Bases Moléculaires De La Voie De Biosynthèse De La Patuline, Mycotoxine Produite Par Byssochlamys Nivea Et Penicillium Griseofulvum… …………………………………………………………………………

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Bases Moléculaires De La Voie De Biosynthèse De La Patuline, Mycotoxine Produite Par Byssochlamys Nivea Et Penicillium Griseofulvum… ………………………………………………………………………… View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Open Archive Toulouse Archive Ouverte N° d’ordre :……………… THESE présentée pour obtenir LE TITRE DE DOCTEUR DE L’INSTITUT NATIONAL POLYTECHNIQUE DE TOULOUSE École doctorale : …SEVAB…………………………………………………….. Spécialité : …Microbiologie et Biocatalyse industrielles…………………… Par M…PUEL Olivier……………………………………………………………… Titre de la thèse …Bases moléculaires de la voie de biosynthèse de la patuline, mycotoxine produite par Byssochlamys nivea et Penicillium griseofulvum… …………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………….………………………… Soutenue le …9 Janvier 2007 devant le jury composé de : M. Le Professeur. Jean Paul Roustan Président M. Le Professeur Ahmed Lebrihi. Directeur de thèse M. Le Professeur Patrick Boiron Rapporteur M ; Dr Christian Barreau Rapporteur M. Dr Marcel Delaforge Membre M Dr Pierre Galtier Membre TITRE : Bases moléculaires de la voie de biosynthèse de la patuline, mycotoxine produite par Byssochlamys nivea et Penicillium griseofulvum RESUME : La patuline constitue un contaminant chimique toxique fréquemment rencontré dans les produits issus de la transformation des fruits, notamment des pommes. Cette toxine essentiellement produite par Penicillium expansum et Byssochlamys nivea fait l’objet d’une réglementation européenne récente (N°1425/2003). Contrairement à certaines mycotoxines règlementées telles que les aflatoxines, les trichothécènes ou les fumonisines, la génétique de la voie de biosynthèse de la patuline est fort mal connue, bien que cette voie ait été relativement bien caractérisée du point de vue chimique. Deux espèces toxinogènes, Byssochlamys nivea et Penicillium griseofulvum ont été étudiées en tant qu’espèces modèles. Trois gènes impliqués dans la synthèse de la patuline ont été isolés de B. nivea, et entièrement séquencés lors de ce travail. Le premier gène 6msas isolé code pour une polycétide synthase, l’acide 6-methylsalicylique synthase, intervenant au début de la cascade enzymatique conduisant à la synthèse de la patuline. Le deuxième gène idh coderait pour une alcool déshydrogénase impliquée dans la transformation de l’isoépoxydon en phyllostine, deux autres précurseurs de la patuline. En amont de ce dernier gène, sur le brin complémentaire, un gène abc codant pour un transporteur actif de la famille des ABC transporteurs a été localisé, isolé et entièrement séquencé chez Penicillium griseofulvum, puis chez B. nivea et P. expansum. La présence d’un tel gène ne semble pas aberrante puisqu’il a été montré que certains transporteurs actifs faisaient partie de l’arsenal de résistance développé par les champignons pour ne pas subir les effets délétères des toxines qu’ils synthétisent. D’après les données brutes du séquençage du génome d’Aspergillus clavatus, autre espèce de patuline, le complexe génique abc/idh serait distant de 10 kb du gène 6msas. L’analyse de la région avoisinant ces gènes dévoile l’existence chez A. clavatus d’un cluster de gènes constitué d’au moins 12 gènes en comptant les trois gènes préalablement identifiés, potentiellement impliqués dans la synthèse de la mycotoxine. Parmi ces gènes, plusieurs codent pour des enzymes dont l’implication semble évidente au regard des données actuellement disponibles sur la caractérisation chimique de la voie de biosynthèse de la patuline. Du point de vue application, ces travaux ont d’ores et déjà apportés des réponses concrètes à des problèmes industriels. Une étude réalisée sur un panel relativement divers de souches d’origine géographique différente de Byssochlamys nivea et Byssochlamys fulva, conclut à la non-production de patuline par B. fulva sur des bases analytiques et génétiques. Cette absence de production est due à l’absence d’au moins deux gènes, 6msas et idh. B fulva fréquemment isolé des fruits ne représente donc pas une source de contamination des pommes par la patuline dans les filières de transformation. Penicillium expansum et Byssochlamys nivea sont donc considérés comme les principales sources de contamination des pommes par la patuline. MOTS CLES : Mycotoxines, patuline, acide mycophenolique, Byssochlamys nivea, Byssochlamys fulva, Penicillium griseofulvum, Penicillium expansum, Acide 6-methylsalicylique synthase, isoépoxydon déshydrogénase, ABC transporteur Molecular bases of patulin biosynthesis pathways in Byssochlamys nivea and Penicillium griseofulvum. Summary Patulin is toxic chemical contaminant produced by several species of mould (Penicillium griseofulvum, P.expansum, Byssochlamys nivea, Aspergillus clavatus…). Exposure to this mycotoxin is associated with immunological, neurological and gastrointestinal outcomes. Assessment of the health risks due to patulin consumption by humans lead many countries to regulate its amounts in food. In Europe, a maximum level has been established of 50 µg per kg for apple juice, cider and a maximum level of 10 µg/kg for all dietary products intended for infants and young children. Unlike other regulated mycotoxins (aflatoxins, trichothecens and fumonisines), the knowledge regarding the patulin biosynthesis is so far limited to the chemical characterization of patulin precursors and to the identification of two relevant genes from Penicillium griseofulvum (6- methylsalicylic acid synthase (6msas) and isoepoxydon dehydrogenase (idh). Two toxinogenic species Byssochlamys nivea and Penicillium griseofulvum have been studied in this work. Three genes (6msas, idh and abc) that belong to the patulin biosynthetic pathway were isolated, and wholly sequenced in B. nivea. These genes are coding respectively for 6- methylsalicylic acid synthase, the first enzyme involved in patulin biosynthesis, isoepoxydon dehydrogenase which allowed the isoepoxydon transformation in phyllostin and an ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) transporter. This latest gene is located on the anti-sense strand, upstream of the idh gene, and it has been isolated also from Penicillium griseofulvum and Penicillium expansum. This transporter could be responsible for the active efflux of endogenously produced patulin and contribute to self protection against patulin in producing fungi. After comparison with data from the Aspergillus clavatus genome sequencing program performed by TIGR (The Institute for Genomic Research), we noticed that the abc/idh genes complex and 6msas gene are 10 kb away from each other. We performed a bioinformatic analysis of the regions located upstream and downstream of this 10 kb size fragment, and established the presence of 9 additional genes. Their potential involvement in the synthesis of the toxin has been discussed. Finally, this fundamental work could answer to industrial problems. A study performed on 19 different strains of B. nivea and B. fulva showed that Byssochlamys fulva don’t produce patulin and that its inability to do so could be explained by the lack of both 6msas and idh genes. In conclusion, B. fulva clearly lacks several biochemical potencies to be responsible for the occurrence of patulin in fruits. Keywords: Mycotoxins, patulin, mycophenolic acid, Byssochlamys nivea, Byssochlamys fulva, Penicillium griseofulvum, Penicillium expansum,6-methylsalicylic acid synthase, isoepoxydon dehydrogenase, ABC transporter A Sylvie Guillaume Antoine… … mieux vaut tard que jamais Remerciements Le travail présenté dans cette thèse de doctorat a été effectué au sein du laboratoire de pharmacologie-toxicologie de l’INRA de Toulouse. Ce mémoire n’aurait pu voir le jour sans la participation laborieuse, le soutien, la bienveillance ou tout simplement la présence de nombreuses personnes. Je vais donc m’essayer à trouver les mots justes pour exprimer spécifiquement ma reconnaissance à tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à ce travail. Je tiens avant tout à exprimer ma sincère gratitude à Madame Souria Tadrist, ma fidèle Souria qui, pendant quatre années, m’a épaulé quotidiennement, endurant parfois mon humeur difficilement supportable. Un grand merci pour ta gentillesse, pour ton soutien chaleureux et tes encouragements dans les moments de doutes. J’espère que ce document symbolisera au mieux le niveau d’engagement dont tu as fait preuve durant ces longues années. Que toutes les personnes qui ont acceptés de faire partie de mon jury reçoivent ici mes remerciements les plus sincères et ma sympathie. Je remercie Mr le Professeur Jean Paul Roustan pour avoir accepté de présider le Jury. Je remercie vivement Mr Christian Barreau et Mr Patrick Boiron d’avoir si gentiment accepté la lourde tache d’examiner ce travail et d’en être les rapporteurs. J’exprime toute ma reconnaissance à Pierre Galtier, pour m’avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire, il y a de nombreuses années. Je suis extrêmement sensible à la confiance constate que vous avez témoigné à mon égard depuis le premier jour. Ma sincère reconnaissance s’adresse à Ahmed Lebrihi qui a bien voulu me faire l’honneur de diriger ma thèse. Toujours enthousiaste dès lors qu’est évoqué le métabolisme secondaire quelque soit le microorganisme considéré. Je tiens à porter une mention particulière à Marcel Delaforge qui spontanément m’a proposé comme entrée en matière de réaliser les analyses de spectrométrie de masse, point de départ d’une série de collaborations qui je l’espère dureront jusqu’à sa retraite. Merci Marcel, tu m’as beaucoup appris, j’espère avoir retenu quelque chose à ton contact. Je ne saurais oublier tous ceux qui m’ont apporté leurs savoirs faire, leurs aides techniques, leurs expérience, nécessaires pour la réalisation
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