Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-74568-0 — 21St Century Guidebook to Fungi David Moore , Geoffrey D

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-74568-0 — 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi David Moore , Geoffrey D. Robson , Anthony P. J. Trinci Index More Information

INDEX

2-octen-1-ol , 455 area on Earth , 3 pheromone , 43 5-l uorocytosine, 475 biota , 4 Alternaria combinatorial therapy , 478 agricultural waste , 249 , 290 HC-toxin , 420 bioconversion , 533 leaf spot , 424 Absidia, 46 , 455 fuel alcohol , 345 , 532 potato early blight , 485 Acaulospora, 51 , 51 , 463 , 554 hazardous , 352 sick building syndrome , 455 Acaulosporaceae , 51 agriculture alternative splicing , 104 , 148 , 328 acervulus , 238 , 239 , 573 ants , 389 , 393 Amanita , 365 acetyl-CoA , 42 , 43 , 265 , 267 , 269 , 271 , 316 , applied genetics , 159 branching strategies , 89 513 beetles , 395 CNS poison , 349 acetylenes , 274 climate change , 346 colony simulation , 88 , 89 achlorophyllous , 356 , 357 , 360 , 361 , 363 fungi , 159 metal accumulation , 347 Achlya , 26 , 71 , 124 , 175 , 212 , 562 fungicides , 481 mycorrhizas , 357 Acrasiales , 72 , 94 in insects , 388 nonspecii c mycorrhiza, 73 Acrasiomycota , 72 loss of production , 250 poisoning , 456 Acrasis , 72 , 561 origins , 11 psychotropic , 349 Acremonium , 464 plant pathogens , 413 toxins , 273 , 273 , 274 Acromyrmex , 389 , 392 waste production , 290 young mycelium , 81 actin , 33 , 80 , 114 , 124 , 125 , 126 , 130 , 133 , yield , 408 amanitin , 274 133 , 176 , 181 , 234 , 234 , 244 , 244 Agrobacterium, 412 amatoxin , 456 associated myosins , 115 Agrobacterium tumefaciens amber binding proteins (ABPs) , 114 transformation (AMT) , 162 fossils , 29 , 395 , 402, 465 polymerisation , 114 agroclavine , 49 AmBisome , 478 , 478 actinomycete , 392 , 489 AIDS patients ambrosia beetle activator–inhibitor model , 304 cryptococcosis , 452 fungus farming origin , 394 active transport , 120 , 261 , 358 fungal infections , 453 galleries , 395 actomyosin ring , 131 ketoconazole , 480 larvae , 395 adhesins , 172 , 184 , 366 Ajellomyces , 452 non-native , 396 al atoxicosis , 349 , 458 Albugo , 70 , 420 , 562 species , 395 al atoxins , 52 , 272 , 349 , 458 , 459 alcohol , 511 , 512 Ambrosiella AFTOL study , 41 , 49 , 58 , 554 Aleuria, 56 , 57 , 243 beetle cultivars , 395 Agaricaceae , 60 , 301 , 389 alkaloids origin , 396 Agaricales , 59 , 60 , 61 , 258 , 389 , 392 , 560 endophyte , 376 Amoebidiales , 45 , 72 , 438 Agaricomycotina , 58 , 59 , 60 , 67 , 220 , 559 ergot , 273 , 458 amorphous cellulose , 251 , 252 Agaricus bisporus, 213 , 257 , 260 , 266 , phytoalexins , 426 amphibians 268 , 273 , 288 , 305 , 319 , 320 , 331 , allergic chytrid parasites , 397 465 aspergillosis , 453 chytridiomycosis , 445 Agaricus bitorquis , 206 reactions , 456 EID (emerging infectious disease) , 435 Agaricus brunnescens, 206 reactions (ODTS) , 456 loss of biodiversity , 435 agaritine , 273 , 273 response to spores , 446 amphipathic , 186 agglutinins , 172 , 184 Allomyces , 554 amphotericin , 475 , 476 , 476 , 476 agonomycetes , 193 gametes , 43 combinatorial therapy , 478 , 486 , 488 agricultural mycocides , 482 life cycle , 42 ef ects , 477 agricultural soil , 4 , 250 parasitised by Rozella , 40 liposomes , 478

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-74568-0 — 21st Century Guidebook to Fungi David Moore , Geoffrey D. Robson , Anthony P. J. Trinci Index More Information

580 Index

amphotericin (cont.) history, 514 Arthrinium, 482, 573 resistance, 454 horizontal gene transfer, 518 Arthrobotrys, 401, 401 selective toxicity, 478 in ant agriculture, 392 pathogen of three kingdoms, 461 sterol pore, 477 penicillin, 274 traps, 401 therapy, 487 polyene, 475 arthropod amylase, 253, 255, 510, 511 antifeedants ectoparasites, 56 amylopectin, 253, 254 toxin function, 349 endosymbionts, 47 amylose, 253 antifungal agents grazing mycelium, 283 anaerobic chytrids, 2, 41, 396, 397 azoles and polyenes, 486 arthropod pests metabolism, 41 combinatorial therapy, 488 biological control, 443 Anaeromyces, 397 echinocandins, 482 pathogens of, 444 anamorph, 38, 58, 59, 69, 193, 226 in common use, 487 pesticides, 443 Histoplasma, 452 membrane targeting, 474 arthrospores, 48, 223, 234, 439 Ophiostoma, 451 microtubule targeting, 483 Artiodactyla Scytalidium, 466 modifying resistance, 488 and chytrids, 398 anamorphic fungi, 568 steroids, 522 evolution, 399 anastomosis, 90, 127, 128, 128, 129, 194 strobilurins, 484 ruminants, 398 autotropism, 194 wall targetting, 481 ascochlorins, 272 compatibility, 197, 198 antigens ascolichens, 375 hazards, 197 animal pathogens, 100 ascoma morphologies, 55 in strands, 240 fungal, 456 ascomata, 56, 57, 242, 242, 555 interspeciic antagonism, 463 PCD, 330 ascomycetes, 18, 24, 31, 51, 55, 324 mycelium maturation, 223 antiport, 261, 262 Ascomycota, 24, 29, 30, 38, 51, 52, 555 pheromone signalling, 225 Antrodia animal and plant pathogens compared, 460 plasmogamy, 211 wet rot, 351 Arthrobotrys, 461 prion transmission, 200 Aphelenchoides ascomata, 242, 242 syngamy, 220 mycophagous nematode, 282 ascus deinition, 574 ang-kak, 287, 346, 540 apical growth, 117, 177 ascus formation, 219 anidulafungin, 487 hyphal, 93 blastomycosis, 451 echinocandin, 482 in morphogenesis, 325 classiication, 555 in combinatorial therapy, 488 transport, 181, 181 clock genes, 231 animal pathogens water low, 263 croziers, 128 antigens, 100 Apodachlyella, 70, 562 echinocandins, 482 biotrophs, 347 apoptosis, 198, 330, 425, 504 endophytes, 376 compared with plant pathogens, 459, 460 apothecia, 55, 56, 57, 57, 243, 375, 555 entomogenous fungi, 441 damage response framework, 460 apple blotch, 411 fermentation-derived chymosin, 536 dimorphic, 135 appressorium, 412, 420, 421, 421, 422, 422, fermented rice, 540 Eurotiomycetes, 460 423, 424, 424, 442 fusariosis, 455 haustoria, 47 Apterostigma, 393 genome structure, 149 lipophilic yeasts, 58 attine ant, 389, 392 glucans, 173 thigmotropism, 420 arabanases, 252 heterokaryosis, 194 Anisolpidiales, 70, 562 arabans, 252 histoplasmosis, 452 Anisolpidium, 70, 562 Arabidopsis, 424 hydrophobins, 186 annotating the genome, 153 alternative splicing, 148 hyphal growth units, 83 ant agriculture, 389 arachidonic acid, 48, 510, 511, 519, 519 insect pathogen, 441, 442, 442 origin, 391 arbuscular mycorrhiza, 28, 50, 72, 205, 345, invasive mycoses, 454 types, 392 346, 357, 358, 358, 359, 368, 369, 372 Laboulbeniales, 439 antheridiol, 71, 212 glomalin, 187 lichens, 373, 374 antibiotic resistance, 473 arbutoid mycorrhizas, 360 mating types, 213 plasmids, 100 Archaea, 19, 20, 21, 23 morphogenesis, 331 selective pressure, 483 Archaeosporales, 47, 50, 554 mycoherbicidal, 528 site-directed mutagenesis, 161 archiascomycetes, 52 mycoparasites, 465, 466 antibiotics, 452 Armillaria, 412 mycoses, 450 annual value, 511 largest organism, 412 necrotrophs, 424, 462 combinatorial therapy, 486 rhizomorphs, 413, 413 pheromones, 212 echinocandins, 482 tree pathogens, 466, 528 Pneumocystis, 454 global market, 519 Arthoniomycetes, 56, 556 predatory fungi, 400

Index 581

salami, 537 bioilm matrix, 185 Aspergillus terreus sclerotia, 242 cadmium tolerance, 353 gene clusters, 541 secondary metabolites, 271 chitin synthase, 123 invasive aspergillosis, 454 septal pore, 130 combinatorial therapy, 489 statins, 272, 510 sick building syndrome, 455 fumigatin tetraketide, 271 Asterodon strands and cords, 240 galactomannans, 178 hydnoid sporophore, 310 teleomorph, 193 glucan synthase, 178 asthmatic reactions transformation, 163 glucans, 173 allergic aspergillosis, 453 trules, 291 hydrophobin, 186 astral microtubules, 106, 107, 117, 118, 119, Woronin bodies, 92 invasive aspergillosis, 481 127, 131, 132, 181 ascospores, 51, 54, 55 opportunistic pathogen, 237 Atheliales, 60, 67, 560 ascoma, 242 programmed cell death, 504 atmospheric pollutant dehiscence, 56 Aspergillus nidulans chlorohydrocarbon release, 341 dormancy, 80 alternative splicing, 148 chloromethane, 258 endogenous, 555 autotropism, 91 atmospheric pollution free cell formation, 44 brlA locus, 236 lichen sensitivity, 376 homothallism, 218 colony growth, 80 attine ants, 389 Laboulbeniales, 439 conidiophore development, 236 dominant herbivores, 394 Mendelian segregation, 143 conidiophores, 235, 235 evolution, 392 of pathogens, 460 diploids in nature, 192 gardening, 291 yeast, 214 duplication cycle, 85, 85 loss of arginine synthesis, 390 ascostromata, 56, 464, 465, 556, 558 Emericella teleomorph, 38 phylogeny, 393 ascus, 51, 55, 243, 574 genome size, 144 Auricularia, 67, 560 apex components, 574 growth of pellets, 505 trade, 285 deinition, 574 growth phases, 84 Auriculariales, 64 endogenous spores, 555 het loci, 198 autotropism, 81, 82, 89, 91, 91, 128, 129, 129, formation, 219 heterokaryon breakdown, 196 296, 302 free cell formation, 44 homokaryosis and heterokaryosis, 194 auxotroph, 194, 195, 195, 201 walls, 56 hyphal growth unit, 83 arbuscular mycorrhizas, 5 yeast, 53, 54 light regulation, 327 transformation, 161 Asellariales, 47, 48, 438, 439 mitosis, 106 avirulence, 428 asexual fungi, 52 mitotic segregation, 203, 204 alleles, 428 aspergillosis, 446 mitotic synchrony, 107 gene, 460 azoles, 481 mycelial pellets, 500 proteins, 427 combinatorial therapy, 488 mycelium growth, 82 azoles, 479 diagnosis, 454 nuclear distribution mutants, 107 agricultural use, 481, 483 disease incidence, 449 nuclear division, 132 combinatorial therapy, 473 disseminated, 453 nuclear migration, 119 ield acquired resistance, 481 echinocandins, 482 pellet structure, 505 in common use, 487 edidemiology, 454 selection of diploids, 201 managing resistance, 488 in humans, 453 septation, 86, 132, 133 potency, 480 invasive, 237 transformation, 161 second generation, 486 lung disease, 453 vesicle motility, 176 sensitivity, 480 mortality, 454 Aspergillus niger, 511 site of action, 475 of coral, 346, 446 chymosin, 511 voriconazole, 481, 487 citric acid, 506, 514 bacteria, 100 Aspergillus glucoamylase productivity, 162 Agrobacterium, 162 recombinant proteins, 541 hyphal growth unit, 83 and nematode-trapping fungi, 401 Aspergillus awamori transformation, 161 cellulosomes, 251 chymosin, 536 variation in growth rate, 85 colony growth rate, 87 rennet, 537 Aspergillus oryzae, 533 defensins, 329 Aspergillus lavus koji making, 539 domain, 19 alatoxins, 237, 349, 458 miso, 540 endosymbionts, 18, 48, 50 food spoilage, 237 soy nuggets, 540 evolution, 21, 32 Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillus sydowii greening of Earth, 23 aspergillosis, 453 coral aspergillosis, 446 growth curve, 500 batch culture, 504 infection of sea fans, 446 in composting, 288

582 Index

bacteria (cont.) protein substrate, 268 Boletales, 60 in lichens, 73, 373 splice variants, 148 chytrids, 40 in soil, 4 transcriptional circuitry, 327 deinition, 229 methanogenic, 397 basidiomycetous yeast, 53, 59, 173 Earth BioGenome Project, 158, 330 oldest fossils, 18 Basidiomycota, 24, 30, 38, 57 ecosystems, 69 penicillin, 514 basidiomata, 243 Ecosystem Assessment, 342 petroleum-degrading, 354 bioluminescence, 258 Ecosystem Services, 345 rumen, 397 cellulases, 251 fungi, 6, 229 T-DNA, 162 classiication, 558 lichens, 373 tripartite symbiosis, 358 climate change, 371 loss of amphibia, 435 baker’s yeast, 98, 534 developmental biology, 298 resilience, 346 baking, 53, 98, 511, 534, 535 dikaryon, 196 bioilms, 185 bark beetles, 395, 396, 414 dikaryotic hyphae, 128 adhesins, 185 barley, 512 dolipore septum, 92 environmental, 23 Arthrobotrys infection, 461 dolipore/parenthesome septum, 575 evolution of fungi, 33 brewing, 511 ectmycorrhizas, 365 in fermenters, 509 koji, 540 gardening ants, 392 mycosphere, 372 malt, 512 gardening insects, 291 primitive, 24 powdery mildew, 423 genome architecture, 149 bioinishing, 510, 520 resistance genes, 429 gravitropism, 244 biogeochemistry, 7, 9 straw residue, 533 heterokaryosis, 194 bioinformatics, 152, 155, 156 barrage, 200 hydrophobins, 186 biolistic transformation, 162 basidia, 243, 303 in food webs, 279 biological control, 344 ammonium inhibition, 318 lignin degradation, 255 arthropod pests, 443 cytochemistry, 316 mating types, 220 deinition, 443 deinitions, 575 monotropoid mycorrhizas, 360 fungal pests, 462 developmental commitment, 317 mycorrhizas, 363 of Dutch Elm disease, 415 evolution, 31 nematode trapping, 402 spore production, 530 formation, 219, 304 pheromones, 212, 220 biological species, 200 generative hyphae, 311 protein substrate, 259 bioluminescence, 258 meiotic arrest, 305 sclerotia and sporophores, 242 biopulping, 257 of Agaricus, 305 strands and rhizomorphs, 240 bioremediation, 257, 344, 352, 353, 520, 532, terminology, 575 termites, 393 542 time scale of formation, 313 tetrapolar mating system, 226 biostoning, 520 transcriptional transitions, 325 transformation, 163 biotechnology, 159, 346, 492 types, 575, 576 white-rot, 532 biotrophic Basidiobolus, 46, 49 woodland mushrooms, 73 mycoparasites, 462 infections, 449 world’s largest organism, 412 biotrophic fungi, 6, 358, 360, 417, 418, 418, basidiolichens, 375 zone lines, 201 425, 459, 462 basidiomata, 559 Basidiomycotina bioweathering, 7, 9, 10, 368 agarics, 61 free cell formation, 45 bipolar heterothallism, 213, 218 boletes, 62 basidiospores, 57, 63, 212, 243, 575 bird mycosis, 453 cantharelloid, 64 bean rust, 421 bird’s nest fungi, 29, 243 diferentiation in, 574 discharge, 243 black stem rust, 408, 415, 419 efused, 60 dispersal, 298 Blastocladiales, 25, 41, 42, 553 gomphoid-phalloid, 63 formation, 219 Blastocladiella hyphal analysis, 576 germination, 224 free cell formation, 43, 44 types, 243 Batrachochytrium Blastocladiomycota, 24, 25, 40, 41, 42 basidiomycetes, 18, 24, 57, 324 chytridiomycosis, 445 classiication, 553 arbutoid mycorrhizas, 360 Beauveria, 441 sporic meiosis, 42 basidium of, 575 insect pathogen, 442 Blastomyces, 135 bioluminescent, 258 spore attachment, 442 blastomycosis, 185, 451 evolution, 31 beer, 511 melanin, 183 forest pathogens, 413 beer making, 492, 512 blastomycosis fruit body development, 312 benomyl, 352, 483, 483 systemic mycosis, 451 mating types, 223 biocontrol blue-green algae, 28, 267, 374 nuclear migration, 224 Coniothyrium, 529 Blumeria, 419, 423 pheromones, 225 biodiversity, 301, 342 (Erysiphe) powdery mildew, 413

Index 583

infection sequence, 424 camembert cheese, 538 Nobel Prize, 52, 99 resistance genes, 429 aroma, 273 phases, 134, 135 Boletales, 60, 62, 365 campesterol, 474 regulators, 135 classiication, 560 Cancidas®, 482 temperature-sensitive mutants, 135 Boletus, 73 Candida, 478, 478, 513 cell death, 418, 460, 504, 543 antifungal substances, 369 AmBisome, 478, 478 apoptotic markers, 504 branching strategy, 89 azole resistance, 488 HET domain, 198 colony simulation, 88 azoles, 481 het-alleles, 207 ectomycorrhizal, 357 classiication, 556 hypersensitive, 418 monotropoid endomycorrhizal, 360 echinocandins, 482 hypersensitive response, 425, 426 mycorrhizal, 356 lucytosine, 486 in host, 424 mycotrophic, 464 food fermentation, 530 in morphogenesis, 330 young mycelium, 81 sordarins, 486 in plants, 425 Bombardia, 56 candidiasis, 55, 135, 449, 452, 453, 454 in stationary phase cultures, 504 bootlace fungus, 412, 413 combinatorial therapy, 488 metacaspases, 425 Bordeaux mixture, 474 echinocandins, 482 morphogenesis, 331 Botrytis, 83, 196, 231, 419 nystatin, 476 necrotic, 198 appressorium, 423, 424 sordarins, 486 phallotoxin, 457 biocontrol, 528 Cantharellales, 60, 64, 64 programmed, 197, 198, 330 necrotroph, 424 classiication, 560 short-term response, 426 oxidative burst, 425 Cantharellus, 64, 284 cell division, 100 phytotoxins, 425 chanterelle, 66 and growth, 134 polyoxin-D, 482 classiication, 560 checkpoints, 134 tricyclazole, 483 carbendazim griseofulvin, 486 Brachiola tubulin binding, 486 hyphal branching equivalent, 298 microsporidiosis, 437 carbohydrate metabolism, 263 mating-type switch, 216 brefeldin, 177, 274 carbonation mitochondrial propagation, 206 brewer’s yeast, 98, 512 chemical weathering, 3 mutants, 135 Bridgeoporus, 66 carotenes, 270, 271 septins, 131 bromatia, 389, 390 carotenoid pigments, 270, 271 yeast, 54 brown-rot fungi, 249, 252 carotenoids, 184, 270 cell inlation, 312, 312 BSE in cattle prion disease, 207 caspofungin, 482, 482, 487 co-ordination, 312 budding yeast, 322, 331 acetate (Cancidas®), 482 in diferent fungi, 320 mating, 214 alternating treatment, 481 in fungal development, 307 mating type switching, 215 combinatorial therapy, 489 morphogenesis, 314 building structures echinocandin, 482 supporting metabolism, 314 cellar rot, 351 treating aspergillosis, 488 cell membranes, 24, 121 damage to, 351 catastrophe contact with host, 413 dry rot, 351 Great Dying, 551 liposomes, 478 timber decay, 350 microtubule switch, 114 cell theory of 1839, 99 bulk low, 260, 263 cell and tissue diferentaition cellar rot, 351 in sporophores, 263 making hymenia, 303 cellobiase, 251 in pellets, 505 cell and tissue diferentiation. See cellulase, 251 Buller’s drop, 243, 244 competence, 301 cellulose breakdown, 251 buna shimeji coordination throughout the sporophore, cellulosome, 251 Hypsizygus, 289 312 central vacuole, 112 button mushroom, 66, 289 developmental commitment, 317 centromeric plasmids, 164 genetics, 320 centrosomes, 106

C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways, 399 making gills, 306 cephalosporins, 273, 511, 552 Caecomyces, 397, 398 making stems, 310 Cephalosporium, 511 cage fungi, 60 mechanical efects, 314 Ceratocystis Ileodictyon, 63 metabolism, 314 = Ophiostoma, 414 calcium gradient, 120 regional patterning, 301 oak wilt, 132 tip-high, 127 regulatory circuit, 301 Cercospora Calluna (ling) cell cycle, 130 leaf spot diseases, 414 ericoid mycorrhizas, 356, 359 budding yeast, 135 strobilurins, 485 Calvatia checkpoints, 106 chain termination large fruit body, 66 coordination, 134 DNA sequencing, 151

584 Index

chanterelle melanin, 184 commercial value, 511 Cantharellus, 66 nikkomycins, 475, 481 structure, 514 chanterelles, 284 polyoxins, 475, 481 citrinin, 271 mycorrhizas, 356 septation, 130 clade world market, 285 structure, 253 deinition, 22 chaperonins, 109 synthesis, 122, 175, 179, 180 cladistics checkpoints chitin synthase, 123, 175 deinition, 22 cell cycle pauses, 52, 106, 134 inhibitors, 481, 488 Cladobotryum cheese, 287, 511 chitinase, 182, 253, 315, 461 mushroom pathogen, 465 blue, 538 chitosan, 173, 176, 180 cladogram Brie, 287 chitosomes, 125, 126, 177 deinition, 22 Camembert, 287, 538 chlamydospores, 229, 233, 528 Cladosporium Camembert aroma, 273, 273 chloramphenicol, 205, 519 abundant in buildings, 455 commercial value, 511 chlorinated biotroph, 419 ecosystem service, 343 hydrocarbon release, 258, 354 contact necrotroph, 462 inishing, 537 pesticides, 258, 290, 352, 532 hydrophobins, 186 genomics, 537 Chlorociboria hyphal growth unit, 83 manufacture, 535 Tunbridge ware, 351 induces phytoalexins, 427 milk coagulation, 259 chloroplasts, 100, 110, 154 sick building syndrome, 455 mould ripening, 287 endosymbionts, 18, 561 clamp connections, 128, 197, 223 range of, 536 genetics, 100 evolution, 31 ripening, 537 Choanozoa fossil, 29 spectrum, 536 classiication, 72, 561 classiication chemical pesticides, 376, 419, 443 collar lagellates, 26 deinition, 21 alternatives, 444, 528 fungus-animal link, 33 natural classiication of fungi, 38 chemical safety chocolate outline classiication of fungi, 551 INCHEM website, 474 lavour, 530 clathrin chemical transformations, 510, 522 production, 530 coated pits, 112 chemical weathering, 3 cholesterol, 70, 270 coated vesicles, 112 chemostat, 507, 508 animal cell membranes, 24, 33 Claviceps colonial mutants, 525, 526 arachidonic acid, 519 classiication, 558 evolution kinetics, 526 azoles, 483 ergot alkaloids, 273 periodic selection, 527 chytrids, 475 ergot fungus, 270, 457, 457 chemotropic polyenes, 476 cleavage autotropism, 91, 128 statins, 272, 350, 510 in animals, 86 hyphae of Oomycota, 71 structure, 474 in Blastocladiella, 43, 44 pheromones, 220 chromatids, 106, 107, 202, 202, 203 in Gilbertella, 44 signalling, 129 chromatin structure, 101, 102 plane in plants, 131 to stomata, 421 chytridiomycosis cleistothecia, 55, 56, 555 Chernobyl incident, 347 emerging infectious disease, 435 climate change chestnut blight, 411 of amphibians, 445 agriculture, 528 classiication, 558 Chytridiomycota, 24, 30, 39, 40 change in pathogen vectors, 396 rennet, 287 classiication, 553 changes in fungi, 371 Chicxulub meteor not monophyletic, 41 ecosystem impacts, 410

efect on fungi, 34, 447 chytrids, 397 forests release CO2, 355 chimeras rumen, 397, 529 plant stress, 378 fungal sporophores, 302 ruminant evolution, 398 resilience, 346 chitin, 123, 173, 175 cilia, 100 Clitocybe, 61 breakdown, 253 endosymbiont origin, 18, 111 bioluminescent, 258 chitinase, 180 circadian rhythms, 230 fruit bodies, 280 chitosomes, 177 clock genes and proteins, 230 mushroom ly larvae, 283 echinocandin, 482 conservation of mechanisms, 231 mycelium in soil, 281 in Eumycota, 70 rhythmic mycelial growth, 231 toxins, 273 in fungal walls, 122, 172, 176 citric acid clock in microsporidea, 437 as an ecosystem service, 344 circadian, 230 in soil, 250 biotechnology, 506, 513 genes and proteins, 230 measurement in soil, 5 chelating agent, 496 cloning vectors, 163

Index 585

closed mitosis of Pseudogymnoascus, 448 RED lists, 370 in fungi, 105 compatibility value of ield records, 370 clotrimazole, 479, 487 individualistic mycelium, 192 convergent evolution clouded agaric compatibility test, 197 ascomata, 56 Clitocybe nebularis, 280 competence, 301 deinition, 20 coat proteins computer simulation development, 328 of vesicles, 112 colonial growth, 89 sclerotia, 242 Coccidioides diferentiation patterns, 304 tip extension, 79 arthroconidia, 451 fungal colonies, 88 species concept, 68 coccidiomycosis, 451 fungal sporophores, 90 copolymers melanin, 183 hyphal growth, 87 hemicelluloses, 252 valley fever, 451 mushroom primordium, 90 Coprinellus coccidioidomycosis concentration gradient chimeric sporophores, 302 systemic mycosis, 451 active transport, 261 developmental commitment, 317 Cochliobolus co-transport, 261 fruit bodies, 280 necrotroph, 419 difusion, 260 nuclear migration rate, 224 toxins, 419 facilitated difusion, 261 taxonomy, 301 victorin, 419 ion channels, 127 Coprinopsis Coelomomyces, 40, 442 oxygen transfer, 497 arthrospores, 234 arthropod pathogen, 441 permease, 120 classiication, 560 classiication, 554 conidia, 232 glucose transporter, 262 obligate endoparasite, 42 Aspergillus, 235 making new gills, 308, 309 coevolution conidiomata, 238 making stems, 310 ants and fungi, 392 Neurospora, 237 nuclear migration, 224 balanced polymorphisms, 428 conidiation mutants, 235 oidia, 234 defensive microbes, 429 conidiomata primary gills, 308 disease systems, 408, 427 acervulus, 239 protein substrate, 259 lichens, 551 pycnidium, 239 Coprinopsis bisporus, 213 ruminants and chytrids, 388 conidiophores Coprinopsis cinerea cofee Aspergillus, 235 A mating type, 225 production, 530, 531 sporodochium, 238 ammonium scavenging, 319 collembola, 282, 350, 388 synnemata, 239 B mating type, 225 collembolan coniferyl alcohol, 255, 255 basidiospore germination, 193 in fossil amber, 29 Coniophora commitment, 318 Colletotrichum cellar rot, 351 convoluted gills, 306 anthracnose crop diseases, 238 classiication, 560 co-ordination of cell inlation, 313 hemibiotroph, 419 Coniothyrium minitans cystidia–cystesia attachments, 306 Collybia Sclerotinia biocontrol, 529 cystidium distribution, 304 bioluminescent, 258 consensus model developmental mutants, 321 colonisation hyphal tip extension, 125 diferentiation, 305 of rocks, 10 conservation dikaryon, 107 of solid substrata, 92 amphibians, 445 DNA methylation, 323 of the land surface, 50 clock genes, 231 enzyme activities, 315 colony formation, 80 core meiotic transcripts, 324 fruit body development, 297 common ancestor emerging fungal diseases, 448 fruit body expansion, 309 deinition, 22 fungal diversity, 342 fruit body maturation, 315 Dikarya and Mucoromycota, 30, 47 gene order, 221 fruit body mechanics, 306 fungi and animals, 24 habitats, 284 Fungilexes, 314 of Archaea and Eukaryota, 21 het genes, 200 galectins, 184 of eukaryotes, 21, 211 introns, 147 genome, 144, 155, 323 of land plants, 374 MATa2, 215 gill autolysate enzymes, 315 of life on Earth, 32, 33 mycologists, 542 gill formation, 306 opisthokont clade, 551 RNA sequences, 19, 20 glutamate decarboxylation, 265 orthologous, 323 sequence motifs, 164 glycogen reserves, 182 species concept, 69 sexual reproduction, 212 gravitropism, 244 comparative genomics, 145, 158 snake populations, 447 gravity perception, 244 of ericoid mycorrhizas, 359 policies, 342, 372 haploid fruiting, 226

586 Index

Coprinopsis cinerea (cont.) Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) Dactylellina HD locus, 225 extinction, 33 nematode traps, 401 human infections, 450 fungal proliferation, 34 damp building-related illness hymenia formation, 303, 303, 304 Creutzfeldt–Jakob prion disease, 207 = sick building syndrome, 455 hyphal knots, 302 CRISPR-Cas9 damping of in vitro morphogenesis, 317, 318 gene editing, 165 in seedlings, 26 initiation sclerotium and sporophore, crown rust, 429 Pythium, 419 242 croziers, 128 Darwin Tree of Life Project, 7 mating type factors, 223 Cryphonectria databases for fungal genomics, 158 mitochondrial inheritance, 206 classiication, 558 deep divergences, 21 morphogenetic ield, 304 het loci, 198 deinition, 22 mushroom farm weed, 466 rennet, 287 deep time, 15, 16, 21 NADP-GDH, 267 cryptococcal meningitis, 58, 449 deinition, 22 ornithine cycle, 316 cryptococcosis dermatomycosis, 450 outbreeding potential, 226 systemic mycosis, 451 destroying angel, 58, 456 pheromones and receptors, 221 Cryptococcus Deuteromycota, 52, 193 protein substrate, 268 alternative splicing, 328 developmental biology quantitative hyphal analysis, 311 biotroph, 347 activator–inhibitor model, 304 renewed fruiting, 331 classiication, 560 agaric gills, 306 sclerotia, 182 teleomorph = Filobasidiella, 66 apoptosis, 198, 330, 425 sclerotium rind cells, 183 Cunninghamella, 46, 49 basic principles, 331 secondarily thickened wall, 183, 184 hyphal growth unit, 83 commitment, 317 septin, 131 cutaneous chytridiomycosis, 445 comparative aspects, 319 signalling mechanisms, 329 cyanobacteria, 100 competence and regional patterning, 301 signalling molecules, 314 endosymbiotic, 18, 111, 561 co-ordinating cell inlation, 312 stem development, 311, 312 greening of Earth, 23 Coprinopsis hymenia, 303 stem elongation, 319 lichen photobiont, 557 Coprinopsis stems, 310 tetrapolar heterothallism, 222 cyberfungus, 88 fungal, 295, 296, 298, 331 thick-walled hyphal cells, 183 cyberhyphal tips, 88 fungal PCD, 330 transcription during sporulation, 324 cybermycelium, 88 fuzzy logic, 321 transcription transitions, 325 cyberspecies, 87, 88, 90 genes and transcripts, 320 transcriptomics, 326 cyclin hyphal analysis, 310, 311 urea accumulation, 319 control, 135 hyphal knot, 325, 332 Coprinus deinition, 135 mechanical efects, 314 taxonomy, 301 Nobel Prize, 52 metabolic regulation, 314 Coprinus atramentarius, 306 cyclopentanes, 274, 274 modular nature of fungi, 296, 516 Coprinus cinereus cyclosporine, 92, 274, 510 morphogenetic polarities, 303 = Coprinopsis cinerea, 107 Cyphomyrmex patterning genes, 321 Coprinus comatus ant–yeast agriculture, 392 PCD, 198 gill autolysate enzymes, 315 cysteine proteases, 259 polypore growth patterns, 310 Coprinus patouillardii, 224 cystesia, 306 polypore pore formation, 310 Coprinus sterquilinus cystidia, 243, 306, 306, 317 renewed fruiting, 331 colony sketch, 81 arthropod toxins, 350 senescence and death, 330 Copromyxa, 72 deinition, 576 terminology, 296 coral disease types, 576, 577 tolerance of imprecision, 321 aspergillosis, 446 cytochrome typical mushroom structure, 298 coral fungus diferential expression, 325 wall remodelling, 180 ant agriculture, 392 cytokinesis, 130, 131 ways to make mushrooms, 299 Cordyceps, 441, 464 cytoplasmic segregations, 205 developmental variants, 320 classiication, 558 mitochondria, 205 Devonian Rhynie chert, 28, 57, 346, 399 mycoparasitism, 465 plasmids, 206 Dictylenchus cortisone prions, 207 mycophagous nematode, 282 therapeutic steroid, 522 viruses, 206 dictyosomes, 111, 112 cosmids, 163 cytoskeletal systems, 113 brefeldin, 177 coumaryl alcohol, 255, 255 stacked (animal feature), 438 Craterellus, 64 Dacrymycetales, 64, 67 Dictyostelium classiication, 560 classiication, 560 amoeboid slime mould, 72

Index 587

classiication, 561 fruit ly, 131 ectomycorrhizal roots, 364, 365 protein kinase, 323 fruit ly clock proteins, 230 ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, 366 spore germination, 238 fruit ly genome, 144, 144 ectomycorrhizas, 49, 259, 356, 357, 363, 366, dieldrin, 352 fruit ly Hox genes, 222 368, 370 difusion, 260 mushroom ly, 283 ectotrophic mycorrhizas, 356 facilitated, 120 drug discovery, 473 edible mushrooms, 66, 533 Dikarya, 30 drug target, 480 cultivation, 287 dikaryon, 196, 196, 219 dry rot, 350, 351 edifenphos, 475, 483, 483 functional diploid, 196 Himalayan origin, 351 EDTA, 259, 494, 496, 496 Dimargaritales, 46 dry rot fungus, 351, 351 Elaphomyces classiication, 555 Duddingtonia false trule, 464, 465, 556 dimorphism, 135 nematode control, 402 electrochemical proton gradient, 120 diploid duplication cycle electroporation fungi, 192 Aspergillus, 85, 85 transformation, 162 in nature, 192 in moulds, 85 elm bark beetles, 414, 415 segregation, 202 of fungi, 86 Embden–Meyerhof–Parnass (EMP) spores, 192 Dutch elm disease, 414 glycolytic pathway, 264, 264 tissues, 150 origin and distribution, 415 emerging infectious diseases, 449 disease triangle, 416, 417, 460 pathogen resistance, 415 Emericella dissepiment, 310 vector, 414 = Aspergillus, 38 diterpenes, 270 dynactin, 106, 115, 118, 181 classiication, 556 cyclisation, 270 dynein motors, 106, 115 Encephalitozoon Diversisporales, 47 dyneins, 115, 116, 118, 181 microsporidean, 193 diversity in teams, 260 microsporidian, 437 cells and tissues, 229 endocytosis, 112, 113, 181, 421, 460 DNA barcoding, 69 early stage fungi endo-enzymes, 251 of ascomata, 57 pioneer colonists, 370 endoglucanase, 251, 252 of basidiomata, 61, 62 Earth Endogonales, 48, 49 of cantharelloid fungi, 64 axial tilt, 18 classiication, 554 of fungi, 93, 158, 229 collision with Theia, 17 endomembrane systems, 110, 244 of Taphrinomycotina, 53 Goldilocks planet, 17 endomycorrhizas sexual reproduction, 220 greening of, 23 arbuscular, 357, 357 spore shape, 243 liquid water, 17 arbutoid, 360 zygomycetes, 46 magnetosphere, 17 characteristics, 356 DNA molten iron core, 17 ectendomycorrhizas, 367 chip, 157 origin of life, 33 ericoid, 359, 359 extrachromasomal, 100 ozone layer, 17 monotropoid, 360 in soil, 5 rotation, 17 nutrient exchange, 358 introns, 147 seasons, 17, 18 orchidaceous, 361, 362 microarray, 157 solar wind, 17 endophytes, 376, 377 plasmids, 206 your habitat, 16 status, 378 prokaryote, 145 Earth BioGenome Project, 330 toxins, 376 replication before meiosis, 107 Earth–Moon endophytic fungi, 376, 377 DNA barcoding deinition, 22 binary system, 17 toxins, 73 dolipore septum, 92, 183, 305, 359 earthworms endoplasmic reticulum, 111, 113, 177, 179, and organelle migration, 197 in soil, 4 181, 183 deinition, 574 Eccrinales, 45, 438 endospores, 53, 219 domain, 18 echinocandins, 475, 482, 487 endosymbiosis theory, 18 dormancy in spores, 80 Biafungin (CD101), 482 endotrophic mycorrhizas, 356 double stranded ecological species concept, 68 endoxylanases, 252 breaks in DNA, 164 ecosystem functions, 372 xylan debranching, 521 DNA virus, 163 ecosystem mycology, 72, 341 engineered nucleases, 164 RNA virus, 206 ecosystem services, 342, 346 enokitake double-stranded RNA tabulated, 343 = enoki, 66 in gene silencing, 162 ectendomycorrhizas, 356, 357, 367 Enterocytozoon Douglas ir ectomycorrhizal roots, 365 ectomycorrhiza microsporidean parasite, 438 Drosophila nutrient exchange, 367 Entner–Doudorof (ED) pathway, 264

588 Index

entomogenous fungi, 440 yeast mutants, 156 fed-batch, 507 tabulated examples, 441 Eurotiales foods, 287 Entomophthorales classiication, 556 history, 53, 98 classiication, 555 evolution penicillin, 518 environmental biotechnology, 7 of fungi, 31 Quorn™, 522 epidemiology evolutionary clock, 19 ruminant, 529 animal and plant disease, 459 evolutionary origins solid state, 529, 531 of mould infections, 454 of fungi, 15, 32 submerged, 492, 510 epigenetic evolutionary species concept, 69 systems, 492 defence, 149 Exobasidium tea, 531 gene regulation, 323 plant pathogen, 462 wine, 513 marks, 323, 331, 332 exocytosis, 112, 113, 119, 176, 181 fermenter phenotype switch, 453 exo-enzymes, 251 air-lift, 499 epigeous, 60, 363 exoglucanase, 251 batch culture, 499 epiphytes, 73, 378 exospores, 57, 243 chemostat, 507, 508 fossil amber, 29 exportins, 105 doubling times, 501 lichens, 375 external digestion engineering, 497 epiphytic, 361 of substrates, 72, 249, 346 fed-batch, 507, 507 lichens, 375 extinction events glucose-stat, 510 episomal plasmids, 164 fungal biodiversity increases, 229, 447, 551 growth curve, 500 ergobasines extracellular matrix, 173, 175 growth kinetics, 501 ergot alkaloids, 458 bioilms, 185 impeller, 498 ergocristine enzyme immobilisation, 250 industrial, 498 ergot alkaloid, 272, 273 gene transcripts, 327, 332 nutristat, 510 ergosterol, 270, 270, 474, 474, 475 outside-in signalling, 126 oxygen transfer, 498 fungal cell membranes, 24 signalling environment, 314 permittistats, 510 in Eumycota, 70 extracellular protease, 259, 287 pH auxostat, 510 ergot alkaloids, 273, 458 extraradical mycelium, 357, 364, 365 QuornTM air-lift, 522 ergotism extreme environments QuornTM fungus evolution, 525, 526 ergot poisoning, 458 bioilms, 23 turbidostat, 509 Ericaceae lichens, 375, 551 types, 498 arbutoid mycorrhizas, 360 microorganisms, 6 ibre hyphae, 240, 241 eridoid mycorrhizas, 359 ilamentous cell cycle, 232 monotropoid mycorrhizas, 360 fabric conditioning, 510 ilasomes, 127 Erysiphe, 423 enzymes, 346, 520 Filobasidiales barley powdery mildew, 413 facilitated difusion, 120, 261 classiication, 560 biotroph, 419 fats ission yeast, 52, 131 classiication, 557 energy storage, 267 genome, 158 erythromycin, 205, 519 enzymes, 260 lagellin, 100, 100 Escherichia in metabolism, 266 Flammulina genome, 154 in Quorn™, 523, 524 enoki, 66, 289 esterases, 259 fatty acid HD loci, 221 euagarics clade auxotrophs (AM fungi), 6 lax rust (Agaricales), 59 enzymes, 260 avirulence genes, 429 euascomycetes peroxisome, 109 Melampsora lini, 413 (Pezizomycotina), 52, 55 feedback ixation, 237, 328 virulence genes, 428 deinition, 555 feedback loops lax rusts Eubacteria clock genes, 230 virulence genes, 428 domain bacteria, 19 fermentation, 532, 534 luconazole, 479, 486, 487 Eucarya alcohol, 512 candidiasis, 453 = Eukaryota, 19 anaerobic fungi, 396 luotrimazole, 479 eukaryotic cell biology beer, 512 ly agaric, 349 yeast as a model, 97 citric acid, 514 Folsomia eukaryotic/prokaryotic comparison cocoa, 530 collembolan, 282 tabulated, 100 cofee, 531 Fomes Eumycota, 24, 70 compost, 287 hyphal analysis, 577 EUROSCARF collection Crabtree efect, 54 secondary metabolites, 274

Index 589

tinder bracket, 285 fungal pathogens, 415, 418, 428, 448, 452, orchid, 361 food contamination 460 Geastrales, 60, 63, 64 toxins, 341 fungal pegs, 361 classiication, 560 toxins and deterioration, 348 fungal phylogeny, 29, 30, 31, 32 Gelasinospora food webs, 279 fungal signalling, 120, 366 nuclear migration, 106 foregut common mycorrhizal network, 366 gene conversion, 216, 217 fermentation, 398, 399 Fungilexes, 314 gene duplication, 19, 148, 221, 516 rumination, 396 fungal species, 6, 38, 68 gene editing, 159, 160, 164, 165 formins, 114 fungal taxonomy, 23, 38, 193 CRISPR-Cas9, 165 fossil fungi, 26, 31 fungal toxins, 348 engineered nucleases, 164 amber, 402 as fungicides, 484 gene expression, 101, 146, 155, 157, 319, 327, oldest agaric, 465 as insecticides, 444 366, 423, 463 Pezizomycotina, 57 as therapeutics, 510 gene knockdown, 162 Prototaxites, 26, 27 as weapons, 350 gene knockins, 162 free cell formation, 33, 43, 44, 542 fungal tree of life, 32 gene knockouts, 162 fructose bisphosphatase, 266 fungi as food, 279 Gene Ontology, 155 fruit bodies Fungi Imperfecti, 18, 193, 568 gene segregation ascomata, 242 fungi in the home, 455 meiosis, 143 basidiomata, 243 fungicides, 473, 474, 479, 481, 482, 483, 483, mitosis, 201 development, 245 484, 484, 485, 485, 486, 542 gene silencing, 162 formation, 305, 328 fungicolous fungi, 461 gene-for-gene relationships, 416, 418, 428, gills and pores, 306 Fungilex 428, 429 renewed fruiting, 331 signalling molecules, 314 general transcription factors, 101, 102 Fuligo, 72 fungus gardens, 388 genes switching, 215 classiication, 561 ants, 389 genes, developmental, 320 fumigatin, 271 beetles, 395 genome analysis, 146, 159, 376 functional genomics, 153, 155, 157, 161, fossil, 394 genome comparisons, 158, 159 412 termites, 393 genome-enabled mycology, 160 fungal biodiversity, 6 fusaric acid, 420 genomic variation, 149 fungal cell biology, 97 fusariosis, 455 genomics fungal cell factories, 540 Fusarium, 494, 501 cloning vectors, 163 fungal cell wall, 171 AmBisome, 478 functional, 153, 155, 156, 412 clinical target, 481 colonial mutants, 526 gene disruption, 156, 163 fungal classiication, 551 fusariosis, 455 gene editing, 159 fungal colonies germlings, 80 manipulating genomes, 159 computer simulations, 88 gibberellin, 420 reverse genetics, 161, 163 diferentiation, 84 hyphal growth unit, 83 sequencing, 150 radial growth rate, 87 in soil, 8 transformation, 156, 161, 162, 163 zone lines, 352 morphology, 525 transposon mutagenesis, 156 fungal communities, 1 mycoprotein, 523 genomics, 152, 160 fungal contribution to soil structure, 1, 187, opportunistic pathogen, 459 annotation, 153 290 periodic selection, 527 comparing genomes, 151, 154, 327, 537 fungal co-operation, 388 fuzzy logic, 321 genospecies, 200 fungal evolution, 31 Geoglossum Fungal Genome Initiative, 158 GABA, 265, 273 earth tongues, 56 fungal growth galactanases, 252, 521 geological time, 27, 31 duplication cycle, 85 galactans, 252 deinition, 22 hormones, 313 galectins, 184 geomycology, 7 kinetics, 82 gall wasps, 378 Geosiphon, 51 mathematical models, 87 Ganoderma classiication, 554 fungal growth form cultivation, 541 Geotrichum dimorphism, 135 hyphal analysis, 577 batch cultures, 503 fungal individual, 192 oil palm disease, 466 disperse mycelia, 499, 500 fungal lifestyle, 2, 79, 97 secondary metabolites, 541 doubling time, 501 fungal model organisms, 97 gardening insects, 291, 389, 393, 395 hyphal growth unit, 503, 83 fungal nomenclature, 551 gasteromycetes, 60, 301 on solid medium, 83 fungal origins, 30, 31 Gastrodia germ tube, 80

590 Index

GHB, 273, 273 greenhouse gas, 341, 344 nucleus migration, 106 Gibberella, 270, 420 chloromethane, 258, 355 sectoring, 195 gibberellins, 270, 420 methane, 529 spores, 196 Gigaspora, 463 greening of Earth, 23 heterokonts, 26, 551 germinating spore, 51 grey mould, 423, 528 heteroplasmons, 206 mycoparasites, 464 Botrytis, 419 heterothallic, 45, 71, 107, 212, 226 Gilbertella griseofulvin, 115, 272, 274, 475, 483, 483, hexose monophosphate pathway, 264, 264 free cell formation, 44 486, 487 high mobility group, 213 gills, 243, 303, 303, 304, 306, 306, 307, 308, gyrocyanin, 273, 273 proteins, 199 309, 309 Gyroporus, 273 hindgut Gliocladium fermentation, 399 biocontrol, 466 Haliphthoros hindgut fermentation, 398, 399 Gliomastix (Oomycota), 70 hispidin, 273, 273 necrotroph, 464 classiication, 562 histones, 101 Global Assessment Report, 346 hallucinogen, 273 Histoplasma, 135, 136, 452 globose structures, 242 hamathecium, 56 histoplasmosis, 452 Gloeophyllales, 64, 67 haploid fungi, 192 histoplasmosis, 452, 486 classiication, 560 haploidisation, 150, 203, 204, 204 systemic mycosis, 451 Glomales Haptoglossales HIV-related = Glomeromycotina, 29, 50 (Oomycota), 70 opportunistic infections, 449 glomalin, 187, 344 classiication, 562 HMG proteins, 213, 220 Glomerales, 47 Harpellales, 45, 47, 48 HMG-CoA reductase glomeromycotan fossils, 28 (trichomycetes), 438 statins, 270, 272 Glomeromycotina, 50, 51 classiication, 555 HMP, 264, 264 classiication, 554 Hartig net, 356, 357, 360, 361, 363, 364 HMT-toxin, 419 glucanases, 182, 461, 521 haustoria, 413, 422, 463 hnRNPs, 104 glucans, 122, 173, 175, 176, 177, 179, 179, haustorial biotroph, 462, 463 homeobox, 222 182, 183, 184 HC-toxin, 419 homeodomain glucoamylase, 253, 511 heat shock proteins, 213, 222, 225 gluconeogenesis, 266, 266 breaking dormancy, 80 transcription factors, 197 glucose-stat, 510 protein chaperone, 488 homeotic (Hox) genes, 222 glucosidase, 253, 521 Helminthosporium homobasidiomycetes, 59 glutamate decarboxylation, 265 = Cochliobolus, 419 homokaryon, 193, 194, 195, 224 glutamate dehydrogenase, 267, 315 hemiascomycetes, 52, 555 homothallic, 45, 193, 212, 213, 215, 216, 226 glutamine synthetase, 315, 316 hemibiotrophic, 418, 419 homotypic, 184 glutaminyl hydroxybenzene, 273, 273 hemicellulose, 72, 252, 532 honey bee glycogen breakdown, 252 microsporidean parasite, 438 accumulation, 297, 316 herbal medicine, 291, 541 hoof fungus, 285 breakdown, 253, 254 herbivore digestion, 396 horizontal gene transfer, 30, 146, 149, 150, utilisation, 316 herbivore dung, 250, 302 251, 359, 436, 518 glycoproteins het loci, 198 hormones of fungal wall, 123, 175, 176 Heterobasidion in fungi, 212 glyoxal oxidase, 256, 257 root pathogen, 64 host-selective toxin, 419, 425 Golgi, 70, 111, 112, 178, 179, 181 Heterodera Hox genes, 222 animation, 111 biocontrol of, 402 human Gomphales, 60, 63, 64 heterokaryon fungal diseases, 448 gongylidia, 291, 389, 390 breakdown, 196 genome project, 98, 151 GPI anchors, 122, 123, 179, 180 compatibility, 192 genome size, 144 G-protein, 212, 421 Coprinopsis, 223 microsporidiosis, 437 RAS, 121 dikaron, 196 humic substances (humus), 4 grasses dikaryon, 196 Hyaloraphidium, 25 genomes, 144 formation, 194 hybridisation-array analysis, 157 photosynthetic pathways, 399 horizontal gene transfer, 149 hydration weathering, 3 gravitropism, 89, 244, 244 human cells, 205 hydrogen peroxide Fungilexes, 314 in nature, 194 cellodiose oxidase, 252 grazing animals, 2, 258, 388, 399 incompatibility, 198 glyoxal oxidase, 256 Great Dying, 33, 447, 551 nuclear ratio, 195 lignin degradation, 532

Index 591

oxidative burst, 425 apex growth, 125 trichomycetes, 438 PCD, 426 hyphomycetes, 193, 568 insects peroxisomes, 109 Hypocreales gardening, 291, 389, 393, 395 veratryl alcohol oxidase, 256 classiication, 558 insertional mutagenesis, 163, 331, 429 hydrogenosome, 41, 42, 397 entomogenous fungi, 441 integrated pest management, 444, 482, 486 hydrophobins, 420 hypogeous, 60, 301, 363 integrative plasmids, 163 amphipathic, 186 Hypsizygus intermediate ilaments, 114 hymenial development, 303 buna shimeji, 289 interzonal microtubules, 131 hymenium, 56, 58, 60, 243, 298, 303 shimejitake, 66 intranuclear Hymenochaetales, 60, 64, 65 Hysterangiales, 60, 63, 64 mitosis in fungi, 105 classiication, 560 classiication, 560 introns, 146, 147 hymenomycetes, 58, 59, 66 hysterothecia ion channels, 120, 127, 261 classiication, 559 ascostroma, 56 ion pumps, 262 Hymenoscyphus, 356 ionising radiations classiication, 558 ibotenic acid melanin protection, 183 ericoid mycorrhiza, 72 Amanita toxin, 349 IQGAP proteins hypermycoparasite iceman, Tyrolean in cytokinesis, 131 fossils, 465 fungal equipment, 285 iron chelators, 496, 496 hypersensitive, 418, 425, 426, 426, 428, 459 imazalil, 479 siderophores, 493 hyphal analysis, 310 imidazoles, 479 iron core deinition, 576 immune systems of Earth, 17 quantitative, 311 hydrophobin silencing, 186 itraconazole, 449, 479, 480, 481, 487 hyphal apex immunocompromised patients, 481 calcium gradient, 127 aspergillosis, 237, 454 karyogamy, 212, 219, 574 cell biology, 124 Candida, 55, 193, 452 time scale of meiosis, 313 chitin synthase, 177 Coprinopsis, 450 yeast, 214 consensus model, 125 Cryptococcus, 66 karyopherins, 105 fusions, 127 drug therapies, 452 ketoconazole, 474, 479, 480, 481, 487 hyphoid model, 125 fusariosis, 455 Kickxellomycotina, 24, 46, 47 steady state model, 125 microsporidiosis, 437 classiication, 555 turgor pressure, 174 opportunistic mycoses, 454 killer phenomenon hyphal branching, 91, 298, 332, 364, 507 Pneumocystis, 454 Kluyveromyces, 206 hyphal diferentiation, 84, 232, 567, 568 zygomycosis, 454 kinesin motors, 115, 115 hyphal extension, 32, 33, 80, 81, 82, 97 imperfect fungi, 193, 205 kinesins, 115, 115, 116, 117, 119 mathematic modelling, 87 importins, 105 kinetochore, 106, 107, 117 septation, 92 incompatibility, 107 king oyster Spitzenkörper, 113 incompatibility systems Pleurotus eryngii, 289 hyphal fusion, 127, 128, 129, 129 and individuality, 192 Kingdom Animalia, 26, 97 Spitzenkörper, 129 biology, 200 classiication, 561 hyphal growth, 130, 174, 181 hyphal fusion, 33 Kingdom Plantae, 18 adaptive value, 92 individuality, 200 Kingdom Protozoa, 72 autotropism, 90 incompatibility systems, 192 Kingdom Straminipila, 24, 70, 70, 173, 411, computer simulation, 87, 89 of mycelia, 463 483, 486 duplication cycle, 85 infant pulmonary haemorrhage classiication, 562 germ tube, 80 sick building syndrome, 455 Kluyveromyces in bioilms, 185 infantile pneumonia chymosin, 536 in soil, 282 pneumocytosis, 454 killer phenomenon, 206 in tissues, 232 ink cap mushroom, 297, 301, 314, 323, 449 mating type switching, 217 kinetics, 81, 86 Inocybe Koch’s postulates, 446 multicellular, 295 cystidia, 577 Krebs (TCA) cycle, 264, 265 mycelial biodiversity, 229 toxins, 273 k-selected species, 370 septa, 92 Inonotus kuru prion disease, 207 hyphal knot, 90, 295, 302, 325, 327, 332 chloromethane, 258 hyphal tip, 124 hyphidia, 578 La France disease Hyphochytriomycota, 24, 70, 71, 94 insect pathogens, 435 of mushrooms, 207 classiication, 562 biocontrol, 443 Laboulbeniales, 439 hyphoid model Laboulbeniales, 439, 439 classiication, 557

592 Index

Labyrinthulomycota, 71, 561 long-term resistance Tricholoma, 66 classiication, 562 in plants, 426 meganucleases Laccaria, 370 lovastatin, 272, 274, 350 gene editing, 164 genome, 324 luciferase Megaselia P/R locus, 221 bioluminescence, 258 phorid lies, 283 laccase, 10, 256, 347, 425, 520 luciferin, 258 meiocytes, 108, 317, 332 Lacrymaria lycopene, 270 meiosis, 107 latex, 271 lysergic acid, 273 gene segregation, 143 lactarinic acid, 271 lysosomal within intact membrane, 107 Lagenismatales proteolysis, 110 Melampsora classiication, 562 avirulence genes, 429 land management macroconidia, 218, 237, 526 lax rust, 413 and diversity, 342 Macrotermitinae, 394 melanin, 174, 182, 183, 273, 423, 475, 483, larch termites, 393 483 mycorrhiza, 357, 367 macrovesicles, 177 mellein, 271 large fruit body madura foot, 451 Meridian Yeast Extract, 286 bracket fungus, 66 Madurella Mesomycetozoea, 72, 438 polypore, 66 mycetoma, 451 messenger RNA, 101, 102, 145, 148, 157, 162, pufball, 66 magic bullets, 473 198 late stage fungi, 370 Magnaporthe grisea metabolism latex crabgrass disease, 412 and morphogenesis, 314 Lacrymaria, 271 Magnaporthe oryzae, 419, 421 metabolomics, 152, 156, 158 leaching, 3, 347, 542 genome analysis, 423, 429 metacaspases, 425 leaf-cutter ants, 388, 390, 390, 391, 393 rice blast, 412 metal cycling leaf spot diseases, 413 magnetosphere, 17 by fungi, 7 Lecanorales maize, 221, 419, 419, 429, 533 metal ion accumulation, 290 classiication, 557 smut disease, 58 metal ions accumulation, 347 Lentinula, 206, 221, 288, 310, 319, 353, 465 Malassezia metalaxyl, 475, 483, 483, 486 cultivation, 290 classiication, 559 metalloproteases, 259 shiitake, 66 lipophilic yeast, 58 metamorphic rocks, 3 Leotiomycetes, 57, 460 manganese peroxidase, 255, 347, 354 Metarhizium, 184, 441, 441, 442, 443, 461 classiication, 557 mannanases, 252, 521 methanogenic Leptomitales, 70 mannitol, 255, 266, 319, 367 rumen bacteria, 397 classiication, 562 mannoproteins, 123, 125, 178, 475 methanogenic bacteria, 397 Leucoagaricus, 389, 390, 392 MAP kinase, 129, 220, 222 methyl p-methoxycinnamate, 273 Leucocoprinus, 291, 389, 392 signalling pathway, 121 methylfuran lichens, 373, 376, 378, 551 Marasmius sick building toxin, 455 classiication, 555 hyphal analysis, 311 mevastatin, 272, 350 fossil, 374 litter-trapping, 241 mevinolin, 510 lignin, 255, 256 Marmite, 286 micafungin degradation, 256 Mars echinocandin, 482 lignin peroxidase, 255, 257, 347 solar wind, 17 Michaelis constant, 501, 502 ligninase, 257 mass low, 260, 263 Michaelis–Menten kinetics, 262, 501, 502 lignocellulose, 41, 72, 290, 352, 394, 532, 534 mathematical model, 84, 87, 90, 125 miconazole, 479, 487 lignocellulose waste hyphal growth, 87 microarthropods, 279, 342 bioconversion, 534 mating collembola, 282 lingzhi in budding yeast, 214 in soil, 4 Ganoderma, 290 mating proteins, 184, 224 microbial diversity, 5, 6 lipases, 172, 259, 359, 443, 520 mating strategies microconidia, 218, 237, 440 lipophilic yeasts, 58, 481 in Neurospora, 218 microilaments, 32, 32, 93, 100, 113, 114, 124, litter-trapping rhizomorphs, 241 mating systems, 212, 226 181, 234, 244 liver cancer, 349, 458 mating-type factors, 197, 200, 226, 302, 328 microsporidia, 25, 29, 149, 193, 436, 437 Lobaria, 56 mating-type pheromones, 220 classiication, 553 Loma salmonae mating-types, 211, 212, 214, 216, 218, 219, microsporidiosis, 437 microsporidial disease, 438 220 microtubule motors, 115, 119 longest-lived mycelium, 66 mating-types switching, 216 microtubules, 114 long-term plasmogamy in Basidiomycota, 245 matsutake, 284, 285 microvesicles, 45, 117, 177, 263

Index 593

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 343 Mucor, 81, 83, 91, 212, 522 natto, 539 mineral transformations, 7 classiication, 554 natural classiication, 18, 19, 38, 551 miso, 319, 343, 540 zygomycosis, 49 deinition, 21 mites, 282, 388, 439 Mucoromycota, 24, 30, 46, 46 natural group, 60 mitochondria, 20, 205 endosymbiotic bacteria, 50 deinition, 22 mitochondrial inheritance, 206 multiple uptake systems, 262 necrosis and ethylene inducing proteins, 425 mitochondrial mosaics, 206 multiprotein complexes, 101 necrotrophic fungi, 417, 418, 425, 462, 463 mitochondrial ribosomes, 205 muscaridine, 273, 273 Nectria, 119, 274, 427 mitosis, 105 muscarine, 273, 273 classiication, 558 closed, 105 muscimol, 349 negative autotropism, 89, 91, 91, 194, 296, 302 intranuclear, 105 mushroom cultivation, 287, 353, 530, 541 Neighbour-Sensing program, 87 mitosporic fungi, 193 mushroom lies, 283, 283, 388 nematodes, 4, 10, 282, 328, 369, 388, 400, mitotic crossing over, 202, 204 mushroom fossils, 29 401, 402 mitotic nuclear division, 105 mushroom poisoning, 274, 456 traps, 400, 400, 401 Mitrula, 56, 242 mutagenesis, 161 Nematophthora classiication, 558 mutualisms, 341, 392, 397, 551 nematode control, 402 mobile signal-ligands, 366 mycelial diferentiation, 230, 301, 567 nematophytes, 26, 346 modular organisms mycelial growth Neocallimastigomycota, 24, 25, 30, 40, 41, 397 fungi, 296 climate change, 371 classiication, 553 molecular biotechnology, 143 ecological advantage, 93 Neocallimastix, 39, 41, 42, 396, 397 molecular machines, 101, 251 kinetics, 81, 86 classiication, 553 molecular motors, 97, 115 mechanisms, 97 Neolecta, 52 molecular phylogenies, 2, 25, 29, 47, 55, 291, modelling, 87 classiication, 555 391, 394, 454, 561 rhythmic, 231 Neolithic iceman Monascus, 287, 540 tropisms, 194 fungal equipment, 285 Monilinia, 56 mycelial interconnections, 97, 127 Neolithic traveller, 285, 345 Monoblepharidomycota, 24 mycelial senescence, 206 Neotiella, 107, 219 classiication, 553 Mycena NEPs, 425 Monod equation, 502, 526 bioluminescence, 258 net blotch, 411 monokaryon, 193, 221, 224 ‘milk’, 271 Neurospora monolignols, 255, 255 orchid mutualism, 361 apical vesicle supply, 118, 126, 181 monophyletic, 24, 59, 557 mycetoma, 451 clock genes, 230 deinition, 22 Mycogone conidiation, 237 monotropes, 360 mushroom disease, 465 het genes, 199 monotropoid endomycorrhizas, 360 mycoherbicides, 341, 528 mating strategies, 218 Moon mycoheterotrophs, 360, 363 mating types, 218 formation of, 17 mycoparasitic fungi, 461, 464, 528 Neurospora crassa inluence of, 18 mycopesticides, 408 genome size, 144 Morchella, 52, 56, 57, 242, 284 mycoprotein, 52, 286, 511, 523, 524, 527, 528 next-generation sequencing, 152 classiication, 558 mycorrhizas, 355, 356, 357 nikkomycins, 475, 481, 481 morphogenesis, 295 arbuscular, 357 nitrate reductase, 268 and metabolism, 314 arbutoid, 360 nitrogen metabolism, 267, 267 deinition, 298 commercial application, 367 nitrogen-ixing bacteria, 267, 358, 372, 374 morphogenetic ield, 304, 304 ectendo-, 367 N-linked oligosaccharides, 176, 178, 179, 488 morphogenetic polarities, 303 ecto-, 363 Nobel Prize, 52, 98, 99, 101, 109, 110, 147, morpholino oligos, 162 ericoid, 359 150, 473, 516 morphological species, 68 monotropoid, 360 noble rot of wine grapes Mortierella, 46, 48, 50, 464, 511, 519, 519 orchidaceous, 361 (Botrytis), 196, 423 classiication, 554 types, 356 nomenclature genome, 149 mycoses, 435, 448, 448, 450, 450, 454, 473 deinition, 21 movement, 100 myosins, 115, 116 nondisjunction molecular motors, 115, 115 Myxomycota, 72 of chromosomes, 150, 204 mRNA myxomycotina, 18 North American histoplasmosis, 452 transcription, 101 Nosema (microsporidian) translation, 108 NADP-GDH, 267, 316, 317 honey bee disease, 438 alternative splicing, 148 endogenous regulation, 267 human disease, 438 introns, 146 nanomachines, 251 silkworm disease, 436

594 Index

Nostoc (cyanobacterium), 50, 51 oudemansins, 350 Penicillium citrinum, 52, 272 nuclear distribution genes, 107 oxalate oxidase Penicillium claviforme

nuclear import and export, 105 H2O2 provider, 257 hyphal growth unit, 83 nuclear migration, 86, 86 oxalic acid, 368, 424 Penicillium cyclopium, 194, 195, 195 nuclear number, 107 oxidative burst, 425, 426 Penicillium griseofulvum, 272 nuclear pore complexes, 105 oxidative phosphorylation, 266, 267, 331, Penicillium nalgiovense, 537 nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio, 192 352, 484 Penicillium notatum, 514, 516 nuclear–cytoplasmic traicking, 105 oyster mushroom, 66, 289, 352, 402, 466, 542 Penicillium roqueforti, 52, 287, 529, 537, 538 nucleolus, 104 ozone layer, 17, 258, 355, 446 penny bun nucleoporins, 105 Boletus edulis, 66 nutrient cycling, 4, 281, 341, 345 paddy straw mushroom, 226, 288, 465 peptidases, 179, 182, 258, 259, 369, 537 nutrient transfer, 9, 72, 260, 261, 358, 359, Paecilomyces, 273, 273, 444 yapsins, 180 360, 368 Papularia, 482 peptide pheromones, 212, 220, 222 fatty acids, 6 Paracoccidioides, 135, 136, 176, 183 Perissodactyla nutristat, 510 Paraglomerales, 47, 50 hindgut fermentation, 398 nutrition mode classiication, 554 perithecia, 56, 200, 218, 375, 440 of eukaryotes, 24 paraphyses, 56, 243, 303, 317, 318 Permian–Triassic nutritional selection parasexual cycle, 150, 204, 428 extinction event, 33, 447, 551 of diploids, 201 parasol ants, 390, 390 permittistats, 510 nvCJD prion disease, 207 Parasola, 301, 302 Peronosporales, 70 nystatin, 475, 476, 477, 478 parasynchronous division, 132, 133 classiication, 562 combinatorial therapy, 486 parenthesome, 93, 575, 575 peroxisomes, 18, 109, 130, 436 parisin pest management, 366, 414, 444, 473 oak endophyte, 73 pheromone, 43 pest, deinition, 352 oak gall wasp, 378 PAS domains pesticides, 250, 258, 352, 376, 455 odours of fungi, 273 of clock proteins, 230 Peziza, 56, 57, 242 oidia, 223, 559 pathogen associated molecular patterns, 427 classiication, 555 oligotrophic growth, 10 pathogen of three kingdoms Pezizales O-linked oligosaccharides, 176, 178, 179, 488 Arthrobotrys, 461 classiication, 558 Olpidiopsidales, 70 pathogen virulence, 416, 417, 444 Pezizomycotina, 55, 238 classiication, 562 pattern formation, 295, 305 classiication, 556 Olpidium, 39 patterning genes, 321 pH auxostat, 510 omics, 152, 156, 158, 329 PCP pesticide, 258, 352 Phallales, 60, 63, 64 Omphalotus, 258 remediation, 353, 353 classiication, 560 onychomycosis PCP pneumonia, 25, 454 phalloidin, 274 cutaneous mycosis, 450, 451 PCR phallotoxin, 456 oogoniol, 71, 212 polymerase chain reaction, 20 Phanerochaete, 72, 221, 328, 353, 522 Oomycota, 70, 70 peach leaf curl, 53, 411 classiication, 560 classiication, 562 peat formation, 4 Phellinus, 65, 243, 258, 310, 351, 355, 577 growth mechanism, 79, 124 pectin lyases, 252 classiication, 560 Ophiostoma, 414, 419 pectinases, 252, 363, 460, 521, 530 phenylalanine, 272 classiication, 558 peloton, 361, 362, 362 phenylpropanoid alcohols, 255, 255, 256 opisthokont clade, 25, 26, 97, 436 Peltigera, 56, 374 pheromone response element, 222 opportunistic infections, 47, 437, 446, 448, classiication, 557 pheromones, 214, 214, 215, 220, 222, 225 449 penetration peg, 421, 423, 442 in fungi, 212 Orbiliomycetes, 56, 57, 57 penicillin, 514, 516, 516, 517 P/R locus, 220 classiication, 558 metabolic gene cluster, 516, 518 phosphatases, 260, 366 orchidaceous endomycorrhizas, 73, 356, 361 production, 518, 519, 519 phosphofructokinase, 266 ptyophagy, 362 Penicillium, 350 phosphorylation, oxidative, 266, 267, 331, tolypophagy, 362 recombinant proteins, 541 352, 484 ORFs, 145, 153 Penicillium camemberti, 52, 273, 273, 287, photobionts, 24, 51, 186, 373 yeast genome, 154 529, 537, 538 phragmoplast, 33, 131, 132 Orpinomyces, 397 Penicillium canescens, 541 phycobionts, 28 orsellinic acid, 271, 272 Penicillium chrysogenum, 52, 80, 87, 161, Phycomyces, 48, 49, 464, 522, 554 oscillators, circadian, 230, 231 202, 205, 498, 504, 506, 511, 516, 516, classiication, 554 Ötzi iceman 518 Phycomycetes, 18, 24, 554 fungal equipment, 285 hyphal growth unit, 83 phylogenetic classiication, 18, 45

Index 595

phylogenetic tree plasmid, 154, 162, 164, 206, 207 microbial degradation, 354 deinition, 22 Plasmodiophora, 72 Polymyxa, 72 phylogeny, fungal, 29, 32 classiication, 561 polyoxins, 475, 481, 481, 488 eukaryote last common ancestor, 211 Plasmodiophoromycota, 72, 561 polyploidy, 150 evolutionary clock, 19 plasmogamy, 71, 211, 245, 463 Polyporales, 64, 67, 365 universal ancestor, 19 Plasmopara, 26, 70 classiication, 560 Physarales, 72 classiication, 562 polypore physical weathering, 3 plastics pollution, 354, 541, 542 dolipore/parenthesome, 575 physically destructive fungi, 347 Platypodinae growth patterns, 310 physiological species concept, 68 wood-boring beetles, 395 hyphal analysis, 310 phytoalexins, 426, 426, 427 plectenchyma, 239, 374, 574 pore formation, 310 phytoanticipins, 426 Pleospora, 56 polypores phytodebris, 26 Pleosporales with gills, 310 Phytophthora, 24, 26, 70, 173, 369, 474, 483 classiication, 556 Polyporus biotroph, 419 Pleurotus, 66, 289 classiication, 560 classiication, 562 bioconversion, 533 desert sclerotium, 242 Piedraia carbohydrate metabolism, 319 hispidin, 273, 273 supericial mycosis, 450 classiication, 560 pesticide remediation, 353 pigmentation, conidia, 184 cultivation, 289 polysaccharide breakdown pileipellis, 297, 303, 304, 315 genome, 319 cellulose, 250 pili, 100 green mould disease, 466 chitin, 253 Pilobolus, 464 mitochondrial inheritance, 206 hemicellulose, 252 classiication, 554 nematode trapping, 402 pectins, 252 Piptocephalis, 46, 47 pesticide remediation, 353, 353 starch and glycogen, 253 biotrophic, 462 plastic bioremediation, 542 Polystictus classiication, 555 transposable elements, 149 nuclear migration, 86, 86 mycoparasite, 464 versatile peroxidase, 255 pore ield, 310 Piptoporus, 72, 285, 532 wood rotting, 257 porcini PIR proteins ploidy, 149 Boletus edulis, 66 with internal repeats, 175, 180 ploidy and genome variation, 149 pore space in soil, 4 Piromyces, 397 plus end tracking proteins posaconazole, 487 plant diseases, 416, 417, 459 (+TIPs), 114 positive autotropism, 91, 91, 194, 296, plant pathogens Pneumocystis, 52, 53, 461 302 Armillaria, 412 classiication, 555 post-fusion incompatibility, 197, 198 biotrophic, 417 pneumonia, 25, 52, 449, 454 potato blight, 70, 192 coevolution with hosts, 427 pneumonia treatments, 487 classiication, 562 compared with animal pathogens, 459, 460 pneumocystosis, 454 powdery mildews, 418, 423, 482 defences, 426 Podospora classiication, 557 disease triangle, 416 classiication, 558 PP pathway, 264, 264, 319 Dutch elm disease, 414 clock mutant, 231 pravastatin, 350 efects on hosts, 418 het genes, 198, 199 predatory fungi, 400, 401 enzymatic penetration, 423 homothallic, 226 pre-mRNA, 103 haustorial, 413 plasmids, 206 pre-ribosomal RNAs, 104 integrated pest management, 486 prion protein, 207 pre-rRNAs, 104 invading hosts, 420 rhythmic growth, 231 processing, 104 leaf spot diseases, 413 poisoning primary homothallism, 213, 218 necrotrophic, 417 ergotism, 458 primary metabolism, 263 penetrating stomata, 421 fungal toxins, 274, 349, 456 primary transcript, 103 penetrating wall, 423 septicaemia, 514 primordium, 295, 304, 331 plant disease management, 459 polyacetylenes, 274, 274 computer simulation, 90 rice blast, 412 polychlorinated biphenyls, 258 gene expression, 325 wheat black stem rust, 415 polyenes, 475, 475, 476, 478, 478 micrographs, 297 plant–mycorrhizal associations, 355 combinatorial therapy, 473, 486 tissue zones, 312 plasma membrane, 358, 362, 367, 419, polygalacturonases, 252 transcriptional events, 324, 326 421, 422, 423, 473, 474, 475, 475, 504, polyketides, 268, 287, 540 prion diseases, 207 504 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 20 prion protein, 200, 207 plasmalemma, 112, 124, 250, 357 polymers prochloraz, 479

596 Index

proilin, 131 QuornTM myco-protein, 52, 522, 523 ribosomes, 100, 105, 108, 145 programmed cell death, 197, 330, 418, 504, production, 524 microsporidia, 436, 437 543 mitochondrial, 205 het alleles, 207 radicating, 241 rice bakanae disease, 420 in plants, 425 RAS proteins rice blast fungus, 419 stationary phase, 504 signal transduction switches, 121 host penetration, 423 prokaryotic cell, 100 ravuconazole, 487 Magnaporthe oryzae, 412 DNA, 99 rDNA sequencing, 20 thigmotropism, 421 structures, 100 reactive oxygen, 130, 258, 331, 425 rice sheath blight, 482 prokaryotic/eukaryotic comparison recalcitrant wastes, 341, 347, 352, 541 Rigidoporus tabulated, 100 recombinant DNA toolkit, 161 large fruit body, 66 prophase I recombinant protein production, 511, 540, ringworm (mycoses), 449, 450 within intact membrane, 107 541 RNA interference, 162 prosenchyma, 239 RED data lists, 370 RNA polymerases, 101 proteases, 258 regional patterning, 295, 296, 301 RNP machines, 108 proteasome, 110, 216, 259, 326 reishi (Ganoderma), 290 rodents protein coding genes remediation, 290, 345, 352, 520, 532, 542 alatoxins, 349 in genomes, 144 renewed fruiting, 331 ringworm, 450 of mitochondria, 20 replicative plasmids, 163 ropy mutants protein digestion, 258 rescue nuclear migration, 107 protein prenylation, 121 microtubule switch, 114, 115 rose handler’s disease, sporotrichosis, 451 protein sorting, 109, 110 rescue (microtubule switch), 114 Rozella, 40 protein synthesis, 100, 101, 108 resilience concept, 346 (Cryptomycota), 29 proteome analysis, 158 resistance proteins, 427 classiication, 552 proteomics, 152, 156 resistance to antifungals, 488, 489 rRNA, 20 protobasidia, 303, 305, 313, 318 resupinate sporophores, 58, 351 barcoding, 69 proton gradient, 120, 266 reverse genetics, 161, 163 fungal phylogeny, 29 proton gradients, 352 Rhipidiales, 70 genes, 20 Prototaxites, 26, 27 classiication, 562 microsporidia, 436 protozoa Rhizoctonia, 8, 64, 73, 84, 84, 199, 461, 463, small subunit, 19 numbers in soil, 4 466, 528 transcription and processing, 20 pseudoparenchyma, 238, 239, 239, necrotroph, 346 r-selected species, 370 374 orchid mycorrhiza, 357 Ruminantia, 398 pseudorhizas, 241 rhizomorphs, 240, 241, 258, 263, 357, 378, ruminants, 398, 400 pseudosclerotial plate, 242, 351 413, 413 anaerobic fungi, 396 pseudothecia, 56 litter trapping, 241 digestion, 529 Psilocybe, 58, 61, 273, 273 Rhizomucor, 185 foregut fermentation, 398 psilocybin, 272, 273 zygomycosis, 455 reindeer, 388 Puccinia, 59, 213, 415, 419, 429, 475 Rhizophydiales Ruminococcus, 397 classiication, 559 classiication, 553 Russulales, 60, 64, 66 Pucciniomycotina, 58, 59, 59, 220, 559 Rhizopus, 48, 49, 185, 260 classiication, 560 classiication, 559 animal feed enhancement, 533 rust fungi, 59, 421 pufballs, 29, 60 classiication, 554 classiication, 559 genome size, 144 Saccharomyces, 52, 54, 55, 116, 118, 131 pullulanase, 253 hyphal growth unit, 83 agglutinins, 184 pycnidia, 193, 239, 375, 573 recombinant proteins, 541 baking, 534 pyrenomycetes, 56 steroid modiication, 522 cell cycle, 135 pyrimidine analogues, 479 zygomycosis, 455 chitin, 177 inhibit ergosterol synthesis, 478 Rhodosporidium, 53, 59 chitin synthase, 123 pyrogallol, 272, 273 classiication, 559 classiication, 556 Pyronema, 56, 219 Rhodotorula, 53, 59 cocoa fermentation, 530 classiication, 558 classiication, 559 core meiotic transcriptome, 324 pyruvate kinase, 266 Rhynchonectria fermentation, 512 Pythiales, 70 arthropod ectoparasite, 56 functional analysis, 156 classiication, 562 rhythmic growth, 231, 231 genome, 98, 154 Pythium, 70, 173, 212, 346, 350, 462 ribosomal gene cluster, 20 genome comparisons, 158 necrotroph, 419 ribosome assembly, 104, 105 genome size, 144

Index 597

life cycle, 214 biocontrol, 529 cyclic, 270 mating, 214 heterokaryons in nature, 194 sirenin, 42 mating type switching, 216 necrotroph, 419 sexual reproduction mating types, 215 oxalate production, 424 conservation in eukaryotes, 211 nuclear migration, 106 Scolytinae conservation of transcripts, 324 origins, 154 wood-boring beetles, 395 in Allomyces, 42 plasmid, 207 scrapie in sheep prion disease, 207 process in fungi, 211 prions, 207 Scutellospora shiitake RNA virus, 206 necrotroph, 463 cultivation, 290, 466 sexual reproduction, 212 sea fans Lentinula, 66 shmoos, 107 aspergillosis, 446 mannitol content, 266 soy sauce, 287 Sea Urchin shikimate–chorismate pathway, 269, 272, splice variants, 148 genome size, 144 273, 273 transposable elements, 207 seasons of the year, 17, 18 shimejitake wall, 172 Sebacinales, 64, 67 Hypsizygus, 66 wine yeasts, 513 classiication, 560 shiroshimeji salami, 538 seborrhoeic dermatitis, 59 Pleurotus ostreatus, 289 salvarsan, 473 secondary homothallism, 213, 218 shmoos Sanger sequencing, 151 secondary metabolism mating yeast, 107 Saprolegnia, 26, 70, 71, 124, 175 horizontal gene transfer, 518 shuttle vectors, 163 classiication, 562 meaning, 268 sick building syndrome hyphal growth, 127 metabolomics, 152 = damp building-related illness, 455 life cycle, 71 secondary pathways siderophores, 493 sap-stain fungi, 351 meaning, 263 signal ampliication, 122 Sarcodes, 361 second-generation sequencing, 152 signal peptides, 109, 122, 178, 199 monotrope, 360 secretory vesicles, 113, 127, 175, 232 signal recognition particle, 109 satratoxins, 455 selective toxicity, 473, 474, 478, 542 signalling pathways, 120, 122 Schizophyllum self/nonself recognition, 197, 207, simvastatin, 350 basidiospore germination, 193 224 sinapyl alcohol, 255, 255 bioweathering, 10 septal band, 132, 133 sirenin, 42, 43, 212 dikaryons, 133 septal form, 130 site-directed mutagenesis, 161 HD locus structures, 225 septal formation, 93 sitosterol, 474 hydrophobins, 186 septal orientation, 93, 298, 332 slime moulds, 18, 24, 45, 72, 561 mating type factors, 222 septal types, 92 classiication, 561 nature of expansion, 320 septation, 92, 130 slug pheromones, 225 and branching, 91 eating a mushroom, 284 transcriptome, 328 and cytokinesis, 130 small mammals wall glucans, 182 dolipore septum, 305 fungi as food, 284, 342 Schizosaccharomyces, 52, 53, 54, 86 septins, 114, 131 polyene toxicity, 478 cell cycle, 135 Septoria small subunit rRNA, 19 classiication, 556 leaf spot, 239 smut fungi, 413, 429 cytokinesis, 234 necrotroph, 346 SNARE proteins, 112, 181 fermentation, 512 strobilurin-resistance, 484 snoRNAs, 104 genome comparisons, 158 sequencing DNA and RNA, 150 snoRNPs, 105 splice variants, 148 sequencing genomes, 150 snRNAs, 103, 104, 105 wall, 172 sequencing machines, 151 soft rots, 425 Sclerocystis sequencing, second-generation, 152 soil necrotroph, 463 serine protease, 199, 259 microbial diversity, 5 Scleroderma in eukaryotes, 259 nature and origin, 3 with mycoparasite, 464 Serpula, 72, 240 soil atmosphere, 4 Sclerosporales dry rot, 351, 351 soil biota, 4 classiication, 562 Himalayan origin, 351 soil environment, 2 sclerotia, 242 strands, 350 soil geomycology, 7 bioluminescent, 258 translocation in strands, 263, 351 soil solution, 366 development, 331 sesquiterpene, 270 soil structure, 9 ergots, 457, 457 acyclic, 269 fungal contribution, 1, 187, 290 Sclerotinia, 56 botrydial, 424, 425 glomalin, 187

598 Index

solar wind, 17 starch breakdown, 253 potato wart disease, 39 solid substrates statins, 2, 272, 272, 350, 510, 519 synnemata, 238, 239 mycelial beneits, 93 steady state model syntaxins, 131 somatic incompatibility, 198 hyphal apex extension, 125 synthetic biology, 158, 160 Sordaria, 56 Stemonitales, 72 systematics classiication, 558 steroid transformations, 522 deinition, 21 het genes, 199 steroids, 269, 510, 511, 522 systemic acquired resistance perithecium, 242, 243 sterols, 270, 270, 474, 511 in plants, 426 Sordariales stigmasterol, 522 systemic antifungals, 474, 475 classiication, 558 stinkhorns, 60, 243 systemic mycoses, 450, 451, 473, 475, 488 sordarins, 486 classiication, 559 systems biology, 152, 156 Sordariomycetes, 56, 231, 460 stinking smut, 58, 273 classiication, 558 stipes, 241, 242 TALENs sorus, 58 Straminipila, 24, 70, 70, 173, 411, 483 gene editing, 164 soy sauce, 287, 343, 539 classiication, 562 TALEs spalting, 351 Streptomyces, 87 gene editing, 164 species concept, 518 antifungals, 476 tannins, 249, 352, 426, 531 biological species, 68 gardening ant symbiont, 392 Taphrina, 53 ecological and physiological species, 68 genome, 154 classiication, 555 evolutionary/phylogenetic species, 69 hyphae, 126 peach leaf curl, 52 in fungi, 68 nystatin, 475 Taphrinomycotina, 52, 454 morphological species, 68 steroid transformations, 522 classiication, 555 spindle apparatus β-lactam antibiotics, 518 targeting peptides, 109 mitosis, 106 stringy oak rot = signal peptides, 109 spindle checkpoint, 106 Phellinus, 351 Tarsonemus spindle pole body, 106, 119, 131 strobilurins, 2, 272, 348, 473, 475, 482, 483, mushroom farm mite pest, 282 Spitzenkörper, 32, 113, 126, 129, 176 484 TATA-box binding protein, 102 Spizellomycetales, 41 efectiveness, 485 taxon classiication, 553 stromata, 56 deinition, 22 spliceosome, 103, 104, 104, 147, 148 of Cordyceps, 465 taxonomic ranks, 23 splicing, 103, 104, 104, 146, 147, 148 of parasites, 464 taxonomy of fungi Spongospora, 72 overwintering, 414 deinition, 22 classiication, 561 structural timber TCA (Krebs) cycle, 264, 265 spore decay, 350 tea fermentation, 531 Aspergillus, 235 substrate translocation, 261 teleomorph (sexual stage), 38 formation, 232 sudden infant death syndrome tempeh, 49, 287, 343, 540 industrial production, 528 infantile pneumonia, 454 tendril hyphae, 240, 240 Neurospoa, 237 sufu, 540 termites, 258, 291, 393, 441 spores, 232 sugar beet diseases Termitomyces, 291, 393 Sporidiobolus Cercospora, 414 terpenes, 268, 269, 269, 475 basidimycetous yeast, 59 strobilurin efective, 485 tetrapolar mating system, 220, 221, 222, 223 Sporobolomyces sulfatases, 260 Thallophyta, 18 basidimycetous yeast, 59 superoxide, 425, 460, 494 Thanatephorus sporodochium surface tension catapult teleomorph of Rhizoctonia, 64 conidiophore, 238, 573 for spore discharge, 243 Theia–Earth impact, 17 sporopollenin, 45, 396 symbiosis Thelephorales, 64, 67 Sporothrix ambrosia beetles, 395 classiication, 560 anamorph of Ophiostoma, 451 ant agriculture, 389 thigmotropism, 420 sporotrichosis, 451 endophytes, 376 Thraustochytriales, 72 rose handler’s disease, 451 lichens, 373 classiication, 562 squalene, 269, 270, 487 mycorrhizas, 355 thrush Squamanita ruminant anaerobes, 396 fungal infection, 55, 135 parasitic agaric, 464 termite gardeners, 393 thyriothecia, 56 SR proteins, 104 symport, 261, 358, 422 Tieghemiomyces St. Anthony’s ire synchronous division, 132, 133 classiication, 555 ergotism, 457 synchronous mitosis, 86, 86 Tieghemomyces Stachybotrys, 455, 463 Synchytrium mycoparasite, 462 stachylysin, 455 classiication, 553 Tilletia, 58

Index 599

stinking smut, 273 triazole, 479 Ustilago, 58, 115, 119, 176, 220, 221, 222, Tilletiales triazoles, 479, 484, 487 224, 419, 429 classiication, 559 tricarboxylic acid cycle, 264, 265 classiication, 559 TIM, 110 Trichoderma, 83, 162, 251, 282, 462, 511, 522, life cycle, 58 tinder bracket, 285 532 Ustilago maydis tofu, 539, 540 recombinant proteins, 541 genome size, 144 tolerance of developmental imprecision, 321 Trichoglossum tolypophagy, 362 earth tongues, 56 vacuoles, 32, 93, 113, 115, 125, 126, 127, 263, TOM, 110 Tricholoma, 61, 73, 81, 88, 89, 357, 364, 369 314, 319 toxicity matsutake, 66, 284 valley fever information about, 474 trichomycetes (coccidioidomycosis), 451 Trachipleistophora protozoans, 438 variotin, 273, 273 microsporidian, 437 Trichophyton Vegemite, 286 Trachymyrmex athlete’s foot, 259, 449 vegetative compatibility, 150, 197, 200, 301, gardening ant, 392, 393 Trichosporon 463 trama, 303, 304, 305, 307, 317 basidiomycete yeast, 450 vegetative incompatibility, 198, 199, 219 Trametes, 72, 86, 201 classiication, 560 veratryl alcohol, 256, 257, 258, 354 transcription factors, 102, 102, 148, 164, 197, tricyclazole, 475, 483, 483 vertical mitochondrial transmission, 206 213, 220, 231, 326 trisporic acid, 212 Verticillium, 56, 83, 148, 197, 283, 350, 444, transcriptome, 23, 148, 157, 198, 302, 324, triterpenes, 270, 270 464, 465, 530 374 tRNA, 99, 101, 104, 108, 146, 154, 205, 236 vesicles, 32, 33, 43, 84, 94, 111, 115, 116, transcriptomics, 152 truières 117, 118, 126, 127, 175, 176, 181, 232, translational triggering, 236, 328 trule groves, 291 232, 234, 542 translocases of mitochondrial membrane (TIM trules, 283, 284, 289, 291, 342 liposomal, 478 & TOM), 110 tryptophan, 272, 273, 273 of arbuscular mycorrhizas, 50, 51, 356, 356, transmembrane glycoprotein (transporters), Tuber, 52, 56, 57, 149, 242, 255, 284 357 261 classiication, 558 vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizas, 357 transmembrane proteins, 109, 177 Tubeuia, 56 vessel hyphae, 240 transport vesicles, 112 tubulin, 100, 114 victorin, 419 transporter carbendazim binding, 486 virus-like particles, 207 azoles, 480 Tunbridge ware, 351 Volvariella, 66, 226, 259, 268, 306, 306, 307, diferential transcription, 328 turbidostat cultures, 508, 509, 510 307, 322, 465 fungal parasite, 423 turgor pressure, 93, 120, 173, 176, 180, 262, Volvariella volvacea, 66 horizontal gene transfers, 518 319, 423, 443 voriconazole, 454, 479, 481, 486, 487 kinetics, 262 Tylopoda (pseudoruminants), 398 combinatorial therapy, 488 mycorrhizal, 358, 367 typical mushroom structure, 298 nuclear pore, 105 Tyrolean iceman wall-building, 232, 232 nutrients, 120, 121, 261 fungal equipment, 285 waste remediation, 290 sugar, 244, 244 tyrosine, 272 water moulds, 2, 24, 31, 70, 553, 562 transposable elements, 148 water potential, 262, 314, 369 transposons, 148, 149 ubiquitin, 110, 110, 121, 216 weathering, 3 Trechisporales, 64, 67 Ulocladium, 528 wet rot fungi, 351 classiication, 560 unifactorial incompatibility, 213 wheat stem rust, 415 Tree of Life, 18, 26 universal ancestor, 19 white-rot fungi, 10, 258, 354, 560 Earth BioGenome Project, 7 universal common descent, 22 white rust, 420 fungal, 32 untrue fungi, 70 Whitield’s ointment, 474 ocean currents view, 150 urea whole organism biotechnology, 492 Tree of Life Web Project osmotic metabolite, 316 Wilcoxina, 367 TOLWEB, 21, 30, 57 urea cycle, 268 wild mushroom exploitation, 284, 285 trehalose, 121, 255, 263, 266, 319, 367, 390, Urediniomycetes, 58 wild mushroom toxins, 457 436 classiication, 559 wine making, 512, 513 Tremellales, 64, 67, 576 urediospores, 421, 421 witches’ broom disease, 52, 53 classiication, 560 Uromyces, 59, 419, 421, 421 wood-decay fungi, 9, 344, 351 triadimefon classiication, 559 bioluminescence, 258 triazole, 479 Usnea, 56 chlorohydrocarbon release, 354 triarimol classiication, 557 in buildings, 351 pyrimidine analogue, 478 Ustilaginomycotina, 58, 149, 220, 559 wood ear fungus, 285 triazbutil classiication, 559 woodland mushrooms, 73, 357, 363

600 Index

wood-wide-web, 357, 366 life cycle, 214 entomogenous fungi, 442 world’s largest individual organism, 412 lipophilic, 58, 481 free cell formation, 43 Woronin bodies, 93, 109, 130 mating type switching, 215 of anaerobic chytrids, 41 Wurzelpilze, 355 yeast artiicial chromosomes, 163 of chytrids, 39, 396 Wurzelsymbiose, 355 yeast cell cycle, 135 of Oomycota, 70 yeast dimorphism, 135 opisthokont, 26, 551 Xerocomus, 62 yeast epiphytes, 378 zygomycete mycoparasite, 464, 464 yeast genome, 145, 154 classiication, 554 xylanases, 252, 397, 460, 511, 520, 521 yeast, origins, 154 zygomycetes, 25, 29, 30, 45, 48, 194, 226, xylans, 80, 252 438, 487 Xylaria, 56, 72 zearalenone, 272 hyphal growth units, 83 classiication, 558 zinc inger, 164, 236, 236, 326 zygomycosis, 454 Xylariales zinc-inger nucleases Zygomycota, 554 classiication, 558 gene editing, 164 classiication, 554 xylosidase, 252 Zoopagales, 45, 46 is polyphyletic, 45 yapsins, 180 classiication, 555 Zygosaccharomyces, 54 yeast zoospores zygosporangium, 45 basidiomycetous, 53, 59, 173 bilagellate, 70 zymogen, 123, 176