Biologia E Ecologia Química De Percevejos Neotropicais (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae, Coreidae)

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Biologia E Ecologia Química De Percevejos Neotropicais (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae, Coreidae) Mauro Antonio Cavaleiro de Macedo Rodrigues BIOLOGIA E ECOLOGIA QUÍMICA DE PERCEVEJOS NEOTROPICAIS (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE, COREIDAE) Tese apresentada à Coordenação do Curso de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Área de concentração em Entomologia, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas. Orientador: Paulo Henrique Gorgatti Zarbin Curitiba 2011 Mauro Antonio Cavaleiro de Macedo Rodrigues “BIOLOGIA E ECOLOGIA QUÍMICA DE PERCEVEJOS NEOTROPICAIS (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE, COREIDAE)” Tese aprovada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências, no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Área de Concentração em Entomologia, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, pela Comissão formada pelos professores: _______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Paulo Henrinque Gorgatti Zarbin (UFPR) _______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. José Maurício Simões Bento (ESALQ/USP) _______________________________________________ Dra. Clara Beatriz Hoffmann-Campo (CNPSo/EMBRAPA) _______________________________________________ Dra. Miryan Denise Araújo Coracini (UFPR) _______________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Lino Bittencourt Monteiro (UFPR) Curitiba, 1 de fevereiro de 2010 ii “Um pouco de ciência nos afasta de Deus. Muita, nos aproxima" Louis Pasteur “Ambas, a religião e a ciência da natureza, envolvem, em seu exercício, a afirmação de Deus." Max Plank iii A minha amada esposa e ao meu amado filho, Viviane e João Pedro; aos meus pais, Nagib e Ana Maria, aos meus sogros, Francisco e Vera, irmãos e sobrinhos. DEDICO iv AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, na pessoa de seu filho Jesus Cristo, que me sustentou com sua graça em todos os momentos, principalmente nos mais difíceis; Ao curso de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia do Setor de Ciências Biológicas, da Universidade Federal do Paraná pela oportunidade concedida; A Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pela concessão da bolsa de estudo; Ao Prof. Paulo Henrinque Gorgatti Zarbin, pela oportunidade concedida; A Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária – EMBRAPA / CNPSo, na pessoa do Dr. Antonio Ricardo Panizzi, por disponibilizar toda a estrutura necessária à realização das coletas de campo na cidade de Londrina-PR; Ao Jovenil José da Silva, funcionário da EMBRAPA – CNPSo, pelo auxílio, pelos incentivos e pela descontração durante as árduas coletas de campo; A Engª Agrª Ernestina Izumi Muraoka da EMATER de Uraí – Paraná, juntamente com os produtores rurais Keiko Mori e Edgar Hikotaka Sasajima pelo apoio irrestrito na coleta de insetos nos cultivos de tomate orgânico na cidade de Uraí – PR; v Ao ilustrador científico Jorge Mattos pela paciência e dedicação em realizar as ilustrações desta tese; A Prof ª. Sonia Lázzari pela oportunidade de cursar o estágio de docência e pela amizade demonstrada; A todos do Laboratório de Semioquímicos pelas contribuições no trabalho e pela amizade demonstrada; Aos meus pais, Raimundo (Nagib) e Ana Maria, por estarem ao meu lado, mesmo a distância, e mesmo sem saber, me apoiando e incentivando; Em especial a minha família, Viviane e João Pedro, sem os quais não teria conseguido; A todos que torceram e oraram pela conclusão do trabalho, em especial aos irmãos em Cristo e amigos Ronaldo e Ana Pernambuco e irmãos da 1º Igreja Presbiteriana Conservadora de Curitiba. Meu muito obrigado. vi SUMÁRIO Pag. RESUMO..................................................................................................................... xix ABSTRACT................................................................................................................. xxi 1. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL..................................................................................... 1 2. REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA............................................................................ 3 2.1. A PESQUISA COM SEMIOQUÍMICOS DE PERCEVEJOS (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE, COREIDAE)................................. 3 2.1.1. O objeto de estudo da pesquisa com semioquímicos de percevejos: a comunicação em Heteroptera................................................................... 3 2.1.1.1. A comunicação química dos insetos.......................................... 3 2.1.1.2. A comunicação dos percevejos: química e vibracional............ 4 2.1.2. O Alvo da pesquisa com semioquímicos de percevejos: o problema fitossanitário relacionado a percevejos.................................................... 5 2.1.3. Histórico da pesquisa com semioquímicos de percevejos...................... 7 2.1.3.1. Histórico geral da pesquisa com semioquímicos........................ 7 2.1.3.2. Histórico da pesquisa com semioquímicos de percevejos- praga no Brasil.......................................................................... 9 2.1.4. Os resultados alcançados na pesquisa com semioquímicos de percevejos: compostos naturais de percevejos......................................... 9 2.1.4.1. Voláteis de Pentatomidae.......................................................... 9 2.1.4.2. Voláteis de Coreidae................................................................. 13 vii 2.1.5. Avanços na extensão da pesquisa com semioquímicos de percevejos: feromônios comercias e MIP de percevejos............................................. 14 2.1.5.1. Feromônios comerciais de Percevejos...................................... 14 2.1.5.2. MIP de percevejos..................................................................... 15 2.2. BIOLOGIA DE PENTATOMIDAE................................................................ 17 2.2.1. Morfologia de pentatomídeos.................................................................. 17 2.2.2. Desenvolvimento embrionário e pós-embrionário................................... 18 2.2.3. Biologia de adultos................................................................................... 21 2.2.3.1. Longevidade.............................................................................. 21 2.2.3.2. Fertilidade................................................................................. 22 2.2.3.3. Período pré-cópula................................................................... 22 2.2.3.4. Corte pré-cópula....................................................................... 23 2.3. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS............................................................... 24 3. FEROMÔNIO SEXUAL DE MACHOS DO PERCEVEJO ASA PRETA DA SOJA, Edessa meditabunda FABR. (HETEROPTERA, PENTATOMIDAE).............................................................................................. 39 3.1. RESUMO............................................................................................................ 39 3.2. ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ 40 3.3. INTRODUÇÃO.................................................................................................. 41 3.4. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS.............................................................................. 43 3.4.1. Criação de insetos.................................................................................... 43 viii 3.4.2. Coleta e extração de voláteis................................................................... 44 3.4.3. Análise dos compostos de machos e fêmeas de E. meditabunda............................................................................................. 46 3.4.4. Espectrometria de massa.......................................................................... 47 3.4.5. Identificação da estrutura química e síntese dos compostos.................... 47 3.4.6. Eletroantenografia de fêmeas (GC-EAD)................................................ 48 3.4.7. Dinâmica de emissão diária do feromônio sexual................................... 48 3.4.8. Bioensaio em olfatômetro........................................................................ 49 3.5. RESULTADOS .................................................................................................. 50 3.5.1. Comparação dos perfis cromatográficos de machos e fêmeas de E. meditabunda............................................................................................. 50 3.5.2. Índice de retenção de Kovats dos compostos macho-específicos em coluna Rtx-5 e Rtx-wax........................................................................... 51 3.5.3. Identificação da estrutura química dos compostos macho-específicos.... 52 3.5.4. Verificação da bioatividade dos compostos macho-específicos.............. 54 3.5.5. Dinâmica de emissão do feromônio sexual durante o fotoperíodo......... 56 3.5.6. Síntese do composto majoritário.............................................................. 58 3.6. DISCUSSÃO....................................................................................................... 59 3.7. REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS............................................................. 61 4. EVIDÊNCIA DO FEROMÔNIO SEXUAL DO MACHO DO PERCEVEJO DO TOMATE, Phthia picta (Drury, 1770) (HETEROPTERA, COREIDAE)........................................................................ 65 ix 4.5.6. RESUMO............................................................................................................ 65 4.2. ABSTRACT........................................................................................................ 66 4.3. INTRODUÇÃO.................................................................................................
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