Die Erfindung Des Ballons Und Die Begrtindung Der Chemie

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Die Erfindung Des Ballons Und Die Begrtindung Der Chemie jr 't .'-.: .: ' : -?.r-+:;i i-a$i-a+a1$ :-:.:rJ,..;-.. -', .-i r. :;'r -^.'.' Die Erfindungdes Ballons und die Begrtindungder Chemie Hinter den erstenBallonfahrten vor 200 Jahren standein Umbruch im chemischenDenken, der mit den aristotelischenVorstellungen auch in diesem Zweig der Naturwissenschaftbrach. Die Vdter der modernen Chemie lieBen so den Menschheitstraumvom Fliegen Wirklichkeit werden. Von Arthur F. Scott m 21. November1783 erhoben grciBerer Papiersack, mit geniigend einem Feld bei Gonesse,wo er die Ein- sich im Garten des Schlosses Rauch gefiillt, vom Boden erheben kcin- wohner so erschreckte,daB sie ihn in von la Muette am westlichen ne. Am 4. Juni 1783demonstrierten sie Fetzenrissen. Stadtrand von Paris zum ersten Mal ihre Idee erstmalsin der Offentlichkeit Etwa drei Wochenspdter wiederholte Menschenin die Liifte. Es waren Jean- (Bild 1). Ihr ,,Ballon" war ein mit papier Jacques-EtienneMontgolfier das Expe- FrangoisPildtre de Rozier,der junge Di- ausgekleideterkugelformiger Sack aus riment von Annonay in Versailles,dies- rektor eines Wissenschaftsmuseumsin Leinen.Er hatteeinen Durchmesser von mal in GegenwartLudwigs XVI und sei- Paris, und FranEoisLaurent Marquis etwa zwcilf Metern und wog knapp 250 nesHofes. Verglichen mit der Vorberei- d'Arlandes,ein Armeeoffiziermit guten Kilogramm. Aufgeblasenwurde er iiber tungszeit fiir den Aufstieg des ersten Beziehungen zum Hof Krinig Ludwigs einemmit kleinenStrohbiindeln gendhr- Wasserstoffballons,machte das Fiillen XVI. Auf der Galerie einesvon den Brii- ten Feuer.Nach dem Loslassenerhob er mit HeiBluft nicht viel Miihe. Nach zehn dern Joseph-Michelund Jacques-Etien- sich in betrdchtlicheH<ihe und kam erst Minuten war der Ballon startklar. Fi.ir ne Montgolfier (Bild 3) konstruierten nach rund zehn Minuten gut zwei Kilo- diese Demonstration hatte man einen HeiBluftballonsblieben die beidenunse- meter entfernt auf die Erde zuriick. Die Weidenkorbdaran befestigt, in dem sich tahr 23 Minuten lang in der Luft. Nich Begeisterungwar groB, und die Neuig- ein Hammel,ein Hahn und eineEnte be- einer Flugstreckevon nahezuneun Kilo- keit verbreitetesich raschdurch Frank- fanden.Der Ballon selbstbestand nicht metern landeten sie wohlbehalten auf reich und ganzEuropa. mehr aus einem schlichtenPapiersack freiem Feld an der StraBenach Fontaine- wie beim erstenAufstieg, sondernwar bleau. mit Olfarben bunt angemalt.Der Flug War der Flug an sichschon hcichst be- Wettstreit der Aeronautiker endete nach drei Kilometern in einem achtenswert,so verdeutlichteer zugleich Wald. Die ersten Flugreisendenhatten einen gewaltigenFortschritt in der Che- Den ndchsten Ballonversuchftihrte ihn unversehrtiiberstanden. mie: den Sturz der Phlogistontheorie, zwei Monate spdtereine andereGruppe Nachdem die Durchfiihrbarkeit von der die Entdeckung,da8 es Gasemit un- in Parisunter Leitungdes Physikers Jac- Ballonfliigeneinmal bewiesen war, wur- terschiedlichemGewicht gibt, den To- ques Charles durch. Auf Grund seiner den die praktischen Mciglichkeiten densstoBversetzte. Die Namen von vier Kenntnis der jiingstenEntdeckungen in schnellerprobt. Im Oktober stiegde Ro- bedeutenden Chemikern Joseph der Gaschemielie8 Charlesden Ballon zier in eineman Seilengehaltenen Mont- Black, Henry Cavendish,Joseph Priest- mit Wasserstoff fiillen. Da Wasserstoff golfier-Ballonauf rund 25 Meter Hrihe ley und - Antoine Lavoisier sindeng mit durch eine Papierhiillerasch entwichen und blieb dort fiir etwavier Minuten.Ei- der Geschichteder ersten bemannten wdre,wurde der Ballon ausdiinnem Sei- nen Monat spdter machten de Rozier und unbemannten Ballonfahrten ver- denstoffhergestellt und mit einer Gum- und der Marquisd'Arlandes ihren histo- kniipft. Ihre Arbeiten ebnetenzugleich milcisungbeschichtet. Den Wasserstoff rischenFlug iiber Paris(Bild 2). den Weg zu einem neuen Verstdndnis gewannCharles, indem er Schwefelsiiure Charlesgab sichjedoch nicht geschla- vom chemischenAufbau der Materie. auf EisenspdnegoB. gen und startetenur zehn Tage spdter, Die Gebriider Montgolfier lebten in Es dauertemehrere Tage, den Ballon am 1. Dezember,mit einemzweiten Pas- Annonay, einer Stadt stdlich von Lyon. auf seinenendgiiltigen Durchmesser von sagieran Bord von Parisaus zur ersten Sie waren fasziniert von der Idee des vier Metern aufzublasen.Dabei wurden Fahrt im Wasserstoffballon(Bild 4). Sie Fliegens und kamen auf den Gedanken, 500 Pfund Sdureund 1000 Pfund Eisen dauertezwei Stunden und fiihrte die bei- einemit dem Raucheines Feuers eefiillte verbraucht.Eine riesigeMenschenmen- den Mdnner in das rund 40 Kilometer Papierttite krinnein die Luft aufiteisen. ge bestaunte schlieBlichden Aufstieg entfernte StedtchenNesle. Dort setzte Gegen Ende desJahres I782 machten vom Marsfeld am 27. August. Der Bal- Charlesseinen Mitfahrer ab und stiegal- sie zwei Vorversuche,die sie zu der lon blieb 45 Minuten in der Luft und lein auf etwa drei Kilometer Hcihe em- Uberzeugungbrachten, da8 sichauch ein landete etwa 25 Kilometer entfernt in por. Innerhalb von nur sechsMonaten 106 Speklrum dcr Wissenschafl. Mdrz 198.1 ,r'-a -axr'--:1i., '+_*f4"**Fa* . r',' + f+re -- e- :=fJ: ji 'tr.".? r{**s-- @; Bild L: Die erste iiffentliche Vorfiihrung eines Hei8luftballons durch die ein mit Papier ausgekleideter, kugelfiirmiger Leinensack, war 12 Meter Gebriider Montgolfier am 4. Juni 1783 in Annonay bei Lyon. Der Ballon, dick und wog rund 250 Kilogramm. Der Flug dauerte zehn Minuten. SDektrum der Wissenschaft. Marz 1981 r07 lE:+,:ti ;E:"lsi-"5.4 -r;i;=-:..r-i+;.--_, l .l t:**i:2'".r Bild 2: Der erste freie Flug eines bemannten Hei8luftballons fand am 21. ren, PilAtre de Rozier und dem Marquis d'Arlandes, wog er gut 7fi) Kilo- November 1783 iiber Paris statt. Der besonders kunstvoll geschmiickte gramm. Nach 23 Minuten landeten die ersten Luftfahrer neun Kilometer Ballon, von den Gebriidern Montgolfier entworfen, hatte einen Durch- von ihrem Aufstiegsort endernt an der Shalle nach Fontainebleau. Die An- messer von 15 Metern und war 22 Meter hoch. Mit seinen zwei passagie- sicht stellt angeblich den Blick von Benjamin Franklins Haus in Passy dar. 108 Spektrum der wisscnschaft, Marz 1984 hatte die Menschheit also die Luft er- obert und das Fliegen gelernt. In den Jahrennach 1783fanden iiber- all in Europa Ballonfliige statt. Beson- ders beachtenswertwar ein Aufstieg mit Joseph Montgolfier als Navigator, dem einzigen der Montgolfier-Briider, der je selbstgeflogen ist. Er starteteam 19. Ja- nuar 1784 von Lyon mit der ,,Flessel- les". Mehr als 50 Meter hoch und mit ei- nem Durchmesservon etwa 30 Metern, war sie der bis dahin grciBte Ballon. Durch ein Strohfeuerin nur 17 Minuten aufgeblasen,erhob sich die heiBe Kugel mit sieben Personen an Bord fiir zwolf Minuten auf etwa 1000Meter Hdhe. Erfolg reihte sich nun an Erfolg. Im August 1784 stieg der franzcisischeChe- miker Guyton de Moreau in Begleitung Bild 3: Die GebriiderMontgolfier, Joseph-Mi- erstenBallonlliigen war Joseph 43 undEtienne des Abb6 Bertrand auf iiber drei Kilo- chel (inks) und Jacques-Etienne(rechts), in 38 Jahrealt Das Bild von Etienneentstand meter Hrihe, wo die beiden Daten iiber Kupferstichendes 19. Jahrhunderts.Bei ihren nacheinem Portrii! dasseine Tochter anfertigte. Temperatur und Druck der Atmosphdre sammelten. Im Januar des folgenden Jahres schlieBlichgelang dem franzcisi- schenAeronauten Jean Pierre Blanchard Tragweite zu sein. So kcinnte sie die Wer mit den heutigen wissenschaftli- gemeinsam mit dem amerikanischen Herrscher von der Torheit kriegerischer chen Vorstellungen vertraut ist, kann Arzt John Jeffries die erste Kanaliiber- Unternehmungen iiberzeugen, da sie iiber den primitiven Zustand der Chemie querung(von Dover nachCalais). auch dem miichtigsten unter ihnen die zu Beginn des 18. Jahrhundertsnur stau- Nach dem ersten Ballonaufstieg in Mciglichkeit nimmt, sein Reich zu schiit- nen. Die alchemistischeIdee, daB alle Annonay setztedie franzdsischeAkade- zen. Fiinftausend Ballone, die je zwei Materie aus den vier irdischen Elemen- mie der Wissenschaftenauf Ersuchen Mann tragen kcinnen,di.irften nicht mehr ten Luft, Erde, Feuer und Wasser zu- der Regierung eine Kommission ein, die als ftinf Kriegsschiffekosten; und wo ist sammengesetztsei, war noch weit ver- i.iber dieses Experiment berichten und der Frinz, der es sich leisten kcinnte,sein breitet. Vor etwa 2000 Jahren von Ari- weitereExperimente planen sollte. Fiih- Land so dicht mit Verteidigern zu iiber- stoteles in seinem spdter ,,Naturwissen- rendesMitglied dieserKommission war ziehen,daB zehntausendMenschen, die schaft" genanntenWerk aufgestellt,hat- Lavoisier, der franzcisischeChemiker, aus den Wolken herabschweben,nicht te sie unter anderem zu dem Irrglauben dessen wissenschaftlicheEntdeckungen an vielen Stellen unermeBlichenSchaden gefiihrt, verschiedeneStoffe lieBen sich mit die Grundlagenzu den erstenBal- anrichten ktinnten, bevor eine Streit- ineinander umwandeln. lonfahrten geliefert hatten. Die franzdsi- macht zusammengebrachtwdre, sie zu- Das regte zur illusorischenSuche nach sche Regierung betrachtete die Erfin- rtickzuschlagen?" dem Stein der Weisen an, der Eisen und dung des Ballons offensichtlich als sehr Blei in Gold verwandelnsollte. Ein Erbe bedeutsam, denn sie finanzierte einige der aristotelischenIdeen war aber auch der Fahrten,die spdterunter der Regie Von der Alchemie die Phlogistontheorie, die das Denken der Kommission durchgefiihrt wurden. zum Phlogiston der Chemiker im grdBten Teil des acht- Die Reaktion der britischenWissen- zehntenJahrhunderts triiben und verwir- schaftler auf die Ballonfliige war dage- Die spektakuldren
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