2011 INSTRONICS Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

YEAR: 2011 ISSUE:3 VOL:12 NOV CONTENTS

1. BASICS Convenor  Terms & Definitions------1 Prof.M.Muruganandam, HOD/EIE. 2.PERSONALITY

Chief Editor  ------2

Prof.C.Venkatesh, 3. CIRCUIT IDEA Asst.Prof./EIE.  Mini Tracker------4

Student Editors 4. NEW PRODUCTS------5

Ms.A.Priyanga, Mr.N.Yuvaraj. 5. SENSOR

Sub-Editors  Wired Glove------6

6.KNOW HOW?------8 Mr.C.S.Muraleedharan, Ms.S.A.Diana Mary, 7.CROSS WORD ------10 Ms.J.Nivedhitha.

8. TECHNO FOCUS------11 Graphics & 9.DEEP FOCUS ------12 Designing 10.COMPANY PROFILE ------14 Mr.C.Vijay. Mr.S.Vignesh Kumar.

EDITORS:

The Editors and Publishers of this magazine do their best to verify the information published, but do not take responsibili ty for the absolute accuracy of the information.

Your commends are welcomed and you can send your and newsletters through email to the mail-ID [email protected]

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“Our life is what our thought makes of it Great thought comes from the heart”

We thank Our Beloved Principal Dr.M.Madheswaran For his valuable guidance and encouragement in bringing up this magazine “INSTRONICS” successfully. - EIE ASSOCIATION

2011 INSTRONICS Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

TERMS &DEFINITIONS: INTERCHANGEABILITY ERROR: ICON: A measurement error that can occur if two or more probes are used to A graphic functional symbol make the same measurement. It is display. Graphic representation of a caused by a slight variation in functions to be performed by the characteristics of different probes. computer.

INTERPRETER: IPTS-68: A system program that converts International Practical and executes each instruction of a Temperature Scale of 1968. Fixed high-level language program into points in thermometry set by the 1968 machine code as it runs, before going General Conference of Weights and onto the next instruction. Measures.

IEEE 802: ISOLATION A family of standards specified TRANSFORMER: by the Institute of Electrical and A transformer that protects its Electronic Engineers for data connected devices from surrounding communication over local and electromagnetic interference. metropolitan area networks. ISOPOTENTIAL POINT: INTEGRAL CONTROLLER: A potential which is not A continuous-mode controller affected by temperature changes. It is whose output to the control field the pH value at which dE/dt for a given device changes according to how the electrode pair is zero. Normally, for a error signal changes over time. glass electrode and SHE reference, this potential is obtained approximately INTEGRAL OF TIME AND when immersed in pH 7 buffer. ABSOLUTE ERROR OPEN- INDIVIDUAL CONTROL: LOOP TUNING METHOD A PLC control system (ITAE): organization in which a PLC controls a A method used to determine the single machine or process. proper tuning constants for a controller based on the minimization of the INTERFACE: integral of time and the absolute error A circuit that permits of the response. communication between a central

processing unit and a field input or INSULATION RESISTANCE: output device. The resistance measured between two insulated points on a transducer when a specific dc voltage is applied at room temperature.

INTERRUPT: By: The act of redirecting a program’s execution to perform a more Mr.S.Karthik, urgent task. Pre-Final Year(MEIEA).

2011 INSTRONICS 1 Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

JACQUES CHARLES very personally intellectual with the other sex as well. Lamarine was also interested in Charles. After Julie's death, Lamarine fell in love with Charles.

Hydrogen flights

Born : November 12, 1746 Beaugency, Orléanais Died : April 7,1823 (aged 76) Nationality : France The balloon built by Jacques Fields : Physics Mathematics Charles and the Robert brothers is Balloonist attacked by terrified villagers in . Charles and the Robert brothers launched the world's first (unmanned) Charles conceived the idea that hydrogen-filled balloon in August hydrogen would be a suitable lifting 1783, then in December , Charles and agent for having studied the his co-pilot Nicolas-Louis Robert work of Robert Boyle's Boyle's Law ascended to a height of about 1,800 which was published 100 years earlier feet (550 m) in a manned balloon. in 1662, and of his contemporaries Their pioneering the use of hydrogen Henry Cavendish, Joseph Black and for lift led to this type of balloon being Tiberius Cavallo. He designed the craft named a Charlière. and then worked in conjunction with the Robert brothers, Anne-Jean and Biography Nicolas-Louis, to build it in their workshop at the Place des Victoires in Charles was born in . Beaugency-sur-Loire in 1746, He married Julie Françoise Bouchaud des The brothers invented the Hérettes (1784–1817), a creolea methodology for the lightweight, sheman 37 years younger than himself. airtight gas bag by dissolving rubber in Reportedly the poet Alphonse de a solution of turpentine and varnished Lamartine also fell in love with her, the sheets of silk that were stitched and she was the inspiration for Elvire together to make the main envelope. in his 1820 autobiographical Poetic They used alternate strips of red and Meditation "Le Lac" ("The Lake"), white silk, but the discolouration of the which describes in retrospect the varnishing/rubberising process left a fervent love shared by a couple from red and yellow result. the point of view of the bereaved man. Charles outlived her and died in Paris Jacques Charles and the Robert on April 7, 1823. He was considered brothers launched the world's first hydrogen filled balloon on August 27,

2 2011 INSTRONICS Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

1783, from the Champ de Mars, (now to help finance the construction and the site of the ) where Ben receive access to a 'special enclosure' Franklin was among the crowd of on for a "close-up view" of the take-off. lookers.The balloon was comparatively Also present was Joseph Montgolfier, small, a 35 cubic metre sphere of whom Charles honoured by asking him rubberised silk, and only capable of to release the small, bright green, pilot lifting circa 9 kg (20 lb). It was filled balloon to assess the wind and weather with hydrogen that had been made by conditions. pouring nearly a quarter of a tonne of sulphuric acid onto a half a tonne of Charles' law scrap iron. The hydrogen gas was fed into the balloon via lead pipes; but as it Charles' law (also known as the was not passed through cold water, law of volumes), describing how gases great difficulty was experienced in tend to expand when heated, was first filling the balloon completely. published by natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but The balloon flew northwards he credited it to unpublished work by for 45 minutes, pursued by chasers on Jacques Charles, and named the law in horseback, and landed 21 kilometers his honour. away in the village of Gonesse where the reportedly terrified local peasants Around 1787 Charles did an destroyed it with pitchforks or knives. experiment where he filled 5 balloons to the same volume with different First Manned Hydrogen gases. He then raised the temperature Balloon Flight of the balloons to 80 °C and noticed that they all increased in volume by the At 13:45 on December 1, 1783 same amount. This experiment was Jacques Charles and the Robert referenced by Gay-Lussac in 1802 brothers launched a new manned when he published a paper on the balloon from the Jardin des Tuileries in precise relationship between the Paris. Jacques Charles was volume and temperature of a gas. accompanied by Nicolas-Louis Robert Charles' Law states that under constant as co-pilot of the 380-cubic-metre, pressure, an ideal gas' volume is hydrogen-filled balloon. The envelope proportional to its absolute was fitted with a hydrogen release temperature. The volume of a gas at valve and was covered with a net from constant pressure increases linearly which the basket was suspended. Sand with the absolute temperature of the ballast was used to control altitude. gas. The formula he created was They ascended to a height of about V1/T1 = V2/T2. 1,800 feet (550 m) and landed at sunset in Nesles-la-Vallée after a 2 hour 5 minute flight covering 36 km. The chasers on horseback, who were led by the Duc de Chartres, held down the craft while both Charles and Nicolas- Louis alighted. By: It is reported that 400,000 spectators witnessed the launch, and Mr.N.Yuvaraj, that hundreds had paid one crown each Pre-Final Year(MEIEA).

2011 INSTRONICS 3 Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

MINI TRACKER collector-emitter junction of the Pulse Generator. The RF transistor is also The Mini Tracker transmits a turned on via the 47k base bias resistor very short burst of carrier which and current flows though the collector produces a blank spot on the FM dial - circuit consisting of a 5 turn coil and commonly called “silence.” 39p. The capacitor begins to charge as the coil presents a blockage to the voltage at this early stage of the cycle.

Fig. Circuit Diagram of Mini Tracker

The circuit consists of two If the 1k resistor is removed, building blocks - both are oscillators. the Pulse Generator circuit would place The first operates at a very low rate a 220R across the battery and this (low frequency - about 2Hz) and the would put a heavy load on the battery other operates at approx 90MHz. The during the time when the RF oscillator first is a square-wave oscillator with a is operating. This would represent very short “ON time,” while the other "wasted power" and decrease rail is a sine-wave. The only thing they voltage during the time when we need have in common is a “feedback maximum output. To prevent this, we component,” to create and maintain have separated the Pulse Generator oscillation. In all other respects they circuit from the RF Oscillator with 1k are different. The first block is a 2- resistor. transistor Pulse Generator and the second is an RF oscillator. A coil and capacitor connected in parallel is called a tuned circuit and The "building block" is because it stores energy and releases it separated from the battery via a 1k similar to a tank holding water, the resistor. This is very important as the circuit is also called a tank circuit. The Pulse Generator takes a very high circuit is very compact and consumes current when it is "active." But the almost no power. current is high during the short bursts of operation and we need to check the current taken during the bursts, to make sure it is as low as possible. The RF oscillator is turned ON when the By: Pulse Generator circuit is LOW and the 330R emitter resistor is effectively Mr.S.Vignesh Kumar, connected to the negative rail, via the Pre-Final Year(MEIEA).

4 2011 INSTRONICS Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

BRAINWAVE BINOCULARS LIFESAVER BOTTLE

Military binoculars may soon Lifesaver Bottle Purifies Water get information directly from the Instantly, Removes Bacteria & Virus brains of the soldiers using them. The 'The pores are 15nm and the smallest brain is constantly processing images virus is 25nm. but most get filtered out. All the things identified by the brain doesn't make it "Water, water, everywhere, nor to the conscious level. any drop to drink", lamented the ancient mariner who was stuck in the middle of the sea. People stuck in disaster prone areas or warzones echo the words of the mariner even today.

The Pentagon uses the full potential of the brain, so it has awarded contracts to two defense firms to develop brainwave-aided binoculars. The operation is quite simple. The technology is described as One just has to fill the bottle with an example of “neuromorphic water, unlock the pump handle at the engineering” hardware and software base and build up pressure inside the that tries to emulate human filter with a few quick pumps. intelligence. The subconscious can Contaminated water flows through a detect multiple things at once, but the membrane to become sterile. conscious mind can only focus on one thing at a time. By collecting data The ultrafiltration technology using human eyes and then passing the isn't entirely new. It has been used by data back to the brain, the binoculars the water processing industry already. more or less add a second processing The genius of Pritchard's invention lies loop. in incorporating this technology in a 12inch plastic bottle. Electrodes on the scalp inside a helmet will record the user's brain activity as it processes information about high-resolution images produced by wide-angle military binoculars. Those responses will train the binoculars over time to recognize By: threats. Mr.J.J.Prakash, Pre-Final Year(MEIEA).

2011 INSTRONICS 5 Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

WIRED GLOVE HISTORY

A wired glove (sometimes The Sayre Glove, created by called a "dataglove" or "cyberglove") Electronic Visualization Laboratory in is an input device for human–computer 1977, was the first wired glove. interaction worn like a glove. In 1982 Thomas G. Zimmerman filed a patent (US Patent 4542291) on an optical flex sensor mounted in a glove to measure finger bending. Zimmerman worked with Jaron Lanier to incorporate ultrasonic and magnetic hand position tracking technology to create the Power Glove and Data Glove, respectively (US Patent 4988981, filed 1989). The optical flex sensor used in the Data Glove was invented by Young L. Harvill (US Patent 5097252, filed \ 1989) who scratched the fiber near the finger joint to make it locally sensitive Various sensor technologies are to bending. used to capture physical data such as bending of fingers. Often a motion One of the first wired gloves tracker, such as a magnetic tracking available to home users in 1987 was device or inertial tracking device, is the Nintendo Power Glove. This was attached to capture the global designed as a gaming glove for the position/rotation data of the glove. Nintendo Entertainment System. It had These movements are then interpreted a crude tracker and finger bend by the software that accompanies the sensors, plus buttons on the back. The glove, so any one movement can mean sensors in the Power Glove were also any number of things. used by hobbyists to create their own Data Gloves. Gestures can then be categorized into useful information, This was followed by the such as to recognize Sign Language or CyberGlove, created by Virtual other symbolic functions. Expensive Technologies, Inc. in 1990. Virtual high-end wired gloves can also provide Technologies was acquired by haptic feedback, which is a simulation Immersion Corporation in September of the sense of touch. This allows a 2000. In 2009, the CyberGlove line of wired glove to also be used as an products was divested by Immersion output device. Traditionally, wired Corporation and a new company, gloves have only been available at a CyberGlove Systems LLC, took over huge cost, with the finger bend sensors development, manufacturing and sales and the tracking device having to be of the CyberGlove. bought separately.Wired gloves are often used in virtual reality In addition to the CyberGlove, environments. Immersion Corp also developed three other data glove products: the CyberTouch, which vibrates each

2011 INSTRONICS 6 Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

individual finger of the glove when a A recent development in wired finger touches an object in virtual gloves is the ShapeHand developed by reality; the CyberGrasp which actually Measurand Inc. ShapeHand is ideal for simulates squeezing and touching of use in applications like the hand-over solid as well as spongy objects; and the because it uses flexible sensors that are CyberForce device which does all of not physically built into a glove so it the above and also measures the can attach to most hand sizes. precise motion of the user's entire arm. Concerned about the high cost of the most complete commercial solutions, Pamplona et al, propose a new input device: an image-based data glove (IBDG).

In 2002, the P5 Glove was By attaching a camera to the released. In normal applications, it hand of the user and a visual marker to worked as a 2 dimensional mouse and each finger tip, they use computer a few computer games were specially vision techniques to estimate the adapted to provide "3D" support for it. relative position of the finger tips. The P5 glove is compatible with Once they have information about the Microsoft Windows XP and Mac OS tips, they apply inverse kinematics version 9 or below. techniques in order to estimate the position of each finger joint and Unofficial drivers for Linux recreate the movements of the fingers exist as well. While it received some of the user in a virtual world. positive reviews from gadget and gaming magazines, its lack of Adding a motion tracker compatible software and other issues device, one can also map pitch, yaw, caused it to remain a novelty. It has roll and XYZ-translations of the hand since been discontinued. of the user, (almost) recreating all the gesture and posture performed by the Following the P5 Glove is 5th hand of the user in a low cost device. Glove. A Data Glove and flexor strip kit (5th Glove DFK) sold by Fifth Dimension Technologies. The package uses flexible optical-bending sensing to track hand and arm movement. The glove can be used with 5DT's ultrasonic tracking system, the 5DT Head and 5DT Hand tracker, which By: can track movement from up to two metres away from the unit's Ms.A.Priyanga, transmitter. Final Year(MEIEA).

2011 INSTRONICS 7 Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

THE FOUR BIGGEST process of flattening hot steel into MISTAKES IN uniform sheets by means of two INSTRUMENTATION opposing rollers. A thickness sensor downstream from the rollers gauges Mistake #2: the sheet and causes the controller to apply either more or less pressure to Installing Sensors Incorrectly compensate for any out-of-spec Placement thickness. Ideally, the thickness sensor should be located adjacent to the The best sensor can yield rollers to minimize the time between a disappointing results if not installed change in roller pressure and the correctly. Magmeters, for example, resulting change in the thickness tend to generate noisy signals if the measurement. Worse still, an flow they’re measuring is turbulent. appreciable dead time between the Bends, junctions, and valves in a pipe controller’s actions and the resulting can all cause turbulence, thus effects on the steel can cause the magmeters work best when installed in controller to become impatient. sections of straight pipe. Temperature sensors are also sensitive to placement. Even a highly accurate RTD tucked in the corner of a mixing chamber will only be able to detect the temperature of its immediate vicinity.

If the mixing of the material in the chamber is incomplete, that local Fig. Poor Mounting temperature may or may not represent the temperature of the material It will see no results from an elsewhere in the chamber. Local initial control move, so it will make temperature issues are the classic another and another until some change mistake that home heating contractors begins to appear in the measurements often make when installing household reported by the sensor. By that time, thermostats. A location closest to the the controller’s cumulative efforts will furnace may be convenient for wiring have already overcompensated for the purposes, but if that spot happens to be original error, causing an error in the in a hallway or other dead air space, opposite direction. The result will be a the thermostat will not be able to constant series of up and down swings determine the average temperature in the roller pressure and a lot of steel elsewhere in the house. ruined by lateral corrugations.

Controller performance Other factors to consider include ease of installation and time Poor control also results when spent on the selection process, set up a sensor is installed too far away from routines, and any labor-intensive the associated actuator. A distant maintenance. Fortunately, some sensor may not be able to measure the instrumentation vendors design their effects of the actuator’s last move in sensors to accommodate such time for the controller to make an challenges, thereby improving educated decision about what to do performance before the system even next. For example, consider the goes online.ABB, for instance, offers a

8 2011 INSTRONICS Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

swirl flowmeter that significantly Ground loops while it’s reduces the need to install special generally a good practice to insulate a upstream and downstream devices to sensor from the thermodynamic effects accurately measure the flow through a of its surroundings, it’s absolutely pipe. critical to establish electrical isolation. The most common electrical problems Protection due to poor installation are ground loops. Ground loops occur when an A steel mill is also a classic extraneous current flows through the example of a harsh environment that instrumentation wiring between two can destroy inadequately protected points that are supposed to be at the sensors. Fortunately, the hazards posed same voltage. by a manufacturing process are generally obvious and can often be The resulting electrical overcome by installing a shield or interference can cause random choosing a rugged instrument. fluctuations in the sensors’ output and may even damage the sensors HOW TO AVOID THEM themselves. As the name implies, ground loops most often occur when instruments and their cables are Instruments must be grounded grounded improperly or not at all. to provide a reference voltage for the Interestingly, the best way to isolate a data signals they generate. Relying on plant’s instruments from ground loop earth ground is risky since not all of currents is to connect them together at the earth shares the same electrical one master grounding point. If that’s potential. The resulting currents will not possible, a grid of grounding points interfere with the sensors’ signals. must be spread throughout the plant, Over time, outdoor instruments can fail making sure that all points on the grid slowly unless enclosed in appropriate are at the same electrical potential. housings.

Insecure connections and If an RTD or thermocouple is inadequate wires can cause a voltage mounted on the same piece of metal imbalance in the grid and ground loops that supports the housing, the housing between the instruments connected to will work like a heat sink when the it.Even the orientation of an instrument ambient temperature drops low can affect its performance. Here, the enough. It will tend to draw heat out of sensor is enclosed in a housing the sensor and artificially lower its designed to dissipate the heat it reading. generates. The fins must be mounted

vertically to allow warm air to escape. The heat-sink effect will also tend to reduce the benefits of any internal heat that has been applied to prevent an instrument from freezing. Conversely, if housing is equipped with fins intended to draw heat out of (contd…) the enclosed sensor during warm weather, the fins must be mounted By: vertically. Otherwise, the warm air around the fins will not be able to rise Mr.S.Mohammed Javeeth, away from the housing. Pre-Final Year(MEIEA).

9 2011 INSTRONICS Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

CROSS WORD

1 8 4

6 3

5 2

11 12

7

10

9

ACROSS 4) It is a common positive 1) A device for determining the displacement meter. (8 letters). value or magnitude of a

quantity or variable. (10 6) It is use to measure the flowing letters). velocity of fluids also called as

total pressure probe. (5 letters). 3) An indicating device. (5

letters). 8, 9) It is also a name for electrochemical cell. (8, 4 letters, 5) It is a trigger diode that 4th letter start from left to right). conducts current only after its

breakdown voltage.(4 letters ). 11) It defines, when the frequency

or phase of the carrier varied by modulating signal. (5 letters). 7) It is an abbreviation of da, order—10. (4 letters).

10) The deviation from the true variable. (5 letters).

12) It is a unit of 1pounds = ____. (4 letters, from right to left).

DOWN By: 2) This principle forms the basis of insulation testing instrument. Ms.J.Nivedhitha, (6 letters). Final Year(MEIEA).

2011 INSTRONICS 10 Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

CHARGE YOUR MOBILE Whereas according to the WITHOUT ELECTRICITY. botanists, it is just changing mutual energy into electrical energy power can Now, you do not require any be saved in battery. Similarly, it is also mobile charger to charge your mobiles. possible. They said that it is the subject Only there is need to use green leaf of of research. peepal tree and after some time your mobile will get charged. Step by Step guide to charge your mobile battery using peepal leaf No soon the people came to learn this development; they tested it 1- Open your mobile cover. and found encouraging results. If your mobile has been discharged and you 2- Take out your battery. are inside a jungle then you need not to use any charger. You should pluck two 3- Take two to three fresh leaves of peepal leaves and your work peepal/pipal/ ashwattha tree would be done. 4- Touch the stub of these leaves on It is very good idea and easy to your mobile battery terminal for a charge your mobile. You would have minute to open your mobile battery and connect it with peepal leaf. After that 5- Clean the mobile battery terminal without shaking mobile set you should with the soft cloth set the battery in your mobile set. After some time your mobile would be 6- Put your battery again in your charged. mobile and switch it on

7- Now you can see the result

8- If required repeat the process with fresh leaves

Though it is unbelievable but as soon as the residents of Chitrakoot came to know about the discovery they could not believe the news. But when they saw it practically then the incident proved true.

Now hundreds of mobile holders By: are using this technique and charging their mobiles. Mr.P.Samuel, Pre-Final Year(MEIEA).

11 2011 INSTRONICS Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

SENSOR-BASED ROBOT (conductive elastomer,strain gage and CONTROL piezoelectric) measure the contact forces, while the displacement- sensitive (optoelectronic and Robotics has matured as a capacitive) sensors measure the system integration engineering field. A mechanical deformation of an elastic variety of sensors an sensing overlay. techniques are available to provide the

“perception”. Tactile sensing is the result of a

complex exploratory perception act Robotic Sensing with two distinct modes. First, passive

sensing, which is produced by the Since the “action” capability is “cutaneous” sensory network, provides physically interacting with the information about contact force, environment, two types of sensors contact geometric profile and have to be used in any robotic system: temperature.

 “proprioceptors” for the Second, active sensing measurement of the robot’s integrates the cutaneous sensory (internal) parameters; information with “kinesthetic” sensory  “exteroceptors” for the information (the limb/joint positions measurement of its environmental and velocities).While the tactile sensor (external, from the robot point of (probe) itself provides the local. view) parameters.

Proximity Sensors Tactile Sensing

Proximity sensors detect Tactile sensing is defined as the objects which are near but without continuous sensing of variable contact touching them.These sensors are used forces over an area within which there for near-field (object approaching or is a spatial resolution. Tactile sensing avoidance) robotic operations. is more complex than touch sensing Proximity sensors are classified which usually is a simple vectorial according to their operating principle; force/torque measurement at a single inductive, hall effect, capacitive, point. ultrasonic and optical.

Tactile sensors mounted on the Inductive sensors are based on fingers of the hand allow the robot to the change of inductance due to the measure contact force profile and presence of metallic objects. Hall slippage, or to grope and identify effect sensors are based on the relation object shape. The best known of tactile which exists between the voltage in a sensor technologies are: conductive semiconductor material and the elastomer, strain gage, piezoelectronic, magnetic field across that material. capacitive and optoelectronic.

Inductive and Hall effect These technologies can be further sensors detect only the proximity of grouped by their operating principles ferromagnetic objects. Capacitive in two categories: sensors are potentially capable of

detecting the proximity of any type of Force-sensitive and displacement- solid or liquid materials. sensitive. The force-sensitive sensors

12 2011 INSTRONICS Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

Ultrasonic and optical sensors  Task-level programming in are based on the modification of an which thed user specifies emitted signal by objects that are in operations by their actions on their proximity. the objects the robots is to

manipulate. Servo system level

Robot Control where actuators control the mechanism parameters using feedback Computer-based robot controllers of internal sensory data, and paths are perform the following tasks; modified on the basis of external sensory data. Also failure detection It maintain a model of and correction mechanisms are relationships between the references to implemented at this level. the actuators and their consequential

movements using measurements made

by the internal sensors.

Then it also maintain a model

of the environment using the

exteroceptor sensor data, plan the

seque nce of steps required to execute

a task, control the sequence of robot

actions in response to perform the task,

adapt robot’s actions in response to

changes in the external environment.

Thus by using various methods

controlling of robots will be

possible.only one method is explained

how to control a robots by sensors.

Robot vision is a complex sensing

process. It involves extracting,

characterizing and interpreting

information from images in order to Fig.Servo level control of identify or describe objects in robot. environment. There also are different levels of abtraction for the robot programming languages:

 Guiding systems, in which the

user leads the robot through the motions to be performed.  Robot-level programming in which the user writes a By: computer program to specify motion and sensing. Mr.C.S.Muraleedharan, Second Year(MEIEA).

2011 INSTRONICS 13 Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

YOKOGAWA measuring instruments of a specialty company. Yokogawa’s founding philosophy by integrating the major Electrical indicating business units of electrical and optical instruments with analog display remain measuring instruments of Yokogawa in strong demand—because of their Electric Corporation together with its high visibilityand high reliability for business of analog meters and portable monitoring power readings on electric test instruments. business is aimed at switchboards, as components in contributing to the prosperity of devices, and as measuring instruments society through providing industry for experiments. with measuring instruments as fundamental tools. Portable test instruments are used for the maintenance and With the industrial structure inspection of equipment on the undergoing a fundamental change in production sites of plants and factories, recent years, customers and industries and for electrical work in a variety of in need of electrical measuring industries. They play a very important instruments face major changes, such role as maintenance tools for as the rapid development of the energy preventing and troubleshooting faults saving industry, dramatic progress in and problems, and security globalization, and, in particular, management of process automation growing demand in the emerging (PA), factory automation (FA) and markets. Under these circumstances, other equipment. YMI offers portable the needs of customers become more test instruments for use in energy- diverse and complex, and flexible and saving activities, environmental rapid response is required. measurements, and the like, thereby contributing to the stimulation of economic activity and the conservation of the global environment.

Product focus towards the mechatronics and energy markets, which are booming because of the electrification of vehicles and development of alternative energies, and the communications and networking markets, which are growing as the next-generation optical communications networks rapidly spread.

Based on its measurement technologies accumulated through By: decades of experience since the foundation of Yokogawa Electric Corporation, and through its value Mr.G.Gopalakrishnan, chain optimized to the electrical Lecturer/EIE.

14 2011 INSTRONICS Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

2011 INSTRONICS Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com

2011 INSTRONICS Nov www.measurers.yolasite.com