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Chemical Phenomena CHEMICAL 5PHENOMENA Written by Samantha Tjen Designed and edit by Rebecca Sopacua HENRY’S LAW (SOLUBILITY) Explanation: Henry’s Law states that the concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid - P is the partial pressure (mole P ∝ C P = k ×C fraction of that gas multiplied by the H total pressure above liquid), determining the amount of gas that goes into liquid William Henry (1774-1836) - C is the concentration of the gas molecules on the surface of liquid - kH is a constant determining the amount of gas that goes out of liquid William Henry was an English chemist, born on December 12, 1775, who proposed the solubility law known as Henry’s Law in 1803. He grew up in Manchester during the Chemical Revolution, when it was found out that air and water are not elements. Henry’s Law can be simply called as Coke’s Law as it explains what happens when you open the seal of a soda can. Pressure drops when the soda can is open and gas bubbles (CO2) will move in and out of the liquid. He was then awarded with the Copley Medal and continued to work on the findings of inflammable mixture of gases for a couple decades long. Through his lifetime, he started to experience neurological pains, which affected his nervous system significantly, making him sleep deprived. Eventually, he died on September 2, 1836. Written by Samantha Tjen Designed and edit by Rebecca Sopacua CHARLES LAW Charles Law states that at constant pressure, the volume of gas will be proportional to the temperature of gas. Pressure takes into account the amount of molecules present, colliding with the walls in a closed system. As temperature increases, more heat energy will cause the molecules to gain kinetic energy, thus expanding the closed system and vice versa. (i.e. hot air balloon) Jacques Charles (1746-1823) Jacques Charles was a French inventor, born on November 12, 1746, who with Nicolas Robert managed to ascend a hydrogen balloon first in 1783. He developed the Charles Law explaining the expansion of gases later on in 1787. He grew up in Beaugency, Loiret, France. As he got older, he started working as a clerk in the Ministry of Finance in Paris, but was later on fascinated in science. Eventually, he became well known for his studies on how volume of gas varies with temperature. When Charles discovered the phenomenon that is now explained in Charles Law, he did not publish his own work. Other scientists such as Gay-Lussac also got to discover it soon, but they all gave credit to Charles for his original work. On April 7, 1823, he died in Paris. Written by Samantha Tjen Designed and edit by Rebecca Sopacua GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION Graham’s Law states that the rate of diffusion of gas through a membrane is inversely proportional to the square root of its molecular weight. The rate of diffusion of the molecules depends on the kinetic energy of the molecules. The factor taken into account is the molecular weight or mass of the molecules. Thomas Graham (1805-1869) Kinetic Energy Thomas Graham was a British chemist, born in December 20, 1805, and is famous for being one of the founders of colloid chemistry, which includes groundbreaking studies on gas flow through a microporous membrane. He developed Graham’s Law of Diffusion in 1829, which explains the relation between the permeation rate of two gases. He grew up in Glasgow, Scotland, being the son of a merchant and manufacturer in the city. His dream of being a chemist was not supported by his father. However, he continued with his education to pursue chemistry. He had made many contributions such as introducing chemical terms such as crystalloid and dialysis that are now commonly known among chemists. He received the Keith prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1834, and for the last, the Copley medal of the Royal Society in 1862. He was the last person to hold the position of Master of the Mint from 1855 till his death on September 16, 1869. Written by Samantha Tjen Designed and edit by Rebecca Sopacua FICK’S LAW OF DIFFUSION P ∝ C P = k ×C Fick’s Law states that H the rate of diffusion of gas is proportional to the difference in partial pressure (particles in a Factors: volume), surface area - Thickness 1 / Rate of Diffusion and diffusion constant, - P(diff in partial pressure) Rate of and is inversely Diffusion proportional to the - A (surface area) Rate of Diffusion thickness of membrane. - D (diffusion constant) Rate of Diffusion - Diffusion constant, D is the relationship between the solubility (Henry’s Law) over the square root of Adolf E. Fick (1829-1901) molecular weight Adolf E. Fick was a (Graham’s Law) German physiologist, born on September 3, 1829, who proposed the Fick’s Law of Diffusion in 1855. He grew up in Kassel, Germany in a family full of achievers, with his father as an architect and his siblings studying chemistry, law and anatomy. In 1847-1848, he began studying mathematics and physics, but he eventually decided to study medicine as well. After obtaining a doctorate degree, he followed his friend, Carl Ludwig, to Zurich to start his scientific career. He was known to make excellent mathematical evaluations of several physiological processes. In 1889, he then retired and died two years later on August 21, 1901, due to cerebral Written by Samantha Tjen Designed and edit by Rebecca Sopacuahemorrhage. GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW Gay-Lussac’s Law states that at constant volume, the pressure of gas is proportional to its temperature. Without changing the amount of space occupied by molecules, an increase in temperature will result in more molecules moving vigorously due to increased heat energy converted to kinetic energy. Thus, more collisions would likely occur resulting in higher pressure. Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) Joseph Gay-Lussac was a French chemist and physicist, born on December 6, 1778, who specialised in investigating the behaviour of gases and was known to discover the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water. He grew up in Saint-Léonard-de-Noblat, France and was the eldest son in the family. When he was still young, he had already become interested in science, but his father was preparing him to study law. Regardless, he still continued to study chemistry and got admitted into École Polytechnique due to his outstanding mathematical skills. He was known to be an excellent student in class and had applied lots of chemistry concepts to the field of engineering. After he graduated, he went to another prestigious school, but was later withdrawn to pursue his scientific career. His first publication in 1802 is now a phenomenon explained in Charles Law. He gave the credit to him for his original work and for the fact that Charles had discovered it 15 years earlier, but had not published. Written by Samantha Tjen Designed and edit by Rebecca Sopacua RESOURCES - https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Henry - https://www.lindahall.org/william-henry/ - https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Wiuat7KdMmA - https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/127571/view/william-henry-english-che mist (image) - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Graham - https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/obituarythomas-graham-chemist/ - https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=g6QuuoTs2Oo - https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Graham (image) - https://anesthesiology.pubs.asahq.org/article.aspx?articleid=1948127 - https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and -press-releases/fick-adolf-eugen - https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Cg4KlmI_acs - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Eugen_Fick (image) - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jacques-Charles - http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ce-Co/Charles-Jacques.html - https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Charles (image) - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Joseph-Louis-Gay-Lussac - https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Louis_Gay-Lussac (image) Written by Samantha Tjen Designed and edit by Rebecca Sopacua.
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