Interações De Percevejos E Parasitoides De Adultos No Sistema De Cultura Da Soja

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Interações De Percevejos E Parasitoides De Adultos No Sistema De Cultura Da Soja Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Interações de percevejos e parasitoides de adultos no sistema de cultura da soja Michely Ferreira Santos de Aquino Orientador: Dr. Edison Ryoiti Sujii Coorientador: Dr. Raúl Alberto Laumann Brasília – DF 2016 Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Interações de percevejos e parasitoides de adultos no sistema de cultura da soja Michely Ferreira Santos de Aquino Tese apresentada como requerimento parcial a obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia, junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade de Brasília. Orientador: Dr. Edison Ryoiti Sujii Coorientador: Dr. Raúl Alberto Laumann Brasília – DF 2016 ii Aos meus pais À minha família, Meu alicerce, meu porto seguro iii AGRADECIMENTOS Este trabalho é resultado de muita dedicação e empenho e sem o apoio de várias pessoas que colaboraram não teria sido possível. Minha imensa gratidão a todos que me auxiliaram durante essa trajetória. Aos meus Orientadores: Dr. Edison Ryoiti Sujii pela atenção, por toda sabedoria, pelo profissionalismo, solicitude, ensinamentos, ideias, sugestões e por aceitar me orientar. Dr. Raúl A. Laumann pelo profissionalismo, solicitude, pelos conhecimentos valiosos que me transmitiu desde a graduação como professor, pela ajuda no campo, pelo incentivo contínuo, pelas conversas em momentos difíceis que muito me tranquilizaram, pela amizade. Vocês foram incríveis! À Universidade de Brasília, em especial ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, pela oportunidade de realização do doutorado. À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes) e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) pela cocessão da bolsa de estudos, o primeiro, durante a etapa inicial do Doutorado. À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa (FAP-DF) pelo apoio financeiro para a execução do trabalho. À Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia pelo suporte técnico e financeiro para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. Ao Dr. Miguel Borges pela atenção dada durante os anos de trabalho na Embrapa Cenargen, pelo profissionalismo e apoio no trabalho. À Dra. Maria Carolina Blassioli Moraes pela presteza, incentivo, profissionalismo e apoio no trabalho. Aos professores da UnB pelos conhecimentos valiosos transmitidos. Ao Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) pela disponibilidade dos dados meteorológicos na plataforma BDMEP. Aos membros da banca: Dr. Antônio Panizzi (Embrapa Trigo), Dr. Alexandre Barrigossi (Embrapa Arroz e Feijão), Dra. Cristina Schetino (UnB) e Dra. Marina Frizzas (UnB) pelas valiosas contribuições, críticas ao trabalho e cuidados na revisão do texto. A todos os proprietários e gerentes das fazendas pela permissão ao acesso às áreas de soja para a realização do trabalho de campo. Aos motoristas da Embrapa Cenargen Vicente, Mendonça e Valdemar pelas idas ao campo. iv À Warley Dias, Daniela Lima (Dani), Wilian Rodrigues, Milton Robson Spies (Robson), Maycon Laia, Samuel, Ivan K. S. Mattos, Lucas S. Machado, Amanda R. Vieira, Ana Carolina Lagoa, Samantha de Oliveira, Aline Dias, Pedro Shimmelpfeng, Marla Hassemer e Diego Magalhães pela ajuda no campo e por tornar o ambiente de trabalho alegre. Em especial a Warley, Robson e Maycon pela participação de horas e horas no campo e ajuda no laboratório com os insetos. À Vívian N. Sousa (Vivi!) pela grande ajuda durante a etapa final do projeto. À Alex Cortês pela ajuda nas idas ao campo nos momentos difíceis. À Márcio Wandré, Isabella Grisi e Hélio Moreira pela ajuda com os insetos. À Diego Magalhães, Mirian Michereff e Marla Hassemer pelo apoio, troca de experiências e conversas científicas. À Joseane Padilha, estatística da Embrapa Cenargen, pelas sugestões de análises. À Dr. Carmen S. Pires pelas sugestões pertinentes ao trabalho. À Douglas H. B. Maccagnan e Gerrard Murray pelas sugestões e conversas científicas. À Érica Sevilha e Karoline Torezani pelo apoio, troca de experiência e momentos de descontração. À Neusa Aparecida P. da Silva (Neusinhaaa!) pelo apoio, pelas madrugadas compartilhadas de conversas científicas. Ao Sérgio Eustáquio de Noronha (Serginho!) (Embrapa-Cenargen) pela ajuda com os dados na caracterização da paisagem e confecção dos mapas, pela presteza e paciência. À Rafael Borges (ISCA) pelo apoio e ajuda no campo. Ao Dr. Alexandre Spetch junto a Priscila Colombo pela permissão ao acesso à área de soja da Embrapa Cerrados. À Simone (Emater – Rio Verde), Marcio Peixoto (IF – Rio Verde) e ao seu aluno Wederson pelo apoio no campo. Ao Dr. Crébio Ávila pela atenção, solicitude e apoio no campo. E também aos seus alunos: Paulo Henrique Ramos, Viviane Santos, Geicielly Gomes e Kéuly Medinna pela ajuda no campo. Ao motorista da Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste, Marinho! pela solicitude. A Suelen Moreira e Daniele Glaeser pela atenção e solicitude. Ao Claudemir Theodoro e Germison Tomquelski da Fundação Chapadão – MS pela atenção e indicação das áreas de soja. v À professora Mônica J. B. Pereira (UNEMAT) pela acolhida em sua casa, apoio no campo junto a Vanessa Golin, Jaqueline, Cristina Sanini e Ana Regina Hoffmann. Ao Sr. Antônio Carlos Araújo (ABAPA –BA) junto a Wesley Gomes (ABAPA –BA) pelo apoio no campo. Ao Dr. Edison Hirose (Embrapa Arroz e Feijão) junto a Éder Henrique Silva pela indicação de áreas de soja no Goiás. Ao Dr. Samuel Roggia (Embrapa Soja) pelo apoio no campo juntos aos técnicos: Wilson, Nivaldo, Adriano, Elias, Antônio Pavão e Oriverto pela ajuda no campo. Ao Dr. Antônio Panizzi (Embrapa Trigo) pelo apoio no campo junto as alunas: Alice Agostinetto e Daniele, e a todos os técnicos. Ao Dr. Daniel A. Aquino (Faculdade de Ciências Naturais – La Plata, Argentina) pela identificação dos parasitoides Hymenoptera. Ao Dr. Rodrigo V. P. Dios (USP) pela identificação dos parasitoides Diptera. Ao Dr. Cristiano F. Schwertner (Unifesp) pela identificação dos percevejos. Aos meus pais e irmãos pelo apoio, pela motivação constante, carinho, zelo, amor e pela compreensão da minha ausência em alguns momentos. À toda minha família (tios, tias, primos, primas, afilhado) pelo apoio e motivação constante. vi SUMÁRIO ÍNDICE DE TABELAS ............................................................................................ viii ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS ............................................................................................. x ÍNDICE DE APÊNDICES ........................................................................................ xvi RESUMO ................................................................................................................. xvii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. xix INTRODUÇÃO GERAL .......................................................................................... 01 Referências Bibliográficas ......................................................................................... 09 CAPÍTULO I: Adult stink bugs parasitism pattern along a latitudinal gradient in soybean crop in Brazil Introduction ............................................................................................................... 24 Material and Methods ................................................................................................ 26 Results ....................................................................................................................... 29 Discussion .................................................................................................................. 32 Reference ................................................................................................................... 36 CAPÍTULO II: Influência da estrutura da paisagem e dos métodos de manejo de pragas nas populações de percevejos e seus parasitoides de adultos na cultura da soja Introdução .................................................................................................................. 56 Material e Métodos .................................................................................................... 60 Resultados .................................................................................................................. 66 Discussão ................................................................................................................... 77 Referências Bibliográficas ......................................................................................... 83 CAPÍTULO III: Interação hospedeiro-parasitoide de Euschistus heros (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) e Hexacladia smithii (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) Introdução .................................................................................................................. 92 Material e Métodos .................................................................................................... 95 Resultados .................................................................................................................. 104 Discussão ................................................................................................................... 115 Referências Bibliográficas ......................................................................................... 120 vii CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS .................................................................................... 129 ÍNDICE DE TABELAS Capítulo I Table 1. Richness, absolute (number of insects)
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