan- Party ciers. In times of crisis, these pri- “The Association”: Old Guard and LNS Regroup vate financiers destabilise the par- liamentary systems, and replace Postwar Fascism: The Mont Pelerin Society them either with parliaments that Mont Pelerin’s Puppets: Liberal and Labor will bow to their interests, or even, The Macquarie Bank as happened in much of Europe The MPS Think Tanks during the 1930s, with outright Liberal Party Funding fascist regimes. It is not acknowledged in stand- Populism: The Enemy Within ard history texts, but fascist mili- Hanson, Costello: One Coward, One Liar tary coups were prepared for Aus- The Politics of Fear tralia, too, in the early 1930s—at both the state and federal levels. The would-be perpetrators were Synarchists in the mould of Mus- solini and Hitler, and their back- and many other banks, insurance The most notorious spokesman ers, as in Europe, were to be found March 19, 1932. Fascist New Guardsman Col. Francis de Groot preempts companies, corporations, chambers for the Crown and the City of Lon- in the upper echelons of the finan- NSW Premier Jack Lang to cut the ribbon at the new Sydney Harbour Bridge. of commerce and pastoral houses. don, within the Anglo-Australian This section of our report presents comprador elite, was the rabid An- cial oligarchy. Their efforts peak- ia, developed a two-pronged at- ed in 1930-1932, during the in- members often did double duty, as that evidence. glophile Robert Menzies. Owned tack. They would keep the parlia- both league activists, and members In New South Wales, the fascist lock, stock and barrel by the fin- tense confrontation between the mentary façade if possible, by driv- “old Labor” forces of Jack Lang, of the armed detachments. Both the armies were days or hours from anciers, Menzies insisted that the ing Scullin and Lang from power armed brigades and their “citizen” marching on Sydney, an eventual- interest-gouging prerogatives of Frank Anstey and John Curtin, on through “political” means. But in the one side, and the “Money Pow- fronts were created, staffed and run ity avoided only when King the financiers—which he termed case those maneuvers failed, they at the highest levels, by the lead- George V directed his Governor “justice” and “fair play”—must er”—centred in London, but with simultaneously created mass fas- powerful, aggressive allies inside ing financial organisations in General, Sir Philip Game, to sack come first, even if it meant that cist armies of storm troopers, capa- Australia. Premier Lang. An overt fascist take- people starved. At the height of the Australia—on the other. The spec- ble of seizing power. tre of a fascist coup was instrumen- Some of the relevant government over was forestalled, but at the sac- crisis, he pronounced, “If Austral- The stormtrooper organisations files of the period have been care- rifice of Australia’s best leaders and ia were going to get through her tal in the toppling of the Labor were the Melbourne-based League government of James Scullin and fully culled, while others are mys- policies for that time of economic troubles by abating or abandon- of National Security, and the Old teriously missing. But enough ev- crisis. ing traditional British standards of the ouster of Lang as New South Guard and the New Guard, based Wales PM in 1932, dealing a grave idence has survived, to demon- The issue in Depression- honesty, of justice, of fair play, of in Sydney. Combined, these three strate that the fascist citizens wracked Australia was, whose resolute endeavour, it would be far setback to Australia’s potential groups comprised over 100,000 national development during the leagues and their armed counter- rights take precedence: those of better for Australia that every citi- well-armed and highly organized parts were supported by top bank- the people, or those of the finan- zen within her boundaries should depression, and throwing much of militants. The best known of the the population deeper into misery. ing and corporate institutions, ciers? This was the question ex- die of starvation during the next three, though actually the least among them: plicitly posed by Jack Lang, by six months. To look for the easiest Was “Australian fascism” just a important, was the New Guard, led flash in the pan? Why return to the • the Bank of New South Federal Labor MP Frank Anstey, way out was about as traitorous a by Mussolini- and Hitler-worship- Wales, Australia’s largest and by Anstey’s protégé, John Cur- thing as any Australian could en- history of such an unfortunate pe- per Eric Campbell. The New Guard riod, when a pro-Nazi movement and oldest bank; tin. Would the City of London be gage in at the present time.” achieved notoriety on March 19, • Colonial Sugar Refining Co. paid its pound of flesh in debt serv- As contemporaries recorded, flourished in Sydney, Melbourne 1932, when New Guardsman Col. and the bush, with backing in high (CSR), the largest corporation ice, at the cost of the suffering and Menzies was an ardent pro-fascist, Francis DeGroot jumped ahead of in Australia; even the lives of Australians? The full of admiration for Hitler and places? Premier Jack Lang to pre-empt him, The history of the Synarchist • J.B. Were and Sons, Austral- crisis of 1930-1932 came to a head Mussolini. Less well known, is the with a sword, at the ribbon-cutting ia’s largest brokerage, and over the question of currency is- fact that he was also the front man assault on Australia in the 1930s for the Sydney Harbour Bridge. cannot be ignored as a curiosity handler of government loans; sues for the purpose of job crea- for a Synarchist coup plot against These armed fascist brigades • G. J. Coles and Myers, the two tion, as advocated by these Labor British Prime Minister Winston or relegated to a footnote, because were modeled explicitly on the the world, Australia included, is largest retail firms in the leaders and formally proposed by Churchill. The plotters, one of blackshirts and brownshirts of country; PM Scullin and his Treasury Sec- whom was the notorious pro-Nazi once again plunging into an eco- Mussolini and Hitler. Like them, nomic depression—a systemic • leading executives or direc- retary, Ted Theodore, as against the press baron Lord Beaverbrook, the paramilitaries invariably had tors of the BHP and Collins financiers’ insistence on fiscal aus- planned to weaken Churchill, or one, of the type in which the de- their front organisations: mass “cit- ployment of fascist mobs and po- House manufacturing and terity for “fighting inflation” and, even to oust him and replace him izens leagues,” which shared the minerals empires; above all, paying debts to the City with the appeaser Menzies. In fur- lice-state repression is the stock in same philosophies, and whose trade of a desperate financial oli- of London. therance of this plot, Menzies garchy. Moreover, not only is the 1930s assault on Australian socie- ty and our national identity in dan- ger of being repeated, but the di- rect heirs of the 1930s perpetra- tors are alive and active to carry it out. It is impossible to grasp Aus- tralian politics in the first decade of the 21st Century, without know- ing the never-repudiated roots of the Australian Liberal Party in the pro-fascist Synarchist movement of seven decades ago. Faced with the threat of the pro- sovereignty, pro-national banking tendencies in both the Federal La- bor Government of Scullin and Lang’s New South Wales Labor Government, the British Crown and the City of London, with their allies among the “Anglo-Austral- Fascist dictators Mussolini and Hitler (l.) were sponsored by the European and American oligarchy. Centre: The Duke of Windsor (formerly King Edward VIII) and ian” comprador elites of Austral- his wife visit their old pal, Adolf. Right: King George V. Hearing of de Groot’s action on the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the King proclaimed, “Well done, de Groot!” Page 30 The New Citizen April 2004 Defeat the Synarchists—Fight for a National Bank spent an astonishing four months IPA, with Menzies at the fore, that • the Sydney IPA, renamed the self-proclaimed fascist Eric Camp- nist activities, more fatal to the fu- outside of Australia during 1941, in 1944 created the Liberal Party.
Recommended publications
  • Political Attitudes to Conscription: 1914–1918
    RESEARCH PAPER SERIES, 2016–17 27 OCTOBER 2016 Political attitudes to conscription: 1914–1918 Dr Nathan Church Foreign Affairs, Defence and Security Section Contents Introduction ................................................................................................ 2 Attitudes of the Australian Labor Party ........................................................ 2 Federal government ......................................................................................... 2 New South Wales ............................................................................................. 7 Victoria ............................................................................................................. 8 Queensland ...................................................................................................... 9 Western Australia ........................................................................................... 10 South Australia ............................................................................................... 11 Political impact on the ALP ............................................................................... 11 Attitudes of the Commonwealth Liberal Party ............................................. 12 Attitudes of the Nationalist Party of Australia ............................................. 13 The second conscription plebiscite .................................................................. 14 Conclusion ................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Fight for Life in the Northern Suburbs
    A Fight for Life in the Northern Suburbs This resource provides an extended discussion of the Anti-conscription campaign in World War 1 as background to the digital story, A Fight for Life in the Northern Suburbs. Martin Bush Introduction The conscription referendums of 1916 and 1917 divided Australia, split the government and left an enormous legacy. The votes against conscription were the biggest success ever achieved by peace activists in Australia. These referendums were also of worldwide significance. They are the only occasions anywhere in the world that the citizens of a country have had a chance to vote on such an important policy regarding war and peace. This global impact was achieved through the work of many people organising and campaigning at a local level. A surprising number of the people, places and events involved in this history were connected to the northern Melbourne suburbs of Brunswick and Coburg, including politicians like Frank Anstey, labour activists like John Curtin and Frank Hyett, women;’s activists like Bella Lavender and Catholic Archbishop Daniel Mannix. This digital exhibition tells the story of the struggle over conscription during World War I as seen by these communities. Summary World War 1 was by far the bloodiest conflict in Europe for nearly three hundred years. In a little over four years, from July 1914 to November 1918, 10 million soliders and 6 million civilians were killed. Nor did the effects stop at wars end; the influenza edidemic that spread around the world at the close of the war, in large part due to the movement of soldiers, was even deadlier, killing between 50 and 100 million people.
    [Show full text]
  • David Rivett
    DAVID RIVETT: FIGHTER FOR AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE OTHER WORKS OF ROHAN RIVETT Behind Bamboo. 1946 Three Cricket Booklets. 1948-52 The Community and the Migrant. 1957 Australian Citizen: Herbert Brookes 1867-1963. 1966 Australia (The Oxford Modern World Series). 1968 Writing About Australia. 1970 This page intentionally left blank David Rivett as painted by Max Meldrum. This portrait hangs at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation's headquarters in Canberra. ROHAN RIVETT David Rivett: FIGHTER FOR AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE RIVETT First published 1972 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission © Rohan Rivett, 1972 Printed in Australia at The Dominion Press, North Blackburn, Victoria Registered in Australia for transmission by post as a book Contents Foreword Vll Acknowledgments Xl The Attack 1 Carving the Path 15 Australian at Edwardian Oxford 28 1912 to 1925 54 Launching C.S.I.R. for Australia 81 Interludes Without Playtime 120 The Thirties 126 Through the War-And Afterwards 172 Index 219 v This page intentionally left blank Foreword By Baron Casey of Berwick and of the City of Westminster K.G., P.C., G.C.M.G., C.H., D.S.a., M.C., M.A., F.A.A. The framework and content of David Rivett's life, unusual though it was, can be briefly stated as it was dominated by some simple and most unusual principles. He and I met frequently in the early 1930's and discussed what we were both aiming to do in our respective fields. He was a man of the most rigid integrity and way of life.
    [Show full text]
  • John Curtin's War
    backroom briefings John Curtin's war CLEM LLOYD & RICHARD HALL backroom briefings John Curtin's WAR edited by CLEM LLOYD & RICHARD HALL from original notes compiled by Frederick T. Smith National Library of Australia Canberra 1997 Front cover: Montage of photographs of John Curtin, Prime Minister of Australia, 1941-45, and of Old Parliament House, Canberra Photographs from the National Library's Pictorial Collection Back cover: Caricature of John Curtin by Dubois Bulletin, 8 October 1941 Published by the National Library of Australia Canberra ACT 2600 © National Library of Australia 1997 Introduction and annotations © Clem Lloyd and Richard Hall Every reasonable endeavour has been made to contact relevant copyright holders of illustrative material. Where this has not proved possible, the copyright holders are invited to contact the publisher. National Library Cataloguing-in-Publication data Backroom briefings: John Curtin's war. Includes index. ISBN 0 642 10688 6. 1. Curtin, John, 1885-1945. 2. World War, 1939-1945— Press coverage—Australia. 3. Journalism—Australia. I. Smith, FT. (Frederick T.). II. Lloyd, C.J. (Clement John), 1939- . III. Hall, Richard, 1937- . 940.5394 Editor: Julie Stokes Designer: Beverly Swifte Picture researcher/proofreader: Tony Twining Printed by Goanna Print, Canberra Published with the assistance of the Lloyd Ross Forum CONTENTS Fred Smith and the secret briefings 1 John Curtin's war 12 Acknowledgements 38 Highly confidential: press briefings, June 1942-January 1945 39 Introduction by F.T. Smith 40 Chronology of events; Briefings 42 Index 242 rederick Thomas Smith was born in Balmain, Sydney, Fon 18 December 1904, one of a family of two brothers and two sisters.
    [Show full text]
  • Ttl(' Australian Nat/O!La! Uniuer.Rlly
    Ttl(' Australian Nat/o!la! Uniuer.rlly The Library c;p() Box 4, Canberra, ACT 2601 Telegrams & cables NATUNIV Canberra Telex AA 62694 NATUNI reference Telephone 062-49 5m USE OF THESES This microfiche is supplied for purposes of private study and research only. Passages from the thesis may not be copied or closely paraphrased without the written consent of the author. J .A. LYONS~ A Political Biogro\phy by Philip R. Hart This thesis was submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Australian National University December 1967 ' i 'l i ,[ :1 J 11 ,f li This statement is to certify that the contents of this thesis are my own original work. Philip R. Hart iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREF.ACE iv L!ST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix SYNOPSIS x Chapter 1 TASMANIA 1 Chapter' 2 THE SPLIT 54 Chapter .'.3 LEADER _OF THE OPPOSITION 100 Chapte:t' 4 LYONS AND EXTRA-PARLIAMENTARY FORCES 143 Chapte:t' 5 LYONS AS POLITICIAN 189 l l Chapter 6 LYONS AND POLICY 235 Chapter 7 THE FINAL YEAR ' 284 Ihi 'l '! APPENDIX Colnntonwealth Ministries, 1929-1939 .'.317 SELECT B!BLIOGRAPHY 329 iv PREFACE Entering federal politics after a political career in Tasmania that had been notable for his record tenure of party leadership and his respected achievements as Premier, Joseph Aloysius Lyons became one of the most significant participants in the Depression crisis, led one of the three great desertions from the Labour Party, participated in the preliminaries for the Second World War, and died in office only two weeks short of W.M.
    [Show full text]
  • Australian Political Elites and Citizenship Education for `New Australians' 1945-1960
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sydney eScholarship Australian Political Elites and Citizenship Education for `New Australians' 1945-1960 Patricia Anne Bernadette Jenkings Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Sydney MAY 2001 In memory of Bill Jenkings, my father, who gave me the courage and inspiration to persevere TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................... i ABSTRACT................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. vi ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................vii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................. ix INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 Theoretical Orientation ................................................................................... 9 Methodological Framework.......................................................................... 19 CHAPTER ONE-POLITICAL ELITES, POST-WAR IMMIGRATION AND THE QUESTION OF CITIZENSHIP .... 28 Introduction........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • LIBRARY LECTURE: Becoming John Curtin and James Scullin—Their Early Political Careers and the Making of the Modern Labor Party
    LIBRARY LECTURE: Becoming John Curtin and James Scullin—their early political careers and the making of the modern Labor party Presented by Liam Byrne, Parliament House, Canberra on 17 March 2021 As Prime Ministers, John Curtin and James Scullin have defining—and tragic—places in our national story. Scullin’s political consciousness was awoken in the Great Depression of the 1890s. He witnessed working people bearing the cost of an economic cataclysm that they did not create. He dedicated his political life to ensure this wouldn’t happen again. Throughout the 1920s Scullin argued Australia was over-exposed economically and risked being drawn into another disaster. Labor returned to office, with Scullin as prime minister, just weeks before we were dragged into the Great Depression. Scullin’s time in office will be forever remembered as a time when workers suffered for an economic cataclysm they had not created. That is his tragedy. John Curtin also came of age during the Depression of the 1890s. His early working life was marked by a series of short-term jobs, and the frustration of never having the security to help provide for his family. As a young socialist, he warned that capitalism as a system was plunging toward war. When the First World War did come, Curtin was also drawn to national attention, predominantly through his role in opposing conscription, but also as a strong advocate for socialism—as he understood it. Curtin, famously, came to office somewhat reluctantly in October 1941. He died in office on 5th July 1945, widely seen as a war casualty.
    [Show full text]
  • Victorian Historical Journal
    VICTORIAN HISTORICAL JOURNAL VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1, JUNE 2015 ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF VICTORIA ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF VICTORIA The Royal Historical Society of Victoria is a community organisation comprising people from many fields committed to collecting, researching and sharing an understanding of the history of Victoria. The Victorian Historical Journal is a fully refereed journal dedicated to Australian, and especially Victorian, history produced twice yearly by the Publications Committee, Royal Historical Society of Victoria. PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE Richard Broome (convenor) Marilyn Bowler (Editor, Victorian Historical Journal) Chips Sowerwine (Editor, History News) John Rickard (review co-editor) Peter Yule (review co-editor) Jill Barnard Marie Clark Mimi Colligan Don Garden (President, RHSV) Don Gibb Richard Morton Kate Prinsley Judith Smart Caroline Williams Carole Woods BECOME A MEMBER Membership of the Royal Historical Society of Victoria is open. All those with an interest in history are welcome to join. Subscriptions can be purchased at: Royal Historical Society of Victoria 239 A’Beckett Street Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Telephone: 03 9326 9288 Email: [email protected] www.historyvictoria.org.au Journals are also available for purchase online: www.historyvictoria.org.au/publications/victorian-historical-journal VICTORIAN HISTORICAL JOURNAL ISSUE 283 VOLUME 86, NUMBER 1 JUNE 2015 Royal Historical Society of Victoria Victorian Historical Journal Published by the Royal Historical Society of Victoria 239 A’Beckett Street Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia Telephone: 03 9326 9288 Fax: 03 9326 9477 Email: [email protected] www.historyvictoria.org.au Copyright © the authors and the Royal Historical Society of Victoria 2015 All material appearing in this publication is copyright and cannot be reproduced without the written permission of the publisher and the relevant author.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Era Begins
    Edition 129 • April 2017 TheLion Wesley College Community Magazine A new era begins... Features: From Wesley's past to Framing the Future | A long life well lived | New role for our new residence A True Education Contents Editorial Editorial ............................................ 2 I don’t receive a lot of feedback through the mail, but last year I received a letter to which I did not reply at the time, because the issue it Principal's lines ................................. 3 dealt with needs, I think, a public response. In essence, it drew attention to how we select material for this magazine. The letter was not in any way Features antagonistic – in fact, the tone was courteous, respectful and full of goodwill 2016 Scholars and Duces ............ 5 towards what we seek to achieve in this publication – but pointed towards a publishing conundrum I have felt as well. Let me share a few extracts: Academic Excellence 2016 .......... 6 From Wesley's past to While most assuredly the reports of past students who are “high achievers”… Framing the Future ...................... 7 are certainly well merited…these would number possibly 25% of the student body over the many years of Wesley…There appears to be little recognition A long life well lived ..................... 9 attributed to, or acknowledgement of, the greater number who make up the New role for our remaining 75%. new residence ............................. 10 Australia Day honours 2017 ......... 11 These students equally absorbed the “Wesley spirit” (there’s no disputing that) which very clearly encouraged them…From this group came the doctors, solicitors, accountants, all other professions, merchants, farmers, ............... 12 College Snapshots tradesmen etc.
    [Show full text]
  • The War Cartoons of Claude Marquet
    Kunapipi Volume 18 Issue 2 Article 13 1996 The War Cartoons of Claude Marquet John McLaren Vane Lindesay Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi Part of the Arts and Humanities Commons Recommended Citation McLaren, John and Lindesay, Vane, The War Cartoons of Claude Marquet, Kunapipi, 18(2), 1996. Available at:https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol18/iss2/13 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong. For further information contact the UOW Library: [email protected] The War Cartoons of Claude Marquet Abstract At the outbreak of the Great War in 1914 the leaders and most members of the Australian political parties were enthusiastic in their support of Britain and the Empire. Andrew Fisher, Prime Minister and Leader of the federal Labor Party, famously pledged 'our last man and our last shilling to see this War brought to a successful conclusion'.1 At first, only eight Labor members of the ederf al parliament, including King O'Malley and Frank Anstey, dissented. Outside Parliament a similar minority opposed the war on Marxist or Christian socialist grounds.2 Among other critics, Henry Boote, editor of the Australian Worker, attacked wartime profiteering, and the increasing casualty lists from the Western front modified the earlier ardour. The suppression by the British army of the 1916 Irish Easter uprising further reduced enthusiasm for Empire. By October 1916, these currents had come together to produce a majority opposition to the first conscription efr erendum.3 This journal article is available in Kunapipi: https://ro.uow.edu.au/kunapipi/vol18/iss2/13 90 John McLaren and Vane Lmdesay .
    [Show full text]
  • Eliminating the Drudge Work”: Campaigning for University- Based Nursing Education in Australia, 1920-1935
    Quality Advancement in Nursing Education - Avancées en formation infirmière Volume 6 Issue 2 The History of Nursing Education | L’histoire Article 7 de la formation en sciences infirmières “Eliminating the drudge work”: Campaigning for university- based nursing education in Australia, 1920-1935 Madonna Grehan Dr University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://qane-afi.casn.ca/journal Part of the Australian Studies Commons, Education Commons, History Commons, and the Nursing Commons Recommended Citation Grehan, Madonna Dr (2020) "“Eliminating the drudge work”: Campaigning for university-based nursing education in Australia, 1920-1935," Quality Advancement in Nursing Education - Avancées en formation infirmière: Vol. 6: Iss. 2, Article 7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17483/2368-6669.1254 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Quality Advancement in Nursing Education - Avancées en formation infirmière. It has been accepted for inclusion in Quality Advancement in Nursing Education - Avancées en formation infirmière by an authorized editor of Quality Advancement in Nursing Education - Avancées en formation infirmière. “Eliminating the drudge work”: Campaigning for university-based nursing education in Australia, 1920-1935 Cover Page Footnote Acknowledgements: Thanks to the University of Melbourne Archives and two anonymous reviewers of this article. Remerciements : Merci aux archives de la University of Melbourne et aux deux réviseurs anonymes de cet article. This article is available in Quality Advancement in Nursing Education - Avancées en formation infirmière: https://qane- afi.casn.ca/journal/vol6/iss2/7 Grehan: “eliminating the drudge work”: campaigning for university-based nursing education in Australia, 1920-1935 Background For most of the twentieth century in Australia, hospital-based apprenticeship programs were the only pathway leading to registration as a nurse or midwife.
    [Show full text]
  • Lions Led by Donkeys? Brigade Commanders of the Australian Imperial Force, 1914-1918
    LIONS LED BY DONKEYS? BRIGADE COMMANDERS OF THE AUSTRALIAN IMPERIAL FORCE, 1914-1918. ASHLEIGH BROWN A thesis in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy University of New South Wales, Canberra School of Humanities and Social Sciences March 2017 PLEASE TYPE THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES Thesis/Dissertation Sheet Surname or Family name: Brown First name: Ashleigh Other name/s: Rebecca Abbreviation for degree as given in the University calendar: MPhil School: Humanities and Social Sciences Faculty: UNSW Canberra, AD FA Title: Lions led by donkeys? Brigade commanders of the Australian Imperial Force, 1914-1918. Abstract 350 words maximum: (PLEASE TYPE) Australian First World War historiography tends to focus on the ordinary soldier: his background, character and involvement in the war. This is a legacy left by Charles Bean who, following the history from below approach, believed in the need for soldiers’ stories to be told. On the other end of the spectrum, attention is given to political leaders and the British high command. British commanders and, by extension, other Allied commanders are too often portrayed as poor leaders who were reluctant to adapt to modern warfare, and did not demonstrate a sense of responsibility for the men under their command. The evidence shows that this perception is not accurate. A comprehensive understanding of the progression of Australian forces on the Western Front cannot be gained without investigating the progression of those in command. This thesis examines the brigade commanders of the Australian Imperial Force who held that level of command for a substantial period while on the Western Front.
    [Show full text]