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Jean-Baptiste Charles Joseph Bélanger (1790-1874), the Backwater Equation and the Bélanger Equation
THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND DIVISION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING REPORT CH69/08 JEAN-BAPTISTE CHARLES JOSEPH BÉLANGER (1790-1874), THE BACKWATER EQUATION AND THE BÉLANGER EQUATION AUTHOR: Hubert CHANSON HYDRAULIC MODEL REPORTS This report is published by the Division of Civil Engineering at the University of Queensland. Lists of recently-published titles of this series and of other publications are provided at the end of this report. Requests for copies of any of these documents should be addressed to the Civil Engineering Secretary. The interpretation and opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author(s). Considerable care has been taken to ensure accuracy of the material presented. Nevertheless, responsibility for the use of this material rests with the user. Division of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 AUSTRALIA Telephone: (61 7) 3365 3619 Fax: (61 7) 3365 4599 URL: http://www.eng.uq.edu.au/civil/ First published in 2008 by Division of Civil Engineering The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia © Chanson This book is copyright ISBN No. 9781864999211 The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD JEAN-BAPTISTE CHARLES JOSEPH BÉLANGER (1790-1874), THE BACKWATER EQUATION AND THE BÉLANGER EQUATION by Hubert CHANSON Professor, Division of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia Ph.: (61 7) 3365 3619, Fax: (61 7) 3365 4599, Email: [email protected] Url: http://www.uq.edu.au/~e2hchans/ REPORT No. CH69/08 ISBN 9781864999211 Division of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland August 2008 Jean-Baptiste BÉLANGER (1790-1874) (Courtesy of the Bibliothèque de l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Ponts et Chaussées) Abstract In an open channel, the transition from a high-velocity open channel flow to a fluvial motion is a flow singularity called a hydraulic jump. -
Assessing the Evolution of the Airborne Generation of Thermal Lift in Aerostats 1783 to 1883
Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research Volume 13 Number 1 JAAER Fall 2003 Article 1 Fall 2003 Assessing the Evolution of the Airborne Generation of Thermal Lift in Aerostats 1783 to 1883 Thomas Forenz Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/jaaer Scholarly Commons Citation Forenz, T. (2003). Assessing the Evolution of the Airborne Generation of Thermal Lift in Aerostats 1783 to 1883. Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.15394/ jaaer.2003.1559 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Forenz: Assessing the Evolution of the Airborne Generation of Thermal Lif Thermal Lift ASSESSING THE EVOLUTION OF THE AIRBORNE GENERATION OF THERMAL LIFT IN AEROSTATS 1783 TO 1883 Thomas Forenz ABSTRACT Lift has been generated thermally in aerostats for 219 years making this the most enduring form of lift generation in lighter-than-air aviation. In the United States over 3000 thermally lifted aerostats, commonly referred to as hot air balloons, were built and flown by an estimated 12,000 licensed balloon pilots in the last decade. The evolution of controlling fire in hot air balloons during the first century of ballooning is the subject of this article. The purpose of this assessment is to separate the development of thermally lifted aerostats from the general history of aerostatics which includes all gas balloons such as hydrogen and helium lifted balloons as well as thermally lifted balloons. -
Airships Over Lincolnshire
Airships over Lincolnshire AIRSHIPS Over Lincolnshire explore • discover • experience explore Cranwell Aviation Heritage Museum 2 Airships over Lincolnshire INTRODUCTION This file contains material and images which are intended to complement the displays and presentations in Cranwell Aviation Heritage Museum’s exhibition areas. This file looks at the history of military and civilian balloons and airships, in Lincolnshire and elsewhere, and how those balloons developed from a smoke filled bag to the high-tech hybrid airship of today. This file could not have been created without the help and guidance of a number of organisations and subject matter experts. Three individuals undoubtedly deserve special mention: Mr Mike Credland and Mr Mike Hodgson who have both contributed information and images for you, the visitor to enjoy. Last, but certainly not least, is Mr Brian J. Turpin whose enduring support has added flesh to what were the bare bones of the story we are endeavouring to tell. These gentlemen and all those who have assisted with ‘Airships over Lincolnshire’ have the grateful thanks of the staff and volunteers of Cranwell Aviation Heritage Museum. Airships over Lincolnshire 3 CONTENTS Early History of Ballooning 4 Balloons – Early Military Usage 6 Airship Types 7 Cranwell’s Lighter than Air section 8 Cranwell’s Airships 11 Balloons and Airships at Cranwell 16 Airship Pioneer – CM Waterlow 27 Airship Crews 30 Attack from the Air 32 Zeppelin Raids on Lincolnshire 34 The Zeppelin Raid on Cleethorpes 35 Airships during the inter-war years -
FLIGHTS of FANCY the Air, the Peaceful Silence, and the Grandeur of the Aspect
The pleasure is in the birdlike leap into FLIGHTS OF FANCY the air, the peaceful silence, and the grandeur of the aspect. The terror lurks above and below. An uncontrolled as- A history of ballooning cent means frostbite, asphyxia, and death in the deep purple of the strato- By Steven Shapin sphere; an uncontrolled return shatters bones and ruptures organs. We’ve always aspired to up-ness: up Discussed in this essay: is virtuous, good, ennobling. Spirits are lifted; hopes are raised; imagination Falling Upwards: How We Took to the Air, by Richard Holmes. Pantheon. 416 pages. soars; ideas get off the ground; the sky’s $35. pantheonbooks.com. the limit (unless you reach for the stars). To excel is to rise above others. Levity ome years ago, when I lived in as photo op, as advertisement, as inti- is, after all, opposed to gravity, and you SCalifornia, a colleague—a distin- mate romantic gesture. But that’s not don’t want your hopes dashed, your guished silver-haired English how it all started: in its late-eighteenth- dreams deated, or your imagination historian—got a surprise birthday pres- century beginnings, ballooning was a brought down to earth. ent from his wife: a sunset hot-air- Romantic gesture on the grandest of In 1783, the French inventor and balloon trip. “It sets the perfect stage for scales, and it takes one of the great his- scientist Jacques Alexandre Charles your romantic escapade,” the balloon torians and biographers of the Romantic wrote of the ballooning experience as company’s advertising copy reads, rec- era to retrieve what it once signied. -
Article the Spectacle of Science Aloft
SISSA – International School for Advanced Studies Journal of Science Communication ISSN 1824 – 2049 http://jcom.sissa.it/ Article The spectacle of science aloft Cristina Olivotto Since the first pioneering balloon flight undertaken in France in 1783, aerial ascents became an ordinary show for the citizens of the great European cities until the end of the XIX century. Scientists welcomed balloons as an extraordinary device to explore the aerial ocean and find answers to their questions. At the same time, due to the theatricality of ballooning, sky became a unique stage where science could make an exhibition of itself. Namely, ballooning was not only a scientific device, but a way to communicate science as well. Starting from studies concerning the public facet of aerial ascents and from the reports of the aeronauts themselves, this essay explores the importance of balloon flights in growing the public sphere of science. Also, the reasons that led scientists to exploit “the show of science aloft” (earning funds, public support, dissemination of scientific culture…) will be presented and discussed. Introduction After the first aerial ascent in 1783, several scientists believed that ballooning could become an irreplaceable device to explore the upper atmosphere: the whole XIX century “gave birth to countless endeavours to render the balloon as navigable in air as the ship at sea”.1 From an analysis of the aerial ascents undertaken for scientific purposes and the characters of the scientists who organized and performed them – no more than 10 aeronauts from the beginning of the century to 1875 – an important feature emerges: ballooning – due to its proper nature - became a powerful tool in attiring a general public toward science, more effectively than scientific papers and oral lectures. -
Charles's Law and Absolute Zero
Charles’s Law and Absolute Zero Kinetic Molecular Theory and PTV SCIENTIFIC Introduction Charles’s Law describes the relationship between the temperature of a gas and its volume. In order to understand this rela- tionship, we must imagine what happens to the particles in a gas when it is heated or cooled. The temperature of a gas mea- sures the average kinetic energy of the gas particles—how fast they are moving. When a gas is heated, the kinetic energy of the particles increases and they move faster. When a gas is cooled, the kinetic energy of the particles decreases and they move slower. Is there a lower limit to the temperature scale at which the particles stop moving altogether and their kinetic energy is zero? What would happen to the volume of a gas at this minimum temperature? Concepts • Temperature • Charles’s law • Absolute zero • Kinetic-molecular theory Background The purpose of this activity is to carry out a modern version of classic experiments relating the volume and temperature of a gas. The demonstration will be carried out using gases trapped inside sealed syringes. The syringes will be placed in water baths ranging in temperature from –15 °C to 80 °C. The volume of each gas will be measured at five different temperatures to test whether the Charles’s Law relationship is valid for different gases. The data will be plotted on a graph and then extrapolated backwards to estimate how low a temperature would be needed to reduce the volume of a gas to zero, that is, to reach absolute zero. -
Benjamin Franklin 1 Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin 1 Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin 6th President of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania In office October 18, 1785 – December 1, 1788 Preceded by John Dickinson Succeeded by Thomas Mifflin 23rd Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly In office 1765–1765 Preceded by Isaac Norris Succeeded by Isaac Norris United States Minister to France In office 1778–1785 Appointed by Congress of the Confederation Preceded by New office Succeeded by Thomas Jefferson United States Minister to Sweden In office 1782–1783 Appointed by Congress of the Confederation Preceded by New office Succeeded by Jonathan Russell 1st United States Postmaster General In office 1775–1776 Appointed by Continental Congress Preceded by New office Succeeded by Richard Bache Personal details Benjamin Franklin 2 Born January 17, 1706 Boston, Massachusetts Bay Died April 17, 1790 (aged 84) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Nationality American Political party None Spouse(s) Deborah Read Children William Franklin Francis Folger Franklin Sarah Franklin Bache Profession Scientist Writer Politician Signature [1] Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 [O.S. January 6, 1705 ] – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A noted polymath, Franklin was a leading author, printer, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, musician, inventor, satirist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a major figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. He invented the lightning rod, bifocals, the Franklin stove, a carriage odometer, and the glass 'armonica'. He formed both the first public lending library in America and the first fire department in Pennsylvania. -
The Gas Laws
HANDOUT SET GENERAL CHEMISTRY I Periodic Table of the Elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 IA VIIIA 1 2 1 H He 1.00794 IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.00262 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.179 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.9898 24.305 26.98154 28.0855 30.97376 32.066 35.453 39.948 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.0983 40.078 44.9559 47.88 50.9415 51.9961 54.9380 55.847 58.9332 58.69 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.59 74.9216 78.96 79.904 83.80 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.4678 87.62 88.9059 91.224 92.9064 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.9055 106.42 107.8682 112.41 114.82 118.710 121.75 127.60 126.9045 131.29 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La* Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9054 137.34 138.91 178.49 180.9479 183.85 186.207 190.2 192.22 195.08 196.9665 200.59 204.383 207.2 208.9804 (209) (210) (222) 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 7 Fr Ra Ac** Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt *** (223) 226.0254 227.0278 (261) (262) (263) (264) (265) (266) (270) (272) (277) *Lanthanides 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu 140.12 140.9077 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.9342 173.04 174.967 **Actinides 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 232.038 231.0659 238.0289 237.0482 (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (260) Mass numbers in parenthesis are the mass numbers of the most stable isotopes. -
THE HISTORY of FLIGHT and the PIONEERS of FLIGHT by Davide Sandrin & 4M
THE HISTORY OF FLIGHT AND THE PIONEERS OF FLIGHT by Davide Sandrin & 4M From the myths and flying legends to the modern flight 2018/2019 MYTHS AND FLYING LEGENDS 10’000 B.C. – 200 A.D. 3 MAIN LEGENDS: • DAEDALUS & ICARUS: IMPRISONED BY MINOS, THEY BUILT TWO WAXED WINGS TO ESCAPE, BUT ICARUS FLEW TOO CLOSE TO THE SUN AND HIS WINGS MELTED. • PEGASUS: THE FLYING HORSE THAT COULD CARRY HIS RIDERS • THE ARABIAN FLYING CARPET EILMER THE MONK FROM MALMESBURY 1000 A.D. – Malmesbury Abbey • EILMER MADE THE FIRST GLIDING FLIGHT FROM THE ROOF OF MALMESBURY’S ABBEY • THE FLIGHT WAS 15 SECONDS LONG, AND IT WAS AN UNSUCCESSFUL FLIGHT, BECAUSE HE CRASHED WHILE HE WAS TRYING TO LAND. LEONARDO DA VINCI 15th April 1452 (Anchiano, Italy) – 2nd May 1519 (Amboise, France) • HE WAS AN ITALIAN INVENTOR, WHOSE AREAS OF INTEREST INCLUDED INVENTION, DRAWING, PAINTING, SCULPTING, ARCHITECTURE, SCIENCE, MUSIC, MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, LITERATURE, ANATOMY, GEOLOGY, ASTRONOMY, BOTANY, WRITING, HISTORY, AND CARTOGRAPHY. • AFTER CAREFULLY EXAMINING THE FLIGHT OF THE BIRDS, HE SKETCHED VARIOUS FLYING MACHINES, LIKE ORITHOPTERS AND HELICOPTERS. • HIS CREATIONS, UNFORTUNATELY, COULDN’T LEAVE THE GROUND. THE MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS • Joseph Michael (1740 – 1810) and Jacques Etienne (1745 – 1799) • FRENCH INVENTORS OF THE FIRST HOT AIR BALLOON THAT SUCCESSFULLY CARRIED HUMANS. • 1ST FLIGHT (TETHERED UNMANNED FLIGHT): 4TH JUNE 1783 IN PARIS • 1ST UNTETHERED UNMANNED FLIGHT: 19TH SEPTEMBER 1783: 8 MINUTES, 3KM, MAXIMUM ALTITUDE OF 460M • 1ST TETHERED MANNED FLIGHT: 21ST NOVEMBER 1783, MADE BY JACQUES ETIENNE (WITH PILATRE DE ROZIER) JEAN-FRANÇOIS PILÂTRE DE ROZIER 1754 - 1785 • FRENCH PIONEER, HE FLEW WITH THE MONTGOLFIER BROTHERS IN THE PUBLIC DEMONSTRATIONS OF THE FIRST HOT AIR BALLOON; • HE DROVE THE HYDROGEN BALLOON, AN UPDATE OF THE MONTGOLFIER HOT AIR BALLOON. -
Introduction to the Special Issue on Scientific Balloon Capabilities and Instrumentation
INTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE ON SCIENTIFIC BALLOON CAPABILITIES AND INSTRUMENTATION J. A. GASKIN1, I. S., SMITH2, AND W. V. JONES3 1 X-Ray Astronomy Group, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA, [email protected]. 2Space Science and Engineering Division/15, Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Rd, San Antonio, TX 78238, USA, [email protected] 3Science Mission Directorate, Astrophysics Division DH000 NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546, USA, [email protected] Received (to be inserted by publisher); Revised (to be inserted by publisher); Accepted (to be inserted by publisher); In 1783, the Montgolfier brothers ushered in a new era of transportation and exploration when they used hot air to drive an un- tethered balloon to an altitude of ~2 km. Made of sackcloth and held together with cords, this balloon challenged the way we thought about human travel, and it has since evolved into a robust platform for performing novel science and testing new technologies. Today, high-altitude balloons regularly reach altitudes of 40 km, and they can support payloads that weigh more than 3,000 kg. Long-duration balloons can currently support mission durations lasting ~55 days, and developing balloon technologies (i.e. Super-Pressure Balloons) are expected to extend that duration to 100 days or longer; competing with satellite payloads. This relatively inexpensive platform supports a broad range of science payloads, spanning multiple disciplines (astrophysics, heliophysics, planetary and earth science.) Applications extending beyond traditional science include testing new technologies for eventual space-based application and stratospheric airships for planetary applications. Keywords: balloon payloads, scientific ballooning, balloon flight operations. -
ROY KIYOOKA's "THE FONTAINEBLEAU DREAM MACHINE": a READING Eva-Marie Kröller
ROY KIYOOKA'S "THE FONTAINEBLEAU DREAM MACHINE": A READING Eva-Marie Kröller С A GLOSSARY OF ART TERMS in 1851, Eugène Delacroix explored the differences between image and word: "the book is like an edifice of which the front is often a sign-board, behind which, once [the painter] is introduced there, he must again and again give equal attention to the different rooms composing the monument he is visiting, not forgetting those which he has left behind him, and not without seeking in advance, through what he knows alrcadly, to determine what his impression will be at the end of his expedition,"1 and he goes on to speculate that, as "portions of pictures in movement,"2 books require as much involvement from their readers who are to link these portions, as they do from their authors. Such commitment is expected of the reader of Roy Kiyooka's The Fontaine- bleau Dream Machine: 18 Frames from a Book of Rhetoric (1977), a work which pays repeated homage to Delacroix as an artist in whose paintings operatic visions of historical splendour are sometimes paradoxically wedded to despair over "man's gifts of reflection and imagination. Fatal gifts,"3 and over the fragility of art in a chaotic world. Anticipating twentieth-century Absurdism, Delacroix enquires, "Docs not barbarism, like the Fury who watches Sisyphus rolling his stone to the top of the mountain, return almost periodically to overthrow and confound, to bring forth night after too brilliant a day?"* Both part of and opponent to nature, man oscillates between violating her with his intellect, and succumbing to her, as a. -
Chemical Phenomena
CHEMICAL 5PHENOMENA Written by Samantha Tjen Designed and edit by Rebecca Sopacua HENRY’S LAW (SOLUBILITY) Explanation: Henry’s Law states that the concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid - P is the partial pressure (mole P ∝ C P = k ×C fraction of that gas multiplied by the H total pressure above liquid), determining the amount of gas that goes into liquid William Henry (1774-1836) - C is the concentration of the gas molecules on the surface of liquid - kH is a constant determining the amount of gas that goes out of liquid William Henry was an English chemist, born on December 12, 1775, who proposed the solubility law known as Henry’s Law in 1803. He grew up in Manchester during the Chemical Revolution, when it was found out that air and water are not elements. Henry’s Law can be simply called as Coke’s Law as it explains what happens when you open the seal of a soda can. Pressure drops when the soda can is open and gas bubbles (CO2) will move in and out of the liquid. He was then awarded with the Copley Medal and continued to work on the findings of inflammable mixture of gases for a couple decades long. Through his lifetime, he started to experience neurological pains, which affected his nervous system significantly, making him sleep deprived. Eventually, he died on September 2, 1836. Written by Samantha Tjen Designed and edit by Rebecca Sopacua CHARLES LAW Charles Law states that at constant pressure, the volume of gas will be proportional to the temperature of gas.