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Contents Vol. 53 No. 1 Z Z O J. Prószyński. Salticide (Araneae) of the Levant ...... 1 O O O L L O O G G I I C C I I vol. 53 no. 1

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SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT

JERZY PRÓSZYŃSKI

Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, ul. Wilcza 64, 00-679 Warszawa, Poland; e-mail: [email protected]

Abstract.— A taxonomic study of 108 species of Salticidae (Araneae) occurring in Israel and neighbouring countries, including 4 species described as new ( bokerinus, A. nabataeus, Evarcha praeclara and Plexippus tectonicus), another 42 species were described as new by the author in 1998, 1999 and 2000. 

Key words.— Israel, jumping , Levant, Salticidae, , zoogeography.

Contents

PREFACE ...... 2 Relevant Icius ...... 81 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 2 ...... 81 NAMES OF COLLECTIONS AND THEIR ABBREVIATIONS ...... 3 Leptorchestes ...... 84 INTRODUCTION Macaroeris ...... 86 External morphology and anatomy of Salticidae . . . . . 4 Mendoza ...... 87 Special features of the Salticidae ...... 5 Menemerus ...... 88 Reproduction ...... 7 Modunda ...... 98 Behaviour ...... 7 Mogrus ...... 99 ZOOGEOGRAPHIC CONCLUSIONS ...... 10 Myrmarachne ...... 108 SYSTEMATIC PART ...... 108 Key to genera of Salticidae ...... 12 Neaetha ...... 109 Aelurillus ...... 19 Relevant genus Pachyballus ...... 111 Ballus ...... 37 ...... 111 ...... 38 Philaeus ...... 121 Relevant genus ...... 42 ...... 122 Chalcoscirtus ...... 42 Plexippoides ...... 138 Cyrba ...... 45 Plexippus ...... 141 Euophrys ...... 47 Pseudeuophrys ...... 146 Evarcha ...... 54 Pseudicius ...... 147 Festucula ...... 64 Rafalus ...... 157 Habrocestum ...... 65 Relevant genus ...... 166 ...... 68 ...... 166 ...... 68 Synageles ...... 169 Heliophanillus ...... 70 Thyene ...... 170 Heliophanus ...... 72 Yllenus ...... 172 Relevant genus Hyllus ...... 80 REFERENCES ...... 177 2 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

PREFACE Blaustein Institute for Research, Ben Gurion University of Be’er Sheva, at Sede Boqer. The family Salticidae contains over 4800 nominal A special property of the Levantine Salticidae fauna species world-wide, placed in over 526 genera (Platnick is speciation (radiation of new species) occurring in a 2001). They are reasonably well known in a few geo- number of genera. Such genera consist of clusters of graphical areas (Europe and USA), and very poorly in similar species, differing in small details of characters, the remaining parts of the World, including difficult to separate and simultaneously sufficiently dif- Mediterranean Region. There is no generally accepted, ferent to suspect them of being discrete biological enti- comprehensive system of systematic division of ties. Their ranges are usually small, or very small, often Salticidae into subfamilies, and for this reason genera, overlapping, the species presumably making use of dif- and species within genera, are listed alphabetically. ferent microhabitats, not discernible to human eyes. There are however, several Catalogues to Spiders The methods of species identification serving well in (Bonnet 1945–1961, Roewer 1942–1954, Brignoli 1983, other areas (for instance Central and North Europe, Platnick 1989, 1993, 2001). where genital organs and colour pattern differences are A recent development is availability of a current ver- clear-cut) are of limited use in the Levant and special sion of the monograph “Salticidae (Araneae) of the research approaches are called for: morphological stud- World” by Prószyński, containing (in the 2002 version) ies should be complemented by biological observations diagnostic drawings of over 4000 species of Salticidae, and experiments, including observation of recognition hyperlinked with entries of the current “Catalogue of dances and mating experiments. Such methods are not Salticidae”, both available in the Internet at: yet employed in the Levant, and it is not certain whether http://www.miiz.waw.pl/salticid/main.htm and http://spi- or when we may use their results for taxonomic consid- ders.arizona.edu/salticid/MAIN.HTM. eration. Until such results will become available, some The Salticidae (Araneae) fauna of the Levant dealt with identifications and taxonomic descriptions of the in this volume contains 108 species belonging to 36 genera, Levantine species (as well as species proliferating in additional 4 relevant genera are expected to be found. other speciation zones) must be considered preliminary. The main difficulty in studying Salticidae of the The research I have carried out on this material was Levant was lack of any keys or modern taxonomic revi- limited to the preserved specimens and the only geo- sions, not only for the Levant, but also for the whole graphical and environmental information available was Mediterranean area. The existing keys for various that which could be read from labels. Only in some cases European countries were of little help, due to very dif- was I able to observe the studied species in the field. The ferent contents of faunae covered. The only way to study continuation of intensive biological and ecological the Levantine Salticidae was to revise the descriptive research by future arachnologists, is most desirable and types and other authoritatively identified specimens I hope will be facilitated by the present publication. scattered in a number of European and some American Apart from Salticidae actually reported and collected Museums, a research task, which took me 38 years. The to date in the Levant, I mention, and sometimes also illus- research summarised in this book were carried out in trate, species which are expected ultimately to be found years 1988–1993, for reason beyond my control the pub- there, or which bear some importance for arachnologists lication was delayed; partial results – descriptions of studying the Levantine fauna. These are marked in the new species were published in Prószyński 1998, 1999 text as “relevant genera” and “relevant species”. and 2000. The unpublished results were, however, made available on printouts and disk copies to the persons interested since 1991, and in the Internet since 1997. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The knowledge of Salticidae improved in recent years, also with publication of Metzner 1999 on Work on this Monograph carried out between 1988 Salticidae of , and a number of publications by and 2001, was sponsored by a number of institutions in Logunov –1992, 1995a, 1995b, 1996, 1998 and others). several countries. While the studies were initiated by a The main facility in studying the Salticidae in this grant received from the Frizzel-Exline Fund for area is the existence of a source of material unique in Arachnological Research of the California Academy of the whole Mediterranean area, i.e. – the Israel National Sciences in San Francisco, USA, the most important Collection, kept in the Department of financing came from my former College (Wyższa Szkoła Evolution, Systematics and Ecology of the Hebrew Rolniczo-Pedagogiczna, now: Akademia Podlaska) in University of Jerusalem (Curator and one of the Siedlce, Poland, which provided my employment, air founders – Dr. Gershom Levy), containing over 600 vials tickets for travel and research funds, the latter cospon- of mainly unidentified Salticidae, and the Salticidae col- sored also by the Research Project CPBP 0.3.04. 01 of the lection from the current ecological research by Dr. Yael Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. Later, trav- Lubin, of the Mitrani Ecological Research Centre of the el to Israel in 1993 was financed by the Polish Academy SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 3

of Sciences within framework of exchange of scientists Dr. K. Andreeva-Prószyńska, Dr. M. Żabka, Mr. M. with the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities. Próchniewicz, Ms. S. Hęciak; in Washington, DC – Dr. J. The research in Jerusalem in 1988 and 1989 was found- A. Coddington, Mr Scott Larcher, Dr. P. Sierwald. ed by the Fauna and Flora Palaestina Committee of the Special thanks are due to Dr. Heather Bromley-Schnur Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, for her Herculean task of final English language correc- Israel. Research in Sede Boqer was aided by grants tion of the book, and painstakingly finding and correcting (1988 and 1993) from the Blaustein Institute for Desert all style, typing, vocabulary and spelling mistakes. Some Research, Ben Gurion University, Be’er Sheva. I also correcting was also done previously by my American and used research facilities provided by the Department of British friends who corrected some chapters of this book: Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, the Hebrew Dr. J. W. Berry, Dr. M. Goodrich, Mr. J. Murphy. Dr. Gershom University, Jerusalem and by the Mitrani Ecological Levy has provided official names of localities and referred Research Center of the Blaustein Institute for Desert them by numbers to the physiographic regions. Research, Ben Gurion University at Sede Boqer Campus. I have complemented this study with additional speci- Other major sponsors were Eastern Illinois University at mens from numerous other collections studied over the Charleston, Il., USA, which supported me and offered last 40 years, which are listed in my previous publications. generous research conditions at its campus over 10 The comparative data on the Salticidae of Saudi months in 1989–90; and the Museum of Comparative Arabia came from my publications in the “Fauna of Zoology, Harvard University, USA, which contributed the ” (Prószyński 1989, 1993) and from some Ernst-Mayr-Grant allowing one month of research at additional collections sent to me for identification by Dr. their collection. My research stay in Sede Boker in 2001 A.A. Faragalla of King Abdulaziz University in Saudi was sponsored by the Access to Research Infrastructure Arabia. Algerian Salticidae were sent by Dr. R. grant from the European Commission. Other contribut- Bosmans, then of the Institute de la Science de la ing institutions, which had earlier allowed me to study Nature, Universite des Sciences, Bab Ezzoure, Algiers, the Salticidae kept in their collections, including both . I wish to express my gratitude to all individuals types, comparative specimens, and unidentified samples, and institutions which contributed to this research. were: Hope Entomological Collections, University Warm thanks are due to Laser Pages Publishing Ltd., Museum, Oxford, U.K.; Museum National d’Histoire Publishers of the Israel Journal of Zoology, for permis- Naturelle, Laboratoire de Zoologie in Paris; American sion to use drawings from my paper on the genus Museum of Natural History, Dept. of Entomology, New Phlegra (Israel Journal of Zoology 1998, 44, 2: 159–185, York; Natural History Museum Arachnid Section, 36 Figs); also to KMK Scientific Press Ltd. in Moscow, London, U.K.; Smithsonian Institution, Dept. of and personally to my friend Dr. K. G. Mikhailov, for per- Entomology, Washington, DC. I am also very grateful to mission to use drawings from my papers of 1999 and my present employer, the Museum and Institute of 2000 in Arthropoda Selecta. Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. Describing morphology and functions of the body of I am very much obliged and grateful to a number of the Salticid I used extensively descriptions given scientists for their kind attitude and friendly assistance by excellent textbook by Foelix (1982). The descriptions at various stages of my research. The research were of Salticide behavior are based on series of pioneer possible, first of all, due to the very friendly and most papers of R.R. Jackson and his collaborators (Jackson helpful attitude of Professor F. D. Por and his collabora- 1985a, 1985b, 1986, 1990, Jackson and Blest 1982, tors: Drs Gershom Levy, Chanan Dimentman, Heather Jackson and Hallas 1986, Jackson and MacNab 1989, Bromley-Schnur, Nehama Ben Eliyahu, and several oth- Jackson and Willey 1994). ers in Jerusalem, including Miss Ilana Ferber at the I am also grateful to Wyższa Szkoła Rolniczo- Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, and in Pedagogiczna (now: Akademia Podlaska) in Siedlce and Sede Boker of Professor Yael Lubin and her collabora- to the Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN in Warsaw, for tors, including Dr. Linda Olsvig Whittaker. I am also permission to use some drawings from my papers of obliged to Ms. Zofia Lasman at the Israel Academy of 1968, 1984 and 1987. Sciences and Humanities. At various stages I used also help of: in Cambridge, Mass. – Dr. H.W. Levi, Dr. W. Maddison, Ms. L. Leibensperger, Dr. A. Johnson; in NAMES OF COLLECTIONS AND THEIR ABBREVIATIONS Charleston, Ill. – Dr. R. Funk, Dr. M. Goodrich and numerous other Faculty and Administrative Staff AMNH – American Museum of Natural History, New York; Members; in Florence – Mrs. S. Mascherini; in London – HEC – Hope Entomological Collections, Coll. O. Pickard- Mr. P. D. Hillyard, Mr. F. R. Wanless; in New York – Dr. N.I. Cambridge, University Museum, Oxford; Platnick, Mr. L. Sorkin; in Oxford – Dr. I. Lansbury; in HUJ –Israel National Collections, Department of Paris – the late Dr. J. Heurtault, Dr. Ch. Rollard; in San Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, Hebrew Francisco – Dr. W. Pulawski, Mr. D. Ubick; in Siedlce – University, Jerusalem; 4 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

ISE – Zoological Museum, Institute for Syste- functions and houses the male copulatory organ (palpal matics and Ecology of , Siberian organ); the coxae of the pedipalps bear large maxillary Division of the Russian Academy of plates (or endites), which constitute part of the mouth Sciences, Novosibirsk; parts. The appendages are bent and stretched at the IZ – Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish joints by muscles, sometimes extended by tendons. Academy of Sciences, Warsaw; Stretching at two important joints: between the femur- Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa; patella and tibia-metatarsus, where there are no exten- NHM-Basel – Naturhistorisches Museum, Basel; sor muscles, is effected by a rise in the hydraulic pres- NHM-London – Natural History Museum, Arachnid Section, sure of the haemolymph, produced by the pumping con- London; traction of huge muscles inside the cephalothorax. This NHM-Vienna – Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien; mechanism is used during jumps, executed by either MNHN – Coll. Simon, Museum National d’Histoire third or fourth pairs of legs, which are developed accord- Naturelle, Laboratoire de Zoologie, Paris; ingly. Legs I and II are used during landing, walking and SB – Mitrani Ecological Research Center, Ben catching the prey, the latter activity being assisted by an Gurion University, Sede Boqer; adhesive brush of setae (scopula) on the tarsi, occurring SI –Smithsonian Institution, Dept. of Ento- in some genera. The legs and pedipalps, as well as vari- mology, Washington, DC; ous areas of the cephalothorax, have a large number of ZMMU – Zoological Museum, Moscov University. various sensory hairs, slits and pits, serving as receptors of touch, vibration (air and silk threads) and as chemore- ceptors, the latter consisting of thin membranes, always INTRODUCTION humid, on which particles from the air stimulate sensory cells. The location of sensory organs on movable parts of External morphology and anatomy of Salticidae the body provides a better reception of weak stimuli in the air, probing of the ground and probing of closely The general structure of Salticidae does not differ approached insects and specimens of the same species. significantly from the structure of other spiders (see Intraspecific communication may occur by exchange of Levy 1985). The body of a spider is divided into two chemical and vibration stimuli, but in the Salticidae it is parts: the cephalothorax (prosoma), specialised for ner- predominantly visual signals: movement of contrasting vous, sensory, locomotion and food taking functions; and coloured parts of the body in a specific rhythm and tim- the abdomen () with digestive, reproductive, ing of these movements. respiratory and circulatory organs and spinning glands. Spiders digest caught prey externally, pumping diges- The following description of the general biology of tive enzymes inside its body and sucking out the liquidi- Salticidae is largely based on the book “Biology of fied soft tissues of the prey. The liquid food is drawn Spiders” (Foelix 1982). through special filters into the digestive section of midgut, The cephalothorax bears the appendages and eyes, which gives off numerous diverticula entangled around and a variety of other sense organs; and houses the cen- the internal organs of the abdomen and cephalothorax, tral nervous system, the pumping part of the stomach penetrating even into the coxae of the legs. and a large mass of different muscles; it is covered dor- Internal transport of digested food takes place sally by a hard, sclerotized shield called the carapace through the walls of the midgut diverticula. Haemolymph and ventrally by the sternum; the legs protrude through flushing the surfaces of the diverticula, dilutes and takes a slit between both shields, each segment of the leg being up nutritive substances and carries them to cells through- covered by its own tubular shield. Narrow pedicel con- out the body; part of nutritive substances are also stored nects the cephalothorax and the abdomen. The in various cells for periods of food deprivation. The appendages consist of a pair of , specialised haemolymph also carries oxygen, taken up in thin mem- for prey capture; a pair of the pedipalps, sensory and branous lamellae of the book lungs and bound to the cop- specialised for communication with other spiders, and, per containing respiratory pigment haemocyanin. The in males, having reproductive functions; and four pairs haemolymph then flows through pulmonary veins into the of locomotory appendages, the legs. The chelicerae con- pericardial chamber, from which it is sucked into the elon- sist of a robust basal segment and a movable fang bear- gate heart along the dorsal wall of the abdomen and sub- ing the terminal opening of the venom gland; the fang sequently pumped out through various arteries into the rests in a groove armoured on one or both edges with a open body cavity in the proximity of the major organs, tooth or teeth, which assist in grasping prey. The legs where the exchange of oxygen and food substances with consist of 7 segments of different shapes and function: the cells and the removal of metabolic wastes from the coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus, and cells takes place. The necessity of direct access of tarsus. The pedipalps have no metatarsus and in males haemolymph to each cell to enable such exchanges influ- the tarsus (or cymbium) is specialised for reproductive ences the structure of organs; they are either built of a SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 5

single layer of cells, or a few layers only, or of loose tissues from a distance of 10 cm or closer; when the prey moves allowing the seepage of haemolymph between cells, as in the muscles shift the retina to maintain its picture at the bundles of muscles. A second respiratory system consists foveal area. During the “recognition” process the retina of tubular tracheae carrying atmospheric air from a pair is in constant motion, the shape of the object is quickly of stigmata on the ventral surface of the abdomen into the scanned horizontally and at the same time the main eye proximity of the tissues; in Salticidae the tracheae are is rotated along its main axis, a procedure apparently well developed, branched, and penetrate from the necessary for identification of moving objects. The spi- abdomen into the cephalothorax and appendages. der begins pursuit of the prey from a distance of about 10 The removal of the metabolic wastes carried by the cm, stalking it from 4 cm and leaping at it from 2 to 1 cm haemolymph takes place using two excretory systems. when the prey image is most precise (Foelix 1982). It is The extracellular one, consisting here mainly of endoder- supposed that Salticidae have colour vision. The acuity mal malpighian tubules, open to the stercolar pocket of vision of the AME is apparently even higher than in the where dehydration of wastes takes place and dry wastes compound eyes of insects and is comparable with the are pushed through the anus; there are also vestigial eyes of higher vertebrates. coxal glands in cephalothorax. The intracellular excreto- The variety of shape and proportion of the ry system deposits wastes in some specialised cells, thus cephalothorax is usually due to length of the eye field removing them from the general circulation in the body. and height at eyes III relative to length of cephalothorax, In spiders the central nervous system consists of but this is partially illusory. Actually such parameters as about 30000 neurones and is highly condensed into two the relative length of the eye field vary in the majority of compact ganglia in the cephalothorax, the supraoe- Salticidae from about 40 to 50%, rarely less than 30% or sophageal (called also the brain) and the suboe- more than 60%, and the variation in height of the sophageal, while vestiges of the abdominal ganglia cephalothorax is rarely less than 40% or more than 60%. appearing only during embryonic development. The brain The illusion is caused by the shape of cephalothorax: a of active hunting spiders differs from the web spinning long posterior slope hidden under the bulging anterior ones in the much stronger development of visual centres. part of the abdomen makes the cephalothorax appear short and the eye field relatively long; the impression of Special features of the Salticidae height is influenced by the presence of a contrasting belt along the ventral margin of the carapace. The anterior end of the cephalothorax in the The height of the cephalothorax may possibly be par- Salticidae is very characteristic: broadly truncated, tially correlated with the location of the main locomoto- almost rectangular, with large Anterior Median Eyes ry muscles. If the muscles moving particular pairs of (AME) and smaller Anterior Lateral Eyes (ALE), usually legs are developed predominantly within the legs them- about half the size of the first, arranged in a single row; selves, the cephalothorax may be lower. If, however, the Posterior Median Eyes (PME or eyes of the III row), also major movements of a pair of legs are mainly executed relatively large, are located far behind along the dorsal by muscles in the cephalothorax (acting by pressuring edges of the cephalothorax; and the much reduced the haemolymph) the bulk of these muscles is larger and Posterior Lateral Eyes (PLE or eyes of the II row), posi- hence the cephalothorax higher. tioned between ALE and PME. The space between all The variety in length of legs I–IV has a functional eight eyes is called the eye field and its outline can be correlation. Good, rapid runners among the Salticidae rectangular or trapezoidal, narrowing or broadening have robust legs of equal length; jumpers have legs posteriorly, and is often a useful key character. The spe- III–IV more strongly developed. This pattern may be cialisation of eyes in Salticidae goes far beyond mere modified in some genera by a strong development of legs geometrical arrangement. The prey is spotted from long I, which may be strikingly longer and more robust, ful- distance, often 40 cm or more, by secondary eyes (PME, filling important tactile and catching functions; in some PLE, ALE) which have broader field of vision and serve genera the development of legs I may be sex linked, with as movement detectors, but do not make a sharp image legs I longest in males, while legs IV may be distinctly of the object. When the moving object approaches to longer in females. within 4–10 cm, the spider turns in its direction and The shape of the abdomen varies within the catches it in the narrow angle of vision of the Anterior Salticidae from long to round, narrow to broad, tapering Median Eyes whose large lenses permit telescopic sight- to truncate and high to low. The dorsal integument in ing. The retina of the AME is “boomerang shaped”, and some genera may be strongly sclerotized, forming a consists of about 1000 visual cells arranged into four dif- hard, light-reflecting, protective shield, called the scu- ferently specialised layers, most dense at the fovea. It is tum, usually occurring only in males. screened posteriorly by a dark pigment layer and can be The coloration of the body and its parts varies moved by special muscles, which permit change of focus. among genera and species from dull to strikingly con- The AME can form a high-resolution picture of the prey trasting or colourful iridescent patterns. It is assumed 6 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

1 4

5 3

2

6 7

Figures 1–7. Cyrba algerina (male from Greece), lateral (1), and dorsal (2) views. (Phot. Aart P. Noordam, with permission). Cyrba algerina (female from Israel) (Phot. R. R. Jackson, with permission) (3–4). Comparison of faces in females of Cyrba algerina (5) and Aelurillus sp. (6), both from Israel and Pellenes tripunctatus (7) from . Note particularly important taxonomic characters: location and relative size of eyes anterior median and lateral, height of clypeus [space beneath eyes], and occurrence of colour setae. (Phot. R. R. Jackson [5 and 6] and Aart P. Noordam [7], with permission). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 7

that the contrasting colour pattern serves as recogni- after copulation and remain in the copulatory opening of tion characters to other spiders. Dull coloured species the female, blocking it. A hardening waxy secretion, pre- presumably rely more on chemical signals. A contrast- sumably preventing copulation with other males may also ing pattern on the dorsal surface may have a cryptic seal the female opening. The males die shortly after copu- camouflaging function by breaking the outline of the spi- lation; however the proverbial post-mating cannibalism by der into pieces as seen by predators. The colour pattern the female has been found only exceptionally in Salticidae. is due either to pigmentation, distribution of coloured or Females build cocoons and lay eggs a few weeks after mat- iridescent setae and scales, or both. ing, often guarding the eggs and sometimes the young spi- A special sort of protective adaptation, developed in derlings, also possibly feeding them as well. Like other some 400 species of Salticidae world wide (and some , growing spiders have to shed their sclerotized other families of spiders as well) is mimicking; this integument several times before they reach adulthood. presumably would not deceive , which rely mainly The life cycle lasts from one to several years. The most on chemical signals, but may deter some visual preda- common pattern found in temperate zones is: egg laying in tors among the vertebrates. late spring; hatching of young a few weeks later, growing during the summer and autumn; overwintering, reaching Reproduction maturity and reproducing the following spring, after which females may survive for another year. There is con- The genital openings in both sexes are located ante- siderable variation in this pattern; in many species of riorly on the ventral surface of the abdomen, near the Salticidae the adults of one or both sexes are also found in epigastric furrow, and open after the final moult. In autumn and winter. There is much to be learned still about female Salticidae the opening is surrounded by a heavi- the life cycle of many species. ly sclerotized plate called the epigynum, which often has complicated, species-specific relief sculpture. The epig- Behaviour ynum contains a pair of copulatory openings connected by copulatory channels, usually sclerotized, to sperm The behaviour of the Salticidae is still insufficiently storing spermathecae, from which spermatozoa are known, although the past two decades have brought extruded through a soft-walled channel into the uterus about considerable progress in this area. The following to fertilise the eggs. Sperm may be stored alive for as description of the behaviour of Salticidae is largely based long as one year (Wild 1969a) (but in ants, stored sper- on the papers of R.R. Jackson and his collaborators (see matozoa were found alive after 19 years). There are two references). With the exception of a single tropical genus kinds of openings in the walls of the spermathecae, pro- Portia, Salticidae do not spin webs but catch prey by visionally called accessory gland openings: the distal stalking, chasing or ambushing. A special adaptation of nutritive pores are supposedly used for nutrition of the Salticidae is the acquisition of superior vision as their stored spermatozoa, and the proximal scent openings leading sense, with the senses of smell and vibration exude sex pheromones to the outside. The eggs are laid being accessory; the opposite is the case in other families. through the prominent opening in the middle of the epig- The majority of advanced Salticidae are cursorial ynum, or through the soft-walled opening beneath it. predators of insects; they are agile and fast moving, To inseminate the female, the male must first transfer using stalking and chasing behaviour to capture insects. a droplet of seminal fluid from the genital opening into the This is facilitated by the acute vision of their main eyes, copulatory organ located on the apical segments of the with secondary eyes functioning as movement detectors pedipalps. That organ develops during the last moult. It in a large peripheral area (Blest 1983). They have lost operates as a pump by changing the pressure of the the ability to build webs, but have retained nest spin- haemolymph: a rise in pressure inflates the organ and ning, which is appropriate to a more nomadic life. squeezes its internal sperm reservoir; by a partial reduc- Their usual walking is characterised by a specific tion of pressure the seminal fluid is sucked into the reser- stepping pattern; of their 8 legs, two sets always move voir through a thin spine-like inserting tube called the alternately. Left legs I and III move together with right II embolus; a further reduction of pressure contracts the and IV, and the remaining legs are at rest. During slow copulatory organ to its normal resting size and position. walking there may be a small delay in the movement of During copulation, the rising pressure of haemolymph each leg, but during fast running all the legs of a set inflates the organ and when the embolus is introduced move more synchronously. When jumping spiders stop, into the copulatory opening of the female, it squeezes the they draw their legs symmetrically around the body, reservoir and injects seminal fluid into the spermathecae which allows for a sudden leap. of female. The male copulatory organ contains various The legs are anatomically equal, but may differ in sclerotized structures which engage corresponding struc- length; equal length facilitates faster running. Legs II tures of the female’s epigynum during copulation. In some and I are usually directed forward and pull, whereas legs Salticidae, the distal part of the embolus may break off III and IV point backward and push. The moving of a leg 8 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

consists of a lifting phase (forward motion without touch- probes. However, movements on an alien web are very ing the ground) and a pushing or pulling phases. When different from those on firm substratum: they include the moves ahead the joints of the anterior pairs of very slow walking or shifting position of the legs; it may legs must bend and the posterior pairs stretch. Precise take 4–10 seconds to lift a leg, move it forward 2 mm and co-ordination of movements of the legs is necessary for place it down; then it pauses for several minutes, and turning the body; jumping spiders can also move side- then completes the step by retracting the leg and easing ways and backwards. The quick extension and torsion of forward, again taking 4–10 seconds. Often the spider the third or fourth pair of legs (or both) perform jumps. moves forward one leg at a time in succession, until all Foelix (1982) describes the ability of Salticidae to jump a or most legs have been shifted, before easing the body distance from a few centimetres to about 25 body lengths forward. Finding an alien web with some prey on it during escape (i. e. 1 cm spiders may jump up to 25 cm). (a host, its eggs, or ensnared insects) Cyrba readily However I have observed repeated jumps of about invades it, but in a very complicated and careful manner. 1.5–2.0 m (about 150 to 200 body lengths) by Asianellus It approaches the web slowly, ready to run away if festivus while collecting it in Poland. attacked by a stronger host spider, moving increasingly We might expect that the behaviour of over 4000 slowly as it gets closer. It does not readily move com- species of Salticidae would be as different as their nich- pletely onto the web, often remaining for prolonged peri- es, ways of life and morphology. Until now only a few od (2–7 hours) at the edge of the web, keeping at least species have been studied, including two occurring in the fourth pair of legs on a non-silk substratum. It touch- the Mediterranean: Cyrba algerina and Plexippus es the silk very slowly, usually with the anterior pairs of paykulli (see Jackson and Hallas 1986c, Jackson and legs only, and remains inactive there for several minutes MacNab 1989). Apart from these there are only scat- before beginning to pluck with its palps. Plucking causes tered observations on a few other species, so this is a the web to vibrate as if an ensnared insect is trying to broad field for further research. liberate itself and this lures the host spider. The palps It was suggested (Jackson and Blest 1982) that move up and down, forward and backward, also with ancestral Salticidae were web builders, but also web- rotary twists forward and backward, with some differ- invaders, both as kleptoparasitic predators of insects on ence in the velocity and amplitude of movements. Bouts alien webs and on other spiders and their eggs. They of plucking usually last 2–4 seconds, but sometimes for may have used web vibration signals to communicate 10 min., followed by a pause of variable length. If the with specimens of the opposite sex and may have also lured host spider begins to approach, plucking becomes mimicked vibration of ensnared prey to lure the spider more stereotyped. When the spider comes within a few host. Special adaptations for that way of life have been millimetres of the “vibrating” predator, Cyrba slowly lost in the majority of Salticidae and retained only by the lifts legs I and II, extends them forward over the prey tropical genus Portia, a relatively slow moving, cryptic and stabs it with its fangs, piercing the cuticle and inject- spider, which feeds predominantly on other spiders on ing venom, after which the fangs are immediately with- their webs. Similar araneophagic vibrator web-invasion drawn. The prey becomes paralysed within about 20 sec- behaviour has been documented in only three genera onds. If stabbed spiders try to run away, Cyrba slowly belonging to primitive subfamily Spartaeinae, repre- approaches and retrieve its paralysed victim. If the web sented throughout the Mediterranean by Cyrba algeri- host spider fails to approach, Cyrba sometimes moves na. Cyrba is behaviourally intermediate; like Portia it slowly further out onto the web, advancing very slowly, is an araneophagic web-invader that uses vibratory eventually coming to within a few millimetres of its vic- stimuli and can pursue web spiders for up to several tim where it then makes an attack. Sometimes Cyrba hours to catch and eat them; but simultaneously it is leaps into webs onto prey, usually no more than a few also similar in many ways to typical Salticidae: building body lengths anyway. At the end of the leap, the web spi- only a rudimentary nest; using visual displays and der was usually been grasped, but if the predator missed active, agile movements during intraspecific interac- or contacted but failed to secure the prey, it moves slow- tions (dancing is performed by Cyrba, which Portia is ly back to the edge of the web. Leaps are most common unable to do); and requiring most of the motor and sen- when a web spider becomes inactive after being lured sory abilities of effective cursorial predators of insects within 10–30 mm following a long period (1 h.) of inter- as in typical Salticidae (Jackson 1986). mittent plucking. The predator slowly raises and Cyrba algerina moves on firm substratum in a extends legs I and II, and then leaps. Pursuit times with rapid, stop-and-go walking, suddenly running several web spiders as prey are usually about 1 h. Cyrba occa- centimetres and then resumes walking, jumping over sionally feeds on insects in the sticky webs of other spi- gaps. Cyrba does not build its own webs, but walks with ders, usually walking upto them as slowly as it does to apparent ease on any type of alien web, and does not the spider; they occasionally eat eggs of theridiid and stick, even when dropped on its back. On webs with amaurobiid spiders in the web. Under experimental con- widely spaced threads, Cyrba uses its forelegs as ditions it did not respond to the eggs of cursorial spiders. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 9

In other families of spiders even more complicated Finally they separate and run away; the interaction usu- behaviour has been observed: Ero furcata (Mimetidae) ally lasting 1–30 sec. The meeting of two females is has been observed in Poland to mimic sexual vibration shorter (usually only 5–15 sec.) with the display of erect signals of male Meta segmentata (Araneidae), which legs when they are distant, and crunched ones when deceived the female of that species (Czajka 1963). In closer, with propulsive advances intermittently. Florida, the nocturnal Dinopis (Dinopidae) lured male Generally, the display in Cyrba consists of over 30 dif- by emitting sex pheromones of their females ferent movements and postures. (Mark Stowe, personal communication). Under natural conditions, the oviposition sites of On the other hand Cyrba has been observed readily Cyrba are presumably on surfaces of rocks; in laborato- stalking cursorial insects, like typical cursorial ry conditions it spins a thick sheet of silk against the wall Salticidae, approaching them rapidly from 50–150 mm, of the cage, oviposite in the centre and covers the eggs then slowing down as it got to within 20 mm. Legs are with a flimsy layer of silk. Occasionally it encloses the raised, a drag line usually fastened, and Cyrba attacks, nest with crudely woven external silk layers, tubular in either after a short pause (2–10 sec.), or immediately. shape and open at both ends. Moulting is completed on a The spider leaps from 1–3 body lengths away or small platform of spun silk (the diameter being twice the approaches within a few mm and attacks by stabbing. If body length), with the spider hanging upside down from the spider misses, it never chases the insect. Pursuit the platform while moulting, often sliding down 10–20 times during cursorial predation on insects were usual- mm on a drag line before completing the moult. ly 1 min. or less. Cursorial spiders were readily stalked Plexippus paykulli is a large, cursorial salticid spi- and occasionally captured, but other Salticidae usually der, belonging to the hoppers group (as opposed to the detected approaching Cyrba and decamped. Cyrba did runners), which frequently leap about during normal not respond to the nests of cursorial spiders. locomotion and move in a characteristic stop-go fashion: Males of Cyrba algerina detect the presence of rapidly advancing a few steps, pausing briefly to reori- females by scent. Aerial and contact pheromones (for ent, then advancing again. It is a fierce predator, attack- instance scented silk of a drag line on the substratum), ing and capturing large and dangerous prey, overcoming which are detected by sensory organs on the pedipalps them by bold attack and brute strength rather than by and legs, stimulates pronounced palpating (palps touch- their relatively weak venom. Like Cyrba, it may also ing) and “quiver swim waving” of the legs. Facing the feed on insects ensnared in alien webs as well as the female from about 100 mm away, the male lifts his legs host spiders, but it gets them in a completely different and begins to approach. Then in rapid succession he manner. It leaps onto the prey on the web (unlike the twitches the abdomen (.25 s.), flutters palps (.25 s.) slow, careful movements of Cyrba); if it misses the prey, waves erect legs (.25 s.), and steps to the side and it immediately struggles to free itself from the web. dances briefly. There is an interval of 1–2 seconds of The nests built by Plexippus, similar in both males erect posturing while standing, before the sequence of and females, is a complex structure. It consists of large display is repeated. The female usually simply watches (30 × 20 cm to 50 × 30 cm) tube with a natural elastic the male leaving intermittently, the male following with opening at each end; the tube is surrounded by a dense legs raised. Occasionally, the female advances quickly tangled array of silk forming a thick layer (up to 20 mm) toward the male which then usually backs away, the over the tube. Apart from making a safe resting place female running away about 7 cm, then turns and faces and protecting the eggs, the nest also helps in capturing the male. If female persists in leaving, the male usually insects if these become entangled in the silk. Nests play stops approaching and the interaction ends. While the an important part in the behaviour of the spider, the female remains stationary, the male advances toward males developing a special way of communicating with her, stepping in a special way, either posturing, or wav- females, which they “smell ” inside the nest, by vibrating ing his erect legs. There are five types of different the silk walls. In some instances, copulation takes place dances performed by male Cyrba (zigzag, linear, semi- inside the nest; if the female is subadult, the male builds circular, elliptical and complex dance). In the most for- a contiguous nest and waits until the female matures, ward position of a dance the male brings his erect legs and then copulates with her. over the female. If she remains inactive, the male When meeting females outside the nest, male mounts her and copulates. Male-female interactions Plexippus resort to a visual display, as rich as that of usually last 1–5 minutes, the copulation itself only a few Cyrba consisting of a number of postures and dances, seconds (in other Salticidae it may take several hours). including a zigzag dance. Thirty five elements of behav- The meeting of two males results in displaying erect iour (movements and postures) have been described by leg posture when they are distant and crunched legs Jackson and MacNab (1989). Copulation may be accom- posture when they are close, ending finally in an plished in several ways, depending on the situation in embrace – both specimens facing each other with legs which the mates meet, whether in a nest or outside. I–II erect, contacting each other with tarsi touching. Sometimes spiders mate suspending themselves on the 10 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

female’s drag line, away from the substratum. Meeting a (particularly important in the case of Phlegra, specimen of the same sex produces visual displays of a Aelurillus and Rafalus, where morphological differ- rich variety. ences between species are less pronounced and some- The way Plexippus responds to active insects is pre- times confusing). However, genera having only a single sumably typical for the majority of Salticidae. After spot- species, are sometimes also represented by species ting an insect, the spider orients itself towards the prey unknown elsewhere. In a few cases, single species are from as far away as 10 cm, then walks rapidly towards so similar to species occurring elsewhere, that future the insect. On coming close it slows down, lowers the research will have to confirm their separate status. body, pulls its legs towards the body (crouched posture) The total number of species known from the Levant and, after a brief pause, leaps 1–5 cm onto the prey, read- (Israel and neighbouring countries) presently amounts ily attacking and capturing mobile insects, even those to 108 (without considering some uncertain cases). twice its own size. Locusts and hornets often jumped or Out of these, 63 species are known only from Levant: flew away with P. paykulli hanging on until its venom Aelurillus angularis, Aelurillus bokerinus Aelurillus took effect, which sometimes took several minutes. If an catherinae, Aelurillus cognatus, Aelurillus conve- insect coming into contact with nests of P. paykulli niens, Aelurillus gershomi, Aelurillus jerusalemicus, becomes stuck for several minutes or even seconds, P. Aelurillus nabataeus, Aelurillus politiventris, paykulli responds by coming out of the nest and either Aelurillus sinaicus, Chalcoscirtus catherinae, leaps onto prey from 1–3 cm away or walks across the Chalcoscirtus jerusalemicus, Euophrys catherinae, nest over to the insect and attacks it; P. paykulli can Euophrys pseudogambosa, Evarcha negevensis, capture ensnared insects twice its own size. Evarcha nepos, Evarcha patagiata, Evarcha pileckii, Whilst we can draw some conclusions about other Habrocestum shulovi, Heliophanus malus, Langona Salticidae from the above observations, there are many oreni, Langona redii, Leptorchestes sikorskii, problems awaiting behavioural study. What is the function- Mendoza memorabilis, Menemerus davidi, Modunda al significance of structures like the hardened integument staintoni, Mogrus logunovi, Mogrus sinaicus, Napoca (an abdominal scutum), elongate or overgrown chelicerae, insignis, Neaetha murphyorum, Pellenes negevensis, or special setae brushes? What is functional significance of Phlegra amitai, Phlegra dimentmani, Phlegra ferbero- a contrasting colour pattern and to what degree does it rum, Phlegra fulvastra, Phlegra jacksoni, Phlegra assist in recognition of a member of the same species? And levyi, Phlegra palestinensis, Phlegra particeps, finally what degree of morphological variation corresponds Phlegra pori, Phlegra rothi, Phlegra shulovi, Phlegra with the biological limits of the species? stephaniae, Phlegra tillyae, Phlegra v-epigynalis, Phlegra yaelae, Plexippus clemens, Plexippus tectoni- cus, Pseudophrys pascualis, Pseudicius amicus, ZOOGEOGRAPHIC CONCLUSIONS Pseudicius asoroticus, Pseudicius miriae, Pseudicius palaestinensis, Pseudicius mikhailovi, Rafalus The present state of zoogeographical knowledge of christophori, Rafalus feliksi, Rafalus karskii, Rafalus the Levantine Salticidae allows only preliminary inter- stanislawi, Rafalus sp. uncertain 1, Rafalus sp. uncer- pretations. While the statistics discussed below may be tain 2, Rafalus sp. uncertain 3, Salticus amitaii. amended by future research, nonetheless it gives some This figure is particularly unreliable since almost all understanding of the character of the fauna. these species are poorly known, and as many as 46 Salticidae are represented in the Levant by 36 gen- species were described as new, or just recently era, almost all broadly distributed, with numerous described; we know nothing about their possible distrib- species occurring mainly in the southern part of the ution outside the Levant. For this reason I hesitate to Palearctic Region, some in and North , and call them endemic. Western and Cental Asia, and some also in tropical Eight species of Levantine Salticidae are known to Africa. Only 4 of these genera have no European repre- occur in Saudi Arabia and/or (in reality that sentatives, north of the Mediterranean zone. This gives number will grow, with more studies on these areas): the Levantine Salticidae a predominantly southern Evarcha praeclara, Heliophanillus fulgens, Palaearctic character. Myrmarachne tristis, Mogrus sinaicus, Plexippoides The number of Levantine species per genus is usual- arabicus, Pseudicius asoroticus, Pseudicius tamari- ly low, on average, three. Nine genera (out of 35) have a cis (also in N Africa), Pseudicius wadis. Some broadly greater number of species: Phlegra – 15 species, distributed and cosmopolitan species also occur in these Aelurillus – 10 species, Heliophanus – 8 species, countries, but they cannot be considered particularly Pseudicius – 8 species, Pellenes – 6 species, Evarcha – eremic (i.e. Plexippus paykulli, ) 5 species, Menemerus – 5 species, Rafalus – 5 species, Thirty four Levantine species have a Mediterranean Euophrys – 4 species. A higher number of species in a distribution, some occurring only in certain, limited parts genus may indicate more extensive local speciation of the Mediterranean, other extending beyond that area SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 11

in various direction; two species are cosmopolitan in

o o o warm areas. The list of Mediterranean species runs as 33 34 35 19 follows: Aelurillus aeruginosus, Aelurillus kochi, 33o 1 SAFAO 18 Bianor albobimaculatus, Chalcoscirtus infimus, 4 2 NAZARETH Cyrba algerina, Euophrys gambosa, Habrocestum lat- 4 3 5 ifasciatum Heliophanus curvidens, Heliophanus 7 edentulus, Heliophanus encifer, Heliophanus equester, 6 SHEKHEM Heliophanus kochi, Heliophanus mordax, Macaroeris 8 TEL AVIV

32o nidicolens, Menemerus illigeri, Menemerus semilim- 13 JERICHO batus, Menemerus taeniatus, Mogrus neglectus, JERUSALEM 11 Pellenes epularis, Pellenes maderianus, Pellenes ASHQELON 9 10 HEBRON 12 nigrociliatus, Pellenes ostrinus, Pellenes simoni,

Dead Sea Phlegra bresnieri (also Europe), Plexippoides arabi- BE’ER SHEVA’ cus, Plexippoides flavescens, Plexippus devorans, EL ARISH 15 13 Pseudicius kulczynskii, Salticus olivaceus, Salticus 31o EL QANTRA propinquus, Synageles dalmaticus, Thyene imperi- 20 MIZPE RAMON alis (also , Africa and Oriental Region), 17 14 Yllenus salsicola, Yllenus squamifer. BIR GIFGAFA Out of these, nine species have areas extended to the east – some of them reaching , and Central 21 30o 16 Asia, these are: Bianor albobimaculatus, Heliophanus QAL’AT EN NAKHL 23 RAS curvidens, Heliophanus mordax, Menemerus semilim- ES SUDR batus, Mogrus neglectus, Pellenes simoni, Plexippoides ELAT arabicus, Plexippoides flavescens, Plexippus devorans. A smaller group of only six species, occurs troughout Gulf of Suez

o the Mediterranean: Chalcoscirtus infimus, Heliophanus 29 ABU RUDEIS edentulus, Heliophanus encifer, Menemerus taeniatus, 22 Salticus olivaceus, Synageles dalmaticus. St. KATHARINA Five Levantine species are limited to the eastern DAHAB 23 Mediterranean: Habrocestum latifasciatum, Helio- Gulf of Elat phanus equester, Pellenes epularis, Pellenes ostri- 23

o N nus, Pseudicius kulczynskii. 28 0204060Km SHARM ESH SHEIKH Four Levantine species extend to the western Mediterranean: Aelurillus aeruginosus, Menemerus illigeri, Yllenus salsicola, Yllenus squamifer. Physiographic areas of Israel, the Palestinian Authority and Sinai (num- Beyond the Mediterranean, two species occurs also bers used in the text as references). 1. Upper ; 2. Lower Galilee; in tropical : Festucula vermiformis and 3. Carmel Ridge; 4. Northern Coastal Plain; 5. Valley of Yizre’el; 6. Samaria; Menemerus fagei; four Levantine species extend into 7. Vlley and Southern Golan; 8. Central Coastal Plain; 9. Southern Europe: Heliophanus kochi, Macaroeris nidicolens, Coastal Plain; 10. Foothills of Judea; 11. Judean Hills; 12. Judean Desert; 13. Dead Sea Area; 14. ‘Arava Yalley; 15. Northern ; 16. Southern , Phlegra bresnieri. Negev; 17. Central Negev; 18. ; 19. ; Four Levantine species have a broader distribution 20. Northern Sinai; 21. Central Sinai Foothills; 22. Sinai Mountains; (parts of Europe, of Africa and of Asia): Cyrba algeri- 23. Southwestern Sinai. (By permission of the Flora et Fauna Palaestina Committee of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities) na, Pellenes maderianus, Philaeus chrysops, Thyene imperialis. Finally, two Levantine species have a very broad nary, because the environmental preferences of species cosmopolitan distribution in warm areas: Hasarius cannot yet be precisely defined. A species occurring in a adansoni, Plexippus paykulli. number localities in the Negev, as well as in Elat and Geographical distribution data alone cannot be pre- Sinai, is apparently eremic. On the other hand, a species cisely interpreted. For instance, two species of Yllenus occurring around Jerusalem, Tel Aviv and the Golan have a general Mediterranean distribution, while in the Heights is more Mediterranean. The difficulty lies in clas- Levant they occur in rather eremic environments. sifying a species known to occur in both areas, when we However, their eremic character becomes more convinc- do not know its micro-environment. In addition species ing when we realise that in France, and may select a special microhabitat which differs from the they occur in sandy environments. general appearance of the landscape – an example of this Attempting an environmental interpretation, we may be Heliophanus edentulus, occurring in the very obtain a somewhat different picture, also very prelimi- dry upper Wadi Zin, but a few centimetres from water of 12 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

a permanent pool. Apparently more studies of the micro- The above data correct preliminary information on habitats of particular species are needed. distribution of Levantine Salticidae published previ- There are two basic types of environment in the Levant: ously (Prószyński 1988). the eremic (desert) type and the Mediterranean type which is relatively more humid, with richer vegetation. The assignment of Salticidae species to these two SYSTEMATIC PART types of environments is only tentative. The eremic fauna in the Levant seems to comprise 43 Salticidae Blackwall, 1841 species: Aelurillus aeruginosus, Aelurillus bokeri- nus, Aelurillus catherinae, Aelurillus cognatus, Introductory remarks. Salticidae are best recog- Aelurillus kochi, Aelurillus nabataeus, Aelurillus nised by their general appearance, which should be sinaicus, Chalcoscirtus catherinae, Euophrys memorised. The key is useful for the first acquaintance catherinae, Euophrys gambosa, Evarcha negevensis, with particular genera, and for checking identification Evarcha pileckii, Evarcha praecincta, Heliophanus in case of doubt. However, particular genera of decoratus, Langona redii, Leptorchestes sikorskii, Salticidae are so diversified that characters used in the Menemerus illigeri, Mogrus logunovi, Mogrus key may in some cases be insufficiently representative sinaicus, Mogrus sp. A, Myrmarachne tristis, for certain species. It is suggested that genus identifica- Neaetha murphyorum, Pellenes negevensis, Pellenes tion should be confirmed by comparing the specimen simoni, Phlegra pori, Phlegra yaelae, Plexippoides with the respective drawings, given in the text of the arabicus, Plexippoides flavescens, Plexippus present monograph. clemens, Plexippus tectonicus, Pseudicius asoroti- The following genera, mentioned in the key, have not cus, Pseudicius mikhailovi, Pseudicius tamaricis, been discovered yet in the Levant, but are expected Pseudicius wadis, Rafalus christophori, Rafalus there, due to their general distribution and environmen- feliksi, Rafalus karskii, Rafalus stanislawi, Rafalus tal requirements: Carrhotus, Hyllus, Icius, Neon, sp. uncertain 1, Rafalus sp. uncertain 2, Rafalus sp. Pachyballus, Phintella, Saitis, Talavera. (Diagnostic uncertain 3, Yllenus salsicola, Yllenus squamifer. drawings to these genera and their species can be seen The fauna of the Mediterranean environment seems in the Internet monograph: “Salticidae (Araneae) of the to comprise sixty three species: Aelurillus angularis, World” by Prószyński (2001 version) available in the Aelurillus conveniens, Aelurillus gershomi, Aelurillus Internet at: http:// www.miiz.waw.pl/salticid/main.htm jerusalemicus, Aelurillus politiventris, Bianor albo- and http://spiders.arizona.edu/salticid/MAIN.HTM., or bimaculatus, Bianor insignis, Chalcoscirtus infimus, on CD disks. Chalcoscirtus jerusalemicus, Cyrba algerina, Diagnosis. Medium size or small spiders (4–12 mm), Euophrys pseudogambosa, Evarcha nepos, Evarcha recognisable by their unique anterior body end, which is patagiata, Festucula vermiformis, Habrocestum lati- broadly truncated, with 2 pairs of eyes on the face (ante- fasciatum, Habrocestum shulovi, , rior surface): large anterior median eyes (AME), and 1 1 Heliophanillus fulgens, Heliophanus curvidens, smaller (often by /3 or /2) anterior lateral eyes (ALE) Heliophanus edentulus, Heliophanus encifer, (Figs 5–12). The remaining two pairs of eyes (of rows II Heliophanus equester, Heliophanus kochi, and III) located on dorso-lateral edges of cephalothorax, Heliophanus malus, Heliophanus mordax, Langona delimit a quadrangular area between eyes, called eye field oreni, Macaroeris nidicolens, Mendoza canestrini, (extending to about half of cephalothorax). Body compact, Menemerus davidi, Menemerus fagei, Menemerus legs short or moderately long. Salticidae move by jumping semilimbatus, Menemerus taeniatus, Modunda stain- and walking, usually interrupted frequently by resting or toni, Mogrus neglectus, Pellenes epularis, Pellenes ambushing periods; they are active hunters with complex maderianus, Pellenes nigrociliatus, Pellenes ostrinus, behaviour. Mediterranean and Palaearctic genera spin Philaeus chrysops, Phlegra amitai, Phlegra bresnieri, silky retreats and cocoons but not catching webs. Phlegra dimentmani, Phlegra ferberorum, Phlegra fulvastra, Phlegra jacksoni, Phlegra levyi, Phlegra A key to genera of Salticidae of Levant palestinensis, Phlegra particeps, Phlegra rothi, Phlegra shulovi, Phlegra stephaniae, Phlegra tillyae, 1. Body shape characters ...... 2 Phlegra v-epigynalis, Plexippus devorans, Plexippus –. Genital organ and other structural characters . . . paykulli, Pseudophrys pascualis, Pseudicius miriae, ...... (genital organ characters) 11 Pseudicius palaestinensis, Salticus amitaii, Salticus –. Colour pattern characters ...... propinquus, Salticus olivaceus, Synageles dalmati- ...... see separate key (below) cus, Thyene imperialis. 2(1). Peculiar shape and behaviour resembling ants: For two species the environment is unknown: abdomen constricted, petiolus long, not hidden Pseudicius amicus, Pseudicius kulczynskii. beneath edge of abdomen (Figs 325, 446, 694) . . . 3 SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 13

–. Abdomen not constricted, petiolus usually hidden –. Cephalothorax distinctly broader near or behind ...... 5 eyes III, eye field flattened, trapezium-shaped 3(2). Eye field distinctly elevated above thorax, which is ...... 9 constricted; male chelicerae greatly enlarged, often 9(7). Cephalothorax swollen behind eyes III, anterior enormous; bulbus round, without protuberance, encir- part of thorax flat or gently sloping (Figs 336–337) cled two or three times by embolus, canal of seminal ...... Macaroeris (similar in related genera receptacle runs along lateral margin of bulbus, mak- Dendryphantes and Rhene) ing to the centre of bulbus a characteristic, small, cir- –. Cephalothorax broadest at eyes III, eye field 1 1 cular loop, extending over /3 to /2 of bulbus. Epigynum trapezium-shaped, flat area of cephalothorax with posterior membranous “window”, without dis- ends abruptly, posterior slope steep to almost ver- tinct posterior rim, bisected by translucent longitudi- tical, eye field distinctly broader posteriorly, legs I nal channels (Figs 451–452) ...... Myrmarachne are the longest (Figs 110–111) ...... Bianor –. Eye field and thorax on the same level; thorax with- –. Like the above, but integument thicker and hard- out constriction; male chelicerae not distinctly ened ...... Harmochirus enlarged (Figs 325, 694) ...... 4 –. Like the above, but abdomen longer (Figs 112, 4(3). Legs I comparable in size with legs II–IV; base of 123, 126, 129) ...... Modunda embolus located along anterior half of bulbus; embo- –. Like the above, but legs III distinctly the longest lus fleshy, stretching parallel to bulbus and extend- (Fig. 453) ...... Neaetha ing ahead of it; epigynum sclerotized, oval with 10(7). Thoracic slope begins immediately behind eyes indistinct posterior oval depression, openings indis- III, usually steep (Figs 564, 706) ...... tinct, spermathecae and channels large and thick ...... Plexippoides and Ylenus walled, arranged longitudinally (Figs 325–329) –. Cephalothorax in lateral profile rounded, body ...... Leptorchestes hairy ...... Carrhotus –. Legs I very long (particularly in M); palpal organ –. Thoracal slope begins some distance from eyes III, with bag-shaped bulbus, broadened posteriorly: after a level area; body appears hairy (Figs 394, embolus thin and short, slightly bent, arising from a 398–402, 501–502) ...... Mogrus and Philaeus broad antero-lateral stem (in Levantine species –. Flat area extends over half of thorax or more, legs from a cavity on the median side of that stem) in in proportion to body appear long and robust, usu- apical margin of bulbus; apophysis short, thin, claw- ally of similar length (Figs 369, 375, 577–582) like bent; epigynum is a convex plate, with hole, or ...... Menemerus and Plexippus slit in posterior edge; spermathecae small, arranged –. Abdomen broad, in males hardened (Figs 96–97), transversally (Figs 694–698) ...... Synageles tibia I swollen; several separate retrolateral 5(2). Cephalothorax appears particularly long and low, teeth on chelicerae (“pluridentati”) ...... abdomen long, narrowing posteriorly; legs I longer ...... Ballus and Pachyballus and/or more robust than other legs (Figs 241, 338, –. Spiders not conforming clearly to any of the 594) ...... 6 above – see characters based on genital organs –. Cephalothorax higher, abdomen not particularly long; (also key by colour characters – below) . . . . 11 legs I not distinctly longer than other legs ...... 7 11(10). Genital organ characters 6(5). Tibia I swollen, with reduced spines and long tri- –. Males ...... 12 chobothria, a row of stridulatory setae on tuber- –. Females ...... 37 cles under lateral eyes; cephalothorax long, low 12(11). Characters of pedipalpal segments ...... 13 and flat, abdomen elongate oval (Figs 594–598) –. Embolus shape characters ...... 16 ...... Pseudicius –. Bulbus shape characters ...... 23 –. As above, but abdomen enormously long and thin 13(12). Pedipalpal femur straight, not broadened, with- (Fig. 241) ...... Festucula out distinct protuberance or apophysis (majority –. Tibia I with normal spines, not swollen, without a row of genera) ...... 15 of stridulatory setae under lateral eyes (Fig. 338) –. Pedipalpal femur semicrescent shaped and ...... Mendoza broad, often with small ventral protuberance 7(5). Cephalothorax broader than abdomen, often (Fig. 352) ...... 14 swollen laterally ...... 8 –. Pedipalpal femur with large horn-like apophysis –. Cephalothorax not strikingly broader than abdomen (either single, bifurcated or trifurcated) (Figs ...... 10 269–270, 297, 304–305 and others) ...... 8(5). Cephalothorax almost round, swollen (strikingly to ...... Heliophanus (subgenus Heliophanus) indistinctly) on the level of eyes II–III, eye field on 14(13). Pedipalpal tibia unusually broad, shorter than top of conical elevation of cephalothorax, thorax broad, minute hook on patella in some species sloping (Fig. 701) ...... Thyene (Figs 342, 343, 351–359) ...... Menemerus 14 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

–. Pedipalpal tibia of normal width, its length equal to rounded, abdomen broader and shorter (Figs 72, or longer than width, but shorter than cymbium 75); leg IV indistinctly longer than III (average ...... Yllenus 3%) (Figs 22–27) ...... Aelurillus –. Pedipalpal tibia thin and long, longer than cym- 22(20). Apophysis accompanied by a parallel bunch of bium, with long mane of white hairs, retrolateral hard stiff setae, cymbium and tibia with large, tooth on chelicerae with two cones, fused basal- hard flattened setae (Figs 309–312); body black ly (Figs 257, 260) ...... Hasarius with striking stripes, dorsally with large scales, 15(13). Pedipalpal patella with complicated and large black and white; large species, leg IV almost apophysis (Figs 281–282) ...... equal to III ...... Langona ...... Heliophanus (subgenus Helafricanus) –. Apophysis not followed by stiff setae ventrally (Figs –. Pedipalpal patella without apophysis ...... 16 643, 646, 662–663), or hard flattened setae on cym- 16(15). Embolus originating as thin needle-like process bium, scales much less striking, profile of ...... 17 cephalothorax higher and more rounded (Figs 659, –. Embolus arising as apical fleshy process from the 660), coloration cryptic, legs III distinctly longer anterior part of bulbus, usually with variousan- than IV (average 22%) (Fig. 647) ...... Rafalus gular protuberances; bulbus opaque, seminal 23(19). Seminal receptacle channel thin, meandering or receptacle channels not visible (Figs 262, 269, making large loops across bulbus. Embolus 273, 281, 287, 292 and others) ...... twisted into coil on the surface of bulbus, entire- ...... Heliophanillus and Heliophanus ly visible, in some species located inside anterior –. Embolus originating from a robust, fleshy stem, cavity and then only tip visible ...... 24 gradually narrowing, either separated from bul- –. Seminal receptacle channel makes irregular bus by a furrow in integument, or fused with it loops across the whole bulbus ...... 25 posteriorly, in some cases bulbus covered by 24(23). Embolus makes small coil on ventral surface of harder shield, or membrane originating from oval bulbus, (Figs 136–141), differs from other stem of embolus ...... 32 genera by shiny external appearance ...... 17(16). Embolus thinner than large fleshy conductor, aris- ...... Chalcoscirtus ing from the same stem, antero-laterally or later- –. As above, but body not shiny (Figs 174–179) ally to bulbus; seminal receptacle channel runs ...... Euophrys along margin of bulbus; tibial apophysis articulat- –. As above, recognisable in males by striking row ing with a groove, or process, on postero-lateral of black setae on metatarsus III, dorsally and wall of cymbium (Figs 703–704, 710–711) ventrally ...... Saitis ...... Yllenus –. Coil of embolus surrounds anterior depression in –. Embolus not followed by conductor, or only by an bulbus, or hidden inside it (with only tip protrud- inconspicuous and thin conductor ...... 18 ing), bulbus often broadened anteriorly (Figs 18(17). Embolus short, making a coil smaller than bul- 198–199) ...... Pseudophrys bus, entirely visible, or hidden between bulbus –. Embolus makes tight spiral on anterior surface of and cymbium, in the latter case only a tip of bulbus, tegulum divided into two shields; several embolus protruding from under bulbus . . . . . 19 separate retrolateral teeth on chelicerae, body –. Embolus long, either coiled around the whole bul- resembling Bianor (Figs 101, 102) ...... Ballus bus, or straight, or gently bent ...... 26 –. Spiral of embolus consists of single coil ...... 19(18). Seminal receptacle channel not visible through ...... Pachyballus tegulum, which is opaque or thick, legs I–II dis- 25(23). Embolus either makes minute coil anteriorly on tinctly shorter than III–IV ...... 20 bulbus, or in a form of corkscrew or hook atop –. Seminal receptacle channel translucent through fleshy stem, spider small, general appearance semitransparent tegulum ...... 23 very similar to Euophrys ...... Talavera 20(19). Two tibial apophyses ...... 21 –. Coil of embolus broad and loose, lateral, with a –. Single tibial apophysis ...... 22 bunch of spikes, spider small, resembling Euophrys 21(20). Tibial apophyses separated by narrow space, slit- ...... Neon like (V-shaped) or rounded (U-shaped) (Figs 511, –. Embolus long, gently bent, making a very loose 512, 513, 541–542, 547–548, 553), cephalothorax coil, runs along depression in cymbium (Fig. 330), low and long, colour pattern usually striped; leg IV spider does not resemble Euophrys ...... distinctly longer than III (by average of 36%) ...... Macaroeris 1 ...... Phlegra 26(18). Length of embolus equal to /2 diameter of the –. Apophyses separated by broad, triangular space, bulbus or less, bent or straight ...... 27 ventral apophysis sclerotized, dorsal soft and –. Embolus approximately equal to diameter of the light coloured, cephalothorax higher, dorsally bulbus or longer, bent or straight ...... 29 SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 15

–. Embolus long, encircles bulbus once (Fig. 631) 32(16). Stem of embolus extends ahead of bulbus . . . . 33 ...... (in part) Pseudicius –. Stem of embolus does not extend ahead of bul- –. Embolus encircles entire bulbus two or three bus, or only indistinctly, its prolateral edge is times ...... 31 usually drawn medially, which gives bulbus 27(26). Embolus hair-thin ...... 28 broad appearance anteriorly, often with sclero- –. Embolus broader, often with flattened and split tized and serrated rim; embolus relatively thin, tip. Tibial apophysis arising from broader base, arising diagonally and usually about half of either as a gently narrowing process (Figs 230, diameter of bulbus, long and narrowing quickly; 235) or short truncated cone ending with several posterior end of bulbus forming a narrow minute sharp teeth (Figs 211–212, 220); embolus process, (Figs 583–586) ...... Plexippus pressed closely to anterior margin of bulbus . . . –. Embolus long and broad, originating from under ...... (in part) Evarcha tegulum, abdomen with a pair of round white –. Embolus thin but with white fleshy extension, spots (Figs 245–249) ...... Habrocestum blade like, along its length; tibial apophysis 33(32). Texture of embolus does not differ from its stem; broadly truncated, with several prominent teeth large spider (Figs 341, 351, 354, 357, 360–368) along edge ...... Hyllus ...... Menemerus –. Embolus broad apically, often with split apical –. Tip of embolus claw-like, different from texture end, tibial apophysis a thin process, gently bent of the stem ...... 34 (Figs 473–474, 476, 482, 484–488) . . . . Pellenes 34(33). Embolus short, narrow, or with a tip protruding 28(27). Embolus anterior, hair-thin, short; bulbus trans- from a sort of sheath; stem of embolus stretching versely oval, its anterior edge often flattened forwards, covered by a long narrow shield being (Figs 113, 115, 124, 133) ...... the extended and narrowing part of tegulum; bul- ...... Bianor, Harmochirus and Modunda bus bag-shaped; tibial apophysis a long broad –. Embolus arises laterally, short, somewhat thick- plate (Figs 680, 685–688) ...... Salticus er; bulbus elongate oval (Figs 454–455, 457–458) –. Embolus not covered by a shield ...... 35 ...... Neaetha 35(34). Embolus stretching forwards, the almost straight, –. Embolus tightly encircles anterior edge of oval short, stem of embolus slightly longer than bul- bulbus and runs along half of its retrolateral bus, part of the latter covered diagonally by mem- part, pressed to its edge; tibial apophysis long brane; pedipalpal tibia long, with mane of long and complicated (Figs 154–155) ...... Cyrba white hairs, retrolateral tooth on chelicerae with 29(26). Postero-lateral angle of cymbium drawn into long two cones, fused basally (Figs 257, 260) ...... thin apophysis, touching claw-shaped tibial ...... Hasarius apophysis, bulbus round with protuberance, –. Embolus comparable but pedipalpal tibia short, embolus half encircles bulbus (Figs 565–566) without mane of white hairs; single retromargin- ...... Plexippoides al tooth on chelicerae ...... Icius subinermis –. Postero-lateral surface of cymbium flattened and –. Embolus bent, stretching transversely; single articulating with tibial apophysis, may be drawn retromarginal tooth on chelicerae ...... 36 into ventral process, bulbus oval, tibial apoph- 36(35). Medium size, “hairy” spider, tibia dorsally as ysis blunt, in some species with small process long and broad as cymbium; apophysis plate- directed dorsally (Figs 339–340) . . . . . Mendoza like, broad, truncated ...... Carrhotus –. Postero-lateral surface of cymbium “normal” – with- –. Small spider, not “hairy”, apophysis small, bent out any special flattening, or angular apophysis ...... Phintella ...... 30 37(11). Surface of epigynum not sclerotized, covered by 30(29). Bulbus long, anteriorly oval, posteriorly with large setae ...... 38 long lateral protuberance, bent under angle; –. Epigynum strongly sclerotized, at least in part embolus encircles bulbus posteriorly, then runs ...... 39 along its side and extends along anterior elongat- 38(37). Epigynum shield-like of unique shape (typical for ed tip of cymbium (Fig. 503) ...... Philaeus the subfamily Spartaeinae) with sclerotized pos- –. Retrolateral end of cymbium normal, basis of terior edge, with translucent large spherical sper- embolus broad, deforming round shape of bulbus mathecae and anterior arches of channels, open- (Figs 403, 407) ...... Mogrus ings practically invisible, in the median posterior 31(26). Bulbus with a tongue-like flap, cephalothorax part of epigynum (Figs 156–157) ...... Cyrba broader than abdomen, swollen, spider not ant- –. Openings median anterior, visible because of like (Fig. 702) ...... Thyene their sclerotized sharp triangular roofs, followed –. Bulbus with robust protuberance (Figs 630–631) posteriorly by broad, contiguous channels, which ...... (in part) Pseudicius turn anteriorly at the end of epigynum, and in 16 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

the mid-length of epigynum pass into small, –. Epigynum with two grooves and superficial open- cone-shaped spermathecae (Figs 505–506) . . . . . ing of vagina, but not directly resembling Bianor ...... Philaeus ...... 46 39(37). Surface of epigynum almost flat, smooth, its pos- 46(45). Vaginal roof – short anterior swelling surround- terior edge is cut into two bays separating a ed by semilunar groove, copulatory openings on small medial process; copulatory openings hid- both sides of median groove, in a form of diago- den under short copulatory channels running nal slits, channels broad, large spherical sper- anteriorly into coiled sclerotized spermathecae, mathecae (Figs 587–592) ...... Plexippus translucent on epigynum as a pair of dark spots –. Median ridge (ending with vaginal opening locat- (female of the local species as yet unknown) ed variably: anteriorly to posteriorly) long and ...... Mendoza prominent, separates two sclerotized grooves –. Epigynum in form of a simple concave sclero- with transverse copulatory openings; spermath- tized plate ...... 40 eca a complicated body with internal convoluted –. Surface of epigynum sculptured ...... 41 chambers (Figs 467–472, 478–480, 483) ...... 40(39). Epigynum simple, sclerotized oval plate with ante- ...... Pellenes rior median openings, translucent straight chan- –. Epigynum whitish, vaginal roof bell-shaped, indis- nels and transverse spermathecae ...... Icius tinctly rising above epigynum, copulatory open- –. Epigynum simple sclerotized depression with ings small, indistinct, close to apical end of roof; translucent spermathecae appearing as two simple spermathecae and channels translucent darker spots; since chambers of spermathecae through integument (Figs 707–709, 714–716) are developed perpendicularly to epigynum, they ...... Yllenus are poorly visible and look variable on micro- 47(43). Epigynum with prominent anterior sclerotized scope slides (Figs 258–259) ...... Hasarius “wings”, diagonal or transverse, copulatory 41(39). Epigynum with a pair of sclerotized pockets . . . 42 openings near junction of “wings”; indistinct, –. Epigynum without sclerotized pockets ...... 43 internal structures in a form of compact, spheri- 42(41). Large median depression, sometimes divided by cal body with internal convoluted chambers, or a thin ridge or broader septum, accompanied by a knot of convoluted channels, (Figs 40–45, 60, pair of sclerotized pockets (Figs 599–604) . . . . . 67–69, 73–74, 82–85, 87–90) ...... Aelurillus ...... (in part) Pseudicius –. Epigynum flat, with large, prominent openings, –. Epigynum with anterior groove or a pair of variably spaced and located, in some species sep- groves of various sizes, usually with a pair of arated by median ridge, channels running from sclerotized pockets, variously located; internal openings anteriorly, spermathecae antero-medi- structures complicated, consist of long channels an, usually bent, with internally convoluted, very running from lateral indistinct openings through complicated chambers (Figs 508–509, 517–521, several bends extending over at least half of 522–529, 530–535, 536–539) ...... Phlegra epigynum length or longer, spermathecae resem- –. Epigynum flat, with distinct openings postero- bling broader portion of the channel; strikingly medially, channels thin walled, running anteriorly, long channel of the scent pore (Figs 616–619, long, bent in S-shape, passing into very small, horn 621–622, 626–629) ...... shaped spermathecae with a few, small, internal ...... (in part) Pseudicius (tamaricis group), chambers (Figs 640–641, 648–649, 650–653, ...... (in part) Evarcha 657–658, 667–672, 673–674) ...... Rafalus 43(41). Epigynum with prominent vaginal roof, opening –. Epigynum a variable sclerotized plate with two on its ventral surface ...... 44 large depressions, often blocked by waxy secretion, –. Sclerotized vaginal roof hidden beneath the pos- heavily sclerotized median channels, as broad as terior edge (dorsally to epigynum), translucent spherical spermathecae (Figs 344, 345–350. through the wall of epigynum ...... 47 370–374, 377–378, 386–389) ...... Menemerus –. No visible sclerotized vaginal roof ...... 49 –. Epigynum a concave sclerotized plate with indis- 44(43). Epigynum with white membranous “window” tinct openings ...... 48 and prominent vaginal roof in the posterior part 48(47). Epigynum a sclerotized depression, elongate of the window. Characteristic appearance of oval, with antero-lateral or median openings; epigynum (Figs 117–122) ...... spermathecae long, channel-shaped and bent, ...... Bianor, Harmochirus and Modunda vaginal roof rudimentary, atypical (Figs 690–693) –. Epigynum without membranous window(s) . . . 45 ...... Salticus 45(44). General plan of epigynum resembles Bianor, –. Epigynum a sclerotized depression transversally however window replaced by a groove (Fig. 456) oval with antero-lateral spermathecae (Figs ...... Neaetha 478–480, 483) ...... (in part) Pellenes SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 17

49(43). Epigynum with membranous “window” or “win- –. “Windows” large oval (more than half epigynum dows” ...... 50 length or longer), usually a pair of sclerotized –. Epigynum sclerotized, with groove(s) or flat sur- pockets (posterior, median or anterior); channels face ...... 56 complicated, their anterior part arching close to –. Epigynum with single, median longitudinal slit, spermatheca, joining its lateral end, either narrow or broadened into concave plate . . . . 58 directly or after making a coil(s); spermathecae –. Epigynum variable from sclerotized to soft, usu- transverse, accessory glands opening on anteri- ally with a pair of longitudinal slits, in some or wall of spermathecae; body long, flat (Figs species with a pair of slits joining into single pos- 599–604, 608–609) ...... (in part) Pseudicius terior slit; channels broad, usually membranous, –. May also be without membranous “windows” running posteriorly, then bending medially and (Figs 616–619, 621, 626–629, 632) ...... passing into small sclerotized spermathecae ...... (in part) Pseudicius (Figs 395–397, 415–420, 433–439) . . . . . Mogrus –. A pair of oval “windows”, spermathecae oval or 50(49). Membranous window(s) in anterior or median part bag-shaped, in some species constricted into two of epigynum, or at least delimited from posterior chambers, located posteriorly or laterally to end of epigynum by a distinct sclerotized rim “windows”, channels relatively broad, opening at ...... 51 the posterior edge of “windows”; small spider –. Membranous “window” posterior, delimited by ...... Pseudophrys robust posterior rim (which passes into vertical 54(51). Single “window”, in some species divided by a wall) and lateral semi-arches, all strongly sclero- septum, channels relatively broad, originating on tized (Figs 313–318, 319–324) (comparable also top of globular spermathecae; integument of the in Evarcha jucunda and patagiata Figs 224–228) whole cephalothorax and legs light reflecting (but ...... Langona not abdomen) (Figs 142–144, 145–150, 151–152) –. Sclerotized vaginal roof under epigynum small, ...... Chalcoscirtus indistinct. Large transverse oval membranous –. Integument not reflecting light ...... 55 white “window”, with translucent dark internal 55(54). “Window” partially overlaps spermathecae, chan- structures, very complicated consisting of large nels runs beneath “window” membrane, in some channels running anteriorly and then reversing cases coiled, openings in the center of window or back, passing into two sclerotized chambers con- at its anterior end (Figs 159–162, 165–168, nected by soft channels (Figs 250–251, 253–255) 186–191) ...... Euophrys ...... Habrocestum –. Channels very narrow, originating medially from 51(50). Medium size spiders with single “window” . . . 52 globular spermathecae ...... Talavera –. Medium size or small spiders with a pair of “win- 56(49). Epigynum with two deep anterior grooves, usual- dows” ...... 53 ly with sclerotized black rims ...... Neon –. Small or very small spiders ...... 54 –. Grooves posterior, with openings hidden inside 52(51). Single white membranous “window” small, nar- median ridge, channels run anteriorly, spermath- row or square, anterior, with openings hidden at ecae S-shaped (Figs 242–243) ...... Festucula its sides; remaining part of epigynum yellow, –. Epigynum with single depression, sometimes weakly sclerotized, no pockets; internal struc- divided by a septum ...... 57 tures with coiled membranous channels, long 57(56). Depression median, strongly sclerotized (round or scent pore channel (Figs 699–700) . . . . Thyene transversely oval, sometimes surrounded by an –. Membranous “window” large, oval or rectangular, elevated rim), sometimes divided by median ridge, in the anterior half of epigynum, sometimes par- or two separate sclerotized depressions; copula- tially divided postero-medially but not by vaginal tory openings lateral with simple channels, usual- roof (Figs 214–216, 222–223); the posterior half of ly bent, spermathecae small and simple (Figs 267, epigynum strongly sclerotized, with pockets, in E. 271–272, 276–278, 280, 284, 290–291, 297–298, jucunda and E. patagiata well developed posteri- 301–302, 307–308) ...... or vertical wall (Figs 224–228) ...... Evarcha ...... Heliophanillus and Heliophanus –. Membraneous “window” posteriorly with semi- –. Copulatory openings located anteriorly in a circular, broad, sclerotised arches surrounding depression, (in related genus Dendryphantes in copulatory openings; large specimen (10–12 mm semilunar groove) channels postero-median, of length) ...... Hyllus chambers complicated (Figs 333–335) ...... 53(51). Membranous “windows” extend over the whole ...... Macaroeris nidicolens length of epigynum, touching its posterior edge, 58(49). Epigynum relatively weakly sclerotized, with a dorsal abdominal pattern consist of dispersed prominent anterior pit, surrounded anteriorly by irregular dark dots ...... Saitis semilunar rim, copulatory openings antero- 18 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

median, channels broad, running posteriorly, –. Abdomen dark, with pairs of transverse or diago- coils posterior (Figs 98–100) ...... Ballus nal white stripes (“zebra spider”), but no median –. Epigynum resemblig Ballus, but anterior depres- streak (Figs 677–679) ...... Salticus sion divided into two, copulatury openings lateral –. Abdomen with striking median white line, continu- ...... Pachyballus ous or broken, sometime with one or two pairs of –. Pit medially along whole epigynum, spermathe- diagonal or transverse white lines marginally and cae simple spherical, channels thin, straight, thick anterior line; cephalothorax usually with openings anterior ...... Phintella white spots behind eyes III and a median white line –. Copulatory openings anterior in a small, lighter (Figs 459–465) ...... Pellenes coloured depression, followed by a slit delimited 5(3). Body pink or orange, abdomen posteriorly black with by antero-lateral ridges; broad channels and elon- white triangle, cephalothorax narrow (Fig. 153) gate spermathecae with internal convoluted cham- ...... Cyrba bers (Figs 567–571, 573–576) . . . . . Plexippoides –. Body yellow, with dark spots on abdomen in males, cephalothorax swollen at eyes II–III (Fig. 701) Simplified key to genera of Salticidae – by colour ...... Thyene characters 6(3). Abdomen elongated with several pairs of submar- ginal dark brown spots; a row of stridulatory spines 1. Integument of the whole body in males bald, shiny on tubercles beneath lateral eyes (Figs 594–598) and light-reflecting like a mirror (in females only ...... Pseudicius cephalothorax and appendages shiny, but not –. Thin marginal dark lines on white backgrouns abdomen), v. small spiders ...... along the whole, enormously elongated abdomen, a ...... Chalcoscirtus (cf. also Harmochirus) row of stridulatory spines on tubercles beneath lat- –. Abdomen covered by black, shiny, light-reflecting eral eyes (Figs 241) ...... Festucula scutum; medium-size cursorial spiders (Figs 75–81) –. Abdomen long, thin, posteriorly pointed, light reflect- ...... Aelurillus politiventris group ing, dark brown with thin blackish median line and (also N. African Phlegra nitidiventris) four pairs of small white spots; male only (Fig. 338) –. Integument not polished and not reflecting light; ...... Mendoza any reflection is due to scales, or setae, and usual- 7(2). Coloration dull greyish with ill defined lighter ly is much weaker ...... 2 spots; hairy appearance ...... Carrhotus 2(1). Abdomen covered by light-reflecting scales . . . . 3 –. Body mainly greyish, with indistinct darker pattern –. Abdomen appears more or less matt and “hairy”, if ...... Aelurillus, (in part) Phlegra and Rafalus covered by scales then these do not dominate its –. Abdomen light suffused with grey, often with grey appearance ...... 7 median chevrons, small spiders (Figs 158, 163, 164, –. Abdomen dark mosaic on lighter background, with 172–173, 180–185) ...... Euophrys or without contrasting spots or streaks ...... 10 –. Abdomen with pairs of dark diagonal lines on lighter 3(2). Background of abdomen smooth, unicoloured: background (sometimes yellow or pink) usually with (black, iridescent blue, violet or green), with or white anterior line (Fig. 200) . . . (in part) Evarcha without white spots or lines ...... 4 –. Body with contrasting pattern ...... 8 –. Abdomen coloured strikingly bright (pink or yel- 8(7). Cephalothorax with a pair of contrasting white low) (if red but hairy – see Philaeus) ...... 5 stripes on black background, abdomen posteriorly –. Abdomen silver with darker median streak (Figs 703) pointed with median white stripe, large spider ...... Yllenus, (in part) Mogrus (Fig. 309) ...... Langona –. Abdomen with dark spots or lines on light back- –. Cephalothorax with a pair of less contrasting light ground ...... 6 stripes on dark background, abdomen either with 4(3). Abdomen uniformly dark or with striking median stripes (Figs 507, 515), or pairs of indistinct spots pairs of small white spots or single or pair of streaks, on grey background (Fig. 516), medium size spiders but without diagonal, or transverse lines, except a ...... Phlegra thin anterior marginal line; legs often yellow, slim –. Abdomen hairy, blackish grey with a pair of white spiders with narrow cephalothorax, usually small streaks, large spider – females only (Fig. 502) . . . . (Figs 275, 279, 289, 306) ...... Heliophanus ...... Philaeus –. As above, with pairs of white spots, but without –. Abdomen with single, median streak or large white femoral/patellar apophyses, very small spiders spot ...... 9 (Figs 261, 266) ...... Heliophanillus 9(8). Abdomen with single median streak, body hairy . . . 10 –. Abdomen black with marginal pairs of small white –. Abdomen black with large white spot anteriorly, spots; cephalothorax strikingly broad (Figs 110–112, male only (Fig. 201) ...... Evarcha nepos 126, 129) ...... Bianor and Modunda –. Body does not appear hairy ...... 11 SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 19

10 Dark median serrated abdominal streak, with Aelurillus contains some 50 species in the Old (2&9) lighter contours or on light background (Figs World, many of them numerous and common in the 398–402) ...... Mogrus Mediterranean and Levant. As the specimens are usual- –. Abdomen red with longitudinal black streak con- ly collected individually, seldom together, and there are toured by a thin white line (Fig. 501), males only a number of species in any given area, there is little ...... Philaeus premise for matching sexes of preserved specimens col- 11(9). Abdomen with light streak on mosaic back- lected in the same locality without biological and/or ground but without pair of white spots . . . . . 12 behavioural research. There is a broad variation in –. Abdomen mosaic with contrasting pair of white setae and colour pattern between specimens from local spots, usually with median streak (absent or populations within Israel and adjacent countries, and it indistinct in Habrocestum) ...... 13 is uncertain whether that is due to individual variation 12(11). Abdomen elongated and thin, with marginal grey within one species, incipient speciation, or similarity in spots, medially light but without contrasting closely related but discrete species. streak, male only ...... Mendoza Due to the difficulties mentioned above, the present –. Abdomen not elongated, with pairs of dark diag- account of species of Aelurillus is provisional and onal lines on lighter background (sometimes yel- requires further studies. Only certain species can be low or pink) usually with white marginal line, no identified now and several species reported from the stridulatory spines on tubercles beneath lateral Levant during the 19th century cannot be recognised. eyes (Figs 200) ...... (in part) Evarcha Body proportions in Levantine Aelurillus. Shape of –. Broad but ill-defined light streak along abdomen cephalothorax long, narrow, its width is 47-55-60% (low- and cephalothorax, usually broad white areas est, mean and highest of length of the cephalothorax) at along lower sides of cephalothorax (Figs 369, 375) eyes I, 62-68-83% at eyes III and 72-76-88% at the broad- ...... Menemerus est part, which is located at about 60% length of 13(11). Abdomen with broad median light longitudinal cephalothorax; sides of the cephalothorax appear to be streak, posteriorly with a pair of lateral spots and rather swollen at this point; height is 43-50-56%. Eye a few chevrons, extended anteriorly by light tho- field short extending over 31-38-45% of cephalothorax, racic streak, in some forms reaching eyes I; large trapezoid shaped, narrowing posteriorly by +1-5-9% or medium size spiders (Figs 577–578, 580, 582) indistinctly narrower than cephalothorax, and eyes III ...... Plexippus are located close to dorsal edges of cephalothorax. Eyes –. Abdomen with light median streak and a pair of I set in a diagonal plane directed down, diameter of AME small white spots posteriorly, attached to median about twice that of ALE. Highest point of eyes ALE set light streak; male pedipalpal tibia longer than cym- above dorsal rim of eyes AME (about half to 1/6th of their bium, with long mane of white hairs, retrolateral diameter) which makes anterior edge of eye field cheliceral tooth bifid (Figs 256) ...... Hasarius depressed between ALE and anterior part of eye field –. Abdomen with a pair of large white spots poste- sloping forward. Dorsal profile of cephalothorax: gently riorly often fused medially, male cymbium dor- rounded without developed distinct flat surface, anterior sally with round spot of white scales (Fig. 244) slope partially hidden behind swelling of eyes ALE, lev- ...... Habrocestum els about halfway to eyes II, highest at eyes III then very –. None of listed character gave satisfactory identi- gently sloping down, becomes steeper at 75–82% of fication – return to the key based on genital length of cephalothorax. Shape of abdomen: somewhat organs characters. shorter than cephalothorax and as wide, its width is 77% of length of abdomen. Length of legs order (in % of length of 5 segments of leg I, lowest, mean and highest %): IV Aelurillus Simon, 1884 113-131-150%, III 111-128-142%, I 100%, II 92-99-106%.

Type species. Araneus litera v-insignitus Clerk, Key to species of Aelurillus 1758. Introductory remarks. The genus Aelurillus pre- 1. Males ...... 2 sents considerable difficulties for a taxonomist because –. Females ...... 9 of general similarity of external appearance of palpal 2(1). Highest point of eyes ALE set indistinctly above organs in males, and considerable individual variation in dorsal rim of eyes AME (about 1/6th of diameter); females. While the best characters of the genus seem to Entire dorsal surface of abdomen covered by light be colour and setae patterns on clypeus, cephalothorax, reflecting scutum ...... politiventris group 3 abdomen and legs, these seem to be variable during the –. Highest point of eyes ALE set distinctly above dorsal life cycle of an individual, due to rubbing off, and are also rim of eyes AME (about half of diameter or more) prone to gradual fading during preservation in alcohol...... conveniens group 4 20 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

3(2). Clypeus covered with white setae, broad belt of ter, or more; face, orbital setae and clypeus white setae along ventral edge of carapace . . . . . whitish or white ...... conveniens group 11 ...... politiventris –. Sclerotized “wings” separated by a narrow lighter –. Clypeus dark, no belt of white setae along ventral space from darker pigmented area; eyes ALE set edge of carapace ...... gershomi indistinctly above dorsal rim of eyes AME (about 4(2). “Hairy appearance” owing to white long seatae over 1/6th of diameter) ...... politiventris group 12 dorsum and sides of thorax, considerably longer on 11(10). Epigynum – see Figs 40–42, anterior slope of eye lover sides and femora I–IV where they form a white field with whitish, short setae . . . aeruginosus mane, bulbus distinctly longer ...... sinaicus –. Epigynum – see Figs 43–45, anterior slope of eye –. Not particularly “hairy” appearance ...... 5 field bald and black ...... bokerinus 5(4). Cephalothorax entirely black ...... 6 –. Epigynum – see Figs 67–69 ...... kochi –. Cephalothorax appear whitish, white or grey, in –. Epigynum – see Figs 73–74 ...... conveniens spite of black tegument, owing to setae coverage; 12(10). Thoracal hind edge with sharp lateral angles white line along ventral margin [the above set of (Figs 57–59), sclerotized “wings” almost trans- characters fit also type species of the genus – Ae. verse, thin and short (fig. 60) ...... angularis v-insignitus which, however, has no prominent –. Thoracal hind edge with rounded lateral angles; fur ventrally on femur I] ...... 7 “wings” set at an angle, broad or sharp, usually 6(5). Orbital setae dark, face entirely dark, cephalotho- long ...... 13 rax dark ...... nabataeus 13(12). Angle of “wings” broader (Figs 82–83) ...... –. As above, but there is a triangle of dense and long ...... politiventris white setae on clypeus beneath AME . . . cognatus –. Angle of “wings” narrower (Figs 84–85) ...... –. White orbital setae along ventral rims of eyes I, ...... gershomi absence of black fur on tarsus-tibia I ...... –. “Wings” almost parallel, leaving median elevated ...... catherinae part narrow (Fig. 90) ...... jerusalemicus 7(5). Cephalothorax dark, covered uniformly with whitish minute and narrow scales on fresh specimens, black fur on tarsus – tibia I; in alcohol sides dark brown Aelurillus aeruginosus (Simon) with short, colourless scales, single median whitish (Figs 8, 13, 14, 21, 27, 33, 39, 40–42, 46–49, 53–56) line on dark anterior slope of eye field; orbital setae Attus mustellatus Simon, 1868b: 530 (preoccupied Nicolet 1849: 376); of AME prominently white, on ALE ventrally white, Attus arenicolor Simon, 1868b: 723 (preoccupied Grube 1861: 26); dorsally fawn; white setae on clypeus . . . . . kochi Attus aeruginosus Simon, 1871: 154; –. Setae coverage differentiated into more whitish Salticus arenicolor: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 322; on dorsum and less whitish (and darker) on sides Aelurillus aeruginosus: Hansen 1991: 15, Fig. 16...... 8 Diagnosis. Male cephalothorax covered with light 8(7). Face whitish, anterior slope of eye field whitish setae on black tegument, yellowish on sides, contrasting with three more whiter lines; tarsus I dark with white dorsum and a thin line along ventral edge; face white setae ...... aeruginosus white, anterior slope of eye field whitish with three –. Face dark, anterior slope of eye field black ...... stronger white lines, pedipalps yellow with long yellow ...... conveniens setae; legs yellow, femora dorsally uniformly light, tar- –. Face dark with striking white setae on clypeus sus-metatarsus I contrasting dark. Female anterior ...... bokerinus slope of eye field whitish, clypeus covered with sparse –. Face dark with spots of white setae beneath ALE, and short white setae, longer white setae, if present, orbits of eyes I dark; femur I ventrally with strik- overhang cheliceral bases but leave relatively darker ing transverse broad line of black setae near api- band below AME; abdomen with indistinct dark dots. cal end, remaining 2/3rd of femur I ventrally light Description. Male. Cephalothorax: tegument dark with white setae (known as yet from Saudi Arabia) brown covered with short white adpressed setae, mak- ...... faragallai ing lighter belt on eye field and dorsum and a thin, inten- 9(1). Sclerotized wings of epigynum connect medially, sively white line along ventral rim of cephalothorax, copulatory openings posterior to that connection, setae less dense, yellowish, on sides, which appears not separated by a ridge (type species, unknown darker. Eye field with scales: posteriorly whitish, anteri- yet from the Israel) ...... v-insignitus orly arranged into three longitudinal white lines, lateral –. Sclerotized wings of epigynum separated, copulato- of which slightly diagonal and longer. Femora dorsally ry openings medial, between tips of “wings” . . . 10 yellow, with whitish setae. 10(9). Sclerotized “wings” of epigynum merging with Abdomen covered densely with adpressed and pigmented area; eyes ALE set strikingly above smooth, elongate, scale like setae, white, with slightly dorsal rim of eyes AME, by about 1/2th of diame- fawn hue, a few dark bristles marginally. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 21

8109

Figures 8–10. Features of Aelurillus. Frontal aspect. Ae. aeruginosus (8), Ae. nabataeus (9), Ae. politiventris (10).

Face: tegument dark brown, densely covered with brown, broadly triangular, with dorsal edge running white setae, dense enough to give it whitish appearance, transversally, ventral edge gently bent; dorsal ramus denser than in Ae. kochi, AME surrounded by thin yellow and fleshy, hidden beneath dense white setae, in intensively white rings, diagonal setae overhanging che- a form of much narrower, low triangle. liceral bases, distinct whitish setae on anterior surface Ventral view: sternum dark brown, coxae whitish yel- of chelicerae; on dorsal rim of ALE a group of light fawn low, abdomen light. (light orange) setae. Eyes I set in a diagonal plane Legs I whitish yellow, with prolateral surface of tibia directed part way down, diameter of AME = 1.8 diame- I and dorsal surface of tarsus and metatarsus dark ter of ALE. ALE set practically above AME, their ventral brown, but covered with whitish setae. Femur I yellow- rim almost aligned with dorsal rim of AME. Chelicerae ish to brown with lighter spots laterally, retrolateral sur- light brown with white setae, sparser and thinner on face with sparse adpressed whitish setae, gradually lower parts. longer ventrally, forming narrow mane along apical half Pedipalps whitish yellow with white setae, cymbium of ventral edge of the segment, longer at apical 1/3rd with and tibia dorsally dark, covered with white setae; pedi- two spots of admixed grey setae, in some specimens palpal femur whitish yellow with long mane of white darker setae are dark brown and harder, their ends may setae on prolateral surface and on retrolateral edge. appear to make a kind of sharp blade, coming into con- Palpal organ. Cymbium blackish, with lighter tip, bul- tact with retrolateral surface of patella I. Prolateral sur- bus intensive black; ventral apophysis sclerotized face of femur I lighter with adpressed whitish setae.

13

14

12 11

Figures 11–14. Features of Aelurillus. Difference in profile of anterior slope of cephalothorax in male of Ae. conveniens (11) and in female of Aelurillus sp. of the politiventris group (12); Ae. aeruginosus black coloration of palpal organ ventrally (13) and laterally (14). 22 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Female. Cephalothorax dorsally covered with Frontal aspect: eye field in this position with white, whitish scales, with groups of slightly darker fawn wedge-shaped median spot of adpressed setae, limited scales; dorsal surface distinctly more white than sides. posteriorly and laterally by darker lines, these in turn Eye field with adpressed greyish fawn scales, without followed by whitish line. Eyes I encircled by white 1 distinct white lines, black bristles over eye field more orbital setae. ALE aligned /4 of diameter above dorsal prominent than in male. rim of AME, eye field indistinctly depressed above AME, Abdomen dorsally yellow with greyish dots scat- between low protuberances formed by ALE. Diameter of 1 tered, covered with tiny adpressed scales, more smooth ALE about /2 that of AME, height of clypeus approxi- than in female of Ae. cognatus. mately 0.6 of AME. Clypeus covered by white setae set Face covered with dense small white setae, on black horizontally, a few of them overhanging chelicerae, 3 tegument. ALE located /4 of their diameter above rim of mixed with a few short white setae located basally on AME, surrounding of AME medially pale fawn, ventrally chelicerae. Lateral edges of face broadly rounded. white; setae around ALE pale fawn, ventrally whitish Pedipalps yellow, with long white setae laterally, tarsus making transverse, slightly diagonal line, stretching brownish yellow. from the rim of AME onto sides. Clypeus covered with a Legs fawn, with brownish and white annuli. belt of pale fawn setae, almost white, but not strikingly Epigynum with thin “wings”, transverse and narrow, so, setae arranged horizontally, under AME turning broadly spaced. diagonally ventralwards, on the edge of clypeus more Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- strikingly white; height of the clypeal belt equal to 1/2 rax 2.34; length of abdomen >2.17. diameter of AME. Material. Female holotype – Jerusalem: Mt. Ventral aspect: sternum greyish yellow with shorter Scop.[us] 4. V. 40. Coll. HUJ. but denser white setae, abdomen ventrally – light yellow Remark. Specimen in poor condition: cephalothorax with minute sparse setae. Epigynum transversely nar- with soft tissues destroyed, abdomen contracted and folded. rower than in Ae. bokerinus. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females – V. Leg lengths in % of leg I (= 100%): II 1.04%; III 153%; Distribution. Israel: Jerusalem – Mt. Scopus (11). IV 154%; legs III and IV longer than in Ae. cognatus by about 20%. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Aelurillus bokerinus sp. nov. 2.18; length of abdomen 1.93; length of 5 segments of leg (Figs 20, 26, 32, 38, 43–45, 50–52, 63–64) I 3.38. Female. Length of cephalothorax 2.70; length of abdomen 4.05; length of 5 segments of leg I 4.11. Diagnosis. Preserved specimens have cephalotho- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – rax covered by small white scales, contrasting with I, III, IV, V, VIII. black or dark brown cephalothorax, with anterior slope Distribution. , Spain, . Israel: Massada of eye field bald and black; it has striking white setae (7), Kalia at Dead Sea shore, En Gedi (sulphur springs), beneath large anterior eyes, above chelicerae in both En Tamar (13), Be’er Sheva (15), Sede Boqer (17). males and females. Female abdomen smooth, silver whitish, without any dark dots. Aelurillus angularis Prószyński The nearest species is Ae. kochi, which is larger and (Figs 57–60) has striking fur of black setae on tarsus I. Remark. Males and females are by far most numer- Aelurillus angularis Prószyński, 2000: 232, Figs 1–4. ous species found in Sede Boker area. The conspecifici- Diagnosis. Female characterized by angular tho- ty of both sexes seems probable because similarity in racic hindmargin, epigynum with thin “wings”, almost their external appearance, the second common species transversely oriented, broadly spaced. Abdomen with around Sede Boker – Ae. aeruginosus has male dis- conspicuous, alternating light and dark dots. tinctly different, and females to some extent different Description. Female. Cephalothorax: profile of (see description above). cephalothorax long, thoracic hindmargin with sharp lat- Description. Male. Cephalothorax in preserved spec- eral angles; tegument brown covered with white imen: tegument black, covered uniformly with adpressed setae, in patches of varying densities produc- adpressed, small and narrow whitish scales, except ing irregular white and dark mosaic pattern. anterior slope of eye field which is bald, intensively black Abdomen: shrunken and folded, with dense pale and light reflecting. There is a line of intensively white brownish setae, traces of two longitudinal chains of small setae beneath ventral edge of carapace. Frontal aspect: alternating dark and lighter small spots; a number of face black with intensively white setae on clypeus, dense short dark brown bristles over the whole dorsal surface. and long, overhanging cheliceral bases; group of these setae is triangular – narrower dorsally (to the width of SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 23

15 16 17 18

19 20 21

Figures 15–21. Interspecific variation in Aelurillus conveniens species group. Palpal organ, ventral view, (semidiagramatic) in Ae. conveniens (15), the same organ in a slightly different position (16), Ae. kochi (17), Ae. catherinae (18), Ae. sinaicus (19), Ae. bokerinus (20), Ae. aeruginosus (21).

AME), expanding ventrally. Eyes I – rim of AME consist dense longer and apparently softer setae, apical half of of intensively white scales ventrally, less intensively retrolateral surface brown with longer and stiff darker, whitish laterally, colourless scales dorsally on black greyish brown setae, extending beyond ventral edge of background give dark appearance. Rims of ALE whitish, femur. Remaining parts of femur surface covered with space beneath ALE – intensively black tegument. short adpressed whitish setae, resembling those on other Chelicerae dark brown covered with sparse, long, black femora. Apical tip of dorsal surface of femur I light yellow. bristles. Abdomen with dark brown tegument, covered Femora II–IV light brown to yellow, covered densely with uniformly with dense, silver whitish scales, resembling short adpressed whitish setae. Remainig segments of legs those on cephalothorax, there is anterior median streak II–IV yellow, with tarsus and metatarsus slightly darker. of darker bald tegument. Spinnerets yellow. Measurement of male – holotype (in mm and % of Ventral aspect. Coxae and mouth parts greyish yel- length of cephalothorax): length of cephalothorax 3.10 low, sternum blackish brown with white setae. Abdomen mm = 100%, length of eye field 1.12 = 36%, width of eye ventrally greyish yellow with short white setae. field at eyes I 1.62 = 52%, width of eye field at eyes III Pedipalps. Cymbium blackish brown, covered with 1.50 = 48%, height of cephalothorax 1.50 = 48%, length short whitish setae, apically lighter brown with grey setae. of abdomen 2.80 = 90%. Bulbus brown. Tibia yellow with dark brown apophysis. Measurement of 5 segments of legs (tarsus to femur, Pedipalps. Apical tip of pedipalpal femur, patella and in mm and % of leg I): I 0.81+0.81+1.06+1.00+1.62 = tibia yellow, covered with intensively white long setae, 5.30 – 100%, II 0.87+0.87+1.00+1.00+1.69 = 5.43 – these are particularly long on tibia, making a white fan in 102%, III 1.08+1.44+1.25+1.25+ 2.12 = 7.23 – 136%, IV front of black cymbium. Legs. Leg I anteriorly yellowish 1.00+1.25+1.00+ 1.00+1.87 = 6.12 – 115%. Leg order: brown, with patella lighter and covered with adpressed III –136%, IV – 115%, II –102%, I – 100%. whitish setae, tibia and metatarsus gradually darker, tar- Female. Cephalothorax has black tegument, covered sus dark brown with black bristles. Femur I with narrow with rather uniform, elongated adpressed scales, more dark brown ring basally, with yellow ventral and posteri- whitish on anterior eye field, with blackish, upright bris- or 1/3rd of retrolateral surface, which are covered with tles on eye field, denser anteriorly. 24 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Abdomen dorsally grey, covered with whitish longer mm = 100%, length of eye field 1.19 = 37%, width of eye scales, arranged in transverse rows, and with sparse field at eyes I 1.75 = 55%, width of eye field at eyes III short blackish bristles. 1.62 = 51%, height of cephalothorax 1.50 = 47%, length Frontal aspect: blackish tegument entirely hidden of abdomen 3.80 = 119%. under dense white setae which gives almost white Measurement of 5 segments of legs (tarsus to femur,in appearance; orbitals of AME dorsally and ventrally mm and in % of leg I): I 0.75+0.62+1.00+1.25+ 1.62 = white, with a few fawn setae laterally being an extension 5.24 – 100%, II 0.75+0.69+0.94+1.06+1.56 = 5.00 – 95.42 of a somewhat darker spot between the intense white %, III 0.87+1.44+1.25+1.25+2.19 = 7.10 – 135.50%, IV line immediately beneath ALE and clypeal setae under 0.87+1.50+1.31+1.00+2.12 = 6.80 – 129.77%. Leg order: ALE. Orbital setae of ALE dorsally fawn or pale orange, III – 135.50%, IV – 129.77%, I – 100%, II – 95.42%. ventrally and laterally white, diagonal line under ALE Material. Male holotype – Israel, Ma’ale Ramon, 17/93, very prominently white; clypeus under AME strikingly leg. Yael Lubin; female allotype – Israel, Halukim 2 South, white owing to dense long white setae growing horizon- 10–12/5/93, leg. Yael Lubin; paratypes – numerous speci- tally, partially overhanging cheliceral bases. ALE located mens males and females from Israel, Negev: Sede Boker, 1 /2 of their diameter above rim of AME; pedipalps whitish leg. Yael Lubin, Coll HUJ and SB, a few also coll. IZ. yellow with whitish setae. Ventral aspect: sternum black- Distribution. Israel: Halukim, Sede Boker, Ma’ale ish with lighter margins, sparse but long white setae, Ramon (17). coxae yellow, abdomen grey with dense whitish scales. Etymology. Name derived from locality Sede Boker, Epigynum transversely broader than in Ae. aerugi- where collected. nosus, short. Legs: yellow with darker lateral spots instead of annuli on some segments; femora I–IV lighter – whitish- Aelurillus catherinae Prószyński yellow. Femur III and IV – lateral surfaces brown, with (Figs 18, 24, 30, 36) lighter area in mid-length, near ventral edge, dorsal sur- faces with two yellow longitudinal stripes, separating Aelurillus catherinae Prószyński, 2000: 232, Figs 5–8. median narrow darker brown stripe. Diagnosis. Male differs from Ae. sinaicus by uni- Measurement of female – allotype (in mm and % of formly dark cephalothorax, closely resembling Ae. cog- length of cephalothorax): length of cephalothorax 3.20 natus from which can be distinguished by white orbital

23 24

22

26

25 27

Figures 22–27. Interspecific variation in Aelurillus conveniens species group. Tibial apophysis (semidiagramatic) in Ae. conveniens (22), Ae. kochi (23), Ae. catherinae sp. nov. (24), Ae. sinaicus sp. nov. (25), Ae. bokerinus (26), Ae. aeruginosus (27). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 25

33

28

29

30 32

31

Figures 28–33. Interspecific variation in Aelurillus conveniens species group. Setae pattern on male pedipalp, lateral view (semidiagramatic) in Ae. conveniens (28), Ae. kochi (29), Ae. catherinae sp. nov. (30), Ae. sinaicus sp. nov. (31), Ae. bokerinus (32), Ae. aeruginosus (33). setae along ventral rims of eyes I, lack of dark median with adpressed setae, setae on retrolateral surface: ven- line along femora I–IV, somewhat larger size; differs trally long white, no patch of dark setae, some greyish- from Ae. kochi by absence of black fur on tarsus-tibia I. fawn along middle of femur. Leg III and IV: tibia and tar- Remark. Due to incertitude in matching sexes, the sus fawn, remaining segments pale yellow. description of female is delayed until more material Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax becomes available. 2.49; length of abdomen 2.44. Description. Male. Cephalothorax: entirely dark Material. Male holotype – , Sinai: Mt. Catharina, brown, covered with dark adpressed setae with a small 16. VII. 68, leg. Tsabar; paratypes, 4 males, 1 juv. – Sinai: admixture of silver ones – which do not change general Mt. Catharina, 16. VII. 68, leg. Shulov. Coll. HUJ. appearance, lack of white line along ventral edge. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – VII. Anterior part of eye field (to the half distance between Distribution. Egypt – Sinai: Mt. Catharina (22). eyes I and II) sloping anteriorly, bald , and light reflecting. Etymology. Species named for my wife, an arachnol- Abdomen covered uniformly with silver scales, dark- ogist E. M. Andreeva (Katarzyna Andrejewa-Prószyńska). er rectangular field in anterior half. Frontal aspect: face dark with slightly lighter brown clypeus, eye field very dark with long bristles; orbital Aelurillus cognatus (O. Pickard-Cambridge) setae along ventral rims of eyes I white and very thin, (Figs 63, 64) dark along dorsal rims; light diagonal line under ALE absent; clypeus: light brown with very sparse tiny Salticus cognatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 337. whitish setae on the space beneath AME. Diagnosis. Differs from Ae. aeruginosus and kochi Pedipalps dorsally (frontal view); cymbium brown by lack of white lines on anterior slope of eye field, is with very long and dense white setae. larger than aeruginosus but smaller than kochi, with Legs: generally yellow, without any striking darker slightly longer eye field, lower cephalothorax and short- spots. Leg I – tarsus + metatarsus I: dark fawn; tibia + er legs than the latter; from conveniens differs by not patella I: pale yellow; femur I: prolaterally pale fawn having black face. 26 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Remark. Miss Galina Azarkina (of Novosibirsk) has less and whitish, slightly better visible on specimens with communicated me her observation that these specimens darker face, on some specimens there is a group of longer have cephalothorax covered by dense dark setae or and darker setae on dorsal part of rims of AME and in scales, but have also dense white setae on clypeus. The some also on ALE, not a clear character. Sparse colourless first character is charateristic also for Ae. nabataeus or whitish setae basally on chelicerae, very few on apical (absent in Ae. bokerinus), the second for Ae. bokerinus half of chelicerae, particularly on median surfaces. Fans of (but absent in Ae. nabataeus). long setae on tips of pedipalpal femur, whole patella, tibia Description. Males (syntypes). Cephalothorax: jet- and cymbium basally, much less conspicuous than in kochi black when described by O. Pickard-Cambridge (1872: because are colorless, not strikingly white, with an admix- 337) now faded to brown – light brown, with very incon- ture of a fawn ones. Legs: I generally brown with lighter spicuous minute adpressed setae blended into colour of dorsal surface of patella, II–IV gradually lighter with yellow the tegument, without any contrasting setae, no fringe and brown annuli; femora I–IV with dorsal surfaces lighter of white setae beneath ventral edge. Abdomen now dark, and thin median longitudinal line. Retrolateral surface of anteriorly with small stronger sclerotized area not form- femur I dark with long colourless to whitish hairs. ing scutum, on two specimens preserved remnants of Ventral aspect: sternum brown to light brown, coxae adpressed setae along anterior margin and laterally: I–IV brownish, abdomen varies from light greyish brown white with brown streak medially, which could be con- to greyish brown. Palpal organ (Figs 63, 64), pedipalps sidered remnants of median darker streak (according to light with whitish hairs, tibial apophysis – broad bent O. Pickard-Cambridge – op. cit.: “... tegument black cov- sclerotized triangle followed by a whitish triangular pro- ered with reddish yellow pubescence easily rubbing off, tuberance of dorsal edge of tibia; tibia: laterally resem- but unicolorous – devoid of any traces of lighter or dark- bles Aelurillus conveniens, but the elements visible are er spots in the posterior half – like those in S. conve- not the best diagnostic characters for these species; dor- niens...”) without any contrasting setae, no fringe of sally presents a notch between triangularly shaped api- white setae beneath ventral edge. Abdomen now dark cal dorsal edge (passing into thin whitish and semitrans- anteriorly with small stronger sclerotized area not form- parent, poorly visible pointed end), this character have ing scutum, on two specimens preserved. not been studied in related species but may be presum- Frontal aspect: face and chelicerae brown, clearly ably similar. Bulbus laterally broad, patella yellow with lighter than eye field (which is lacking white line), covered thin blackish grey line around apical rim; femur with with sparse and very indistinct colourless and whitish long whitish setae, apically yellow, basally dark grey, on setae, setae surrounding eyes I very inconspicuous colour- lateral surface these grey areas stretch nearby apical

36

35

34

37 38 39

Figures 34–39. Interspecific variation in Aelurillus conveniens species group. Setae pattern on leg I in male, retro-lateral view (semidiagramatic) in Ae. conveniens (34), Ae. kochi (35), Ae. catherinae (36), Ae. sinaicus (37), Ae. bokerinus (38), Ae. aeruginosus (39). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 27

42 40 41

44

43

45

Figures 40–45. Comparison of epigynum and its internal structures in Aelurillus aeruginosus – epigynum (40), right spermatheca (41), accessory gland (42); and Ae. bokerinus – epigynum (43), right spermatheca (44), accessory gland (45). end. Setae dorsally on tibia often sparse enough to show Abdomen covered uniformly with silver adpressed both apophyses on dorsal edge of tibia, of similar length, setae on dark tegument, with darker rectangular field in the external one triangular, sclerotized and brown, the anterior half of abdomen. In the original description O. median one separated by a by a wedge shaped furrow. Pickard-Cambridge mentions “traces of double row of Measurements (in mm) of 3 males (syntypes). Length alternating paler yellowish and brown-blackish spots”, of cephalothorax 2.57–2.76; length of abdomen 2.31–2.57. visible as traces on Algerian specimen. Length of 5 segments of leg I (tarsus to femur, in mm Frontal aspect: very dark, practically black, orbital setae and in % of leg I): 4.10–4. 44 . around eyes I dorsally black, ventrally colourless, thin and Leg order: III – 122–127%, IV – 113–126% , I – 100%, inconspicuous, “cheek” area under ALE brown with minute II – 98–102%. adpressed setae; clypeus brown, almost bald with a few Material. Syntypes – 10 males Salticus cognatus O. black bristles but no white setae; pedipalpal cymbium and Pickard-Cambridge, 1872a: 337; among stones and tibia dorsally light brown, remaining segments whitish yel- rocks, on dwarf plants near Ain-Atta on the skirts of low, densely covered with long white setae. . Coll. HEC, Oxford. Legs generally light fawn and yellow; tibia and patella Distribution. Lebanon: Ain Atta. I: ventral surface white setae, edge of ventral and prolat- eral surfaces darker brown with brown adpressed setae; femur I: basally with thin dark brown pigmented ring con- Aelurillus conveniens (O. Pickard-Cambridge) tinuous with similarly coloured trochanter and dorsal sur- (Figs 11, 15–16, 22, 28, 34, 70–74) face of coxa, remaining prolateral surface yellow with a brown apical ring, covered with adpressed white setae, Salticus conveniens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872a: 336–337. longer on the ventral surface and forming a fringe of long Diagnosis. Male cephalothorax covered with light setae white setae, dark setae on retrolateral surface form a on black tegument, anterior slope of eye field black, semi- dark triangle at the mid-length of the segment near ven- circularly bald, face dark, femora dorsally uniformly light. tral edge. Ventral aspect: sternum almost black, remain- Description. Male. Cephalothorax appears light ing parts and areas lighter brown to greyish yellow. because of setae (narrow scales) covering black tegu- Palpal organ – see Figs 15–16, 22, 70–71. ment, differentiated (less contrasted than in Ae. aerug- Type specimen faded, with distinct rectangular inosus) into lighter dorsum and more fawn sides, inten- whitish area on dorsum of thorax, clypeus almost white, sive white line along ventral edge; anterior slope of eye legs and pedipalps entirely white; femur I retrolaterally field black, making bald semicircular black area. with long thin whitish setae, longer near ventral margin, 28 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

47

46 49

48

50

52 51

Figures 46–52. Comparison of palpal organ and setae on femur I in two species: Aelurillus aeruginosus palpal organ ventrally (46), laterally (47), colour and setae pattern on retrolateral surface of femur I (48), details of tibial apophysis ventro-laterally (49); Ae. bokerinus palpal organ ventrally (50) and laterally (51), colour and setae pattern on retrolateral surface of femur I (52). with loose darker bunch of irregular shape, slightly Diagnosis. Male closely resembling Ae. politiven- transverse, in the mid length closer to ventral margin; tris with abdomen entirely covered by light reflecting pedipalpal femur with long mane of white setae. scutum, differs by dark clypeus. Female with “wings” of Female. Cephalothorax uniform brown with sparse epigynum spread narrower, closer to parallel, separated white adpressed setae. Abdomen smooth, in some spec- from pigmented area by lighter space. imens with two longitudinal lines of indistinct alternat- Description. Male. Cephalothorax dark brown, eye ing darker and lighter spots. Frontal aspect: clypeus field black with minute setae and some minute light intensely white or whitish with denser line of white reflecting scales; whitish setae along posterior half of setae at the ventral edge beneath eyes ALE; orbital lower sides sparser and less striking than in Ae. poli- setae white. Epigynum shown in Figs 70–74, with tips of tiventris. Dorsal profile of cephalothorax comparable “wings” reaching pigmented area and merging with it. to that in Ae. politiventris but higher, the posterior Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax slope steeper. 2.27–2.31; length of abdomen 1.93–2.06; length of 5 seg- Abdomen round, flattened and covered on whole sur- ments of leg I 3.66. face by hard black or blackish brown scutum which appears Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – polished and reflects light, sides white below scutum. IV, V, VI, X, XI; females – III, IV, V, VI, VII, XI. Frontal aspect: diameter of AME >150% of ALE, the Distribution. Syria, N Africa. Israel: Jerusalem (11), latter set along upper half of AME – tops of their orbits Ma’ale Adumim (12), ‘Ein Duyuk (13); Berosh (15), Arad, indistinctly above those of AME, orbital setae stout, dor- Halukim Ridge (17). sally longer, shortening gradually along lateral parts of orbits and very short ventrally, forming a sort of bonnet above each eye; dorsally dark with whitish tips, ventral- Aelurillus gershomi Prószyński ly white. Clypeus with colourless sparse and poorly vis- (Figs 75–78, 84–85) ible setae directed medially, with admixture of a few almost invisible thin white setae. Chelicerae yellowish Aelurillus gershomi Prószyński, 2000:233, Figs 9–14. brown, slender. Pedipalps: tip of femur, tibia and patella SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 29

53

56 54 55

Figures 53–56. Aelurillus aeruginosus, epigynum (53), abdominal pattern (54), frontal aspect (55) and profile of cephalothorax (56). yellow with white setae, these are longer on tibia, radi- brown rings. Legs light brown, darker ringed; femora ating and forming sparse fan. lighter yellowish. Epigynum: see Figs 84–85. Palpal organ: see Figs 75–78. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Legs: tarsus and metatarsus black, remaining seg- 2.22; length of abdomen 2.50. Female. Length of ments yellow to yellowish brown; femora dorsally yellow cephalothorax 2.95; length of abdomen 4.20. with darker distal ends. Material. Male holotype, female allotype – Mt. Female. Cephalothorax dark brown – on live speci- Hermon, 27. IV. 64. 1350 m. coll. M. Broza, No. 14230; mens presumably black, with sparse whitish adpressed paratype – 1 male, Mt. Hermon, 1800 m., 28. X. 68, coll. setae, dorsally curved. Abdomen light yellowish brown, P. Amitai. Coll. HUJ. cryptically coloured, in studied specimens abdomen Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – macerated without preserved pattern. Frontal aspect: IV, X; females: – IV. eyes surrounded white, clypeus fawn with longer setae Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon, 1350–1800 m. (19); directed medially, somewhat more whitish in appear- other records require revision. ance; chelicerae brown, tibia and patella I yellow with

58 57

60

59

Figures 57–60. Aelurillus angularis sp. nov., cephalothorax laterally (57), dorsal pattern (58), hind edge of thorax postero-dorsally (59) andepigynum (60). 30 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

61 62 63 64

Figures 61–64. Aelurillus kochi, palpal organ ventrally (61), laterally (62); Aelurillus cognatus palpal organ ventrally (63), laterally (64).

Etymology. Named for prominent arachnologist Dr. Material. Female holotype, female paratype – Gershom Levy, co-founder and curator of the Israel Jerusalem, 3. VII. 89. Leg. P. Amitai. Coll. HUJ. National Arachnid Collection. Distribution. Israel: Jerusalem (11).

Aelurillus jerusalemicus Prószyński, 2000 Aelurillus kochi Roewer Figs 90 (Figs 17, 23, 29, 35, 61–62, 65–69)

Aelurillus jerusalemicus Prószyński 2000: 235, Fig. 15 Attus capreolus L. Koch, 1867c: 872; Salticus capreolus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 322; Diagnosis. Female epigynum “wings” almost paral- Aelurillus kochi Roewer, 1951: 451 (nom. nov.). lel, leaving median elevated part narrow. Description. Female. Cephalothorax broad, uni- Diagnosis. Resembling Ae. aeruginosus by setae on formly brown with white adpressed setae, eye field dark face and on annterior slope of eye field, but distinctly with indistinct white and darker streaks – visible in larger; striking black fur on tarsus-tibia I; tegument frontal position; posterior slope lighter yellowish, poste- dark covered with light setae making streaks of whitish rior edge of thorax rounded. setae on thoracic dorsum and along ventral margin, Abdomen with two lines of indistinct darker spots sides dark; clypeus brown sparsely covered with short surrounding whitish center. Frontal aspect: ALE set whitish setae, rims of AME white, of ALE white ventral- 1/5th of their diameter above dorsal rim of AME; clypeus ly, dorsally fawn. light brown with sparse colourless setae, some over- Description. Male. Cephalothorax: on live and fresh- hanging the chelicerae and some basally on chelicerae ly preserved specimens appears dark, uniformly cov- themselves; orbital setae all white; diagonal line con- ered with short whitish setae, which gives it uniform, sists of thin whitish setae with tops more intensively whitish grey appearance. After a few days of preserva- white. Legs: tips of tarsi I–II dark brown with broad tion, the dorsal coloration differentiates, with whitish dark scopula. area on eye field and extending medially along part of Epigynum shape differs by medial swelling, narrow, dorsal thorax, its length varying in various specimens; expanded antero-posteriorly and not transversely along remaining part of cephalothorax and lateral margins of main body axis; also “wings” directed more parallel to eye field (including lateral eyes) now appearing dark main axis, narrow and slightly winding: starting diago- brown with short, colourless setae. There is a thin belt nally, then turning posteriorly, expanding again and end- of intensively white setae along ventral rim of ing parallel to main axis, the wings being very narrow. cephalothorax, which after longer preservation appear Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- yellowish. Femora dorsally yellow, with blackish setae rax 5.19–5.55; length of abdomen 6.82–7.57; length of 5 on prolateral surfaces of femora II–IV, variable in vari- segments of leg I 8.08–8.83. ous specimen. Femur I with longer setae on retrolateral Seasonal occurrence of adult specimens. Female – VII. surfaces, grey, ventrally white. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 31

Abdomen indistinctly shorter and narrower than tibia and basally on cymbium, where sparse enough to cephalothorax, dorsally flat, no scutum; densely covered show both apophyses on dorsal edge of tibia; apophyses with greish adpressed and smooth, elongate, scale like triangular and of similar length, the external one sclero- setae, and short, upright bristles, relatively dense. In tized and brown, separated by a triangle furrow. preserved specimens abdomen appears brown. Palpal organ: see Figs 61–62, 65–66. Ventral view ster- Frontal aspect: face and chelicerae brown, covered num dark brown, coxae yellow, abdomen light. Legs: I gen- with whitish setae, but not very densely, clearly lighter erally brown with lighter dorsal surface of patella, II–IV than eye field (in this position with clearly visible medi- becoming gradually lighter with yellow and brown annuli. an white line), diameter of AME about 1.5 diameter of Tibiae – tarsi I–IV generally darker, Ist tarsus and tibia ALE, 3/4th of diameter of ALE above dorsal rim of AME; entirely black, with striking black fur of setae, on following eyes AME surrounded by conspicuous rim of white setae, legs gradually lighterning to dark brown and brown, with setae surrounding ALE ventrally white, dorsally fawn. median area of segments lighter; femora I–IV with dorsal Clypeus with dense whitish setae along the edge, che- surfaces lighter and thin median longitudinal line; femur I licerae with sparse whitish setae basally, brown or with retrolateral surface I whitish yellow covered with colourless apically, particularly on median surfaces. dense long, soft, white setae basally (in some specimens Pedipalps whitish yellow, femur laterally greyish yellow purely white, in some with inconspicuous admixture of with median half of dorsal surface slightly darker yellow; grey setae, in some with prominent admixture of grey and cymbium and tibia dorsally dark, all covered with white even blackish setae) and stiffer brown setae on apical half. 1 3 setae forming separate fans of strikingly long whitish Female. Cephalothorax broad, broadest between /2– /4 setae, on tips of pedipalpal femur, over whole patella, of its length, gently rounded dorsally, without distinct dor-

66 67 65

69

68

Figures 65–69. Aelurillus kochi (Dead Sea, En Boqeq), male, palpal organ ventrally (65) and laterally (66); female, internal structure of epigynum (67), accessory gland area (68), single spermatheca and channel, dorsal view (69). 32 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

72

71 73

70 74

Figures 70–74. Aelurillus conveniens (male from En Duyuk), palpal organ, ventral (70), tibia in lateral (71) view and general appearance (72); variation in epigynum (73, 74). sal edges, tegument black, densely covered with fine Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax adpressed setae, whitish, yellowish or fawn, with a small 2.82–3.37; length of abdomen 2.63–3.15; length of 5 seg- addition of white setae, which does not seem to fall out. ments of leg I 4.83–5.60. Female. Length of cephalotho- There is no pattern of setal arrangement or colour, rax 3.49–3.15; length of abdomen 4.95–4.50; length of 5 except that they are sparser on the posterior slope of tho- segments of leg I 5.26–6.23 . rax and that there is an intensively, thin fringe of setae Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – along ventral edge of carapace; in one F there are three I, III, V, females – V. Observed on salty wet mud and on indistinct whiter longitudinal lines along eye field. There stones at Dead Sea water, and at “small pond”. are sparse upright black bristles of various densities over Distribution. Reported (if really conspecific) from eye field; similar bristles much sparser over thorax. Greece, Islands Tinos and Syra; Syria. Israel: Tiberias, Abdomen smooth, densely covered with adpressed setae, Massada (7), Kallia, ‘ sulphur springs, En like those on the cephalothorax, with short, upright black Boqeq (13). bristles. Owing to differences in colouration of the setae, one abdomen appears slightly reddish, another with a golden hue, a third rather whitish. Aelurillus nabataeus sp. nov. Frontal aspect: ALE set above dorsal rim of AME; (Figs 9, 719–720) like other species of this group, dark face covered with short white setae of various densities, forming white Diagnosis. Male cephalothorax mat black, covered diagonal line under ALE and white rim along edge of with sparse, adpressed black setae, almost invisible on clypeus, eyes I surrounded with white setae. black tegument. Contrasting white fans of setae on Legs: tegument light with black pigmented rings, white pedipalpal patella and tibia; bulbus without later- sparsely covered with differentiated setae, of which al protuberance, cymbium black with sparse white sparse white adpressed setae are striking and appear setae.Legs dark, femora dorsally with two longitudinal as sparse white points, colourless setae are almost yellow lines delimiting a median black one. Smaller than invisible; a very few short black setae and numerous, Ae. bokerinus sp. nov. sparse, black upright bristles. Pattern of dark rings dif- Description. Male. Cephalothorax: uniformly mat fers considerably in the three studied specimens. black, covered densely with short, adpressed black setae, Epigynum – see Figs 67–69. on some specimens with very sparsely scattered white SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 33

ones, not influencing general coloration, without any spreading fan-like. Patella and tibia yellow – bearing colour or white spots. Anterior slope of eye field without fans of long yellowish white setae, strikingly contrasting any scales (but with sparse long black bristles), deep with black face. Cymbium latero-basally blackish, api- black; ventral edge of carapace black, without any white cally yellowish, with dense, white setae. line along ventral edge. Profile of cephalothorax is dorsal- Tibial apophyses comparable with those in Ae. aerug- ly rounded, with eyes III located on the highest point. inosus, but the ventral one is slightly more bent (Fig. 720). Femora dorsally fawn with dark median line, lateral sur- Ventral apophysis is a broad bent sclerotized triangle, dor- faces darker brown, covered with adpressed whitish setae. sal one is a whitish triangular protuberance of dorsal edge Abdomen covered uniformly with silver adpressed of tibia; dorsally presents a notch between ventral and tri- setae on dark tegument, sparser medially in anterior angularly shaped apical dorsal edge (passing into thin half and only a few apically, making these areas gradu- whitish and semitransparent, poorly visible pointed end); ally darker; longer upright bristles, sparse and thin but this character has not been studied in related species but covering the whole surface of abdomen quite regularly. presumably may be similar. Bulbus narrower than Ae. Ventral appearance. Mouthparts blackish with yellow aeruginosus and devoid of lateral, triangular protuber- spots on maxillae. Anterior surfaces of coxae dark grey, ance (Fig. 719), laterally more extended, patella yellow posterior surfaces yellow. Sternum black, in some speci- with thin blackish grey line around apical rim; femur with mens with contrasting, irregular, narrow yellowish mar- long whitish setae, apically yellow, basally dark grey, on gin. Abdomen ventrally dark greyish, with whitish setae. lateral surface these grey areas stretch near to apical end. Frontal aspect black, orbital setae around AME dor- Legs: I generally brown with lighter dorsal surface of sally black, ventrally inconspicuous possibly colourless; patella, II–IV gradually lighter with yellow and brown around ALE dorsally black, “cheek” area under ALE annuli; femora I–IV with dorsal surfaces lighter and thin dark brown and bald; clypeus almost bald with incon- median longitudinal line. There is a retrolateral fringe of spicuous sparse longer dark setae overhanging che- sparse white setae on brown tarsus and metatarsus I liceral bases, crossed with white bristles on pedipalpal and on fawn tibia and patella I. Femur I variable in vari- 2 1 femur. Diameter of ALE = /3 of AME, set /2 diameter of ous specimens, from blackish to light, in some dorsal ALE above dorsal rim of AME. fawn surface bisected by a thin darker median longitudi- Pedipalps: basal half of femur dorsally black, with nal line, lighter areas expanding onto part of lateral sur- white antero-dorsal tip and with intensely white setae, face but with remaining lower retrolateral surface dark

75 76

77 78 79 80 81

Figures 75–81. Aelurillus gershomi sp. nov., general appearance (note striking dorsal scutum, comparable also in Ae. politiventris) (75), tibial apophyses (76), palpal organ ventrally (77) view, pedipalpal femur (broken lines – white setae) (78); Ae. politiventris tibial apophyses (79), palpal organ ventrally (80) view, pedipalpal femur (broken lines – white setae) (81). 34 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

with two lighter oval spots near ventral edge; there are Aelurillus politiventris (O. Pickard-Cambridge) whitish adpressed setae on prolateral surface changing (Figs 10, 79–81, 82–83) into mane of longer white setae along ventral edge; setae on retrolateral surface are white in some specimens, in Salticus politiventris O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872a: 337–338; Aelurillus politiventris: Prószyński 1976: Figs 326 (not 327) – other with a few dark setae arranged transversally in the both coll. W. Kulczyński; Logunov 1996: 61. mid length of femur; there is also a thin dark ring basal- ly with a few adpressed dark setae running transversal- Diagnosis. Male – abdomen entirely covered by light ly, continuous with similarly coloured trochanter. reflecting scutum, no postero-dorsal triangular protu- Measurement (in mm and % of length of cephalotho- berance on thorax; differs from Ae. gershomi by pres- rax): length of cephalothorax 2 mm = 100%, length of ence of striking white clypeus and white streak on lower eye field 0.84 = 42%, width of eye field at eyes I 1,28 = sides; female – “wings” of epigynum separated from pig- 64%, height of cephalothorax 0,96 = 48 %, length of mented area by light surrounding, spreading broader abdomen 1.76 = 88%. than in Ae. gershomi. Measurement of 5 segments of legs (in mm): I Remark. No clear and unmistakable external differ- 0.56+0.56+0.68+0.64+0.88 = 3.32 – 100%, II 0.48+ ence noticed between females of Ae. politiventris and 0.48+0.64+0.64+1.04 = 3.28 – 99%, III 0.64+0.88+ Ae. gershomi, apart from epigynum. Matching of males 0.72+0.72+1.28 = 4,24 – 128%, IV 0.64+0.92+0.8+ and females tentative. 0.8+1.28 = 4.45 – 134%. Leg order: IV –134%, III – 128%, Description. Male. Cephalothorax dark brown, with I – 100%, II – 99%. lower half of sides with broad whitish streak of adpressed Material. Male holotype – Zin Wadi, 23. III. 2000 leg. vertical whitish setae, striking on live specimen; eye field Linda Wiener. Coll. HUJ; male paratype – Sede Boker # black, covered with minute setae but not light reflecting 157 leg Oren Hasson. scales; dorsal profile highest at eyes III, there is no flat Remark. Apparently rare, a few specimens collected surface, steep slope of the thorax begins at 65% of near Sede Boker. cephalothorax length; there is no posterior, horizontal tri- Distribution. Israel: Sede Boker, Nahal Zin (17). angular protuberance dorsally on thorax, which provides Etymology. Named for Nabataeans – ancient inhab- conspicuous difference with Phlegra nitidiventris. itants of this area, ruins of whose town remains at Abdomen: round, flattened and covered on the whole , a few kilometers from the collecting place. surface by hard black, or blackish brown, scutum which

82 84

85

83

Figures 82–85. Aelurillus politiventris, epigynum (82), its internal structure (83); Ae. gershomi, epigynum (84), its internal structure (85). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 35

88

86 90

87 89

Figures 86–90. Aelurillus politiventris group of species, female, face (86) and epigynum variation (87, 88, 89); Ae. jerusalemicus, epigynum (90). looks like polished mirror and reflects light (similar in Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Phlegra nitidiventris); sides ventrally to scutum white. 2.27; length of abdomen 1.93. Female. Length of Frontal aspect: diameter of AME >150% of ALE, the cephalothorax 2.73; length of abdomen 3.99. latter set along upper half of AME – tops of their orbits Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – indistinctly above those of AME; orbital setae stout, dor- II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, XI ; females – III, IV. sally long, gradually shortening along lateral parts of Distribution. Israel: Nahal Oren (3), Poriyya, eastern orbits and very short ventrally, forming a sort of bonnet slope (7), Avihayil (8), Gaza (Jabaliya) (9), Wadi Natuf above each eye; dorsally dark with whitish tips, ventral- (springs north of Betillu), Jerusalem, ‘En Kerem (11), ly white. Clypeus densely covered with white horizontal Buq’ata forest, Bab el Hawa (18), near Mas’ada (19). setae, becoming longer medially and making a white dense triangle under AME, a few thinner setae over- hanging cheliceral bases. Chelicerae yellowish brown, Aelurillus sinaicus Prószyński slender. (Figs 19, 25, 31, 37) Pedipalps: tip of femur, tibia and patella yellow with white setae, longer on tibia, radiating and forming a Aelurillus sinaicus Prószyński, 2000: 236, Figs 16–19. sparse fan. Palpal organ: see Figs 79–81. Diagnosis. White haired, with longer white mane Legs: tarsus and metatarsus black, remaining seg- along ventral edge of cephalothorax, bulbus and palpal ments yellow to yellowish brown; femora dorsally yellow tibia longer than in other species. with darker distal ends. Description. Male. Specimen large, with ALE set dis- Female. Cephalothorax dark brown – on live speci- tinctly high in relation to dorsal rim of eyes AME. mens presumably black, with sparse whitish adpressed Cephalothorax covered with dense white setae, longer than setae, dorsal surface curved. Abdomen: light yellowish in related species, becoming considerably longer at lower brown, apparently cryptic coloration; in studied speci- sides where in the anterior half they form a sort of white mens abdomen macerated, without preserved pattern. mane with setae stretching horizontally forwards, similar Frontal aspect: eyes surrounded white setae, clypeus on femora I–IV; partially missing at posterior part of the eye fawn with colourless setae, a few white; chelicerae brown. field. Abdomen covered with dense white adpressed setae. Legs: light brown, darker ringed; femora lighter – Frontal aspect: anterior slope of eye field covered yellowish. Epigynum: see Figs 82–83. with whitish adpressed setae, whitish dorsal orbital 36 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

setae of eyes I, ventral orbitals of AME strikingly white Aelurillus faragallai Prószyński and conspicuous; diagonal line under ALE absent; Aelurillus faragallai Prószyński, 1993: 29–33, Figs 1–8; Wesołowska clypeus brown with long white setae, some of which and van Harten 1994: 2, Figs 1–2. overhang cheliceral bases. Remark. Closely resemble Ae. aeruginosus, from which it Palpal organ: bulbus distinctly longer than in other differs in shape of the dark bunch of setae on femur I, ventrally species (Fig. 19), long pedipalpal tibia which causes and retrolaterally, much more strongly developed; also in the apophyses to appear relatively short (Fig. 25), tibial internal structure of epigynum. femur with long white setae dorsally (Fig. 31). Distribution. Saudi Arabia Leg I – retrolateral fringe of long but sparse white setae along all segments: segments light fawn to light Aelurillus mayeti Simon brown; retrolaterally without dark spots or dark setae (Figs 91–93) (Fig. 37) – this is particularly important for femur I where, Aelurillus mayeti Simon, 1885: 3, 4. in related species cluster of dark setae could be found. Ventral aspect. Sternum greyish brown with short, Distribution. . sparse, fine brownish setae and fringe of short and sparse white setae along posterior edge; coxae: light Aelurillus reconditus Wesołowska et van Harten brown becoming lighter posteriorly. Aelurillus reconditus Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 2–4, Figs 3–5. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Remark 2.92; length of abdomen 2.60. . Circular structure near posterior edge of epigy- num resemble somewhat epigynum in genus Habrocestoides Material. Male holotype – 8 km Ein Duyuk Prószyński, 1992. (191–143), 28. V, 71, coll.“faunistics”; male paratype – Distribution. Yemen. Sinai, Vatiya Pass, 12. VII. 68, leg. Shulov . Coll. HUJ. Nominal species of uncertain identity and species of uncer- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – tain occurence in the Levant V, XII. Distribution. Egypt: Sinai – Vatiya Pass. Israel: Ein Aelurillus approximans (O. Pickard-Cambridge) Duyuk, near Jericho (13). Salticus approximans O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 338. Relevant species Remarks. Male described from Syria and/or Israel by O. Pickard-Cambridge, irrecognisable from description, no speci- Aelurillus basseleti (Lucas) men available. Species dubium. (Figs 94, 95)

Salticus basseleti Lucas, 1846b: 158, Tab. 7, Fig. 1. Remark. Species reported from Northern Africa (Algeria, Tunisia). Apart from the drawings published here, no modern drawings available.

91

92 94 93 95

Figures 91–95. Related North African species, not yet found in the Levant. Aelurillus mayeti, epigynum (91), palpal organ ventrally (92), palpal tibia laterally (93); Aelurillus basseleti, palpal organ ventrally (94), palpal tibia laterally (95). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 37

Aelurillus affinis (Lucas) Remarks. Material – 1 imm. female, “Salticus quinquepar- titus Wlk. tube 71, boccal 1833”. Coll. O. Pickard-Cambridge, Salticus affinis Lucas, 1846. Oxford [“1 female skirts of Mt. Hermon near Rukleh”] – Remarks. Mediterranean species quoted from Israel only in Aelurillus sp., but certainly not Aelurillus v-insignitus. compilatory faunal inventory of Bodenheimer 1937: 239, occur- Misinformation on the occurrence of this species in Israel rence not confirmed by any specimen. resulted from faulty synonymy by Roewer.

Aelurillus candidus (Simon) Attus candidus Simon 1868b: 70. Ballus Koch C.L., 1851 Remarks . Female described from Spain and Syria (?); I have Type species Aranea depressa not seen any specimen, identity uncertain. Species dubium. . Walckenaer, 1802. Introductory remarks. Classification of the genus Aelurillus concolor Kulczyński uncertain, Simon (1901) has put it into group Balleae (also containing a few genera in Africa), whose inclu- Aelurillus concolor Kulczyński, 1901a: 319, 349, Fig. 18; Nenilin 1984a: 1175 (s. A. iranus); sion into the subfamily Magoninae seem doubtful. A Hemsenattus iranus: Roewer 1955: 778, Figs 26–27; genus containing 15 nominal species, at least three of Aelurillus iranus: Prószyński 1966: 464–467, Figs 1–7. which could possibly occur in the Levant; the only spec- Remarks. Species known from Iran, Caucasus area and imens known to date from Israel are immature, so iden- (Erdschias-Nosek 1905: 119), not yet reported from tification of the species is impossible. To help in identi- Israel. Identification and synonymy require confirmation. fication of adult Ballus specimens, when eventually found in Israel, I include comparative drawings of a Aelurillus monardi (Lucas) European species (Figs 96–100), as well as diagnostic Salticus monardi Lucas, 1846b: 156, Fig . 2; O. Pickard-Cambridge male characters of two unnamed species from the 1872: 322; Aelurillus monardi: Cantarella 1982b: 241, Figs 5–9, 19. Caucasus and Iran (Figs 101–110). Remarks. Mediterranean species, quoted from Israel and Syria by O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 322 (as Salticus monardi); Pavesi 1895c: 10, Bodenheimer 1937: 239, but no specimen available. Ballus sp.

Aelurillus v-insignitus (Clerck) Material. Two juvenile specimens, which cannot be Araneus v-insignitus Clerck, 1758; identified. Salticus quinquepartitus: O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 322 (sp. dubium); Seasonal occurrence. Juvenile – IX. Aelurillus v-insignitus: Roewer (wrong synonymization). Distribution. Israel: Hal Ceran [?].

96

97 99

100

98

Figures 96–100. Relevant European species . General appearance of female (96) and male (97), epigynum (98), its internal structure (99), details of spermatheca (100) (from Prószyński, 1991 in Heimer and Nentwig): Figures 1287–1289, 1320.1–4. 38 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Relevant species Bianor Peckham et Peckham, 1885

Ballus chalybeius (Walckenaer) Type species. Scythropa maculata Keyserling, 1883. (Figs 96–100) Introductory remarks. The genus presumably Aranea depressa Walckenaer, 1802: 242; belongs to the subfamily Pelleninae Petrunkevitch, 1928 Ballus depressus: Tullgren 1944: 32, Figs 39–40, 41; Locket and Millidge (sensu novo) and is recognizable by characteristic 1951: 220, Figs 108C–E; external appearance and by rather uniform genital Ballus chalybeius: Flanczewska 1981: 190, Fig. 2; Prószyński 1991: 494, Figs 1320.1–4. organs in male and female, the latter comparable with several other genera of the subfamily. Cephalothorax is Distribution. Europe, N Africa, Tadjikistan. high, usually broad, with steep posterior slope begin- ning just behind eye field; tegument is heavily sclero- Ballus piger O. Pickard-Cambridge tized, usually with minute dense pits of empty sockets of Ballus piger O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876: 609. fallen out setae and/or bristles; also chelicerae and legs I are heavily sclerotized. Eye field in Bianor is always Remark. No modern redescription or drawings exist. Distribution. Egypt. trapezoid shaped, distinctly broader posteriorly, eyes III usually protruding beyond lateral outlines of Ballus rufipes (Simon) cephalothorax, sometimes located at, or very near to it; eye field takes about half cephalothorax length, but its Attus rufipes Simon 1868b: 627, Tab. 2, Fig. 10; length and width (at eyes I) are about equal. Abdomen Ballus rufipes: Alicata, Cantarella 1988: 48, Figs 9–11, 18, 28–31. broad, oval, almost round, in male usually covered by Remark. Species reported in XIX century from: Algeria, scutum. Legs I are robust in both sexes, differing from France, Spain, Sicily, Greece, Turkestan, , however other legs by tibia, patella and femur being twice as identification of majority of these specimens uncertain. broad as in legs II–IV; metatarsus and tarsus I are half the width of tibia I, the latter often swollen, sometimes Ballus sp. ovoid, always with strong spines, pro- and retro-lateral- (Figs 101–109) ly. Trochanter I and coxa I twice as long as those of II–IV, Remark. Two unnamed species from Caucasus and Iran and more robust. Length of legs order in males is I 100

101 102 107

108

109a

109

105 106 103 104

Figures 101–109. Diagnostic characters in males of two relevant, unnamed Ballus sp. from Iran (upper, marked I, coll. Martens) and Caucasus (lower, marked C, coll. Bubrik). Palpal organ ventrally (101, 102), tibial apophysis dorsally (103, 104), tibia I spination (105, 106); colour pattern on legs IV (longer) (107, 108), and III (shorter) (109, 109a). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 39

%, II 63 %, III 73%, IV 78%; in two specimens of females I 100%, II 80–82%, III 90–97%, IV 95–103%. Genital organs, rather similar within genus and resembling those in a few more closely genera, are shown in drawings below. See also Modunda staintoni.

Bianor albobimaculatus (Lucas) (Figs 110–111, 113–114, 117–118, 120–121) 112 Salticus albobimaculatus Lucas, 1846: 170 Tab. 8 Fig. 10, O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 322; Salticus putus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 326 (syn. nov.); Bianor albobimaculatus: Cantarella 1982a: 56, f. 1–2.

Diagnosis. Characteristic broad and short cephalothorax with trapezium-shaped eye field. 110 Male abdomen covered by scutum. Palpal organ and epigynum very charateristic for the genus. Remarks. Bianor putus from Israel are identi- cal with Bianor albobimaculatus from Algeria (presumably properly identified because they agree with original description of Lucas, the type of which is lost). On the basis of the above I syn- onymize both names, the proper name for the Bianor albobimaculatus. species being 111 Description. Male. Cephalothorax: short and broad, brown now (originally black with yellowish scales) with remnants of dense whitish spots of adpressed setae medially on thoracic slope behind Figures 110–112. General appearance of Bianor albobimaculatus, male (110) eyes III, sparse white setae on sides and along ven- and female (111); Modunda staintoni (112). tral edge in posterior part. Abdomen: much changed in the studied specimen, swelling behind eyes ALE also dark, eyes II minute, locat- now reduced to hard scutum shield with remnants of ed just on the edge of dark area, an irregular dark pig- setae; originally black brown covered with scales, with a mented spot in the centre of eye field, remaining part of white median spot in the anterior part, followed laterally cephalothorax brown with thin ventral edge blackish; the by “a curved white bar”, there was also “round the shoul- surface of eye field microsculptured into dense rows of ders of abdomen a small tuft of white hairs at its extrem- shallow round pits with short, sometimes minute but ity on either side of spinnerets”. Ventrally whitish. always stout, bristles in each pit in one studied specimen, Frontal aspect: brown, covered with white setae, some overhanging the flat che- 115 licerae; eyes surrounded with white setae 113 ventrally, dorsally with light fawn setae. Legs: I originally red-brown, robust and longer than remaining legs, although 114 not as strikingly as in Modunda stain- toni. Legs II–IV light brown, darker at joints, tarsi and metatarsi paler; all tarsi with tarsal tufts. Palpal organ: bulbus oval, flattened anteriorly, apophysis almost straight with tip slightly bent. Female. Cephalothorax in fresh speci- 116 mens (from Algeria) almost black, in Figures 113–116. Bianor albobimaculatus (specimen from Hula), palpal organ ventrally longer preserved specimens faded to light (113) and palpal tibia laterally (114); Modunda staintoni, palpal organ ventrally (115), brown with eyes III periphery dark, palpal tibia laterally (116). 40 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

118

119 117

Figures 117–119. Epigynum in Bianor albobimaculatus, specimens from Yarqon (117) and from Hula (118), also Modunda staintoni (119). in other specimens there are only empty sockets without covered densely with adpressed striking white setae bristles, characteristic for Bianor; there are also sparse, arranged in different directions: on sides dorsally, under adpressed, very fine whitish setae, seemingly not related ALE horizontally, approaching AME the direction of to sockets, particularly noticeable on the posterior tho- setae turns diagonally ventral and finally along median racic slope; slightly denser white setae behind eyes III part of clypeal edge they are directed ventrally over- may be remnants of white spots; there is a sparse row of hanging cheliceral bases, mixed with sparser white white setae along posterior margin of thorax. setae on dark brown chelicerae; the space immediately Abdomen: broad oval, truncated anteriorly (with beneath eyes I remains dark, particularly triangle slightly depressed edge medially) and pointed posterior- between AME; on old specimen setae surrounding eyes ly; light brown, with whitish mosaic of spots in the ante- are colourless and inconspicuous, on fresh specimen rior half; in the posterior half indistinct pattern of four there is a very thin line of white setae on ventral rims of lighter median chevrons and a darker brown diamond in AME, remaining setae surrounding eyes I are reddish front of spinnerets, two small submarginal spots of brown, partially missing; pedipalps yellow with incon- intensively white setae surrounded by broad darker spicuous whitish long but sparse setae; legs I dark rims, diameter of white spots is about 1/10th and loca- brown on fresh, light fawn on older specimen. tion about 7/10th of length of abdomen; sides brown. Ventral aspect: sternum and coxae light fawn on old Frontal aspect: face dark (in old specimen light fawn) specimen, dark brown on fresh one; abdomen ventrally

122 120 121

Figures 120–122. Internal structure of epigynum in Bianor albobimaculatus, specimens from Yarqon (120) and from Hula (121), also Modunda staintoni (122). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 41

light greyish yellow, with median area behind epigastric membraneous area; anteriorly it ends by sharp, slightly fold delimited by two lighter submarginal lines. waving line touching the tip of the vaginal roof and leav- Legs uniformly light fawn on old specimen, dark ing narrow space of white membrane in front of it; that brown on fresh one with lighter tarsus I and tarsi- line and weak sclerotization seem to be present in all metatarsi II–IV. specimens I assume to be B. albobimaculatus (includ- Epigynum typical for Bianor, differing by a trans- ing those from Algeria, Saudi Arabia and ). verse weakly sclerotized area stretching from the apical Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- part of the vaginal roof but not reaching, and certainly rax 2.01–2.16; length of abdomen 2.39–2.73; length of 5 not joining the sclerotized lateral edges of the white segments of leg I 3.96.

125 123

124 127

128

126

132

129 131

130

Figures 123–132. (123–125) Variation in Modunda staintoni. Specimen identified in the O. P.-C. collection as Icius angustatus, general appear- ance (123), palpal organ ventrally (124) and laterally (125). (126–127) Variation in Modunda staintoni, (specimen from Suez, lectotype of M. phragmitis Simon, 1901), general appearance (126), epigynum (127) and its internal structure (128). (129–132). Variation in Modunda sp. (specimen from Fayum, identified as Modunda phragmitis in Reimoser collection, Vienna), general appearance (129), palpal organ ventrally (130) and laterally (131), epigynum (132). 42 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Remark. Relevant Palaearctic species, 133 135 found in S Europe and Turkey (Nosek 1905: 119, Roewer 1960: 31).

Chalcoscirtus Bertkau, 1880

Type species. Calietherus infimus Simon, 1868. Introductory remarks. Minute, about 3 mm long, dull coloured spiders, striking by light reflecting tegument, abdomen covered with scutum in males. Palpal organ of the Euophryinae type, females can be distinguished only by internal structure of epigynum, particu- 134 larly by structure and location of the accessory gland openings. Figures 133-135. Napoca insignis, palpal organ, ventral (133) and lateral view (134), dorsal aspect (135) (the latter drawn by D. V. Logunov). Body proportions of male and female similar. Shape of cephalothorax Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – moderately long, narrow, its width varies 54–67% at eyes IX; females – VII, IX. I, 64–72% at eyes III and 65–73% at the broadest part, Distribution. Mediterranean (Algeria); W. Africa; which is located at mid-length of thorax; sides of cephal- Cabo Verde Islands; former USSR: Middle Asia; Saudi ic part appear to be rather parallel; height 41–45%. Eye Arabia? India? Lebanon: Rasheiya on the skirts of Mt. field short extending over 33–46% of cephalothorax, short Hermon. Israel: Lake Hula (1), Yarqon River (8); plains in relation to its width at eyes I, and rectangular, indis- of Jordan near Jericho (13). tinctly narrower than cephalothorax, eyes III are located close to the dorsal edges of cephalothorax. Profile of cephalothorax: anterior slope of eye field very gently Relevant species inclined anteriorly, extending to the highest point at eyes Bianor pulchellus Wesołowska et van Harten III, from where it gently slopes posteriorly; flat area of cephalothorax prominent, extends over 70% of length of Bianor pulchellus Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 14, Figs 28–30. cephalothorax; posterior slope of thorax begins in male Remark. Described from Yemen. by sharp edge, which is originally vertical and only later begins to level, in female more rounded, hidden under Bianor scutator Wesołowska et van Harten abdomen. Shape of abdomen: in male elongate oval, Bianor scutator Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 16, Figs 31–36. equally narrowing and rounded at both ends, entirely cov- Remark. Described from Yemen. ered with black, light reflecting scutum. Legs: relation of leg lengths in decreasing order: IV 116–120%, III Relevant genus Carrhotus Thorell, 1891 104–120%, I 100%, II 86–95%.

Type species. Plexippus viduus C. L. Koch 1846. Introductory remarks. Middle size with Chalcoscirtus catherinae Prószyński high cephalothorax, rounded in profile; characterized by “hairy” (Figs 138–139, 146–150, 151–152) appearance, due to numerous dark bristles scattered sparsely over cephalothorax and abdomen. Palpal organ narrowly oval, Chalcoscirtus catherinae Prószyński, 2000: 236, Figs. 22–31. with bulbus apically split from broad and fleshy basis of embo- lus, embolus itself short, thin and bent; tibial apophysis broad, Diagnosis. A similar, related species occurs in plate-like. Epigynum with two grooves separated by narrow – and also Kyzyl-Kum Desert in ridge; copulatory openings posterior, channels runs anteriorly, the . There is also resemblance to bent in S shape, spermathecae spherical, located anteriorly. The genus contains 14 species, mainly Oriental, with a few Ethiopian “Euophrys nigrita”: Prószyński 1979: 307, Figs 75–77 and one Palaearctic species. from (identif. uncertain), in which, however, teeth on apophysis were not noticed. Carrhotus xanthogramma (Latreille) Description. Male. Cephalothorax: tegument light reflecting, uniformly dark brown, eye field black, a few Aranea bicolor Walckenaer 1802: 247 (preoccup.); sparse colourless setae, no contrasting colour pattern. Salticus xanthogramma Latreille, 1819:103; Carrhotus xanthogramma: Prószyński 1979: 304, Fig. 17; Flanczewska Abdomen: covered with uniformly blackish, light 1981: 192,Fig. 3; Prószyński 1991: 494, Figs 1322.1–4. reflecting scutum, sparse colourless bright setae. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 43

136 137 138 139 140 141

Figures 136–141. Chalcoscirtus infimus (from En Gedi), palpal organ ventrally (136), laterally (137). Ch. catherinae from Sede Boqer, palpal organ ventrally (138), laterally (139). Ch. jerusalemicus, palpal organ ventrally (140), laterally (141).

Frontal aspect: uniformly dark brown without con- Frontal aspect: face dark brown without contrasting trasting colour pattern, a few colourless setae on rims of colour pattern, single row of sparse whitish setae eyes I; clypeus low, chelicerae and pedipalps brown; around rims of eyes I; a few whitish setae on clypeus, patella and tibia I with longitudinal median darker line. which is very low, overhanging cheliceral bases; che- Palpal organ: bulbus broad, embolus makes a broad licerae greyish brown, medially yellowish; pedipalps coil, basal part of embolus is very broad – embolus itself and patella-tibia I greyish brown (but in Sinai specimen thin; apophysis inclined ventrally with protuberance on whitish yellow). dorsal edge and minute tooth. Ventral aspect: mouth parts, sternum, dark brown, Ventral aspect: brown, with sternum darker and coxae II–IV and trochanters ventrally light, femora I–IV coxae lighter, abdomen almost black. ventrally dark greyish brown, abdomen ventrally light Legs: femora I–IV dark brown with irregular lighter greyish brown with two, slightly darker longitudinal brown spots, there are two lighter marginal lines along streaks. their dorsal surfaces delimiting broad dark dorsal area; Legs: uniformly yellow with grey setae; in specimen remaining segments of legs I–IV greyish yellow except from Elat femora I–IV dark greyish brown with lighter tibia and patella I which are darker. dorsal streak narrowing apically; patellae I–IV greyish Female. Cephalothorax: tegument light reflecting, yellow, tibiae II–IV greish brown, dorsally lighter except uniformly dark greyish brown, eye field black, a few tibia I which is dark, tarsi-and metatarsi I–IV yellow, sparse colourless setae, no contrasting colour pattern. sparse inconspicuous setae. Abdomen: dull dark greyish brown, wrinkled and Epigynum with two membraneous round windows, suffused with lighter greyish colour. narrowly separated; long diagonal copulatory channel

143

142 144

Figures 142–144. Chalcoscirtus infimus (from Nahal Nizzana), epigynum (142), its internal structure (143), enlarged copulatory channel and two accessory glands (144). 44 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

with the accessory gland opening in the middle and some not yet very clear structure around copulatory 145 opening, under anterior sclerotized rim of the win- dow; spermathecae appear oval, longer than wide, with bent distal channel and porous second accesso- ry gland opening nearby. In specimen from Elat spermathecae appear longer, the striking difference of that specimen with all other Chalcoscirtus is the structure of the copulatory opening: although chan- nel ends under anterior sclerotized rim of the win- dow, it is extended, however, by a soft membraneous loop turning back and medially and ending by an indistinct slit nearby or under protruding sclero- tized structure on the middle of window rim. The sig- nificance of these differences is not clear. Likewise, 146 the significance of minor variation in coloration of body and legs among specimens from various locali- ties is not clear. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax 1.51; length of abdomen 1.27; length of 5 segments of leg I 2.44. Female. Length of cephalothorax 1.51; length of abdomen (missing); length of 5 segments of leg I 2.75. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – I, II, III, IV, VII; females – I, II, IV, VII. Distribution. Egypt, Sinai: St. Catherine’s 147 Monastery (22). Israel: Elat (16), Haluqim Ridge, 148 Hatira Ridge, Ramat Zevira, Sede Boqer (17). Etymology. Species named for my wife, an arachnologist E. M. Andreeva (Katarzyna Andrejewa-Prószyńska).

Chalcoscirtus infimus (Simon) (Figs 136–137, 142–144) 149 150 Calietherus infimus Simon, 1868b: 661 T. 7. f. 2; Salticus infimus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 324; Chalcoscirtus infimus: Andreeva 1976: 92, f. 130; Figures 145–150. Chalcoscirtus catherinae, from Sinai: St. Catherine Prószyński 1976: Figs 353–358, map 48; Flanczewska Monastery and Negev, epigynum (145), single spermatheca (146); and from 1981: 192, Figs 4–6; Prószyński 1991: 469, Figs 1325.1–4; Sede Boqer, female: epigynum (147), single spermatheca (148); and male: Logunov and Marusik 1999: 208–209, figs 1–9, 24, 25, details of tibial apophysis, dorso-lateral (149) and dorsal (150) views. 32–35, map 1. Diagnosis. Bulbus narrow, embolus makes a narrow remaining part of face and brown; eye field and sur- coil, basal part of embolus is thin; apophysis slightly rounding of eyes I black, no noticeable orbital setae. inclined ventrally, thicker medially, semitransparent Chelicerae lighter brown, twice as high as face, with dis- 2 along edges, without protuberance on dorsal edge. tinct protuberance /3 way along lateral edge; apical half Description. Male. Cephalothorax uniformly blackish of median margins pushed somewhat diagonally back brown without any contrasting pattern and without notice- making anterior surface of both chelicerae somewhat able setae; tegument hardened, light reflecting, with sparse concave; pedipalps dark brown with apex of cymbium minute pits being apparently empty sockets of setae. light brown, with very sparse, colourless setae. Abdomen uniformly shining blackish brown, entirely Ventral aspect: generally uniformly dark brown with covered by hard scutum, no noticeable setae. coxae and chelicerae slightly lighter; retromargin of Frontal aspect: almost whole height of face taken by chelicerae not developed and there is single median eyes AME, with ALE aligned along their dorsal rims, margin of chelicerae bearing two prominent teeth with diameter of ALE about half that of AME, clypeus separated bases. Legs almost uniformly dark brown but reduced to about 1/6th of AME diameter, almost bald, like tarsi and metatarsi lighter, light reflecting, with sparse SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 45

spermatheca. Epigynum (in the 152 Nahal Nizzana specimen) some- what resembles Chalcoscirtus kamchik Marusik, 1991 (Figs 7–9) from Tadjikistan, as well as Chalcoscirtus pauper Weso- łowska, 1996 (Fig. 10d), from , but the signifi- cance of this is uncertain. Legs slender, tarsi-patellae I–IV whitish yellow to yellow, 151 femora I–IV with lateral and ventral surfaces dark grey, except their apical ends which Figures 151–152. Chalcoscirtus catherinae (from Elat), epigynum (151) and its internal structures 152. are yellow; dorsal surfaces of femora I–II yellow, III–IV with but relatively long colourless setae, tibia I with a retro- thin irregular, yellow longitudinal lines or line. lateral row of 3 ventral spines, I was unable to ascertain Measurements (mm, Israeli and Algerian specimen). the presence of a complementary prolateral row, possi- Male. Length of cephalothorax 1.38–1.60; length of bly lacking. abdomen 1.51–1.69; length of 5 segments of leg I 2.15–2.65. Palpal organ in this species strikingly narrow, bulbus Female. Length of cephalothorax 1.21–1.51; length of narrow, embolus makes a narrow coil, basal part of abdomen 1.76–1.69; length of 5 segments of leg I 1.70–2.26. embolus is less broad – embolus itself thin; apophysis Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – long, inclined ventrally, with smooth, low protuberance III, female – VI. on dorsal edge, devoid of any teeth. Distribution. S Europe (including Corfu), Algeria. Female. Cephalothorax blackish brown, weakly light Israel: Jerusalem (11), Ein Gedi (13), Nahal Nizzana (17); reflecting, appearing bald but has sparse upright other records require checking of identification. colourless setae scattered over the whole surface. Abdomen blackish grey, also weakly light reflecting. Face: dark brown, sparse colourless setae surround- Chalcoscirtus jerusalemicus Prószyński ing eyes I, clypeus extremely reduced, bald; chelicerae (Figs 140–141) brown, lighter brown medially, with median edges bent and making a small chamber between upper halves of Chalcoscirtus jerusalemicus Prószyński, 2000: 237, Figs 20–21. both chelicerae. Diagnostic characters. Male. Appearance similar to Ventral aspect: mouth parts brownish grey with white species described above, from which differs by bulbus margin, sternum brown with greyish shade, with a few sin- broad, embolus making narrow coil, basal part of embo- gle thin, colourless setae, coxae whitish with part of sur- lus less broad – embolus itself thin; apophysis semi- face suffused with grey; abdomen dark grey. Epigynum transparent with axial thicker part, inclined ventral- with a pair of brown, oval spermathecae, visible through wards without protuberance or teeth. The condition of sclerotized tegument, and a single membraneous, oval, specimens does not permit to make more detailed white “window”, occupying less than half the length of description of external appearance of the specimen. epigynum, there is a triangular darkening of the mem- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – III. brane, in the centre of the window, possibly not visible in Distribution. Israel: Jerusalem (11), Jericho (13). other specimens. The copulatory channel is at first mem- braneous and running transversely, then it changes direc- tion, in that part being sclerotized and with a distinct, rel- Cyrba Simon, 1876 atively thick wall, running longitudinally towards the sper- matheca, with the branching of a prominent accessory Type species. Salticus algerinus Lucas, 1844. gland near the junction with the spermatheca. The gener- Introductory remarks. The genus contains 11 species al plan of channel resembles a coiled channel in Prószyński distributed in the warm areas of the Old World, in the 1976: fig. 353, which, however, indicates neither thickness Mediterranean only one species – Cyrba algerina (Lucas, and structure of walls nor position and shape of the scent 1846). Cyrba algerina displays special, presumably gland; assuming that these structures were overlooked ancestral behaviour of an araneophagic web-invader; uses and inadequately drawn in the 1960s, we may further vibratory stimuli and can pursue web spiders for up to sev- assume that both drawings depict the same species. eral hours to catch and eat them; on the other hand it Nutritive gland pore located near terminal opening of behaves as an effective cursorial predator of insects, which 46 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

is typical for Salticidae; builds only a rudimentary nest, with black posterior part of abdomen with a single white uses visual displays and active, agile movements during spot terminally. Genital organs very special. intraspecific interactions (“dancing”) (Jackson 1981). Description. Male. Cephalothorax reddish pink. Body proportions. Shape of cephalothorax: width is Abdomen: anterior part reddish pink, contrasting with 67% at eyes I, 69% at eyes III and 69% at the broadest black posterior part of abdomen and cymbium, and a sin- part, sides of cephalothorax appear to be rather paral- gle white spot terminally on abdomen. Cymbium contrast- lel; medium high 43%, gently sloping posteriorly. Eye ingly black (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 321). Palpal field short, extending over 40% of cephalothorax, also organ characteristic for the subfamily Spartaeinae with short in relation to its width; trapezoid shaped, narrow- large, oval, flat bulbus, with depression near basis of ing posteriorly; narrower than cephalothorax and eyes embolus; embolus arising at 11 o’clock position and encir- III are located some distance from the edges of cling anterior, and half of lateral edge of bulbus; large and cephalothorax. Eyes II very small, equidistant from I very special single tibial apophysis which is the best char- and III. Abdomen elongate oval, slightly narrowed pos- acter separating this species from other related ones. teriorly; indistinctly narrower than cephalothorax; dor- Female. Cephalothorax has three different colour sally flattened, no scutum. Legs in female almost equal zones: eye field dark brown, anterior thorax and upper in length, IV slightly longer, II slightly shorter than I. sides light yellow, with prominent brown fovea, posterior thorax and lower sides greyish brown; all covered with minute, adpressed, colourless thin scales. Cyrba algerina (Lucas) Abdomen: sides and margins brownish grey, the dark (Figs 153–157) marginal areas closing in front of spinnerets but leaving Salticus algerinus Lucas, 1844b: 148 T. 6 F. 6; a small white diamond spot just in front of spinnerets, Salticus cephalotes: O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 321; anterior margin and median area of the dorsal suraface, Cyrba algerina: Andreeva 1969: 90; Andreeva 1976: 78–79; narrowing posteriorly, light yellow with small brownish Wanless 1984a: 452–455, Figs 2, 4A–B, 5A–I, 6A–E, 16A–F, grey dots, submarginally and anteriorly, with a median 17A–D; Wanless 1984b: 186, f. 25A–F, 34F, 36A–B. line of small grey chevrons. Diagnosis. Striking by bright coloration: reddish Frontal aspect: face brown, with eyes anterior sur- pink cephalothorax and anterior abdomen, contrasting rounded by a row of fawn setae; clypeus reduced to nil,

154 153

156 157

155

Figures 153–157. Cyrba algerina, male, general appearance (153), palpal organ ventrally (154) and its tibial apophysis laterally (155); female, epigynum (156) and its internal structure (157) (note copulatory opening, soft copulatory channel and accessory gland opening). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 47

with a row of a few colourless and brown bristles, set diag- that after seeing a few specimens; however, efforts to onally-ventrally; chelicerae robust, triangular, slightly express these in measurements is a futile experience diverging, light brown with dark brown rectangular spot because of overlapping proportions in various genera. on median surfaces. Pedipalps thin, light yellow. Tibia I Palpal organs are characterised by embolus twisted dark brown with prominent dark hairs; patella marginally into flat coil, seminal receptacle channel meandering brown, medially fawn with an indistinct spot of white and snake-like; tibial apophysis usually thin and incon- setae on prolateral edge; femur I brown with fawn spot spicuous, sometimes absent; epigynum usually devoid of apically on dorsal surface; tarsus and metatarsus I yel- distinct sclerotised sculptures (except some poorly visi- lowish fawn. Remaining legs yellowish fawn, with tibia II ble ridges, possibly of diagnostic value): two membra- and, more weakly, tibia III with two darker rings. nous “windows” anteriorly with brown spherical or Ventral aspect: mouth parts brown, sternum light vesicular spermathecae interiorly behind the “windows”, brown, coxae fawn with coxae IV lighter, abdomen ven- copulatory channels sclerotised and simple, either bent trally light grey, with lighter anterior area and submar- or twisted into a coil; identification usually requires ginal streak. making epigynum preparation of almost every specimen. Epigynum in a characteristic shield form with typical Coloration of majority of species generally dull with shape of posterior edge and dark round spots corre- indistinct pattern of grey and yellow areas or spots, in sponding to globular spermathecae inside; copulatory some cases black. Males of some species have contrast- openings located postero-medially, usually invisible. ing white, yellow or orange setae on clypeus and/or Internal structures consist of large globular spermathe- around rims of eyes I; legs I are sometimes black, often cae with heavily sclerotized copulatory channels run- with lighter tarsus, pedipalps often white and with white ning anteriorly and ending by lateral bends, from their setae – usually on cymbium, tibia and patella. Basic endings continue the often overlooked membraneous abdominal pattern for many Euophrys consist of median parts of copulatory channels which are thin walled and line of dark triangular spots on creamy whitish back- usually very poorly visible, these converge medially on ground, varying in size and number, accompanied later- the background of sclerotized channels and spermathe- ally by darker spots or streaks, which together make sev- cae and run to the postero-median copulatory openings. eral rows of chevron marks or an irregular mosaic; the Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- abdominal pattern often undergoes considerable post- rax 2.70; length of abdomen 3.00; length of 5 segments of mortem changes during first 24 hours of preservation. leg I 5.44. Body proportions. Size of cephalothorax (smallest, Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – mean and biggest measurement) 1.14-2.00-2.67 mm, I, II, IV, V, VI; females – II, IV, V, VI, VII. cephalothorax narrow, moderately high, with sides almost Distribution. Mediterranean, extending to West parallel: width at eyes I is 56-63-83%, at eyes III 66-71-77%, Africa, Central, East and South Asia. Israel: Mt. Tabor height of cephalothorax 42-48-54%; length of eye field 34- (2), Mt. Carmel, Haar Horshan (3). Poriya eastern slope 43-53%. Eye field slightly narrowing posteriorly (mean 2%), (7), Nezer Sereni (9), En Hemed, ‘Etanim, Jerusalem, broader than long; eyes III protrude beyond the dorsal Ramat-Rahel, south of Hebron (11), Berosh (15), edges of cephalothorax. There is a prominent flat area Haluqim Ridge (17), Berekhat Ram, Bab el Hawa, near extending from about the middle of eye field to the posteri- 3 Kuneitra (18). or /4 of cephalothorax. Anterior slope of eye field somewhat rounded; posterior slope of the thorax abrupt and steep. Abdomen oval, tapering posteriorly; broader than the Euophrys Koch C. L., 1834 width of cephalothorax; dorsally flat, no scutum. Length order of legs in males I = IV, II, III, in females IV, III, I, II. Type species. Aranea frontalis Walckenaer, 1802. Introductory remarks. Species of Euophrys are dif- Key to Levantine species of Euophrys ficult to identify, due to their small size, usually cryptic coloration and also to general similarities in their genital 1. Flat area prominent, extending over approximate- 3 organs; in opinion of some authors females of a several ly /4 of the cephalothorax (about half of length of species cannot be separated. Matching of sexes uncer- thorax) ...... 2 tain. Anticipating identification problems of Levantine –. Flat area not developed or ending immediately Euophrys, I provide data on relevant species, which have behind eyes III, entire thorax sloping; eyes I sur- not yet been found in Israel or neighbouring countries. rounded by flattened conspicuous white setae, only Very small to medium size spiders characterised by female known ...... Eu. catherinae shape of genital organs (shared by the whole subfamily 2(1). Males ...... 3 Euophryinae) and colour pattern (usually dull). They –. Females ...... 4 can be also recognised by general body shape and its 3(2). Cephalothorax brown, white setae cover light area proportions; “an impression” of this can be memorised on anterior thorax and two pairs of vertical or 48 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

diagonal lines across sides; two rows of white legs I) and eye field slightly narrowing posteriorly are setae across clypeus; loop of embolus small; tibial typical for Euophrys. apophysis absent ...... Eu. gambosa Cephalothorax smaller than in Euophrys pseudo- –. Cephalothorax and abdomen black; single line of gambosa, eyes III strikingly protruding beyond lateral white setae along edge of clypeus, loop of embolus margin; thoracic slope begins immediately behind eye larger; tibial apophysis thin and long ...... field, flat area not developed...... Eu. pseudogambosa Eye field: dark grey with black lateral edges; thorax 4(2). Dense belt of white setae beneath eyes AME, sepa- greyish yellow with lighter median thoracic line and rated by bald space from lower line of white setae thin, slightly wavy, darker lines radiating ventrally. along edge of clypeus ...... Eu. gambosa Abdomen: median line of dark spots on white back- –. Only single line of sparse stouter whitish setae ground, of which the three central are large, regular, tri- along ventral edge, overhanging cheliceral bases; angles, three posterior much smaller, anterior spots fused eyes surrounded by thin colourless setae with into single narrow dark median line, accompanied later- whitish tops; thin sclerotized ridge on epigynum ally by parallel line of less regular dark spots; marginal runs transversely from the side edge of window dark spots extended on sides into dark diagonal stripes...... Eu. pseudogambosa Frontal aspect: clypeus reduced to about 0.3 of diam- eter of ALE, greyish brown and bald, single whitish hair on ventral edge, overhanging chelicerae, possibly a rem- Euophrys catherinae Prószyński nant of a row of setae, lost in this specimen; eyes I sur- (Figs 158–162) rounded by flattened and longer white setae, more con- spicuous than in Eu. pseudogambosa; yellow spot Euophrys catherinae Prószyński, 2000: 239, Figs 32–36. under ALE connected with similarly coloured sides. Diagnosis. Recognizable by thorax sloping just Ventral aspect: sternum and coxae yellow, abdomen behind eye field, light coloured abdomen with median uniformly whitish. Legs I–II yellow, III–IV whitish yellow; row of small dark chevron-like spots; epigynum typical tibia I with 3 pairs of long ventral spines (1/6th to 1/8th of for Euophrys. segment length), metatarsus I with two pairs of long Description. Female. Colour pattern, particularly of ventral spines, almost as long as segment itself. abdomen, fits both Neon and Euophrys. However, epig- Epigynum: copulatory channels appear much thin- ynum, legs proportions (with legs IV 35% longer than ner in proportion to spermathecae diameter than in

158 160

159

161

162

Figures 158–162. Euophrys catherinae, paratype from Sinai, Wadi Krid, general appearance (note absence of flat part of the thorax) (158); epigynum (159) and single spermatheca with channel and external grooves (dotted) (160); holotype from St. Catherine Monastery, internal structure of epigynum 161 and details of openings and channel 162. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 49

other species studied, external grooves leading to copu- rax and another pair vertically over sides; similar pat- latory opening make two tight coils, visible on prepara- tern also in female. In some males thin line of indistinct tion stained with “Chlorazol Black E”. white setae medially along black posterior half of eye Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- field and a faint line of sparse, adpressed white setae rax 1.55; length of abdomen 1.96; length of 5 segments of along ventral margin of carapace. leg I 3.06. Abdomen with mosaic of dark brown spots on Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females – I. creamy white background, arranged in the anterior half Distribution. Egypt: Sinai – Wadi Kid, Wadi Malkhaq, into indistinct pattern of three white chevrons separat- St. Catherine Monastery (22). ed by three dark brown chevrons, marginal brown spots Etymology. Named for my wife, an arachnologist, at the end of each chevron much longer and white spots Ekaterina M. Andreeva (Katarzyna Andrejewa-Prószyńska). reduced; posterior half consist of several narrow chevrons, light and dark, appearing compressed. This pattern is comparable in female, in which, however, light Euophrys gambosa (Simon) background is more extensive, covering half of the sur- (Figs 163–168, 169–170, 174–176, 182–183, 188–189, 194–195) face, leaving only dark chevrons. Frontal aspect: face black with a striking bald dark Attus gambosus Simon, 1868: 593, Tab. 6, Fig. 7; line horizontally dividing white setae on clypeus into Salticus gambosus: O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 323. two horizontal stripes: immediately below eyes I dense, Diagnosis. Male and female thorax brown with two short, adpressed setae, and, below bald space, arising white diagonal lines of setae along posterior slope, along the edge of clypeus (which itself is black), another clypeus with two horizontal rows of white setae sepa- line of long, sparse, white setae, stretching below edge; rated by bald space. Abdomen dark with two rows of in some specimens these have a sclerotised, tooth-like lighter V-shaped spots, leaving median row of darker tri- base for each seta. These two white lines, also occurring angles in between; legs light. Coil of embolus small; tib- in female, seem to be characteristic for the species and ial apophysis absent. do not occur in any other species known to me. Eyes I Remark. Conspecificity of females and males from surrounded with sparse, inconspicuous setae, apically Negev should be confirmed by further studies. orange, basally either colourless or dark (in female Description. Male. Cephalothorax dark brown, light these are whitish). Legs I and II black, light reflecting, reflecting; lighter pigmented semicircular area covered with tarsus I slightly lighter, grey, apically yellow, tarsus with white setae on anterior, flat thorax , from which run II greyish fawn, apically yellow; in females legs I and II two diverging white streaks over posterior slope of tho- light greyish yellow. A strong contrast to the black face

166 163

165 168

164 167

Figures 163–168. Euophrys gambosa (female from Negev), general appearance (163), dorsal pattern (164), epigynum (165) and single spermatheca with channel and external tegument groove (dotted) (166), internal structure of epigynum in another specimen (167), and details of opening and accessory gland (168). 50 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

and legs is provided by light yellow pedipalps with long Abdomen whitish with a chain of five dark brown whitish setae. Chelicerae light brown, with a few indis- median triangular spots accompanied on both sides by tinct whitish setae basally. chains of five similarly coloured broad irregular reverse Legs I–II shining black with tarsi lighter, III–IV chevron spots, some of which broken by small lighter lighter, with dark and light annuli; leg I is the largest (in dots; about the same proportion of abdomen surface is smaller male and in female legs IV are longest). Femora taken up by light background and by dark spots; small dorsally black, basally with lighter marks, increasing dense spots on sides. from femur I to IV: there are only a few small white setae Frontal aspect rather dull, eyes I surrounded with at the edge of basal, dorsal depression on femur I, on whitish setae, with some fawn dorsally on rims of AME; 1 femur II – basal /3rd of dorsal surface is yellow, III – clypeus with bald, brown line, separating upper, broad 1 1 basal /2 of dorsal surface is yellow, IV – basal /2 of dor- subocular line of intensively white setae, from dense sal surface is yellow. Patella III–IV basally light, with fringe of white setae on the ventral edge, overhanging dark band apically, tibiae III–IV with two dark and two bases of chelicerae. Chelicerae yellow to brown; pedi- light annuli, metatarsi III–IV light with darker apical palps yellow with indistinct long whitish setae; prolater- and basal bands, tarsi III–IV light. al surface of femur I and dorsal surface of patella and Palpal organ (Figs 174), has smaller and tighter coil of tibia I light yellow, with two darker transverse spots pro- embolus than Eu. pseudogambosa, located antero-ven- laterally on tibia. Ventral aspect: generally yellow, ster- trally; tibial apophysis either absent or indistinguishable. num with thin darker margin and dark short hairs, Female. Cephalothorax in fresh specimens rich abdomen whitish with a few irregular greyish dots, four brown, contrasting with light pattern of vertical lines whitish grey in some specimens. Legs: yellow with tarsi- across sides and flat area on dorsal surface of thorax, patellae somewhat darker, brownish yellow, tibia I with covered with whitish setae over lighter yellow pigmented three pairs of strong ventral spines. tegument, in some specimens white setae lost; lower Epigynum with prominent sclerotised median ridge; sides lighter in some specimens, with ventral edges black- each “window” crossed with thin, barely visible ridge ish brown, no fringe of setae. Eye field darker brown, running from the edge of “window” to the median dark unequally pigmented, with some whitish setae in the pos- sclerotised plate in the centre, being the armoured copu- terior part, also behind eyes III, anterior part bald except latory opening. In this species, a ridge runs directly from some remnants of sparse whitish setae above eyes I. the posterior edge of “window”, anteriorly, gently curv-

173 172 169

170 171

Figures 169–173. Colour pattern and shape characters in males of Euophrys gambosa: face, note two rows of white setae along clypeus (semidi- agramatic) (169), post mortem appearance of abdomen (170); E. pseudogambosa: frontal aspect (note single row of white setae along clypeus, con- trast between light ventral femur and dark patella-metatarsus I) (171), general appearance (172), post mortem appearance of abdomen (173), which is uniformly black on alive specimen. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 51

ing. Preparation of epigynum explains that the ridge is the margin of an open 174 groove leading to the opening; sclero- tised channel makes one and half tight loops then passes into broad bend join- ing spherical spermatheca; the latter is longitudinally oval, its length and width about half the dimensions of the window, the opening of nutritive pores are locat- ed just beneath the external ridge. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax 1.65–2.25; length of abdomen 1.54–1.98; length of 5 seg- 176 ments of leg I 3.50–5.09. Female. Length of cephalothorax 2.07; length of abdomen 2.97; length of 5 segments of leg I 3.56. Seasonal appearance of adult spec- 175 imens. Males – IV, VI; females – IV, VI, IX. 177 Distribution. S Europe, N Africa. Israel: Jerusalem, Ramat-Rahel, Qiryat Arba’ (11); Jericho (13); Arad, Sayeret Shaked Park, Nahal Sekher, Hatira Ridge, Avdat, Nahal Zin, Nahal Nizzana (17).

Euophrys pseudogambosa Strand (Figs 171–173, 177–179, 180–181, 186–189, 192–193)

Euophrys pseudogambosa Strand, 1915a: 168; Logunov 1996: 55–57, Figs 1–7. 178 Diagnosis. Male entirely black when alive, with strikingly white pedi- 179 palps and single thin line of white setae Figures 174–179. Comparison of palpal organ in Euophrys gambosa (174–176) (note absence along edge of clypeus; indistinct abdom- of tibial apophysis) and in E. pseudogambosa (177–179). inal pattern of three to five pairs of lighter spots appears post-mortem. Legs: I and II uniformly dark (except light tarsi and Remarks. Matching of sexes tentative, based on femora ventrally reddish, in preserved specimens light occurrence of male and female on the same wall and at yellow); ventral mane of dark setae on tibia, patella and base of wall at the Givat Ram University Campus, and femur I; legs III–IV lighter. Striking contrast between mutual occurrence in several samples of Euophrys. light tarsi I–IV and very dark metatarsi, tibiae and patel- Description. Male. Cephalothorax uniformly black, lae I–II, slightly less dark III–IV. in long preserved specimens dark brown, no pale areas Palpal organ: cymbium and bulbus broader than in behind eyes III, neither vertical white lines on thoracic Eu. gambosa, coil of embolus about two times larger, slope nor marginal streak. located more laterally (Figs 226); tibial apophysis long Abdomen black when alive, changes post-mortem to and thin; three median dark bent bristles on ventral sur- dark brown with three to five pairs of small irregular face of tibia, touching the edge of the narrow posterior light spots, narrowly spaced. part of bulbus, less conspicuous than in Eu. gam- Frontal aspect: face black to brown; single row of sparse bosa.Ventral aspect: sternum brown with darker rim; white setae hanging down from the ventral edge of clypeus, coxae I brown, II–IV paler; abdomen dark with thin slightly diagonally – these may be inconspicuous on pre- whitish line around edge of the lateral surfaces. served specimens, colourless or whitish; eyes I surrounded Female. Cephalothorax dorsally brown with incon- with remnants of very inconspicuous colourless setae. spicuous light hairs, not concentrated into white spots; Pedipalps whitish yellow with long, sparse, thin lighter pigmented median brown spots immediately white setae, contrasting with dark face and legs I–II. behind eye field and on the posterior slope of thorax; 52 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

181

180

182

185 183

184

Figures 180–185. Comparison of colour pattern in females of Euophrys pseudogambosa (180, 181), E. gambosa (182, 183) (post mortem changes), Euophrys sp. uncertain (184, 185). sides yellow to dark yellow, crossed by three vertical darkened or brown, with median and terminal margins dark grey lines; ventral rim dark grey, broader than in whitish yellow. Legs: yellowish fawn, femora lighter. Eu. gambosa; anterior slope of eye field gently rounded, Ventral aspect: sternum yellow with a thin dark grey highest point near eyes III and from there prominent flat margin; coxae yellow; abdomen whitish, posteriorly two surface extends beyond eye field about half the length of grey areas broadly separated. Epigynum: differs by loca- thorax, posterior slope steep. tion and direction of the thin sclerotised ridge, reaching the Abdomen: median longitudinal streak of thin dark small sclerotized plate in the middle of the white membra- transverse lines with weak traces of original triangular nous “window” transversely from outside (Figs 186, 187). components; separated from similarly coloured margins In Eu. gambosa that ridge arrives directly from the poste- and sides by an irregular white streak on each side, in rior edge of the “window”, gently curving (Figs 188, 189); in many parts crossed by thin dark lines. the uncertain species from Jerusalem the ridge also arises Frontal aspect: area surrounding eyes AME dark from the posterior edge, bends first medially but changes pigmented, without dense subocular line of white setae; direction at mid-length of epigynum to a lateral direction clypeus yellowish grey, almost bald, less contrasting (Figs 196, 197) and reaches the small, central sclerotized with dark eye field than in Eu. gambosa; narrow white plate transversely from the middle. These ridges seems to rectangular stripe on lower clypeus, directly beneath me the best diagnostic characters, however in related AME, expanding laterally, wedge-like under ALE, leav- Siberian species were interpreted as just individual varia- ing edge of clypeus black; single line of thicker sparse tion (Logunov, personal communication), they are also whitish setae along ventral edge of clypeus beneath indistinguishable on less sclerotized epigyna. AME, part of these setae overhang cheliceral bases but Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax not forming a triangle, their tips end along a straight 2.09; length of abdomen 1.60. Female. Length of line; rims of eyes black with distinct thin colourless, cephalothorax 2.13; length of abdomen 1.15. whitish tipped setae, longer and set more diagonally Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – than in Eu. gambosa, which gives them a different III, V, VI; females: – III, IV, VI. appearance. Height of clypeus under AME reduced to Distribution. Israel: Nahal Oren (3), ‘En HaMifraz about 0.3 of ALE diameter. Chelicerae yellow, slightly (4), Ma’agan Mikha’el (8), Ben Shemen, (9), SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 53

186 188 189

187 190 191

Figures 186–191. Comparison of epigynum in Euophrys pseudogambosa (186, 187), E. gambosa (188, 189), Euophrys sp. uncertain (190, 191).

Abu Ghosh, En Karem, Jerusalem, Ramat Rachel (11), Frontal aspect: eyes I located on a narrow, dark Ma’ale Adummim (12), near Mas’ada (18). brown pigmented stripe, surrounded by inconspicuous setae, colourless, whitish tipped; clypeus divided into lower light yellow belt with dense white setae, and upper Euophrys sp. uncertain bald stripe just beneath eyes AME. Pedipalps uniformly (Figs 184–185, 190–191, 196–197) whitish with sparse long blackish setae on tarsus. Ventral aspect: sternum whitish yellow with light grey Remarks. Interpretation of colour pattern, epigynum margin and short dark hairs; coxae whitish with yellow and internal structure of these specimens, in comparison shading; abdomen whitish with two blackish parallel lin- with females of Eu. gambosa and Eu. pseudogambosa ear spots in posterior half, widely spaced, a darker spot from Jerusalem does not give unequivocal conclusion on in front of spinnerets, dark wavy lines of sides of relationships, but also does not permit to us consider it abdomen extend onto margins of ventral surface. conspecific with either of these species. The solution to Legs: yellow with femora I–IV whitish; blackish this problem requires more research and, in particulars, spines; three pairs of ventral spines on tibia I. finding males which are more differentiated. Epigynum: closely resembling Eu. pseudogambosa Description. Female. Cephalothorax brownish grey, and gambosa; thin sclerotized ridge arises from the median thoracic streak greyish yellow; eye field black- posterior edge of the white window, bending first ish brown with sparse, tiny, white hairs, well visible but towards the mid-line of epigynum and at the mid-length not striking, concentrated along anterior and lateral of the window, it bends laterally and runs transversely edges of eye field; sides yellowish grey, gradually getting in the opposite direction (Figs 188, 191) reaching small lighter, lower parts light yellow, ventral edge light with sclerotized plate in middle of window, but from the direc- indistinct thin brownish line. tion opposite to Eu. pseudogambosa and differently Abdomen: median line of dark spots consists anteri- than in Eu. gambosa. Sclerotized copulatory opening at orly and posteriorly of traces of fused triangular compo- the end of transverse part of heavily sclerotized channel nents, with three separate central triangles, connected by directed medially, after sharp bend the channel makes their apexes; laterally accompanied by irregular narrow one and half tight loops, then becomes a gently bent long white and then broad dark stripes; another thin white channel, somewhat thinner than in Eu. pseudogam- streak separates these from dark sides (Figs 184, 185). bosa, joining transverse oval spermatheca (Figs 196, 54 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

195 193

192

197 194 196

Figures 192–197. Comparison of internal structure of epigynum in Euophrys pseudogambosa (192, 193), E. gambosa (194, 195), Euophrys sp. uncertain (196, 197).

197); both spermatheca and channel are located within limits of membraneous window. 199 Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females – III, V. Distribution. Israel: Jerusalem, Jericho.

Relevant species

Euophrys acripes (Simon)

Attus acripes Simon, 1871: 203. Distribution. Mediterranean species known from France (Corsica) and . 198 Euophrys frontalis (Walckenaer)

Aranea frontalis Walckenaer, 1802: 246; Figures 198–199. Pseudeuophrys pascualis, palpal organ ventrally (198) Euophrys frontalis: Flanczewska 1981: 196, Figs 14–17, 28; Prószyński and laterally (199). 1983c: 45, Figs 7–8; Prószyński 1991: 498–502,: Figs 1334.1–4. Distribution. Palaearctics, reported also from Turkey (Nosek 1905: 119). Evarcha Simon, 1902

Euophrys rufibarbis (Simon) Type species. Araneus falcatus Clerck, 1758: 124 Attus rufibarbis Simon, 1868: 602; Introductory remarks. Included by Simon in the Euophrys rufibarbis: Hansen 1986: 102, Figs 55, 11. Hylleae group of genera. Evarcha species have relatively Euophrys comptula: Prószyński 1987: 23, Figs 143. robust body, with high broad cephalothorax, whose flat Distribution. Mediterranean species also reported from . area extends half way along the thorax, the remaining pos- SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 55

terior slope being steep. Abdomen oval, about as broad and 7(6). Tip of embolus split distinctly into broad, short tri- long as cephalothorax. Devoid of striking colour pattern, angle directed anteriorly and thin, long process usually dark with light area or large spots behind eye field; directed posteriorly; striking white spot posterior- abdomen with anterior edge white, dorsum with inter- ly on eye field, legs very dark ...... E. pileckii mixed dark and light areas, the latter usually whitish, –. Tip of embolus split so indistinctly that appears sometimes yellowish, pink or even reddish, of ill defined truncated, wedge shaped spots of white setae on shape, devoid of any distinct longitudinal streaks, trans- eye field ...... 8 verse bands or pairs of round spots. Legs dark, robust, 8(7). Three wedge shaped spots of white setae on eye rather short. It is the combination of these characters, as field, basal half of femora I–II white, apical half well as a lack of any characteristic pattern, which make the dark ...... E. negevensis genus instantly recognisable to the experienced eye. Basic –. Two wedge-shaped spots of white setae on eye key characters are provided by shape and proportions of field, femora I–IV white, thin dark line apically genital organs, as illustrated on the drawings below. on lateral surface of femur I . . . . . E. praeclara Body proportions. Cephalothorax moderately short 9(1). Posterior wall of epigynum strongly sclerotized, and broad its width is 67–76% at eyes I, 69–80% at eyes concave, high, partly hidden under sclerotized mar- III; height 44–65%. Eye field short, extending over gin, resembling similar structure in Langona, or 41–50% of cephalothorax, also in relation to its width sclerotized pockets posterior to “windows” . . . . 10 (57–74% of width at eyes I) and is trapezoid shaped, –. No posterior wall of epigynum, sclerotized pock- broadening posteriorly by 0–7%; indistinctly narrower ets lateral to “windows” ...... 11 than cephalothorax, its width at eyes III is 84–93% of 10(9). Two circular membraneous “windows”, incom- width of cephalothorax in the same area, eyes III are pletely separated ...... E. jucunda located close to the edges of cephalothorax. Length of –. “Window” single, transverse oval, spermathecae leg order in both males and females III, IV, I, II. complicated, bent, their distal part transverse, sclerotized pockets large, almost connected (in Key to Levantine species of Evarcha Ma’agan Mikhael specimen, smaller and well spaced) ...... E. patagiata 1. Males ...... 2 11(9). Membraneous white “window” transverse oval, –. Females ...... 9 with spermathecae ending at about half of its 2(1). Distal part of embolus thin, tibial apophysis about length, pockets lateral, small, aligned with poste- 1/3rd of bulbus length, directed anteriorly, sharply rior edge of “window” ...... E. nepos pointed, abdomen reddish orange ...... 3 –. Membraneous white “window” near square or –. Distal part of embolus broadened, tibial apophysis rectangle, sclerotized pockets aligned anteriorly short, set more or less transversally, apically trun- to posterior edge of “window” ...... 12 cated; abdomen dark with large spot of white setae 12(11). Epigynum elongate rectangular, ending close to ...... 5 epigastric fold, spermathecae as broad as long, 3(2). Distal part of embolus directed antero-medially, not narrower than channels, pockets along half not bent along anterior edge of bulbus ...... 4 of the “window”; face light brown, white adp- –. Distal part of embolus bent transversally and resed setae overhanging chelicerae and below pressed to anterior edge of bulbus, not exceeding ALE, continue across sides of cephalothorax; its lateral limit; clypeus reddish brown with dark abdomen with complicated leaf pattern of black, bristles, abdomen light yellow to reddish, with brown and white spots ...... E. negevensis darker lines, four broad light chevrons, sides dark –. Membraneous white “window” almost square, in ...... E. jucunda the anterior half of epigynum, spermathecae 4(2). Embolus arising latero-posteriorly, clypeus red- longer than broad, narrower than their channels; dish orange; abdomen reddish with white anterior pockets prominent in the mid length of epigynum edge and scattered small, dark greyish spots ...... E. praeclara ...... E. patagiata 5(2). Broadened tip of embolus not divided – distal broad- ened part of embolus extending by thin process poste- riorly along prolateral edge of bulbus . . . . E. nepos Evarcha negevensis Prószyński –. Broadened tip of embolus divided, sometimes indis- (Figs 202–203, 204, 208–210, 214–215) tinct ...... 6 6(5). Tip of embolus divided into unequal processes . . . 7 Evarcha negevensis Prószyński, 2000: 240, Figs 37–44. –. Tip of embolus broad bent plate ending with 2 Diagnosis. Male with three white wedge shaped minute, widely separated teeth like processes . . . . lines along eye field; bulbus round, broader than in E...... E. nigricans nepos, embolus appears broad, bending tightly along 56 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

edge of bulbus, its apical part lying transversely, tip pattern is impossible. Female has abdominal pattern sim- bending dorsally, with minute split. ilar to that of E. negevensis, from which differs by minute Remarks. There are several related species in the details; epigynum however, is entirely different. Central Asia and Caucasus, the closest being Evarcha Description. Male. Cephalothorax blackish brown, eye nenilini, the diagnostic differences of this species are field with three wedge-like streaks of white adpressed shown on Figs 721 and 722. Evarcha armeniaca has setae, pointed anteriorly, running from near eyes III to male palp similar to E. negevensis, except tip of embolus between AME and median part of rim of AME; remaining is not turned anteriorly, and there is huge lateral swelling eye field covered by colourless setae appearing dark fawn of cymbium, just above tip of apophysis, dorsal surface of on blackish tegument. A belt of white setae along edge of cephalothorax now almost bald, so comparison of setae flat part of thorax runs to below eyes III, sides with tegu- ment brown, covered by adpressed dark setae; edge of carapace black 200 from under eyes II, with thin line of intensely white setae turning into white belt on clypeus, areas under ALE lighter than remaining sides. A row of stout short brown setae above orbits of eyes I, no Thyene-like tufts of longer setae arising below eyes II. Abdomen comparable with E. praeclara and E. nepos by white median area surrounded by dark area, but differs in details: tegument 201 dorsally dark grey with sparse yellow- ish dots, with striking large white spot in the middle, consisting of white setae over three unpigmented, whitish, thin short chevrons; marginal dark streaks covered by more delicate setae, colourless with slight yellowish hue, lateral edges appear lighter due to concentration of whitish setae, sides with dense dark and lighter stripes, with three diagonal lighter spots; there are also sparse upright, 202 long and thin bristles over dorsal sur- face and a few weak whitish setae with dark tips over anterior edge of abdomen; further down on anterior abdomen are dark setae with only basal parts remaining whitish, and along remaining part of abdomen are sparse whitish bristles, mixed with stronger black. Spinnerets greyish brown with long setae. Frontal aspect: eye field appears light brown with blackish spot behind ALE, with three wedges of white setae, complemented by light 203 yellow, converging at the meeting point of rims of AME and middle areas of rims of AME; upper halves of rims of AME covered with long, strong dark brown setae, intermixed Figures 200–203. General appearance of Evarcha patagiata (when alive abdomen orange-red) (200), E. nepos (when alive abdomen black with large white spot) (201), E. negevensis abdominal with sparse white setae, lower pattern in fresh female specimen (202), general appearance of a faded specimen (203). halves of rims covered with shorter SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 57

whitish and a few yellow setae; rims of ALE covered Female. Cephalothorax covered with thin, long, externally with dark brown, yellow and whitish setae, adpressed hairs, predominantly white and more uni- medial halves with whitish setae only; space under eyes form than in male, but also some colourless and even a I light greyish brown, with thin diagonally transverse few greyish, whose varying dispersal (due to falling off) line beneath ALE lighter brown with sparse whitish makes a variety of patterns. I have not seen any female setae; edge of clypeus laterally (under ALE and side- specimen with three white lines on eye field, as in male. ways) with two lines of intensely white setae, separated Tegument brown, on eye field lighter with a copper by bald blackish brown line; clypeus under AME with gleam, and dark lateral edges. A nearly mature long but sparse “beard” of white setae, overhanging che- paratype has yellow tegument with four longitudinal licerae. Chelicerae short and slender, light greyish dark lines of setae along slope of thorax. Abdomen grey- brown, with sparse, long, colourless setae, longer later- ish suffused with whitish yellow, with a thin dark brown ally. Pedipalpal femora yellow, lighter dorsally, patella median line along anterior half of the abdomen, and greyish, lighter apically, tibia and cymbium light brown three white median chevrons, in posterior half, there is with some whitish setae. Palpal organ similar to E. an intensely dark spot behind chevrons and in front of praeclara and E. nigricans from Tunisia, differs from spinnerets. Sides with three diagonal dark suffused other Evarcha of Mediterranean in shape: bulbus round, lines, separated by light diagonal lines in one paratype, broader than in E. nepos, embolus appears broad, bend- whitish grey in holotype, and white and grey dots in the ing tightly along edge of bulbus, its apical part trans- second paratype. versely and anteriorly to bulbus, tip bending dorsally Frontal aspect: more differenciated than in E. pata- into anterior depression of cymbium, with minute split. giata with eye field fawn, surrounding of lateral eyes Ventral aspect: mouth parts brown, coxae I–IV yellow- blackish, a belt immediately above eyes I whitish with ish grey to whitish, femora I–IV ventrally whitish; ster- whitish setae, eyes I surrounded with contrasting white num brownish; abdomen ventrally greyish with lighter setae, area below and lateral to AME yellowish fawn, dots, with anterior part (in front of epigastric furrow) but becoming darker fawn from below ALE laterally, dark brownish grey; median area brownish grey; broad ventral edge of carapace dark brown, beginning from anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly, spinnerets dark. under ALE laterally, there are contrasting concentra- Legs: femur I: apical half blackish brown, basal half tions of white setae making diagonal line under ALE, white; patella I dorsally light greyish brown with whitish with white line of setae above brown edge and white setae, laterally greyish brown; tibia I dark greyish setae hanging below it; area below ALE with horizontal brown, lighter dorsally; tarsus and metatarsus light white setae, and longer white setae overhanging che- brown with whitish setae dorsally, dark setae at top of liceral bases, some longer whitish setae also on che- tarsus. Legs II resembling I, legs III–IV similar, with licerae, which are brownish fawn. Pedipalps striped: femoral darkening extending over lateral surfaces. transverse white stripes with white setae, and dark brown stripes. Leg I also contrasting, with white femur apically blackish, patella and tibia dorsally brown but darker brown frames and ventral surfaces.

206

205

204

207

Figures 204–207. Comparison of cephalotorax pattern in males of Evarcha negevensis (holotype) (204), E. praeclara (205) and E. pileckii (206); general appearance of male E. praeclara (207). 58 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

208 209 211 212

213

210

Figures 208–213. Males of Evarcha negevensis (Negev specimen), palpal organ ventrally (208), laterally (209) and tip of embolus (210), Evarcha praeclara sp. nov. palpal organ ventrally (211), laterally (212) and tip of embolus anterolaterally (213).

Ventral aspect whitish with indistinct median grey Comparative material. Evarcha armeniaca Logunov, streak, narrowing posteriorly as in M, the anterior area, 1993. Holotype male, paratype female. near Kafan, however, is white. almond plantation, 31.V. 1989, Leg. V. A. Zakharian. Legs: femora I–IV white except apical end which is Evarcha nenilini Rakov 1997: 110–111, Figs 18–21, dark, joint with patellae II–IV dark brown, sides of tibiae map 5. holotype male – Tadjikistan: Bukantau, Irlir, I–IV dark brown, dorsal surfaces of patellae and tibiae Karakund well, 9.V.1976, coll. A.P. Kononenko; paratype II–IV light brown, metatarsi-tarsi I–IV brownish yellow. female: Tadjikistan, Khovaling 1500 m asl, 11.X. 1987. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Coll. S.V. Ovchinnikov. Both species in coll. Zool. Mus. 2.05–2.25; length of abdomen 1.80–2.25; length of 5 seg- Novosibirsk, Russia. ments of leg I 3.53–4.19, order of leg lengths III, IV, I, II. Female. Length of cephalothorax 2.47–2.77; length of abdomen 3.15–3.00; length of 5 segments of leg I Evarcha nepos (O. Pickard-Cambridge) 4.59–5.61, order of leg lengths III, IV, I, II. (Figs 201, 217–219, 222–223) Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – V, IV, VII, VIII; females – VI, VII, VIII, IX. Salticus nepos O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872a: 333–334; Evarcha nepos: Prószyński 1984b: 101 (transfer from from Distribution. Israel: Negev – Haluqim and Hatira Salticus), Logunov 1996: 61. Ridges near Sede Boqer, Nahal Nizzana (17). Uncertain identification: Kallia (13), Sabha and Nahal Shelomo Diagnosis. Male very dark with two striking large near ‘Elat (16). white spots: one on posterior half of eye field and the

214 215 216

Figures 214–216. Comparison of females of Evarcha negevensis, epigynum (215) and its internal structure (216), and E. praeclara, diagram of epigynum in the specimen from Yemen (from Wesolowska) (214). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 59

second, oval, on posterior half of abdomen. Bulbus oval, male approaching assumed the same posture, but was narrower than in E. praeclara and E. negevensis, almost instantly driven out by female making a minute, embolus thin, broadening only along its anterior bend, but very quick, jump towards it; same with other speci- encircling anterior edge of bulbus, single (not splitting mens approaching. Captive male (in petri dish) assumed apically) and continuing posteriorly as thin process. similar display posture towards female many times over Description. Male. Cephalothorax: blackish in some several days. areas brown, a prominent spot of white setae on the eye Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax field, high and broad, white areas behind eyes III. 2.10; length of abdomen 2.16. Female. Length of Abdomen: blackish brown with intensely white tip and cephalothorax 2.27; length of abdomen 2.73. large square white spot in the middle, sides white. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – Frontal aspect: brown with long white setae on clypeus. III, IV, VI, VIII, X, XI; females – II, IV, V. Legs: femora II–IV light with black apical halves; leg Distribution. Israel: Rosh Pinna (1); Beth-Oren, I dark, apical half of femur and tibia ventrally black with Nahal Oren (3); Athlit, Ma’agan Mikhael (4); Ein Harod white setae on ventral surface of basal part of femur I (5); Poriyya, eastern slope (7); ‘En Kerem, Jerusalem, and on white half of patella dorsally. Ramat Rahel (11), En Duyuk (13). Palpal organ: embolus unusual by being flattened anteriorly, plate like, bends around bulbus, its tip nar- rows abruptly, turning back; tibial apophysis ends with Evarcha patagiata (O. Pickard-Cambridge) three prominent teeth. (Figs 200, 224–226, 229–230) Female. Cephalothorax: blackish brown with white adpressed setae. Abdomen: with complicated leaf pat- Hasarius patagiatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872a: 332; Evarcha syriaca Kulczyński, 1911: 52–53, Figs 65-67, presumed tern of black, brown and white spots. new syn. Frontal aspect light brown, with two lines of white Evarcha patagiata: Prószyński 1984b: 51, 52, Logunov 1996: 61. setae: one overhanging chelicerae, the second of adpressed setae runs from below ALE across mid-height Diagnosis. Male abdomen reddish orange with ante- of cephalothorax sides; chelicerae brown; pedipalps yel- rior edge white, embolus narrow, not encircling anterior low with thin black rings and white setae. Legs: all femo- edge of bulbus, tip pointed anteriorly; clypeus reddish ra whitish, apically black, remaining segments brown orange, in female whitish. with blackish rings and sparse white adpressed setae. Remark. Description of E. syriaca Kulczyński Epigynum: large median oval window covered with (1911: 52–53), seems to correspond with E. patagiata whitish membrane, and two large dark spots; pockets (particularly reddish orange clypeus devoid of white small, located laterally in the mid-height of epigynum. setae) and this confirms my assumption that these Behavioral observation. Male encountering female species are actually synonyms; Kulczyński mentions becomes immobile with anterior legs stretched diago- white clypeus for male E. jucunda which may suggest nally forward and up, bent at the femoral-patellar joint. that he has actually also seen specimen of an uncertain Female circles male at distance of some 2–3 cm. Another species described below.

217 219

221

218 220

Figures 217–221. Evarcha nepos, palpal organ ventrally (217), laterally (218), Ma’gan Mikhael specimen, palpal organ ventrally (219); E. pileckii from Negev, palpal organ ventrally (220) and tip of its embolus ventro-laterally (221). 60 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

222 225 224

223 227

226 228

Figures 222–228. Evarcha nepos, epigynum (222) and its internal structure (223); E. patagiata, epigynum (224) and its internal structure (225), same in specimen from Ma’agan Mikhael (226). Relevant Western Mediterranean species E. jucunda epigynum (227) and single spermatheca (228).

Description. Male. Cephalothorax: dorsal surface frontally; legs I light brown, with tibia, patella and api- light fawn with a copper gleam, including eye field and cal femur slightly darker brown. E. jucunda differs by narrow area beneath lateral eyes; edges of eye field, having face brown, with short adpressed and sparse slope of posterior cephalothorax and sides darker, blackish setae without any striking character, dark blackish brown, in some specimen there is a white belt orange on rims of eyes I, presence of a few small incon- (unpigmented tegument and remnants of white setae) spicuous whitish setae on the very edge of clypeus; cym- around thorax at edge of flat dorsal surface, continuing bium and tibia of pedipalps dark yellow with blackish as white narrowing streak under lateral eyes; dorsal setae; pedipalpal patella and femur dorsally light with surface almost bald, without any distinct pattern of whitish setae. setae on eye field. Palpal organ: bulbus anteriorly angular, embolus nar- Abdomen reddish (in older preserved specimen fading row from the posterior end of bulbus, running parallel to gradually to pink, yellow and finally whitish); strikingly side of bulbus with the tip pointed anteriorly, tibia slightly white anterior edge; indistinct darker chevrons posteri- shorter; differs strikingly from E. jucunda with its broad- orly and equally indistinct dark spots laterally along dor- ly truncated bulbus, embolus arising in the mid length of sal margin; sides black anteriorly (beneath white edge) bulbus, with the tip pressed to anterior edge of bulbus. and laterally. Differs from E. jucunda which has Ventral aspect: generally light brown, abdomen abdomen light yellow (if not faded) divided by thin brown- darker brown to black. ish grey lines; small contrasting dark triangular spot in Legs blackish brown, femora I–IV proximally dark centre of dorsal surface; posterior four light chevrons grey (these are white in E. nepos, an important differ- broad; sides almost entirely dark mottled yellow, with ence, easy to spot); tarsi-metatarsi yellow except I, four pairs of inconspicuous lighter diagonal spots. which is darker. Frontal aspect: face reddish brown, eyes I surround- Female. Cephalothorax brown to fawn, with a copper ed with reddish setae (in fresh specimen only ventrally); gleam, traces of light belt around the dorsal edge of tho- clypeus fawn with orange setae with irregular dark bris- rax and under lateral eyes (in E. jucunda to eyes II tles along ventral edge; chelicerae reddish brown with only); in a studied specimen dorsal surface almost bald, strong black setae; pedipalps brown with white setae on with traces of minute adpressed colourless setae which tip of femur and patella – the only white spot visible do not make any distinct pattern. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 61

Abdomen in the studied specimen now light yellow gradually broadening, encircling anterior edge of bulbus, with anterior edge white, followed by a belt of dark grey splitting apically into short triangular needle directed dots and then by yellow transverse belt, there is a medi- anteriorly and a thin, longer process directed posteriorly. an streak of widely spaced grey dots up to the end of Description. Male. Cephalothorax: integument black- abdomen, one pair of diagonally transverse dots in the ish brown, including eye field and anterior thorax, covered middle and one pair of lateral streaks of grey dots along with long adpressed colourless setae, appearing greyish, posterior half of the abdomen. except large spot of striking white setae on posterior half Frontal aspect: eye field up to dorsal rims of eyes I of eye field, anterior half of eye field with adpressed appears dark, face yellow, eyes I surrounded by white colourless setae, less dense than in other species and setae, clypeus fawn with dense white flattened setae, without any wedge shaped spots; there are slightly lighter sides below ALE and laterally brownish, chelicerae spots behind eyes III; a belt of white setae along edge of fawn with a few longer white setae, pedipalps light flat part of thorax runs to below eyes III, sides with tegu- brown with darker faint lines and long whitish setae, ment dark brown; edge of carapace black, from under legs I light brown, with femora whitish. eyes II with thin line of intensely white setae turning into Ventral aspect: mouth parts fawn, sternum and coxae white belt on clypeus, lighter diagonal line runs from light fawn, abdomen greyish with lighter margins of medi- under ALE. There is a pair of tufts of longer strong bent an rectanglar area and three longitudinal whitish streaks. setae arising below eyes II, resembling that in Thyene. Epigynum with vertical posterior sclerotized wall Abdomen: integument uniformly dark grey, covered resembling Langona, possibly being a pair of huge, mod- with adpressed and long whitish setae, more whitish medi- ified pockets, while in all remaining Evarcha pockets are ally, concentrating into a striking white oval spot on poste- lateral and small; single whitish membranous “window” rior half of abdomen, anteriorly setae are divided by bald in the anterior half of epigynum, with sclerotized internal lines into thin, short streaks; lateral edge appear light due structures visible in an s-shaped bend, with largest medi- to concentration of whitish setae, sides in dense stripes of an part transverse; copulatory opening not visible exter- dark and light; long, sparse thin upright bristles over dorsal nally – apparently located postero-laterally, along sclero- surface, whitish with dark tips over anterior edge of tized edge of the window. Some differences in epigynum abdomen, further on anterior abdomen darker part of setae of specimen from Ma’agan Mikhael, particularly spacing extends, only basal parts remaining whitish; along remain- of pockets and slightly different shape of spermathecae ing part of abdomen bristles along medial part of dorsal (Fig. 226), may suggest a different species, but the mate- surface whitish, more marginally black and stronger. rial for such a conclusion is, however, insufficient. The Spinnerets blackish brown with long lighter setae. epigynum closely resembles E. jucunda in which, how- Frontal aspect: eye field appears blackish brown ever, whitish membraneous part is divided into two with lighter brown line above eyes I, sparse colourless round windows incompletely separated by two indistinct setae; tufts of long bent black bristles appearing like sclerotized streaks corresponding with underlying copu- “horns” below eyes II; face below eyes I brown, separat- latory channels (in less sclerotized epigynum that parti- ed from blackish sides by diagonal lighter line with tion may be not discernible and window may appear sin- sparse whitish setae; upper halves of rims of AME cov- gle); copulatory opening were found in semicircular slits ered with long and strong dark greyish brown setae, along edge of membraneous areas; sclerotized internal sparsely intermixed with white, lower halves of rims spermathecae channels run straight anteriorly through covered with shorter, slightly lighter setae; rims of ALE the middle of the epigynum. covered externally with dark brown, yellow and whitish Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – setae, medial halves only with whitish setae; edge of II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, X, XII; females – II, V, VIII, IX. clypeus laterally (under ALE and sidewards) with two Distribution. Israel: Dafna, Hanita, Lahavot- lines of intensely white setae, separated by bald black- HaBashan, Nahal Bezet, Nahal Keziv near Avdon, Mt ish brown line; clypeus under AME sparse “beard” of Meron (1); Nahal Oren (3); Tiberias (7); Qiryat ‘Anavim, long, white setae, overhanging chelicerae. Chelicerae ‘En Kerem, ‘Ein Husan (north of Husan) (11). short and slender, light brown, with sparse, whitish setae. Pedipalpal femur and patella brown with whitish setae apically, tibia and cymbium blackish brown with Evarcha pileckii Prószyński whitish setae. Palpal organ: bulbus oval, narrower than (Figs 206, 220–221) in E. praeclara, embolus gradually broadening along its length, encircling anterior edge of bulbus, splitting api- Evarcha pileckii Prószyński, 2000: 243, Figs 45–47. cally into short triangular needle directed anteriorly Diagnosis. Body very dark with two striking white and thin, longer process (in antero-lateral view broader, oval spots: one on posterior half of eye field and the sec- concave and plate shaped) directed posteriorly. ond on posterior half of dark abdomen. Bulbus oval, nar- Ventral aspect: mouth parts dark brown, coxae I–IV rower than in E. praeclara and E. negevensis, embolus dark brownish grey, posterior gradually lighter; sternum 62 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

229

234

233 235 231

230 232

Figures 229–235. Evarcha patagiata, palpal organ ventrally (229), tibial apophysis laterally (230); Evarcha sp. uncertain cf. patagiata, palpal organ ventrally (231) and laterally (232), dark abdominal pattern (233). Relevant Western Mediterranean species E. jucunda, palpal organ ventrally (234), laterally (235). dark brownish grey; abdomen ventrally grey with lighter half split indistinctly into narrowing anterior needle, margins, anterior part (in front of the epigastric furrow) tightly press to posterior plate with raised edges. darker, blackish brown with sparse whitish setae; spin- Description. Male. Cephalothorax fawn, eye field nerets black. Legs I strikingly dark, including basal half with two wedge-like streaks of white adpressed setae, of metatarsus and femur, with dorsal surfaces of tibia and pointed anteriorly, running from near eyes III to medial patella I lighter brown, femora I–IV blackish with small, part of rim of AME; remaining eye field covered by inconspicuous lighter area basally on femur I, gradually colourless setae appearing fawn on fawn tegument; a expanding on following femora, extending over half of belt of white setae along edge of flat part of thorax runs femur IV and 3/4th of femur III. Legs III the longest. to below eyes III, sides with tegument yellow, covered by Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax adpressed dark setae making irregular dark areas; edge 2.37; length of 5 segments of leg I 5.53. of carapace black, from under eyes II with thin line of Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – V. intensely white setae turning into white belt on clypeus, Distribution. Israel: Ma’agurat Loz, Sede Boqer (17). areas under ALE lighter than remaining sides. No Etymology. Named in honor of the late Witold Thyene-like tufts of longer setae arising below eyes II. Pilecki (1901–1948), who, during the Nazi German occu- Abdomen: differentiated with contrasting darker pation of Poland, volunteered for Polish Resistance marginal area, consisting of dark blackish grey ridges (Armia Krajowa) in an almost suicidal mission of pene- separating chains of yellowish dots of the same diame- trating Auschwitz Concentration camp and provided the ter, covered with yellowish setae with some almost black first detailed report . anteriorly, these margins surrounds intense white cen- tral spot on white tegument covered with white adpressed setae, thin streaks of whitish setae separated Evarcha praeclara Prószyński et Wesołowska, sp. nov. by bald lines cover anterior median grey tegument (Figs 205, 207, 211–214, 216) streaks, an almost black spot in front of spinnerets with are dark grey and yellow; lateral edge and sides below it Evarcha praecincta Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 25–28, Figs clean whitish; anterior vertical wall of abdomen, below 52–58 (preoccupied by Mogrus praecinctus Simon, 1890). edge blackish grey, extending down to the lung-box area. Diagnosis. Two wedge-shaped streaks of white Frontal aspect: eye field appears light fawn, darker adpressed setae on the eye field; bulbus round, embolus greyish fawn along sides, with two thin wedges of white broad, bending tightly along edge of bulbus, its anterior setae converging at touching point of rims of AME; upper SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 63

halves of rims of AME covered with longer and stronger Material. Holotype male – Israel: Arava Valley dark brown setae, sparsely intermixed with white, lower (approx. 50 km N of Eilat), Qetura, citrus halves of rims covered with shorter yellow and whitish orchards, in leaf litter under trees, 17 March 1994, leg. setae, rims of ALE covered with short yellow and whitish Y. Lubin. Coll. HUJ 155226. setae, externally slightly darker; space under AME and Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – III. ALE yellowish fawn, edge of clypeus covered with nar- Distribution. Yemen: Aden. Israel: Arava Valley (14). row line of short intensely white setae, below AME setae longer and overhanging cheliceral bases, from under ALE sidewards that line of setae is split into two, leaving Evarcha sp. uncertain dark brown narrow bald line. Chelicerae short and slen- (Figs 231–232) der, light yellow with whitish setae, long laterally, short and sparse medially. Pedipalps white with white setae, Evarcha sp. n. Prószyński 1984: 52. cymbium darker yellow to brown. Diagnosis. Seems to differ (if not secondarily changed) Ventral aspect: mouth parts yellow, coxae I–II yel- from E. patagiata by striking white setae on clypeus under lowish, III–IV whitish; sternum yellowish grey with mar- AME; abdomen dark brown with yellow dots, with white gins and anterior part darker; abdomen ventrally anterior edge and four thin white chevrons posteriorly. whitish with anterior part (in front of the epigastric fur- Description. Male. Cephalothorax: yellow (presumably row) dark grey, median area greyish, broad anteriorly faded) with brown eye field, lateral eyes encircled with and narrowing posteriorly; spinnerets grey. black; light belt just behind eye field has wavy outline and Legs. Femur I white with small black spot and a few consists of whitish semicircular spots behind eyes III, con- black scales prolatero-apically; patella I dorsally whitish, nected narrowly in front of fovea, anteriorly stretching only laterally greyish yellow; tibia I dark greyish yellow later- to eyes II; differs from both E. jucunda and E. patagiata ally and at both ends of dorsal surface, median part of by a row of short, thin white setae along anterior edge of dorsal surface whitish; tarsus and metatarsus greyish eye field, on dorsal parts of rims of eyes I, slightly denser yellow, dark setae at top of tarsus. Legs II–IV similarly triangular concentration of white setae between eyes AME. light, with apical darkening on femora more pronounced. Abdomen: dorsum and sides dark brown mottled yel- Female. According to Wesołowska and van Harten low; very prominent white semilunar spot at the anteri- (1994) coloration of females of this species from Yemen or edge of abdomen; four thin white chevrons in the pos- are similar to males. Their epigynum resembles E. terior half of the abdomen, much narrower than in negevensis, differing in having shorter “window” in Evarcha jucunda; broad white marginal streak along anterior half, ending in mid length of epigynum, at the posterior half of abdomen, with a pair of isolated white level of pockets, narrower spermathecae with larger marginal spots along anterior half. number of septa, longer channels. Frontal aspect: striking white setae on clypeus under Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax AME, forming white triangle between AME ventrally; on 1.87; length of abdomen 1.75; length of 5 segments of leg rims of AME setae whitish, on rims of ALE whitish ven- I 3.62. trally and medially but dark dorsally and laterally; setae

240

237 236 238 239

Figures 236–240. Related species Evarcha nigricans (Dalmas, 1920) comb. nov., from Tunisia, palpal organ laterally (236), ventrally (237); Evarcha sp. aff. praeclara from (Khor Atta), palpal organ ventrally (238), tip of embolus laterally (239), tibial apophysis laterally (240). 64 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

under ALE whitish, sparse and inconspicuous; tegument Festucula Simon, 1901 dark pigmented in the immediate narrow surrounding of eyes I, yellow on clypeus and beneath ALE in an area Type species. Festucula vermiformis Simon, 1901. merging with sides of cephalothorax; edge of clypeus Introductory remarks. The genus contains six species dark pigmented, under AME almost black; chelicerae distributed mainly over tropical Africa. Unique in having yellow, basally with triangular frontal bulge. unusually long and thin abdomen; cephalothorax resem- Legs on studied, long preserved specimen, almost uni- bles Pseudicius in its proportions and in typical row of formly light yellow, without traces of distinct pattern, ven- stridulatory spines on tubercles under eyes lateral. Tibia I tral setae on tibia and patella I whitish; shorter sparse swollen medially with three unpaired spines in the apical whitish setae ventrally on femur I. Ventral aspect: coxae, half. Differs from Pseudicius by structure of epigynum, mouth parts and sternum whitish yellow, ventral surface which has different plan and no pockets, however relation- of abdomen whitish with three darker indistinct lines in ship of Festucula with Pseudicus cinctus group deserves the posterior part, sides contrasting dark; in E. patagia- further studies. Males known in two species only, their pal- ta the whole ventral surface of abdomen was black. pal organ has large, broadly biramous tibial apophysis, Palpal organ very similar to E. patagiata, from broad bulbus with short embolus located anteriorly. which it differs by shorter embolus, arising near the mid-length of bulbus, tibial apophysis slightly longer. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Festucula vermiformis Simon 2.05; length of abdomen 1.93. (Figs 241–243) Material. 1 male, “25623 Ev. s. n. Syria (C.Br.)”, Coll. MNHN-Paris. Festucula vermiformis Simon, 1901c: 155; Prószyński 1987a: 27; Wesołowska 1992: 50–52, Figs 28–31. Distribution. “Syria” (?) Remark. Description of female Festucula montico- la Berland et Millot (1941: 345 Fig. 48) from W Africa Relevant species () suggests these forms are very similar and may be actually conspecific. Evarcha jucunda (Lucas) Description. Female. Cephalothorax low (its height is (Figs 227-228, 234–235) 30% of length of cephalothorax), flat, long and narrow, its Salticus jucundus Lucas, 1846: 146; width is 50% at eyes I, 52% at eyes III, not broadening Evarcha jucunda: Cantarella 1982a: 57, Fig. 3; Deltshev C.D., Paraschi along its whole length, with eight characteristic dark pro- L. 1990: 4. tuberances bearing stridulatory setae under lateral eyes – Remark. For diagnostic characters see description of just as in Pseudicius. Eye field extending over 37% of Evarcha patagiata (above). cephalothorax, its length equal to 74% of width at eyes I; Distribution . W and N Mediterranean species, also report- almost rectangular, broadening posteriorly by 4%; eye field ed from Turkey (Nosek 1905: 119). indistinctly narrower than cephalothorax, eyes III are located closely to the edges of cephalothorax; its width at Evarcha nigricans (Dalmas) comb. nov. eyes III is 87% of width of cephalothorax in the same area. (Figs 236–237) Cephalothorax blackish brown with transversal light Habrocestum nigricans Dalmas, 1920d: 65, 67; Prószyński 1987: 38. brown spot behind eyes I. Broad dorsal area of thorax yellow, margins of dorsum brown, sides light yellow. Distribution. Tunisia. Abdomen appears enormously elongated, actually 155 % of length of cephalothorax, and thin, with two marginal Evarcha aff. praeclara dark streaks. Frontal aspect: clypeus white. Legs I (Figs 238–240) robust and long, as in Pseudicius, with tibia I armoured Pellenes praecinctus: Prószyński 1984b: 104 (name following misiden- with three prolateral ventral spines in the anterior half tification by Simon as Mogrus praecinctus in NHM Vienna collec- of the segment, none retro-laterally. Metatarsus I dark- tion, name preoccupied by Mogrus praecinctus). er than other segments. Legs II–IV slender and short, Material. Male, “Mogrus praecinctus” [Sudan:] Khor Attar, yellow. Epigynum: Identical with Simon’s specimen from Werner, 1905, det. Simon“ in Coll. Reimoser, NHM, Vienna (not con- Suez-Alexandria, different from Pseudicius but show- generic with lectotype of Mogrus praecinctus Simon, 1890 from ing some resemblances to the Pseudicius cinctus group Aden, in Simon collection MNHN, designated by M.E. Galiano). in the general outline of channels (which are, however, Remark. Specimen deserving attention because of close located anteriorly to the openings). relationship with Evarcha praeclara. Present information include published drawings, but no Male unknown. other data. Description as a new species is delayed until more Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- specimens become available. rax 2.27; length of abdomen 4.20. Distribution. Africa – Sudan. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Female – I. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 65

241

242 243

Figures 241–243. Festucula vermiformis: general appearance (specimen from Israel) (241); epigynum (242) and its internal structure (specimen from Egypt) (243).

Distribution. Egypt: Suez, Alexandria; Sudan. Israel: Habrocestum latefasciatum: Prószyński, 1987: 30, 32–34; (valley of stream near Tel Aviv) (8). Habrocestum latifasciatum: Metzner 1999: 61, Tab. 26, map 28. Description. Male. Cephalothorax high, with promi- nent flat dorsal surface making it appear indistinctly Habrocestum Simon, 1876 longer than high, and very steep posterior thoracic slope; brown with dark brown eye field and black sur- Type species. Attus agilis Simon, 1876 =Habrocestum rounding lateral eyes; there is a striking median line of pullatum (Simon, 1876) white setae along flat part of the thorax, extending in Introductory remarks. A genus containing some 39 some specimens onto posterior eyefield; an indistinct nominal species in the Mediterranean area and Africa, line of whitish setae along lateral and anterior margins occurring also in E Palaearctic and Oriental Regions; of eye field, eyes AME with white dorsal orbital setae. species described from C and N America and Australia Abdomen with large white transverse postero-median may not be congeneric and require revision. area, consisting of a fused pair of spots; anterior white Body proportions. Cephalothorax high (57% in line merging with whitish lower sides; remaining female, 67–72% in males) and broad, its width is 65-73- abdomen dark brown apart from posterior whitish 72% at eyes I, broadest behind eyes III, flat area extend- chevrons and whitish terminal spot; spinnerets white. ing over 74-87-83% of cephalothorax length, posterior Frontal aspect: dorsal hairs surrounding eyes I white, thoracic slope almost vertical. Eye field long, extending ventral ones colourless; clypeus light brown in some over 40-47-45% of cephalothorax but short in relation to specimens with dark edge, almost bald; chelicerae slen- its width (65% of width at eyes I in F, almost rectangular der, brown; pedipalps yellow with striking dense white narrowing posteriorly by 2%, indistinctly narrower than mane prolaterally on tibia, dorsally on femur and patel- cephalothorax at eyes III (79% of width of cephalothorax la; no dorsal spot of white hairs on cymbium, which is in the same area); eyes III are located on the edges of exceptional in this genus. Legs robust, of similar length cephalothorax. Length of abdomen is 148% in female, in decreasing order I-III-IV-II, leg III only very indis- 70–80% in male, width of abdomen in male 72–76%. tinctly shorter than leg I, but femur III strikingly longer than all remaining; light yellow apart from striking black spot prolatero-apically on femur I and brown ven- Habrocestum latifasciatum (Simon) tral surfaces of patella, tibia and metatarsus I, quite (Figs 244–251) remarkable in comparison with remaining light yellow surfaces of these segments. Ventral aspect greyish yel- Attus latefasciatum Simon, 1868: 536; low, coxae III–IV and abdomen lighter. Palpal organ: bul- Salticus latifasciatus: O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 322; bus elongate and somewhat irregular, divided (as is 66 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

246

249

247

250

248

245

244 251

Figures 244–251. Habrocestum latifasciatum (Israeli specimen), general appearance (244), palpal organ ventrally (245) and laterally (246); Simon’s specimen, palpal organ ventrally (247), prolaterally (248) and retrolaterally (249); H. egaeum (specimen from ), epigynum (250) and its internal structure (251). usual in Habrocestum) into two unequal parts: smaller Habrocestum shulovi Prószyński antero-lateral with anterior part of bent sperm recepta- (Figs 252–255) cle channel, disappearing under white membranous margin of larger postero-median part, later becoming Habrocestum shulovi Prószyński, 2000: 245, Figs 48–51. darker and thicker, with embolus arising from its Diagnosis. Relatively large spider with high, flat antero-medial part, in a 10 o’clock position; embolus cephalothorax, almost vertical posterior thoracic slope, long and slightly wavy, which is rather unusual in this instantly recognisable by unique external and internal genus; tibial apophysis short (shorter than in related structure of epigynum in general outline resembling species), thick and irregularly triangular; there is strik- Habrocestum arabicum Prószyński (1989: 33–34, Figs ing prolateral dense white mane on tibia, being exten- 3–4), and related to other species of Habrocestum. sion of white dorsal mane on patella and apical femur. Description. Female. Cephalothorax light brown Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax with darker eye field; covered with inconspicuous 2.46–2.55; length of abdomen 1.78–1.95; length of 5 seg- adpressed whitish setae whose weak concentrations ments of leg I 6.03–6.71. may suggest previous existence of a white median dorsal Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – IV, V. line along cephalothorax and some white pattern on the Distribution. E Mediterranean: Greece, Corfu, eye field, but this requires confirmation from fresh spec- Aegean Isl., Crete; Turkey; Lebanon (Hasbeiya); report- imens; patches of white setae on dorsal rim tips of eyes ed occurrence in requires confirmation. Israel: I; there are quite prominent short dark upright bristles, Nahal Oren (3), Rosh Haniqra (4). scattered over dorsal surface, lower posterior part of SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 67

sides lighter yellowish, with thin dark edge. Abdomen and run a short way anteriorly, producing small sclero- large and round, now poorly preserved, with tegument tized lateral chamber (accessory gland structure?), then separated from soft tissues; very indistinct traces of two make prominent 180 degrees turn and run posteriorly white and dark chevrons in the anterior half of abdomen; along median line of epigynum, entering small, spherical, traces of posterior median white area, anteriorly limited heavily sclerotized spermathecal chambers, with a few by a narrow chevron of darker setae. Frontal aspect: prominent internal spines; terminal fertilization channels dark eye field contrasts with yellowish fawn clypeus, run off from these chambers dorsally; vaginal roof extends almost bald, with three prominent bent bristles between from the posterior edge of epigynum to the spermathecae, and somewhat beneath eyes AME, and a few indistinct its heavily sclerotized postero-lateral transverse exten- colourless setae overhanging cheliceral bases; orbital sions may actually be sclerotized pockets (Figs. 254–255). setae on rims of eyes I white except laterally on ALE There is some resemblance in the general layout to the where brown; chelicerae yellowish fawn. Diameter of internal structure of epigynumof Habrocestum ara- ALE equal to half of AME, eyes ALE aligned along dor- bicum Prószyński (1989: 33–34, Figs 3–4) from Saudi salmost point of rims of AME. No contrasting or striking Arabia, although actual shape is rather different. characters visible. Legs robust and short, length of legs Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- order IV, III, I, II, difference in length between I and II rax 2.99; length of abdomen 4.42. insignificant; patellae-metatarsi I–IV yellow with darker Material. Holotype female, Habrocestum shulovi sp. annulation. Tibia I with three ventral spines retro-later- n., misidentified and labelled as “Salticus capreolus Koch ally, prolaterally two lateral and two ventral spines, the t. 49, B. 1833”, presumably from “Palestine”; Coll. HEC. latter in the apical half of the segment. Ventral aspect: Distribution. Israel: Jerusalem (labelled as sternum light brown, coxae pale yellow. “Palaestina” in HEC), Epigynum with anterior sclerotized transverse slit Etymology. Named for Dr. A. Shulov, a pioneer of and curved posterior edge (Figs. 253); membranous and zoology in Israel and prominent contributor to the Israel transparent copulatory channels originate at ends of slit National Arachnid Collection.

254

252

255

253

Figures 252–255. Habrocestum shulovi, cephalothorax laterally (252), epigynum (253), its internal structure ventrally (254) and single spermatheca and channel, dorsally (255). 68 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Relevant species Introductory remarks. A “waste bucket” genus into which large number of nominal species was previously Habrocestum arabicum Prószyński placed and which still contains 36 nominal species, not yet revised and often irrecognizable. The only sure and Habrocestum arabicum Prószyński, 1989: 33–34, Figs. 3–4. well known species of the genus is at present only its Distribution. Saudi Arabia. type species Hasarius adansoni (Savigny et Audouin, Habrocestum egaeum Metzner 1827); since it is cosmopolitan in warm climates we do (Figs 250–251) not know its geographical origin and do not know where Habrocestum cf. graecum: Prószyński 1987: 31–33; it relatives may occur. For characteristics of the genus Habrocestum egaeum Metzner, 1999: 63, Tab. 28, map 30. see description of H. adansoni below. Material. Male, Kreta IV. 54, Kurhas (Myrt); female, Crete IV. Both. coll. J. Wunderlich Remark. Species closely resembling Habrocestum grae- Hasarius adansoni (Savigny et Audouin) cum, but differs from it by wavy tip of broad embolus and (Figs 256–260) lighter body coloration. Attus adansoni Savigny and Audouin 1827: 404; Habrocestum graecum Dalmas Hasarius adansoni: Kaston 1948: 493; Locket and Millidge 1951: 242; Prószyński 1984c: 58 (male from Jaffa-Rehovot); Habrocestum graecum Dalmas, 1920; Prószyński 1987a: 14. Habrocestum graecum: Prószyński 1987: 30–31 (male; female= Aelurillus sp.); Deltshev C.D., Paraschi L. 1990: 4; Metzner 1999: 60, Tab. 25, map 27. Diagnosis. Retro-lateral cheliceral tooth bifid-fissi- Distribution. Greece: Volo. dentati (Fig. 260) which is rare among Palaearctic Habrocestum papilionaceum (L. Koch) Salticidae and could be considered a conclusive charac- Habrocestum papilionaceum (L. Koch, 1867); ter in a spider resembling Hasarius in general shape, Habrocestum papilionaceum: Prószyński 1984c: 54; Prószyński 1987: 34, 39; colour pattern (a pair of abdominal white spots), long Deltshev C.D. and Paraschi L. 1990: 4; Metzner 1999: 62, Tab. 27, map 29. pedipalpal tibia with white mane in males and simple Distribution. Greece: Cyclades; Aegean Is.; Asia Minor. epigynum in a form of shallow, poorly sclerotized depression with 2 darker dots in females. Shape of cephalothorax: moderately long and broad, its width Harmochirus Simon, 1885 (expressed in % of length of cephalothorax) is = 64–68% at eyes I, = 62–64% at eyes III; height 39–52% of length Type species. Ballus brachiatus Thorell, 1877. of cephalothorax. Eye field: fairly long extending over Introductory remarks. The genus is very similar 30–40% of cephalothorax, also long in relation to its and apparently related to Bianor, contains 8 species in width (% of width at eyes I 48–59), almost rectangular, tropical Africa and tropical and subtropical Asia. narrowing posteriorly by 2–5%. Eye field is indistinctly There is no species of Harmochirus known from narrower than cephalothorax, being 79–80% of Mediterranean or Europe, the nearest occurrence of the cephalothorax width at eyes III, eyes III are located on genus are and . dorsal edges of cephalothorax. Posterior slope of thorax gently inclined. Shape of abdomen: oval, indistinctly narrower than cephalothorax, dorsally flat, without scu- Harmochirus sp. tum; 2 white abdominal spots, not always separate from median white streak. Remarks. Identification of immature specimen pro- Description. Male. Cephalothorax broad and high, visional, the final identification requires adult specimen. black with broad white belt around eye field. Abdomen The only specimen found in Jerusalem has single with characteristic pair of small round white spots on both retrolateral tooth on chelicerae, cephalothorax broad sides of a median light streak extending for 2/3rds of with eyes III protruding beyond edges of cephalothorax, abdomen length, usually separate although on the studied eye field trapezoidal, thorax very steep – almost verti- specimens connected with the median light streak, the lat- cal, tegument of abdomen hardened. ter limited laterally by two dark lateral streaks; anterior Seasonal appearance. Immature male – XII. edge white. Frontal aspect: face blackish with brown Distribution. Israel: Jerusalem. areas beneath eyes ALE, eyes I surrounded ventrally with white, dorsally with reddish setae; clypeus dark brown, almost bald, chelicerae and legs I dark brown, pedipalps Hasarius Simon, 1871 dark brown but with long white dorsal mane extending from the tip of femur, along patella and tibia (the latter Type species. Attus adansoni Savigny et Auduoin, characteristically long). Legs robust, of similar length, the 1827. Ist ones strongest and darkest, the remaining legs gradu- SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 69

260 256

258 259 257

Figures 256–260. Hasarius adansoni. General appearance of male (256); palpal organ (dotted lines indicate white setae) (257), epigynum (258) and its internal structure (259), bifid retro-marginal tooth (260). ally lighter, to light brown. Ventral aspect light brown, Distribution. Cosmopolitan in warm climates, abdomen whitish grey with darker dots. Palpal organ: eas- including Mediterranean; in green-houses of cooler ily recognized by unusually long pedipalpal tibia with a areas of W and C Europe. Israel: Nahal , Tel Aviv prolateral (median) fringe of long white setae and a short, (8), Rehovot (9), Sede Boqer (17). thin apophysis; bulbus divided diagonally by white mem- branous edge of postero-median part and antero-lateral Key to species of Heliophanillus and Heliophanus darker part with visible sclerotized internal seminal receptacle channel; whilst general outline of bulbus may 1. Males ...... 2 somewhat resemble Habrocestum, the embolus is entire- –. Females ...... 8 ly different – apical, short, abruptly narrowing (Figs. 257). 2(1). Both femoral and patellar apophyses absent Female. Externally, resembling male. Cephalothorax: (Heliophanillus) ...... 3 light brown (specimen presumably faded). Frontal –. Simple patellar apophysis present (subgenus aspect: face fawn, clypeus with sparse colourless setae, Helafricanus); palpal organ as in Figs 350–353; chelicerae brown, pedipalps yellowish white. Abdomen thin median white line along abdomen and thorax grey with whitish median streak broadened posteriorly...... Heliophanus edentulus Legs I – brown with lighter femur, II–IV light. Epigynum: –. Large femoral apophysis present (subgenus shallowly depressed sclerotized oval plate, usually Heliophanus s. str.) ...... 4 devoid of any characteristic colour spots or sculptures, 3(2). Ventral tibial apophysis broad and plate-like; bul- internal structures consist of three sclerotized cham- bus triangular,tapering apically into a short embo- bers arranged perpendicularly to epigynum (dorsally), lus; four pairs of unusually regular, small, round, hence poorly visible and often distorted by pressure dur- white abdominal spots; very small spider ...... ing mounting of preparation...... Heliophanillus fulgens Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax 4(2). Femoral apophysis single, not branched ...... 5 2.84; length of abdomen 2.39. Female. Length of –. Femoral apophysis bifurcate ...... 7 cephalothorax 3.75; length of abdomen 4.09. 5(4). Femoral apophysis strongly bent posteriorly; a tri- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – angular protuberance near apophysis on femur II, IV, VIII, X; females – IX. ventrally ...... Heliophanus decoratus 70 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

–. Femoral apophysis straight, if bent then only api- abdomen black with two striking white streaks cally ...... 6 ...... Heliophanus mordax 6(4). Bulbus apically with a triangular ventral protu- –. Copulatory openings as above; channels more berance; embolus arising medially, anterolateral- spaced, run parallel only to the middle of the ly directed, bending anteromedially ...... epigynum, then turning into longer oval sper- ...... Heliophanus curvidens mathecae directed transversely; posterior rim –. Bulbus apically rounded, without protuberance; prominently curved with two peculiar semitrans- embolus arising from a broad base and bending parent flaps; abdomen black with two pairs of laterally in hook-shape . . . Heliophanus encifer white spots ...... Heliophanus decoratus 7(4). Femoral apophysis with a small apical fork . . . . 13(8). Opening to the epigynal chamber triangular; ...... Heliophanus mordax margins of opening depressed; copulatory open- –. Femoral apophysis with unequal rami: a large ings hidden laterally under rims in the middle of apical branch and a small, triangular, basal epigynum; copulatory channels running anteri- branch ...... Heliophanus equester orly, then bending medially and slightly back- 8(1). Epigynum a slightly depressed sclerotized plate, ward ...... Heliophanus curvidens with rims not curving upward ...... 9 –. Opening to the epigynal chamber relatively –. Epigynum a more depressed sclerotized plate, small, transversally oval, in the anterior half of with rim raised anteriorly but not posteriorly epigynum; margins of opening not depressed; ...... 10 copulatory openings hidden inside posterior –. Epigynum in form of deeply depressed sclero- pocket; two pairs of abdominal dots ...... tized plate, with rims curving upward, turning it ...... Heliophanus encifer into a chamber with a sclerotized opening . . 14 –. Opening to the epigynal chamber relatively large, 9(8). Epigynal plate with two impressed grooves sepa- almost the size of the entire epigynum, trans- rated by indistinct edges; copulatory openings at versely oval; copulatory openings hidden under mid length, broadly spaced, channels short and the rims latero-posteriorly in a form of large fun- thick; spermathecae run transversally, similar in nels, spermathecae run transversely ...... appearance to Icius ...... Heliophanus kochi ...... Heliophanillus fulgens –. Epigynal plate flat, weakly sclerotized, with a pair of small circular grooves with sclerotized Heliophanillus Prószyński, 1989 edges, located posteriorly; spermathecae run anteriorly along the entire length of the epigy- Type species. Salticus fulgens O. Pickard- num and turn into single tight twist of spermath- Cambridge, 1772. ecae (Fig. 285) ...... Heliophanus edentulus Introductory remarks. External appearance closely 10(8). Entrance to the copulatory openings in form of resembling Heliophanus in proportions (see below) and large lateral pockets under raised rims of epigy- colour pattern, often mistaken for that genus. The main nal plate ...... 11 and most striking difference lies in the male pedipalps – –. No pocket-like entrance to the copulatory open- absence of both femoral and patellar apophyses, with ings, the latter in the anterior part of epigynal only minute tibial apophyses, presence of a dorsal plate ...... 12 abdominal scutum; species of this genus are much small- 11(10). Copulatory openings in posterior half of epigynum, er than the majority of Heliophanus species. Colour pat- at the posterior angle of prominent antero-lateral tern resembling Heliophanus: cephalothorax dark with pockets; channels narrow, running along sides of spots of white, whitish or colourless scales; eye field epigynum and bent medially, posterior edge of rugose; rugosity under lateral eyes; abdomen brown to epigynum not curved ...... Heliophanus malus black, with colourless light-reflecting scales over a brown –. Copulatory openings in anteromedian angle of scutum, a few pairs of small round spots of white scales; anterolateral pockets, the latter separated by a legs yellow. Four micro-stridulatory spines arranged in a raised median portion of the plate; channels run half bent transverse row sub-apically on femur I. parallel and medially almost to the posterior end Palpal organ resembling Heliophanus but differing of epigynum, where they turn into spherical in the lack of femoral and patellar apophyses; bulbus bag spermathecae ...... Heliophanus equester shaped, triangular, tapering apically and passing into a 12(10). Copulatory openings located anteromedially; short embolus, tibial apophysis consisting of two sepa- channels running parallel almost to the posteri- rate, widely spaced prongs. Epigynum resembling both or rim of the plate and turn into short oval sper- Heliophanus and Icius.The genus contains four species mathecae directed transversely; posterior rim occurring in the arid and semiarid parts of the SE gently curved, but without prominent flaps; Mediterranean, NE Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 71

Heliophanillus fulgens (O. Pickard-Cambridge) covering anterior half of abdomen, visible when scales (Figs 261–268) are rubbed off. Salticus fulgens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872a: 340–341; Frontal aspect brown to black, contrasting with yel- Icius fulgens Wesołowska, 1988: 399–400, Figs 1, 10–17; low legs. Legs yellow, femur I apically with 4 stridulato- Heliophanillus arabicus Prószyński, 1989: 35–37, Figs 9–11; ry spines in a half bent transverse row. Heliophanillus fulgens: Prószyński 1989: 35 (transfered from Palpal organ: bulbus and embolus resemble Icius); Wesołowska and van Harten 1994: 30–32, Figs 64–67 Heliophanus but without protuberances, triangular; (syn. H. arabicus); Metzner 1999: 97, 216, Table 62a–i, map 68. tibial apophysis consists of two separate widely spaced Diagnosis. Recognizable by small size, two minute prongs: the ventral plate-like, the dorsal one a small, tibial apophyses, and shape of epigynum, usually four narrow cone; patella and femur lacking apophyses. pairs of white spots on abdomen, but fallen-off scales Ventral aspect: sternum black; coxae yellow to may cause loss of some, or even all of these spots. whitish; abdomen brownish with two small white dots in Description. Male. Cephalothorax dark with traces front of spinnerets. of white scales at the ventral posterior edge of Female. Cephalothorax light brown, with greyish cephalothorax; eye field rugose, with colourless scales colour shading on the lower sides and on thorax, bear- in one specimen; a small white dot of scales behind eyes ing whitish scales, slightly denser above the ventral III; a rugosity under lateral eyes. margins of carapace. Eye field blackish brown, rugose, Abdomen brown to black, four pairs of small white with remnants of whitish setae and very sparse reddish spots consisting of white scales (Fig. 261), missing in hairs. Abdomen black faded to grey during storage; first some specimens; remaining surface of abdomen covered and third pairs of large whitish spots dorsally (irregular with colourless light reflecting scales; a brown scutum in the studied specimen), and two pairs of smaller spots,

262 263 261

264

266

265

268 267

Figures 261–268. Heliophanillus fulgens, male, general appearance (261), palpal organ ventrally (262), tibial apophyses ventrally (263), laterally (264), dorsally (265); female, general appearance (266), epigynum (267) and its internal structure (268). 72 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

the second at mid-length and the fourth in front of spin- usually being yellow, providing an immediate recogni- nerets; marginal whitish band. Frontal aspect dark tion character; in some species legs are dark or black. In brown; eyes surrounded with whitish scales, clypeus many species a distinct abdominal colour pattern of reduced to nil; under eyes AME a diagonal row of long contrasting white scales forming pairs of spots; less fre- white scales overhanging cheliceral bases; chelicerae quently a streak or streaks; a marginal white line fawn. Pedipalps light yellow. Legs uniformly yellow. around the whole abdomen or its anterior edge. Ventral aspect: sternum brown; coxae whitish; abdomen Cephalothorax sometimes with lines or spots of white light greyish with colourless scales. scales, especially diagnostic on clypeus. Epigynum very small with barely visible sculpture; Male palpal organ very distinctive, differing from most spermatheca and channels resembling Icius, but with a other genera of Salticidae. In the subgenus Heliophanus transverse median edge, which may possibly belong to a prominent femoral apophysis: long, robust, single or the vaginal roof. bifurcate terminally, rarely trifurcate. In the subgenus Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Helafricanus apophysis developed on patella. Both sub- 1.19–1.59; length of abdomen 1.36–1.70. Female. Length genera with two tibial apophyses, rarely three. Bulbus of cephalothorax 1.46; length of abdomen 2.59. usually with protuberances, especially on its posterior Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – edge, which give an angular aspect, very rare in other gen- III, VII, XII; females – III, VII, VI, IX. era. Embolus very distinctive, arising on anterior edge of Distribution. Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Crete. bulbus, usually from a broad base and narrowing abrupt- Israel: Tel , Lahavot-HaBashan (1); Ma’agan ly, almost always short bent and hook-like. Mikha’el (4); Biq’at Bet Zayda, Beth Yoseph, Ginnosar, Epigynum relatively simple, consisting either of a Tiberias (7); near Palmahim (9); ‘En Gedi (13); Qetura, single sclerotized depression, sometimes partitioned Yahel (14). longitudinally by a median ridge, or, more rarely, divid- ed into two separate depressions. In some species, the Relevant species depression surrounded by raised edges, which may even curve over, making a sclerotized chamber. Copulatory Heliophanillus suedicola (Simon, 1901) openings separate, along edges of depression, some- times medial, their position differs in various species Heliophanus suedicola Simon 1890: 60, Fig. 14; from anterior to median, to posterior. Copulatory chan- Heliophanillus suedicola: Prószyński 1989: 34; Wesołowska and van nels heavily sclerotized, straight or bent, their course Harten 1994: 33, Figs 68–74. correlated with the location of openings: from posterior Remark. Known from Yemen, . openings usually they run anteriorly; from lateral, medi- ally; from anterior, posteriorly. Spermathecae simple, vesicular in shape, often appearing as terminal exten- Heliophanus Koch C.L., 1833 sions of channels; accessory gland openings usually prominent, tubercle shaped, often located near passage Type species. Aranea cuprea Walckenaer, 1802: 245. of channels into spermathecae. Appearance of copulato- Introductory remarks. The majority of species are ry channels on microslides often distorted: shifted instantly recognizable as Heliophanus by their general and/or shortened, due to their more or less perpendicu- appearance. Identification of males confirmed by pres- lar arrangement to the surface of epigynum. ence of femoral or patellar apophyses. Body proportions close to the average for Salticidae. Cephalothorax length (smalest-mean-biggest specimen) Heliophanus curvidens O. Pickard-Cambridge 1.46-1.80-2.27 mm: width 51-61-67% at eyes I, 66-75-85 % (Figs 269–272) at eyes III; height 41-46-52%. Eye field: length 36-42-46%, Salticus curvidens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 345; width at at eyes III 56-66-73%; slightly narrower than Heliophanus berlandi Schenkel, 1963: 399, Figs 229a–c; cephalothorax at eyes III; trapezoid in shape, broaden- Prószyński and Żochowska 1981: 18, Figs 7–14; ing posteriorly by 5% (mean). Flat area of dorsal Heliophanus curvidens: Prószyński 1982: 280–283, Figs 33, 36; cephalothorax prominent, extending over 70% of Wesołowska 1986: 45, Figs 538–548, 884 map. cephalothorax length. Diameter of anterior median eyes Diagnosis. Legs dark; abdomen black, with anterior (AME) about twice diameter of anterior lateral eyes white line and two pairs of small white spots. Male bul- (ALE), the latter located along upper half of AME. bus apically with a triangular ventral protuberance; Abdomen oval, comparable in size to cephalothorax, embolus arising medially, broad, sinuated. Female open- except when swollen with eggs in female. Legs thin and ing to the epigynal chamber triangular, located in a moderately long, pairs I–IV almost equal in length. depression, copulatory openings hidden laterally under Body usually dark coloured, black, often irridescent; rims at the mid-lenght of epigynum; copulatory channels contrasting in many species with light legs, the latter lateral to chamber, bent “c” shaped anteriorly. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 73

270

272

269

271

Figures 269–272. Heliophanus curvidens, palpal organ and femoral apophysis, ventrally (269) and laterally (270); epigynum (271) and its internal structure (272).

Description. Male. Cephalothorax black bearing to the epigynal chamber triangular-oval, with depressed minute setae, almost unnoticeable but light reflecting; margins; copulatory openings lateral, hidden under rims surface rugose. Abdomen black, with thick anterior of chamber; channels lateral, relatively broad loops bent white line of setae, two pairs of small abdominal white forward, then posteriorly, their distal part transverse. spots. Frontal aspect: face black; chelicerae dark Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax brown; pedipalps black with a broad streak of white 1.59; length of abdomen 2.05. scales along patella-tibia-cymbium; weaker white streak Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – along black part of patella-tibia I. Legs: metatarsi, tibi- II, III, IV, V; females – III. ae and patellae black with single thin white streak along Distribution. E Mediterranean to C Asia. Israel: Mt. segments; tarsi I–II brown, III–IV yellow; femora dorsal- Meron (1); Abu Gosh, ‘En Karem, Jerusalem (11); “plains ly black, laterally covered with white setae. Ventral of Jordan”, Wadi Qilt near Jericho (13); ‘En Gedi (13). aspect black. Palpal organ: large single femoral apoph- ysis; the ventral tibial apophysis long, straight and bent apically, bulbus resembles broad triangular bag; trian- Heliophanus decoratus L. Koch gular protuberance ventrally directed near embolus, (Figs 273–280) embolus located apically, broad and bent. Female. Cephalothorax entirely black, without con- Heliophanus decoratus L. Koch, 1875b: 58, 87, Tab. 7, Fig. 8; Wesołowska 1986: 10, 208–209, Figs 549–557, 559–566, trasting pattern. Abdomen elongate oval, dorsally flat- 570–584, map 905. tened, blackish, covered with colourless light-reflecting scales in addition to dark scales. A pair of slightly elon- Diagnosis. Legs yellow, abdomen dark with 2 pairs gated spots of white setae posteriorly near spinnerets of white spots. male femoral apophysis strongly bent and a second pair of very small spots located medially, posteriorly accompanied by a small triangular protu- apparently variable; a thin white marginal line around berance; female posterior rim of epigynum with two almost whole of abdomen. Frontal aspect uniformly peculiar semitransparent flaps. blackish brown without any contrasting pattern (pedi- Description. Male. Cephalothorax distinctly broader palps missing in the studied specimen); eyes I sur- in mid length; brown; lateral eyes dark encircled; white rounded by indistinct whitish scales. Legs blackish, with scales along posterior edge of carapace. Abdomen dark, in light yellow tarsi; also lighter, olive coloured dorsal sur- preserved specimen brown and contracted, with hardened face of patellae, tibiae and metatarsi. Ventral aspect tegument (presumably less distinct in fresh specimens); blackish brown, sternum black; abdomen ventrally two pairs of contrasting lateral tufts of white scales and blackish with some whitish scales; a pair of small an anterior marginal line. Frontal aspect dark brown; whitish spots in front of spinnerets. Epigynum opening pedipalps light brown, with white scales on cymbium and 74 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Female. Cephalothorax dark brown, covered with small adpres- sed whitish, light-reflecting scales, somewhat larger on anterior part of eye field; sides with median belt bald, submarginal thin line of denser whitish scales, marginal line bald, black. Abdomen: integu- ment dark greyish black, covered 275 with whitish scales, light-reflect- ing, locally falling out, leaving dark spots of naked integument, concentration of these scales make white anterior marginal line, two pairs of white spots followed 274 by two white marginal spots more 273 posteriorly, at the level of dorsal Figures 273–275. Heliophanus decoratus, male, palpal organ ventrally (273) and laterally (274); pairs of spots; spinnerets dark. female, general appearance (275). Frontal aspect without contrast- ing pattern, except light yellow tibia, less numerous on patella. Legs yellow, with indis- pedipalps. Face blackish brown, eyes black surrounded tinct white scales; prolateral surfaces of femur I brown. by colourless setae with striking whitish tips; clypeus Palpal organ: femoral apophysis single, long, prominently reduced to nil but extended ventrally by blackish mem- bent posteriorly, accompanied laterally by a low conical brane, with a few longer scales, arranged diagonally protuberance; two tibial apophyses: ventral one broad and downwards. Chelicerae blackish brown, without scales. straight, dorsal one thin, long, bent and directed ventrally Pedipalps much lighter than legs, whitish with a slight and perpendicularly to the ventral apophysis, and posteri- greenish hue, except femur which is brown; patella and orly to its base. tibia dorsally with whitish, light reflecting scales, light

276

277 278

279

280

Figures 276–280. Heliophanus decoratus, morphological variation in females, epigynum (276) and its internal structure (277), internal structure of epigynum (the Egypt-Siwa specimen, identified as Mogrus bonneti, British Museum coll.) (278); possibly related species from Sede Boqer, general appearance (279), epigynum (280). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 75

tarsus with sparse black setae apically. Legs uniform, Heliophanus edentulus Simon yellowish fawn with short, dark, sparse setae dorsally (Figs 281–286) and with sparse whitish, light-reflecting scales. Ventral Heliophanus edentulus Simon, 1871: 342; Wesołowska 1986: 8, 17; aspect: chelicerae dark brown, mouth parts brown with Figs 96–104, 896 map; lighter rims, sternum dark brown with a rim of larger Salticus delectus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 326; whitish, light reflecting scales. Coxae greyish fawn, coxa Salticus heliophanoides O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 328–329; IV with 2 rows of light-reflecting scales, abdomen dark Salticus aeratus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 339, syn. nov. Attus delectus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1876: 610, Tab. 60, Fig. 88. greyish brown with colourless scales, two indistinct whitish spots in front of spinnerets. Epigynum dark Diagnosis. Median white streak along black brown depressed, sclerotized plate with anterior and lat- abdomen and thorax, ending between eyes III. Male eral rise encircling central depression, posterior edge patellar apophysis present; female copulatory openings lighter, almost whitish, with two peculiar semitranspar- posterior, channels run straight anteriorly, extended by ent whitish flaps; copulatory openings anterior; channels small, round spermathecae. short running posteriorly and turning medially, sper- Description. Male. Cephalothorax brown, thin white mathecae transverse; comparable posterior edge of epig- median line along dorsal flat surface of the thorax; ynum occurs in Heliophanus equester but is more scle- white spots of setae behind eyes AME; remnants of rotized and spermathecae are strikingly different. white marginal streak. Abdomen: brown; thin median Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax white line along the whole abdomen, interrupting white 1.59; length of abdomen 1.25. Female. Length of marginal line. Frontal aspect: face brown; clypeus under cephalothorax 1.62; length of abdomen 2.34. AME reduced to nil; pedipalps dark brown. Legs yellow; Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – femur I with subapical transverse row of three stridula- IV, IX; females – III, IV. tory spines on protuberances and a prolateral darker Distribution. N and E Africa: Egypt, Oasis Siwah; spot. Palpal organ narrower than in other species; femur Sudan, Ethiopia. Israel: Kalia at Dead Sea shore (13); without apophysis; patella with huge apophysis, being Ze’elim (15); Halukim, Sede Boqer, Yeroham (17). an extension of the apical wall, complicated in shape

284

286

283 282

285

281

Figures 281–286. Heliophanus edentulus, palpal organ ventrally (281) and laterally (282), note presence of patellar apophyses; female (Negev specimen), abdominal pattern (283), epigynum (284), and right spermatheca (285); “Attus aeratus” (O. P.-Cambridge coll.), internal structure of epigynum (286). 76 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

and articulating with three tibial apophyses: 1) large colourles scales with fawn tips. Diameter of AME about and apically bent ventro-anterior apophysis, 2) needle 180 % of that of ALE, the latter located along upper half shaped and long ventro-posterior apophysis, almost per- of AME; clypeus reduced to vestigial narrow band, light pendicular to tibia and articulating with ventral surface yellow with remnants of whitish setae; chelicerae yellow, of patellar apophysis, 3) dorsal apophysis, also perpen- slender and short. Pedipalps and legs greyish yellow. dicular to tibia and also articulating with dorsal surface Pedipalps with longer whitish setae and small dark tri- of patellar apophysis, visible in lateral position. angular spot on cymbium and tibia. Ventral aspect: ster- Female. Cephalothorax black with median white num blackish brown, posteriorly with a rim of upright streak from between eyes III, extending onto thorax and white setae, gradually shortening anteriorly. Abdomen running along the whole abdomen. There are small spots ventrally greyish fawn, covered with short whitish setae. of white scales behind eyes III, three spots of a few sparse Epigynum weakly sclerotized and indistinct; with white scales behind touching spots of anterior eyes, a thin two relatively large round depressions at the posterior line of white scales along ventral margin of cephalothorax, margin, spaced by about their diameter, near the medi- the edge itself black and bald, followed by a fringe of white an edge of each depression a black sclerotized point, setae hanging down. Groups of white scales on bald dark possibly of rim of copulatory opening, copulatory chan- lateral sides of cephalothorax suggest gradual falling out nels run straight anteriorly, extended in the same direc- of white setae. Flat area stretches over almost three quar- tion by small spermathecae. ter of cephalothorax length. Abdomen brownish black, Legs with sparse inconspicuous white setae and a dorsal surface covered by adpressed dark scales, promi- few, small white scales; legs I and, less distinctly, II, with nently dissected by median white streak of scales, the darker brown dorsal apical end of femur and lateral sur- streak narrowing on both ends and having 5 small trian- faces of patella, tibia and metatarsus. Tibia I with two gular enlargments or chevrons, margins of abdomen also pairs of ventral spines: median and basal but no apical covered with white scales, somewhat less dense. pair; prolaterally an additional single lateral spine diag- Frontal aspect: face below eyes I covered by striking onally above and anteriorly to the ventral median one, white setae, upper rims of eyes I surrounded with but not in the apical position; legs II–IV pale.

290 288 287

291

289

Figures 287–291. Heliophanus encifer, male, palpal organ ventrally (287) and laterally (288); female, general appearance (289), epigynum (290) and its internal structure (291). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 77

Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax pairs of marginal spots at the same level; thin white 1.70; length of abdomen 1.59. Female. Length of marginal line around anterior half of abdomen. Frontal cephalothorax 1.90–2.14; length of abdomen 2.20–3.60; aspect: face light brown, eyes surrounded with indis- length of 5 segments of leg I 3.41. tinct whitish scales; pedipalps olive. Legs uniformly Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – brown with paler yellow tarsi. Ventral aspect: sternum III, IV, V, VI, X; females: – III, unknown. brown; coxae yellow; abdomen greyish brown, two lines Distribution. Mediterranean, including Turkey. of white scales in front of spinnerets. Israel: Lake Hula (on crowns of papyrus); (1), Biq’at Bet Palpal organ: femoral apophysis large, slightly wavy Zayda (Bet HaBek) (7); near Palmahim, Rehovot (9); En but not bent; bulbus anteriorly rounded; embolus bent Avdat (a few cm above surface of water of a permanent and hook-like, arising medially from the anterior exten- pool) (17); Ma’agan Mikha’el (8); Berekhat Ram (18). sion of the bulbus. Epigynum: opening of the chamber (created by curved upward edges of epigynum) in anterior half of Heliophanus encifer Simon epigynum, transverse oval, leading to posterior semicir- (Figs 287–291) cular pocket; copulatory openings median, hidden inside pocket; copulatory channels radiating diagonally pos- Heliophanus encifer Simon, 1871: 342; Wesołowska 1986: 10, 40, tero-laterally, bending outside the pocket and turning Figs 456–466, map 900; Salticus facetus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 344. medially; accessory gland opening at bend of channels. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – Diagnosis. Abdomen with 2 pairs of spots of white II, III, IV, V; females – III, IV. scales with raised ends, legs brown. Male bulbus apical- Distribution. Mediterranean. Israel: Ma’agan ly rounded, without protuberance; embolus short, aris- Mikhael; En HaHoresh (8); Jerusalem, Qiryat-Anavim ing from a broad base and bending, hook-like. Female (11); Haluqim Ridge (17). opening to the epigynal chamber transverse oval, in the anterior half of epigynum; margins of opening not depressed; copulatory openings inside posterior pocket. Heliophanus equester L. Koch Description. Male and female. Cephalothorax (Figs 292–295) brown. Abdomen dark brown with reddish adpressed scales; two pairs of spots of intensely white scales with Heliophanus equester L. Koch, 1867: 869; Wesołowska 1986: 10, ends raised above surface of abdomen, followed by two 213, Figs 652–660, map 901.

292

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294

293

Figures 292–295. Heliophanus equester, palpal organ ventrally (292) and laterally (293); epigynum (294) and its internal structure (295). 78 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Diagnosis. Females differ from Heliophanus curv- separated by a broad elevated ridge; the pockets pass idens by yellow legs, abdomen dark with two white lines anteriorly into funnel-shaped entrance to the copulatory posteriorly, epigynum with two grooves passing lateral- channels which, narrowing and turning back, run medi- ly into pockets, channel and spermathecae runs medial- ally to the posterior end of epigynum, where they join ly. Male femoral apophysis branching closely to its basis, spherical sphermathecae. outline of bulbus rectangular, bent, embolus very long. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – Description. Male. Palpal organ: outline of bulbus III, IV, V; females – IV, VI. almost rectangular; embolus arises at anterior angle and Distribution. SE Europe; Turkey; Armenia; bends parallely to anterior edge of bulbus, unusually Caucasus Mts. Israel: Athlit; Ma’agan Mikhael (4); long for the genus; cymbium elongate; femoral apophysis Poriya eastern slope (7); (10); Bet Guvrin, Nashon (10); bifurcate with posterior prong short and conical, the Jerusalem (11). anterior one long and bent. Female. Studied specimen is partly macerated with colours faded. Cephalothorax brown with sparse and indistinct whitish scales; eye field Heliophanus kochi Simon darker brown; lower sides lighter; thin white line of (Figs 296–299) somewhat denser scales along the black ventral edge of Heliophanus kochi Simon, 1868: 699, T. 7, Fig. 13; Wesołowska carapace. Abdomen: dark, in preserved specimen brown- 1986: 11, 217, Figs 702–717, map 892; ish, with traces of two white lines along posterior half of Salticus furcatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 346; abdomen, covered with minute whitish scales; white Heliophanus calcarifer: Prószyński, 1979: 309, Figs. 104–106; marginal line around the whole abdomen, thick and reg- Flanczewska 1981: 200, 204, Figs 36–40. ular, much more distinct than in other species. Frontal aspect: clypeus and surroundings of eyes I covered with Diagnosis. Genital organs as shown in Figs 386–389. whitish scales, relatively large; chelicerae brown, pedi- Description. Male and female. The only specimen of palps whitish yellow. Legs uniform yellow with indistinct this species known from the Israel was described as brown setae. Ventral aspect brownish grey with small Salticus furcatus by O. Pickard-Cambridge (1872: 346), colourless scales; a pair of white spots in front of spin- revised by Wesołowska (1986: 218). According to original nerets. Epigynum divided into two prominent pockets description “The spider is entirely black except narrow

298 301

299

296

297

300 302

Figures 296–302. Heliophanus kochi, palpal organ ventrally (296), femoral apophysis (297), epigynum (298) and its internal structure (299) (semi- diagramatic drawings based on Wesolowska 1986: 217, Figures 702-717, modified). H. malus, appearance of abdomen (now apparently faded) (300), epigynum (301) and its internal structure (302). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 79

marginal border of white hairs on cephalothorax and Heliophanus ignorabilis Wesołowska, 1986: 10, 214, Figs remnants of anterior white line on abdomen, other white 661–666, map 897. setae possibly rubbed off”. Palpal organ: bulbus anteri- Diagnosis. Male: body dark, 2 pairs of white spots orly indistinctly narrower, embolus very short and bent, on abdomen, legs brown except for yellow tarsi and femoral apophysis with short apical fork. Epigynum: metatarsi. Palpal organ: femoral apophysis with small epigynal chamber opening large, transverse oval, with terminal fork and a small basal protuberance; tibial posterior short channels and spermathecae. apophyses unequal – dorsal large, ventral minute, Distribution. S Europe and Mediterranean. Israel: embolus short, slightly bent. (2). Female: two strikingly white abdominal streaks. Epigynum differs from Heliophanus equester by absence of lateral pockets and antero-median copulato- Heliophanus malus Wesołowska ry openings. (Figs 300–302) Description. Male. Cephalothorax dark brown, Heliophanus malus Wesołowska, 1986: 223, Figs 787–788. traces of white scales at postero-ventral margin. Abdomen black, two pairs of white spots, white anterior Diagnosis. Dark with two white lines on posterior half margin. Frontal aspect dark brown; pedipalps dark with of abdomen, legs light. Opening of epigynal chamber oval, a few whitish scales on elongate cymbium. Legs: tarsi- copulatory openings latero-posterior, channels lateral. metatarsi I–IV yellow; tibia-patella I–IV brownish grey; Description. Female. Cephalothorax dark brown femora I–II dark, III–IV – lighter, brownish grey. Palpal with almost invisible, colourless scales; ventral margin organ: femoral apophysis with small terminal bifurca- pigmented black. Eye field blackish with colourless, tion and a small basal protuberance; tibia with unequal poorly visible but relatively large scales; longer whitish apophyses: large dorsal one directed straight anteriorly scales along lateral margins and above eyes I. Abdomen and minute ventral, directed transversally; bulbus oval, in preserved specimen, faded to light greyish, previous- narrowing anteriorly, slightly resembling Heliophanus ly apparently much darker; indistinct minute, colour- cupreus; embolus apical, short and only slightly bent. less, light-reflecting scales; two parallel median lines of Ventral aspect dark. white setae along posterior half of abdomen; continuous Female. Cephalothorax black with sparse whitish marginal white line. Frontal aspect brown, eyes I sur- scales, more dense on sides and anterior part of eye rounded with whitish scales, a few scales beneath eyes field, where larger; rugose area under lateral eyes with- ALE and AME. Legs yellow; coxa IV dorsally brown, out scales. Abdomen covered with dense scales; dorsal- coxae I–III with thin brown horizontal streaks. Ventral ly black with two parallel broad white lines, anterior and aspect: sternum blackish brown; coxae light yellow; lateral margins white, passing into white sides and ven- abdomen greyish, two indistinct whitish spots in front of tral surface. Frontal aspect covered densely with white spinnerets. Epigynum oval depression expanded antero- setae, also surrounding eyes and overhanging dark laterally by large pockets; copulatory openings at poste- brown chelicerae; pedipalps yellowish white, apical rior angles of pockets, hidden under rims; channels halves of tarsi fawn. Legs yellow; tansverse row of three much narrower than in Heliophanus curvidens, run stridulatory micro-setae subterminally on femur I. anteriorly, bend transversely reaching anterior edge of Ventral aspect: sternum dark brown with sparse long pockets; prominent accessory glands in mid-length of white hairs; coxae yellow; abdomen very densely cov- channels. ered with whitish scales. Epigynum: plate depressed Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- anteriorly and laterally, posteriorly elevated, posterior rax 1.70; length of abdomen 1.70. edge curved; copulatory openings antero-medial; chan- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females nels run parallel but not contiguously, at a space, sper- – II, III, IV, V. mathecae located posteriorly. Distribution. Syria. Israel: Mt. Meron (1); Zihron Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Ya’aqov (3); ‘En Karem (11); Hamakhtesh Hagadol (15). 2.05; length of abdomen 2.27. Female. Length of cephalothorax 2.16; length of abdomen 2.70. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – Heliophanus mordax (O. Pickard-Cambridge) V; females – IV–VIII. (Figs 303–308) Distribution. Egypt: Sinai near Wadi Isla; Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, , Iran, Georgia. Israel: road to Salticus mordax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 344–345; Nazareth, Mt. Tabor (2); Har Horshan, Mt. Carmel (3); Salticus dentatidens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 346; Bet Shemesh, ‘En Matta (10); Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Heliophanus mordax: Kulczyński 1911a: 53–55, Figs 68–70 (par- tim – males; females = H. encifer – cf. Wesołowska 1986: 40); ‘En Kerem, ‘En Hemed, Etanim, Hirbet Se’adim, Ramat- Wesołowska 1986: 10, 41, Figs 476–486, map 895; Wesołowska Rahel (11); Plain of Jordan (13); Mt. Hermon (1800–2000 1996: 30 (syn. H. ignorabilis); m.), near Mas’ada (19). 80 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

306

307

305 304

303 308

Figures 303–308. Heliophanus mordax. Palpal organ ventrally (303), laterally (304) and femoral apophysis (305), general appearance (306), epigynum (307) and its internal structure (308).

Heliophanus melinus L. Koch Relevant species Heliophanus melinus L. Koch, 1867; Salticus melinus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 324; Heliophanus auratus C. L. Koch Heliophanus viriatus: Flanczewska 1981: 209, Figs 56–64. Heliophanus melinus: Wesołowska 1986: 11, 220, Figs 741–751, map Heliophanus auratus C. L. Koch, 1835; 893; Prószyński 1991: 504–508, Figs 1350.1–4. Heliophanus auratus: Prószyński 1979: 308, Figs 89–97; Flanczewska 1981: 200, Figs 33–34; Wesołowska 1986: 10, 212, Figs 629–639, 885 Distribution. S Palaearctic, including Turkey. Israel: map; Prószyński 1991: 504–508, Figs 1351.1–4. reported by O. Pickard-Cambridge (1872a: 324) as Salticus Distribution. Palaearctic including Turkey. melinus , specimens not seen, identification not checked.

Heliophanus saudis Prószyński Heliophanus creticus Giltay Heliophanus saudis Prószyński, 1989: 37, Figs 5–8; Wesołowska and Heliophanus creticus Giltay 1932: 36, Fig. 22; Wesołowska 1986: 10, van Harten 1994: 40–43, Figs 86–92. 40–41, Figs 467–475, map 896. Distribution. Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Distribution. Crete. Heliophanus tribulosus Simon Heliophanus dux Wesołowska et van Harten Heliophanus tribulosus Simon, 1868; Heliophanus tribulosus: Prószyński 1976: Figs 383–385, map 88; Heliophanus dux Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 35–37, Figs 75–83. Prószyński 1979: 309–310, Figs 117–118; Flanczewska 1981: 204, Distribution. Yemen. Figs 53–55; Wesołowska 1986: 10, 42, Figs 492–502, map 898; Thaler 1987: 399 (s. H. cognatus); Prószyński 1991: 504–508, Figs 1346.1–4. Heliophanus flavipes Hahn Distribution. Europe, Asia Minor and Middle Asia. Heliophanus flavipes Hahn, 1831; Heliophanus flavipes: Wesołowska 1986: 10, 213, Figs 640–651, map 886; Prószyński 1991: 504–508, Figs 1348.1–4. Relevant genus Hyllus Koch C.L., 1848 Distribution. Palaearctic, including Turkey. Type species. Hyllus giganteus C. L. Koch, 1846. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 81

Introductory remarks. Tropical genus containing 80 family: broad, flattened, with posterior end produced tri- species, distributed mainly from Africa to New Guineae. Two angularly, entering space on tibial surface between tri- species relevant to Israel. angular protuberance and stiff setae near apophysis. Embolus located dorsally to bulbus, invisible externally Hyllus corniger Wesołowska et van Harten except for the tip emerging anteriorly from beneath bul- Hyllus corniger Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 43–44, Figs 93–96. bus, thin and inconspicuous, often indistinguishable among the setae on edge of cymbium. Shape of tibial Remarks. Species described from Yemen. Seasonal appear- apophysis seems to correspond with sclerotized edge of ance of adult males – III. a lateral notch on cymbium. There are diversified stout setae and bristles dorsally and laterally on tibia, some of Hyllus insularis Metzner, 1999 them broadened and flattened, in some species there are Hyllus insularis Metzner, 1999: 150, tab. 115, map 121. also light-reflecting scales. Patella and femur dorsally Remarks. Species described from Lesbos (Greece). with dense white setae. Epigynum very special, with Seasonal appearance of adult female – V. heavily sclerotized high posterior wall, somewhat con- cave, anteriorly limiting a sclerotized depression extend- ing over posterior half of epigynum (comparable with Relevant genus Icius Simon, 1876 that in Evarcha jucunda). The wall is supported by a Type species. Icelus notabilis C.L. Koch 1846 [nec Icius pair of sclerotized vesicles, spherical or oval, visible in notabilis Simon, 1871] = Icius hamatus (C. L. Koch, 1846). preparations of epigynum; these were previously not Introductory remarks. An important genus, containing noticed and are not marked on earlier published draw- numerous nominal species described from the Mediterranean, ings. Anterior half of epigynum covered with white mem- all requiring revision. One species seems relevant to fauna of the branous area limited laterally by sclerotized dark Levant. Other Mediterranean species are described in a paper “wings”, with copulatory openings hidden under their by Alicata and Cantarella (1993). outer angles; shape and proportions of membranous area and wings seems to be good specific character; an Icius hamatus (C. L. Koch) indistinct channel from the copulatory opening passes into heavily sclerotized spermathecae. Marpissa hamata C. L. Koch, 1846: 67. Body proportions: length of cephalothorax is 3.06-3.79- Icius hamatus: Prószyński 1976: Figs 403– 406, 233, map 97; Prószyński 1983: 46–47, Figs 9–11; Andreeva, Hęciak and Prószyński 1984: 350, 4.27 mm, it is narrow, its width (as % of cephalothorax Figs 1–5; Alicata and Cantarella 1993: 116–120, Figs 18–36. Remark. Relevant Mediterranean species.

Langona Simon, 1901

Type species. Attus redii Savigny et Audouin, 1825. Introductory remarks. Typical Aelurilli- 309 nae, large, long spider recognisable at first sight by coloration: blackish brown with two striking white streaks along cephalothorax, separated by broad black area and single white streak medially along abdomen follwed by marginal white areas. Legs robust, leg IVth being the longest (126-134-142% of length of leg I) (shortest, mean, the largest), almost equal to III (120-132-142%), leg II being the shortest (91-96-106%). 312 Palpal organ: striking, unique character 311 is single tibial apophysis with accompany- ing bunch of long, stiff setae, of unknown function; there are usually other diversified stout setae and bristles dorsally and lateral- 310 ly on tibia, some of them broadened and flat- tened, in some species there are also light Figures 309–312. Langona redii, male, general appearance (309), palpal organ reflecting scales. Bulbus typical for the sub- ventrally (310), and tibial apophysis dorsally (311) and laterally (312). 82 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

length) is 45-48-53% at eyes I, 61-63-64% at eyes III and 68- racic hindmargin. Eye field covered with brown, 72-74% at the broadest part, sides of cephalothorax being adpressed white scales, intermixed between bristles and gently swollen; cephalothorax is moderately low 45-46- grouped into three indistinct spots, arranged into trian- 47%. Eye field short, extending over 28-31-32% of gle on anterior part of the eye field. Upright bristles more cephalothorax, also appears short in relation to its width prominent, denser. Sides dark brown, there is a striking at eyes I, rectangular in shape, indistinctly narrower than marginal belt of white setae along ventral edge. cephalothorax, eyes III are located close to the edges of Abdomen dorsally resembles L. redii, the white line cephalothorax. Profile of cephalothorax: anterior slope of encircling abdomen is broader. eye field extends almost to eyes III and is gently rounded; Legs: resemble L. redii. flat area prominent, gently rounded but extends from Epigynum: posterior wall with a sclerotized median gradually flattening eye field to 53-65-78% of cephalotho- septum, needle-shaped from above, dividing the posteri- rax length, following posterior slope of thorax is steep. or cavity into two halves, supporting sclerotized skeletal Shape of abdomen: long oval, tapering over posterior half; vesicles elongate oval; spermatheca forms tighter, com- indistinctly narrower than width of cephalothorax, dorsal- pact body, apparently different from L. redii, with dif- ly flat, no scutum visible under dense scales. ferent scent pores. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females – III. Distribution. Israel: Givat Hamoreh (2), Kinneret (7). Langona oreni Prószyński Etymology. Named in honour of Dr. Oren Hasson, then (Figs 315–317, 319–321) of Dept. of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University at Rehovot, Israel. Langona oreni Prószyński, 2000: 245–246, Figs 52–55. Diagnosis. Posterior wall of epigynum with sharp spur, its supporting sclerotized skeletal vesicles elongate oval. Langona redii (Savigny et Audouin) Description. Female. Cephalothorax blackish brown, (Figs 309–314, 322–324) with dark black scales, two striking, broad streaks of white scales, running from behind touching point of eyes Attus redii Savigny et Audouin 1825: 172, 408 T. 7 Fig. 21; Attus mendax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876b: 615, syn. nov. ALE/AME medially to eyes III and then continuing along Langona redii: Hęciak and Prószyński 1983: 209–211, Figs 1–2, dorso-lateral edges of thorax, ending shortly before tho- 4–5, 12, 25, 37.

315

313 314

317 316 318

Figures 313–318. Epigynum in Langona redii (313, 314) and L. oreni (315, 316), with spur not developed (317); epigynum in relevant species L. mallezi (type specimen, from Siwa Oasis) (318). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 83

Diagnosis. Large spider (body 9–11 mm), black with stiff light brown setae stretching horizontally forward striking white stripes. Males can be identified by single above anterior eyes, particularly noticeable above AME, apophysis followed by a bunch of stiff setae; cymbium eyes I encircled dorsally with fawn, ventrally and later- with large scales. Posterior wall of epigynum vertical or ally with white setae, which are longer on lateral sides slightly concave, without spur. Adult specimens sit of AME and continue as prominent diagonal line of immobile on ground and stones awaiting passing prey. white setae from between AME and ALE to the ventral Remark. I could not find any convincing differences edge of carapace near coxa I, gradually getting shorter between specimens of Langona redii from “Syria C.B.” in and less striking; the area above that diagonal white line the collection of Simon, NMHN-Paris and syntypes (appar- is darker, particularly posteriorly to eyes ALE, area ently) of Langona mendax (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876) between diagonal lines on both sides, which corre- from “Egypt, Bottle 1732, tube 112”(in the Hope Ent. Coll. sponds with clypeus is light fawn with almost invisible Oxford). I assume that these are synonyms. colourless setae; when seen from profile the setae Description. Male. Cephalothorax dark brown with appear much more conspicuous, whitish, dense and striking streaks of white setae along dorsal eyes of thorax, long, particularly just above central edge of clypeus – for in some specimens extending anteriorly along lateral “redii” specimens the clypeus was described as “cov- edges of eye field, slightly medially to them, posteriorly in ered densely with white setae”. some specimens to thoracic hindmargin; there is usually a Chelicerae light brown covered with long whitish, whitish streak of setae along ventral edge of carapace. inconspicuous setae, medially some stronger short Abdomen striped dark brown and white, with thick brown bristles. median white streak and either thin white marginal Pedipalps light yellow. Ventral aspect generally light. lines or two broad white lateral streaks, separated from Legs robust, dorsal surfaces yellowish fawn, with dark- the median one by dark brown areas; marginal white er areas laterally near both ends of some segments, areas merge with light greyish to white sides of basal half of femora lighter, metatarsus I and apical part abdomen. I assume that width of marginal white stripes of tibia darker also dorsally, tarsi I–II with scopulae of is due to individual variation. Frontal aspect: there are whitish setae. Palpal organ – see Figs 436–438.

320

319 321

323 324 322

Figures 319–324. Langona oreni, internal structure of epigynum (319), spermatheca dorsally (note elongate oval supporting vesicle) (320), supposed accessory gland’s opening (321); L. redii, internal structure of epigynum (322), spermatheca dorsally (note globular supporting vesicle) (323), supposed accessory gland’s opening (324). 84 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Female. Similar in coloration and body shape to male. Cephalothorax without constriction, low, long and Cephalothorax dark brown with sparse, black scales, two flat; eye field on the same level as thorax, bald, with sur- distinct streaks of white scales on brown background, face finely pitted, light-reflecting; posterior slope begin- running from behind eyes ALE/AME medially to eyes III ning just behind eyes III, gently rounded. Legs I compa- and then continuing along dorso-lateral edges of thorax, rable in size with remaining, Male chelicerae of propor- ending shortly before thoracic hindmargin. Eye field cov- tional, normal size. Palpal organ with embolus broad, ered with adpressed brown scales, a few lighter scales parallel to bulbus, tibial apophysis set transversally. anteriorly, long anterior, horizontal bristles above eyes I, Epigynum with indistinct openings, copulatory channels weak upright dark bristles scattered over eye field. Sides straight, thick walled, spermathecae transverse oval. brown, ventral edge black, white marginal belt absent. Body proportions (first figure – male, second – female): Epigynum heavily sclerotized edge of posterior wall cephalothorax length 2.05–1.21 mm; length of eye field almost straight, slightly bent medially, without vertical 50–64%, height of cephalothorax 38–41%, width of spur, its supporting sclerotized skeletal vesicles spheri- cephalothorax at eyes III 64–59%, width of eye field at cal; in comparison with L. oreni the anterior white eyes I 49–55%, width of eye field at eyes III 56–59%, membranous area is larger, reverse “U” shaped sper- length of abdomen 122–164%. Length of legs order in mathecae narrower. female: IV 105%, I 100% (2.24 mm), II 83%, III 80%. Remarks. In the Negev occurs in areas with rainfall annually 90–100 mm, pitfall traps and incidental collect- ing on rocky slopes and wadis, out of these 18 males and Leptorchestes sikorskii Prószyński 2 females were collected in spring/early summer (Figs 325–329) (III–VI), 13 males in late summer/autumn (VII–X) in Leptorchestes sikorskii 1990–1993 (Y. Lubin). Prószyński, 2000: 246–248, Figs 57–61; Leptorchestes berolinensis: Prószyński 1992a: 98, Figs 41–43. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X ; females – I, II, IV, V, VI. Diagnosis. Small; male embolus larger than in other Distribution. Egypt. Israel: Ginnegar (2); Bethlehem, species, apical white part of bulbus is rectangular; epigy- ‘En Kerem, Jerusalem, (11); Anata (12); ‘Enot Samar, num with posterior openings and anterior spermathecae. Jericho (13); Halukim Ridge, Hatira Ridge, Nahal Description. Male. Cephalothorax fawn with eye Nizzana (17), field blackish brown, eyes surrounded by black. Abdomen distinctly constricted, with white ring at bot- Relevant species tom of constriction; anteriorly grey, posteriorly (behind the constriction) shining black. Langona mallezi (Denis) comb. nov. Ventral aspect brown with coxa II and IV white, (Fig. 318) abdomen anteriorly light brown, remaining black with a large white spot behind epigastric fold. Aelurillus mallezi Denis, 1947: 75 T. 6 Figs 11; Prószyński 1976: Fig. 302. Frontal aspect: clypeus reduced with sparse, colourless Remark. Judging from the drawing of epigynum of the type setae, devoid of any contrasting pattern, eyes I surrounded specimen (Prószyński 1976: Fig. 302), which I made in 1964, hav- by thin, inconspicuous, greyish white tipped setae; chelicer- ing then little experience, the species should be classified as ae of normal size, flattened anteriorly, fawn; palpal organ Langona; confirmation of the specific status will require exami- dark brown with broad cymbium and spherical bulbus. nation of type and/or fresh specimens. Legs: I dorsally yellow, patella and tibia with black line Distribution. Egypt: Siwa. prolaterally, metatarsus and tarsus dark brown; tibia I thin and long, without spines but with numerous sensory hairs Langona pallida Prószyński ventrally; metatarsus I with two pairs of ventral spines; Langona pallida Prószyński, 1993: 33–35, Figs 9–11. femur I dorsally dark brown, prolaterally light brown, api- cally whitish. Legs II–III whitish with blackish line prolat- Remark. Species differing by light coloration. Collected in pitfalls in an alfalfa field. erally along femur-patella-tibia. Leg IV with dark grey api- Distribution. Saudi Arabia – Hada Alsham. cal point on femur, half of patella, tibia and metatarsus; trochanter III–IV and basal part of patella IV white. Palpal organ differs by embolus larger than in other Leptorchestes Thorell, 1870 species, broad up to the end and extends beyond bulbus, apical white part of bulbus is rectangular; tibial apoph- Type species. Salticus berolinensis C.L. Koch, 1846: 34. ysis has indistinct terminal forking (Figs 326–327). Introductory remarks. Ant-like genus containing 5 Female. Cephalothorax low and long, flat, with pos- nominal species in the Old World; as species limits and terior slope beginning just behind eyes III; bald, uni- synonymy are uncertain, I quote below 3 species possi- formly dark brown, dorsally slightly lighter brown, with bly relevant to the fauna of Levant. surface pitted into small groves, light-reflecting. Pedicel SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 85

325

329 326

327 328

Figures 325–329. Leptorchestes sikorskii (male from El Husan, SW to Jerusalem), general appearance (325), palpal organ ventrally (326), laterally (327); female from Negev, Hatira Ridge, epigynum (328) and single spermatheca (329). covered with two sclerites of about equal length, brown, channel with protuberance of the accessory gland just in the anterior one with pale spot. front of the opening, and anterior, transverse oval vesi- Abdomen blackish brown, indistinct constriction cle of spermatheca; in L. berolinensis the opening is marked with whitish line and two spots of strikingly anterior and spermatheca posterior. white scales laterally. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Face bald, eyes I aligned along their dorsal rims, sur- 2.05; length of abdomen 2.50. Female. Length of rounded by single row of minute and inconspicuous cephalothorax 1.21; length of abdomen 1.98; length of 5 1 whitish setae. Diameter of ALE /2 that of AME. Clypeus segments of leg I 2.24. Length of legs order in female: IV bald and narrow, about 1/4th diameter of AME. Pedipalps 105%, I 100% (2.24 mm), II 83%, III 80%. whitish, bald; there is triangular brown sclerite below Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – clypeus. Chelicere brown, apically paler, with median III, V; female – II. surface bent making a small chamber. Distribution. Lebanon. Israel: Bet Haemek (4); ‘Ein Legs bald, slender: I slightly more robust dark brown Husan (11), Be’er Mash’abbim (15); Hatira Ridge, except thinner metatarsus and tarsus which are light Ma’ale Ramon (17). yellow, metatarsus laterally suffused with brown; II–IV Etymology. Named in honour of General Władysław with dorsal surfaces whitish with brown lateral surfaces Sikorski, Prime Minister of the Polish Government in of femur II and IV, thin brown lines along lateral sur- Exile (London) during World War II (1939–1943). faces of tibia and metatarsus IV, dark suffused areas laterally on patella II and area of joint on tibia-metatar- Relevant species sus II, remaining segments and surfaces whitish. Coxae and trochanters I dark, II white with brown spots, III Leptorchestes berolinensis (C. L. Koch) and IV white. Epigynum oval plate with oval depression posterior- Salticus berolinensis C.L. Koch, 1846: 34; Leptorchestes berolinensis: Wiehle 1967: 21, Figs 91–98; Miller 1971: ly and at the posterior edge two indistinct sclerotised 131, Tab. 18, Figs 26–27; Prószyński 1976: 194; Flanczewska 1981: “wart”-like protuberances, hiding inside copulatory 211, Fig. 65; Prószyński 1991: 508, Figs 1357.1–5; Żabka 1997: openings, invisible from outside; internal structures 61–62, Figs 182–188. heavily sclerotized and almost black, consist of a broad Distribution. C and S Europe. 86 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Leptorchestes peresi Simon Female. Cephalothorax uniformly light brown with sparse fine white setae; eye field much lighter owing to Salticus Peresii Simon, 1868: 709; Leptorchestes peresi: Prószyński 1987: 61. concentration of light-reflecting tissues beneath tegu- ment, spots of white setae between and slightly behind Distribution. Spain. eyes I, lateral eyes surrounded by black; ventral edge of carapace with thin brown line beneath narrow belt of Macaroeris Wunderlich, 1991 whitish adpressed setae; a prominent bunch of long stout brown bent setae arise beneath eyes II and reach- Type species. Attus marginatus Walckenaer, 1837 es above eye field. (sensu Kaston 1973). Abdomen silvery whitish (due to tissues under the Introductory remarks. A genus closely related to bet- tegument) with adpressed white setae, better visible on ter known genus Dendryphantes Koch C. L., 1837, from dry specimen; remnants of pairs brown lateral spots. which it differs by shape of palpal organ and epigynum. Frontal aspect: a lateral streak of intensely white Contains 6 species distributed in Southern Europe and setae along the middle of anterior part of cephalothorax Mediterranean (mainly and Madeira). sides, coming under ALE, which are on brown with Body proportions. Cephalothorax shape long and sparse whitish setae, and completely surrounding AME broad, its width is 55% at eyes I, 60% at eyes III and 76% from sides, above and below, these white setae entirely at mid-length of cephalothorax, sides of cephalothorax cover clypeus, where they are somewhat longer and appear to be rather swollen; low 43% of length of directed diagonally and overhang median part of the cephalothorax. Eye field short, extending over 38% of edge of clypeus and cheliceral bases, mixed with small cephalothorax, also short in relation to its width 69%; white scales on cheliceral bases; there are two brown trapezoid shaped, broadening posteriorly by 9%; nar- lines due to missing white setae anteriorly on sides of rower than cephalothorax and eyes III are located at a cephalothorax, along the edge of clypeus and beneath distance from the edges of cephalothorax; its width at eyes ALE. Chelicerae brown with indistinct transverse eyes III is 81% of width of cephalothorax in the same ‘stridulatory’(?) lines; pedipalps very thin, light yellow, area and 78% of its maximal width. Eyes II very small, patella and tibia I broad, fawn. somewhat closer to ALE than to eyes III, diameter of Ventral aspect light yellow; abdomen marginally with AME twice that of ALE. Profile of cephalothorax: anteri- mosaic of whitish silver dots on colourless background, or slope of eye field extends to eyes II, gently inclined; with uniform grey median streak. Legs II–IV yellow with flat area of cephalothorax prominent, extending from femora lighter, I somewhat darker, fawn. Epigynum eyes II to 52% of length of cephalothorax, posterior slope whitish, usually weakly sclerotized, copulatory openings of thorax gently inclined at about 45 degree. Shape of antero-lateral, usually at the ends of horse shoe-shaped abdomen long and broad, truncated anteriorly, tapering groove, not always visible; copulatory channels diverging posteriorly; indistinctly broader than cephalothorax; diagonally, spermathecae three-chambered, drawn to the dorsally flat, no scutum. Legs I strikingly broader but sides, position of the accessory gland (scent gland) open- only slightly longer than II and III, almost equal to leg IV; ing near the beginning of copulatory channel, in the con- relation of length of five segments of legs in % is as fol- tact area of sclerotized and less sclerotized area. One of lows: I = 100%, II = 81%, III = 82%, IV = 98%. specimens studied has weaker sclerotized epigynum resembling that illustrated in Kulczyński (1911: 71–72, Fig. 92), with narrowly spaced copulatory openings, short- Macaroeris nidicolens (Walckenaer) er copulatory channels running straight forward, sper- (Figs 330–337) mathecae forming a more compact body; I assume it is a slightly aberrant, less developed form of the same species. Aranea nidicolens Walckenaer, 1802: 246; . Dendryphantes castaneus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 321; Measurements (mm). Female Length of cephalotho- Dendryphantes nidicolens: Miller 1971: 147, t. 22, Figs 24–25; rax 2.70; length of abdomen 3.79; length of 5 segments of Eris nidicolens: Prószyński 1976: 51, Figs 336–337, 341, map 47; leg I 4.56. Flanczewska 1981: 192, Figs 7–8; Prószyński 1991: Figs 1328.1–4; Remarks. An aberrant female from the same locali- Macaroeris nidicolens: Wunderlich 1991: 519–520, Figs 848–853; ty (Figs 334–335) has more narrowly spaced copulatory Logunov 1996: 61. openings and straight channels, somewhat resembling Diagnosis. Cephalothorax swollen at level of eyes Dendryphantes nitellinus Simon in Kulczyński (1911: III, high; abdomen narrowing posteriorly, with pattern of 71–72, Fig. 92) from Portugal and also Macaroeris flav- several lateral pairs of brown and white transverse icomis (Simon, 1884b) quoted recently from Greece and spots, light median streak. Rhodes by Metzner (1999: 42, tab 9). As the specimen is Description. Male. Characterized by long bent poorly preserved with faded colours and epigynum embolus and absence of conductor, apophysis longer weakly sclerotized, there are no arguments to consider than in Dendryphantes. it a separate species. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 87

330 332

336

334

337

335 331 333 Figures 330–337. Macaroeris nidicolens (Israeli specimen), male palpal organ ventrally (330), laterally (331) and palpal tibia dorsally (332), epig- ynum (333), also epigynum of an aberrant specimen from the same locality (334), and its internal structure (335); European specimen, external appearance (336), internal structure of epigynum (337).

Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females prolaterally; legs II–IV shorter and thinner. There is no – II, III, IV, V, VI. row of stridulatory spines below eyes lateral. Distribution. South and South East Europe; Lebanon: Beirut. Israel: Miqwe Yisra’el (on leaves of cit- rus trees) (8); ‘En Gedi (13). Mendoza canestrini (Ninni) (Figs 338–340) Mithion canestrini Ninni, in Canestrini and Pavesi 1868: 817, 866; Mendoza Peckham, 1894 Attus memorabilis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876: 618; Mendoza memorabilis: Peckham 1894: 105; Type species. Attus memorabilis O. Pickard- Mithion memorabilis: Caporiacco 1936a: 96, 106 (misidentifica- tion, in fact an immature Menemerus sp. – det. J. Prószyński); Cambridge, 1876: 618. Mithion canestrini: Nemetz 1967: 132–137, Fig. 1; Introductory remarks. Genus considered to be part Marpissa canestrini: Prószyński 1976: 51, Figs 251, 258, map 116; of Marpissa and closely related to it, but recently revived Hansen 1985: 205, Figs 1–15 (synonym Mithion gridellii); by Logunov (1999: 46). Contains several species, of which Prószyński 1991: 508–510, Figs 1359.1–4; Mendoza canestrini Mendoza canestrini: Logunov 1999: 49, Figs 78–79. (revival of Ninni (in Canestrini and Pavesi Mendoza, syn. nov. memorabilis). 1868) occurs in Mediterranean and Southern Europe, several closely related species also in Central and East Diagnosis. Body almost 7 mm long, with narrow Asia. Recognisable by long, narrow abdomen, in male abdomen, tibial apophysis hook-like. Seems to differ ventro-retrolateral edge of cymbium, opposite apophysis, from M. canestrini from and Ukraine by poste- characteristically flattened, in female epigynum flat with rior half of bulbus stronger bent. Determination of sta- curved posterior edge, and simple short channels, anteri- tus of the species depends from the study of unknown orly topped with a knot of a few chambers of spermathe- yet female specimen from Israel. cae. Leg I overgrown and robust, tibia with well devel- Remark. Note on synonymy. D. V. Logunov (1999) oped four pairs of ventral spines and single latero-basal has synonymized with M. canestrini a number of forms, 88 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

338

339

Figures 338–340. Mendoza memorabilis (=M. canestrini?) – Lake Hula specimen, 340 general appearance (338), palpal organ ventrally 339 and tibial apophysis laterally 340. occurring from Mediterranean to E and SE Asia, includ- Menemerus Simon, 1868 ing M. memorabilis. It is too early to evaluate these changes, especially that the species described by O. Type species. Attus semilimbatus Hahn, 1827. Pickard-Cambridge was not collected since 1941, and it Introductory remarks. A genus distributed world- is not certain whether it is still extant in Israel. wide, containing at present some 44 nominal species, sev- Description. Male. Cephalothorax flat, low and long; eral of them cosmopolitan in warm climates; a number pre- gradually broadening from eyes II onwards, broadest in sumably misclassified and requiring taxonomic revision. the mid-length of thorax; brown with dark brown eye General appearance of the genus is characteristic, field; traces of two pairs of indistinct small white spots although particular characters differ quite broadly. There on thorax and darker radiating lines posteriorly, some are two groups of species: fagei-semilimbatus and ani- colourless light-reflecting scales. matus-davidi, differing slightly in body proportions, Abdomen elongated and thin, with somewhat hard- male palp, epigynum and its internal structure. From the ened surface, reflecting light owing to tiny colourless material which was available to me I was unable to decide scales; dark brown with thin blackish median line and whether they should be separated into different genera. four pairs of small white spots. The cephalothorax makes an impression of being Frontal aspect brown without contrasting pattern, very low (increased by a broad contrasting white band clypeus low and almost bald. of setae along ventral margin), broad and flat, with a Ventral aspect: sternum whitish yellow with brownish broad shallow depression in the foveal area; the broad- 3 grey margin; coxae light, abdomen light with median grey est part extends from eyes III to /4 of length, then nar- line well developed at both ends (behind epigastric fur- rows very indistinctly with the posterior margin still as row and in front of spinnerets) but lacking in the middle. broad as width of eyes III. Eye field is shorter than Legs: I – overgrown and robust, tibia with well-devel- broad, slightly narrowing posteriorly. oped four pairs of ventral spines and single latero-basal The cephalothorax length varies from 2.28 to 3.60 spine prolaterally; II–IV shorter and thinner. mm, its proportions are as follows (% in length of Palpal organ typical, with flattened lateral surface of cephalothorax, smallest, mean and longest specimen). cymbium, tibial apophysis with particularly well devel- Relative measurements of cephalothorax used to oped hook like process. distinguish two groups of Menemerus spp.: Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax 2.89; length of abdomen 3.67. fagei group illigeri group Remark. Comparative specimen. Marpissa canestri- length of cephalothorax 100% 100% ni det Logunov. “Caucasus, near Mingechaur, sedge moor. height of cephalothorax 32-39-42% 43-47-50% 17. IV. 1982. Leg Shatrovskij”. Male specimen black, width of cephalothorax at eyes I 46-54-66% 58-62-67% smaller than specimen from Israel. width of cephalothorax at eyes III 60-67-79% 70-75-82% Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – IX. Distribution. Mediterranean species, according to maximum width of cephalothorax 64-74-84% 73-78-82% Logunov distributed East to China and SE AsiA. Egypt; length of eye field 32-37-47% 40-44-50% data from Libya based on misidentification. Israel: Lake Hula (collected in 1941, before draining of the Lake in Abdomen elongate oval and tapering posteriorly, late 1950ties) (11). rather flat, usually with dark dorsal surface with indis- SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 89

tinct lighter pattern, but in some species with median –. Tibial apophysis in form of thin, rectangular light streak or light area; its length varyies between plate directed postero-ventrally . . . . M. illigeri 75–181% in both groups, its width 57–121%. Eyes I 6(4). Width of tibia about equal to width of cymbium, aligned along their dorsal rims, diameter of ALE about cephalothorax dark with broad white margin 1 /2 of AME; AME take almost whole height of face, with along edge of carapace ...... M. taeniatus clypeus reduced to almost nil. Palpal organ is the best –. Width of tibia about equal to width of cymbium, recognition character of the genus, anterior part of the cephalothorax dark without white margin along bulbus split from fleshy stem of embolus; pedipalpal edge of carapace ...... M. falsificus tibia very characteristic and transversely developed in –. Width of tibia about twice the width of cymbium, some species; pedipalpal femur broad, bent and semi- the latter situated on one end of tibia, expanded crescent shaped. Epigynum characteristic for a number tibial apophysis on opposite end ...... of species but only with difficulty comparable in anima- ...... M. arabicus tus-davidi group. 7(4). Dorsal ramus of pedipalpal tibial apophysis sim- Order of length of legs is different in both groups, ilar in size to ventral one ...... M. fagei with significant difference between males and females –. Dorsal ramus of pedipalpal tibial apophysis only in the illigeri group. much larger than ventral one ...... Relative length of legs (5 segments) used to distin- ...... an aberrant form of M. fagei guish two groups of Menemerus spp.: 8(2). Embolus gently bent; tibial apophysis single, tri- angular; tibia short and indistinctly transversely fagei group illigeri group expanded, joint with cymbium moved slightly out MM FF MM F of main axis of segment (Fig. 369) ...... leg I 100% 100% 100% 100% ...... M. semilimbatus leg II 88–91% 90–104% 79–97% 90% –. Embolus pronouncedly bent and angular; tibial apophysis double, both dorsal and ventral rami leg III 97–113% 95–105% 71–82% 94% long and thin; tibia narrow, not transversely leg IV 120–121% 117–132% 79–99% 123% expanded (Figs 376–379) ...... M. soldani 9(1). Sclerotized pockets under posterior third of epigy- num, form a prominent “circle”; copulatory open- Key for identification of species of Menemerus ings hidden under sclerotized “hood” anteriorly ...... M. illigeri 1. Males ...... 2 –. Sclerotized pockets at the posterior edge of epig- –. Females ...... 9 ynum, narrow and broadly spaced; copulatory 2(1). Tip of embolus bent prolaterally (out from bulbus), openings on the surface of epigynum, at its mid- split into forceps-shape ...... 8 length ...... 10 –. Tip of embolus bent retrolaterally (towards bul- –. No “pockets” visible, even when posterior edge of bus) or straight ...... 33 epigynum sclerotized; copulatory openings on 3(2). Pedipalpal tibia (as seen dorsally) of normal the surface of epigynum ...... 11 length, not transversely expanded, single, conical 10(9). Copulatory openings located marginally, in small, apophysis of moderate length, directed laterally broadly separated grooves, channels transverse, ...... M. bivittatus bent medially and run anteriorly, spermathecae –. Pedipalpal tibia (as seen dorsally) shorter than at anterior end of epigynum . . . . . M. animatus wide, transversely expanded ...... 4 –. Copulatory openings located more medially, in 4(3). Transverse expansion of tibia moderate, single small diagonal, narrowly separated grooves . . . ramus of apophysis directed ventrally, dorsal ramus ...... M. soldani absent or changed into a rounded plate ...... 5 11(9). Copulatory openings in grooves limited anterior- –. Transverse expansion of tibia striking, single ly by prominent semicircular, heavily sclerotized ramus of apophysis as large as remaining part of roof ...... M. semilimbatus tibia, or larger ...... 6 –. Copulatory openings without heavily sclerotized –. Transverse expansion of tibia striking, apophysis roof ...... 12 with two rami ...... 7 12(11). Grooves prominent over anterior half of epigy- 5(4). Dorsal part of tibial apophysis forms a plate with num, separated posteriorly by triangular eleva- three lobes, ventral ramus long and tapering . . . . . tion, copulatory openings at posterior edge of ...... M. davidi grooves, slightly posteriorly to mid-length of –. Dorsal part of tibial apophysis forms a small single epigynum ...... M. bivittatus 1 plate not divided into lobes, ventral ramus shorter –. Grooves indistinct, narrowly separated (about /5 ...... M. animatus of epigynum width), copulatory openings in ante- 90 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

rior half of epigynum but distant from its anteri- rior slope of thorax; lower sides dark without ventral or edge ...... M. taeniatus margin of white setae. Anterior slope of the eye field is 1 –. Grooves indistinct, broadly separated ( /3 of epig- gently inclined; flat surface of cephalothorax limited to ynum width, or more) copulatory openings near space between eyes II and III; beyond eyes III height of the anterior edge of epigynum ...... 13 cephalothorax is reduced as much as eyes III, then fol- 13(12). Spermathecae extend along almost whole length lows short flattening of cephalothorax, the posterior of epigynum (Figs 364, 366) ...... M. fagei slope begins at 81% of length of cephalothorax. Abdomen: –. Spermathecae extend along half length of epigy- tegument of median area transparent with silver white 1 num (Figs 365, 367) ...... spots of internal guanine cells, bisected along anterior /3 ...... an aberrant form of M. fagei by a thin, darker median streak, corresponding to heart location; broad marginal, dark greyish, zigzagging bands with four triangular apexes pointing medially and four Menemerus davidi Prószyński et Wesołowska light triangular spots at the margin of lateral surfaces. (Figs 345–346, 351–353) Frontal aspect: face dark brown with a thin row of Menemerus davidi Prószyński et Wesołowska in Wesołowska, short setae ventrally along edge of clypeus, consisting of 1999: 279–281, Figs 79–89; Prószyński 2000: 248–250, Figs 62–66. two spots of short white setae beneath AME, separated in the middle and limited laterally by indistinct brown Diagnosis. Similar to M. animatus in external setae; eyes I surrounded by sparse indistinct whitish appearance, but general plan of palpal organ and epigy- setae, yellowish along lateral rims of ALE. Chelicerae num are different from any other Menemerus I have seen. dark brown; cymbium light brown, dorsal surface of The differences with M. animatus are: lack of white ven- remaining segments of pedipalps dark yellow with white tral margin on carapace, far less distinct light triangle in setae, very prominent triangle of white setae apically on the foveal area, different abdominal pattern, brown sur- femur, however larger specimen from Bet Shemesh faces of femur I (prolateral darker, in M. animatus these devoid of white setae; no triangular apophysis on patel- surfaces are light yellow), remaining segments and legs la; leg I with prolateral surface of femur dark brown, all light yellow, presence of two spots of short white setae on remaining segments light yellow. edge of clypeus (in M. animatus dense white line of setae, Ventral aspect: external angle of maxillary plate continuous with marginal white streak but interrupted prominently expanded triangularly; mouth parts brown; medially by small dark bald spot); ventral ramus of tibial sternum brown to light brown, anterior coxae light apophysis directed diagonally back, long, tapering and brown, rest yellowish; abdomen light with greyish pointed apically, the dorsal ramus three-lobed plate. streak between two lines of dot-like depressions. Female epigynum differs by anterior connecting groove, Legs I–IV light yellow, (except brown lateral surfaces and arrangement of channels and spermathecae. of femur I mentioned above). Larger specimen from Bet Description. Male. Cephalothorax almost uniformly Shemesh has legs distinctly darker: legs I are light dark brown, covered by inconspicuous adpressed setae, brown with darker brown lateral surfaces of femur I, colourless, or dark, except white setae on posterior half also darkened lateral surfaces of femur II, femur III–IV of eye field and whitish trianglar patch in lighter pig- with two lateral brown annuli, less distinct lateral mented foveal area which extends narrowing onto poste- annuli on tibia and metatarsus III–IV.

341

344 343

342

Figures 341–344. Relevant, cosmopolitic species Menemerus bivittatus, palpal organ ventrally (341), laterally (342) and pedipalpal tibia dorsally (343), epigynum and a waxy stopper removed from the right groove, in profile (344). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 91

349 345 347

350

346

348

Figures 345–350. Comparison of females in Menemerus davidi, epigynum (345), its internal structure (346); relevant species Menemerus animatus (Algerian specimen), epigynum (347), its internal structure (348); Menemerus illigeri (specimen from Cairo), epigynum (349), its internal structure (350).

Palpal organ: ventral ramus of tibial apophysis of leg I 5.93–7.48, length of legs order I, IV, II, III. Female. directed diagonally back, long, tapering and pointed api- Length of cephalothorax 2.96; length of abdomen 4.76; length cally; dorsal ramus developed into prominent plate, thin of 5 segments of leg I 5.84, length of legs order IV, III, I, II. with edge divided into three small lobes. Menemerus Material. Male holotype: Libya, Tripolitania, soldani has similar ventral ramus, but differs by well 2220–2400 m., 28.IX. – 2. X. 1948, leg. B. Malkin Coll. developed dorsal ramus, narrow, long, directed anteri- AMNH. Paratypes: male, En Fawwar 26. III. 1975. No. orly and slightly bent terminally. 14303. Leg. M. Tintpulver; male, Bet Shemesh, 15. VI. Female. Epigynum resembles M. animatus in general 1957, Y. Werner. No. 14304 (distinctly larger specimen); shape of epigynum, transverse oval with prominent sclero- 2 females, 1 juv., “Menemerus semilimbatus” A. 2411 tized pockets at posterior edge, and copulatory opening [no data]; female, 1 juv. “Menemerus semilimbatus” located near marginal grooves at the mid-length of epigy- A.3204 [no data]; male “Menemerus semilimbatus det. num; it differs by less delimited and not separated grooves, Shulov Paris 1947”. Coll. HUJ; male, “Menemerus ani- connected by semicircular depression. Broad copulatory matus Palestine, Bottle 1833, tube 39“ Coll. HEC. opening leads to transverse channel, located at mid-length Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – of epigynum, across mid-length of spermatheca; short nar- III, VI. rower channel running posteriorly joins elongate medial Distribution. Libya, Algeria, Egypt. Israel: Bet spermatheca, with prominent scent pore at posterior end, Shemesh, ‘Ein el Fawwar (11). and fertilisation channel at anterior end. In M. animatus transverse anterior channel has comparable location, but the short, narrower, “S”-bent channel runs anteriorly; Menemerus fagei Berland et Millot spermatheca is spherical and located anteriorly. External (Figs 360–368, 369–374) appearance of epigynum in M. soldani shows some simi- larity with both M. animatus and M. davidi, its internal Menemerus fagei Berland et Millot, 1941: 350, Fig. 53; Menemerus cf. bivittatus: Prószyński 1989: 37, Figs 12–17. structure, however, was not studied. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Description. Male. Cephalothorax integument dark 2.28–2.96; length of abdomen 2.38–2.89; length of 5 segments brown, anteriorly blackish, with variable setae pattern: 92 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

359

355

353

357 351

358

354 356

352

Figures 351–359. Comparison of palpal organ in Menemerus davidi, ventrally (351), lateraly (352), palpal tibia dorsally (353); Menemerus illigeri, ven- trally (354), lateraly (355), palpal tibia and patella, note hook like process (356); Menemerus animatus (Algerian specimen), ventrally (357), laterally (358) and palpal tibia antero-laterally (359). darker areas on upper sides, marginally on dorsal sur- edge of clypeus with single row of long white setae direct- face of thorax and marginally on eye field covered by ed diagonally ventrally, continuous with lateral marginal colourless setae with small addition of light brownish band, under AME much longer and arranged into a trian- setae; remaining areas light covered with dense, long gle. Chelicerae blackish brown; cymbium blackish brown whitish, adpressed setae; intense white setae on lancet with short colourless and inconspicuous setae. shaped median spot, behind postero-dorsal rim of eyes Palpal tibia with prolateral part rounded, dark yellow, III, beneath eyes II and on broad marginal white band retrolateral part is heavily sclerotized and blackish brown, along ventral edge of carapace. surrounding large cavity between cymbium and apoph- Abdomen densely covered with white, whitish and ysis; there is a row of long colourless setae prolaterally on less numerous colourless setae; there is an indistinct cymbium and tibia; patella dorsally light brown with black- pattern of lighter spots and darker areas due to differ- ish median spur, becoming gradually darker basally; ent pigmentation of tegument: darker median streak femur semicrescent shaped, swollen apically, but without along anterior half, delimited anteriorly by more intense spine-like protuberance, dark with long and dense. white lateral streaks, a pair of transverse light spots in intensely white setae. Ventral halves of prolateral surfaces posterior half and median lighter streak along posterior of femur and tibia I black, remaining part dark brown, dor- third of abdomen; remaining parts of dorsal surface pig- sally lighter brown, incomplete darker rings apically on mented greyish beneath whitish setae; sides intensely tibia and metatarsus. Legs dark yellow with contrasting white, forming wavy limit of greyish dorsal surface. dark brown annulation, lateral surfaces of femora grey, Spinnerets blackish brown. legs I much darker brown, small irregular spots on dorsal Frontal aspect: integument brown, anterior eye field surfaces. Ventral aspect: sternum light with margins sur- in this position appears covered by adpressed yellowish rounded by a row of setae; coxae I–IV light yellow suffused setae, with a larger patch of white setae further on in the with grey; labium and maxillary plates dark brown; central area of the field; AME surrounded by yellowish abdomen whitish with darker grey median streak, brown setae, ALE dorsally by yellowish and white, ventrally by spot corresponding to epigynum in females. white setae, facial surface beneath ALE with thin Palpal organ: pedipalpal femur without basal ventral adpressed yellowish setae extending from sides; ventral protuberance, resembles M. bivittatus by presence of SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 93

large cavity between cymbium and apophyses of pedi- streak connected with a pair of light submarginal spots 3 palpal tibia postero-retrolaterally, surrounded by heavi- at /5 of length (somewhat resembling Hasarius adan- ly sclerotized and blackish brown tegument. Differs soni) and a thin whitish chevron, broadly opened and from M. bivittatus by tibia shorter and broader, cymbi- with long arms; sides and ventral surface whitish; spin- um situated prolaterally on a broad process, narrow nerets blackish brown. double apophyses of equal length, extending along main Frontal aspect: anterior eye field appears in this axis of segment and pointing anteriorly, their apexes position densely covered by adpressed white setae, with appearing rounded in lateral view, but pointed in ventral a few yellowish ones; eyes I surrounded with long white and dorsal views. Bet Shemesh (Har Tuv) specimen has setae, ALE laterally with small addition of a few yellow- dorsal ramus of apophysis longer, broader and rounded, ish setae, facial surface beneath ALE covered entirely while the ventral one is slightly bent and pointed; trian- by dense white setae extending from sides; ventral edge gular fleshy stem of embolus is longer and narrower, of clypeus with long white setae, directed diagonally and white plate under embolus longer, its tip triangular. ventrally, a few anteriorly, these under AME arranged Female. Cephalothorax: tegument blackish, covered into a triangle and much longer. Chelicerae blackish with striking white adpressed setae, most dense on eye brown; pedipalpal segments distally yellow, basally light field, particularly between eyes III, along median line of brown, tarsus entirely light brown, all covered with long thorax and on ventral marginal bands; thinner, sparser white setae laterally. Leg I light brown with darker and less intensely white setae on upper sides and dorsal brown incomplete annulation on patella, tibia and edges of thorax makes these parts appear somewhat metatarsus; prolateral surface of femur brown, densely darker. covered with short adpressed whitish setae. Abdomen: elongate oval, narrowing at both ends; Legs: whitish yellow with contrasting dark annula- thin white margin encircling grey dorsal surface with tion, lateral surfaces of femora light. Ventral aspect: ster- darker brown thin borders, light median longitudinal num blackish brown, posteriorly lighter brown, its mar-

367

365

362

360

364

361 368

363 366

Figures 360–368. Menemerus fagei, variation in male, specimen from Har Tuv, palpal organ ventrally (360), dorsal view of tibia (361), laterally (362); specimen from Jerusalem, palpal organ ventrally (363), laterally (364), anterior part of palpal organ (365), tibia dorsally (366); specimen from Rehovot, tip of embolus laterally (367), tip of embolus dorsally (368). 94 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

gins surrounded by a row of dense horizontal white rated. Kept in a closed Petri dish for a few days the pair setae, a few on the surface of sternum; coxae I–II whitish performed such encounters many times each day, then yellow, III–IV still more whitish; labium and maxillary after some time separating and taking hours of rest. plates blackish brown; abdomen whitish grey, central Finally I found female devouring male, but I do not know rectangle separated from sides by a thin, lighter line. whether they had already copulated. Repetitions of such Epigynum with sclerotized posterior edge, without encounters and display indicate their mutual interest, so “pockets” visible; grooves indistinct, broadly separated presumably they are conspecific. 1 ( /3 of epigynum width, or more); copulatory openings on Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – the surface, near the anterior edge of epigynum, without IV, V, VI; females – III, IV, V, VI, VII. sclerotized roof: spermathecae extend along almost Distribution. West Africa. Israel: Dafna (1); whole length of epigynum in Jerusalem specimens; how- (7); Ma’agan Mikhael (8); Rehovot, Kefar Warburg (9); ever, they are shorter, stretching along half epigynum Jerusalem, Bet Shemesh (11); Nahal Be’er Sheva (15). length in the aberrant specimen from Daphna. Biological observation. A male in a Petri dish changed behaviour when smellig female hidden in an open glass tube. Display of male at encounter consisted Menemerus illigeri (Savigny et Audouin) of raising anterior part of cephalothorax with legs drawn (Figs 349–350, 354–356) back, first pair raised above ground and bent at patellar joint – a “crab like” posture, pedipalps (cymbium dark, Attus illigeri Savigny et Audouin, 1825: 172; Menemerus interremptor O. Pickard-Cambridge 1876: 623; tibia and patella striking white) kept close to chelicerae. Prószyński 1984b: 86; Advancing towards female, male raises first pair of legs Menemerus illigeri: Prószyński 1976: Figs 333–335, map 11. “V”-like, diagonally high above the head, forwards and laterally; female responds by a few quick short jumps (5 Diagnosis. Male pedipalpal femur with long ventral mm) towards male, then runs away. All this was repeat- hook basally, tibial apophysis forms characteristic thin, ed after several minutes. In one instant male and female broad plate, directed ventrally and turning posteriorly; were facing one another very closely, their first legs patella of pedipalps with small but distinct lateral apical stretched diagonally above and touching, but they sepa- hook; embolus looks “broken” – bent apically at almost

369

370 374

372 371 373

Figures 369–374. Menemerus fagei, female, general appearance (369), epigynum variation (370, 371), internal structure of epigynum variation (372, 373), tibia I (374); (371) and (373) – aberrant Daphna specimen. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 95

90 degrees; Female copulatory openings hidden under 4.76; length of 5 segments of leg I 5.84, leg length order IV sclerotized “hood”, sclerotized pockets under posterior (123%), I, III, II. part of epigynum, form a prominent circle. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – Description. Male. Profile of cephalothorax resem- III, V, VI, VII; females – VII, VIII, IX. bles M. davidi. Cephalothorax brown with slightly Distribution. Portugal, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, darker eye field, covered with minute adpressed whitish Sudan, Syria, St. Helena. Israel: Deganya (7); Hulda and colourless setae and sparse upright and inconspic- (10); Kalia at Dead Sea shore, ‘En Tamar (13); Be’er uous dark bristles, remnants of sparse thin adpressed Mash’abbim; Be’er Sheva (15); Mishor Yamin (17). whitish setae over remaining parts of thorax; broad ven- tral margin of whitish setae, the ventral edge itself is black; no contrasting pattern. Abdomen divided longitu- Menemerus semilimbatus (Hahn) dinally into median light area, actually light greyish (Figs 375–378, 379–385) delimited by two thin white lines, and two lateral darker brownish grey streaks with chains of yellow dots, these Attus semilimbatus Hahn, 1827: 5, Tab. 18 Fig. B; Salticus vigoratus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 324; lateral streaks are limited by thin wavy whitish line of Menemerus semilimbatus: Galiano 1965: 130–132 (specimens upper sides, lower sides grey. introduced to Argentina); Prószyński 1979: 313, Figs 207–208; Frontal aspect: dense line of short intensely white Prószyński 1984b: 85 (male, synonym Salticus vigoratus). setae along ventral edge of clypeus, slightly longer under AME; remaining setae colourless, face appears Description. Male. Characterized by embolus split brown, chelicerae brown; cymbium light brown with into forceps shape, bent prolaterally, single, short tibial colourless and brown setae, dorsal parts of pedipalpal apophysis triangular; tibia short, and indistinctly trans- tibia, patella and femur dark yellowish, the latter with versely expanded; cymbium situated slightly out of main distinct but not striking white setae; prolateral surface axis of segment. of femora I brown, remaining parts of leg I light brown, Female. Cephalothorax: integument blackish brown tarsus yellowish. with lines and spots of whitish, fawn and brown setae, Legs: I light brown with slightly lighter median areas with sparse admixture of more strikingly whitish setae. of tibia and metatarsus, and dorsal surfaces, tarsus lighter brownish yellow, lateral surfaces of femur I dark- er; II brownish yellow with darker spots on lateral sur- 375 faces; III–IV yellow with two darker brown rings on femur, tibia and metatarsus, one on patella. Ventral aspect: mouth parts light greyish brown, external angle of maxil- lary plates expanded prominently into triangle with a rounded apex; sternum dark yellow with indistinct whitish setae, mainly marginally; coxae dark yellow, abdomen light. Palpal organ: embolus appears “bro- 376 ken”, bent apically at almost 90 degrees; tibial apophysis forms characteristic thin broad plate, directed ventrally and turning posteriorly; patella of pedipalps with small but distinct lateral apical hook; long ventral hook basally on pedi- palpal femur (Fig. 356). Female. Epigynum: copulatory open- ings hidden under sclerotized “hood”, sclerotized pockets under posterior part of epigynum, form a prominent circle (Figs 349–350). 377 Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax 2.72; length of abdomen Figures 375–378. Menemerus semilimbatus, male, general 2.79; length of 5 segments of leg I 5.84, leg appearance (European specimen) (375), palpal organ ventral- ly (O. Pickard-Cambridge specimen from Corfu) (376); female length order I, IV, II, III. Female. Length of 378 (from Tel Aviv), epigynum (377) and single spermatheca cephalothorax 2.96; length of abdomen dorsally( 378). 96 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

380

384

381

379 383

382 385 Figures 379–385. Menemerus semilimbatus (male, Algerian specimen), palpal organ ventrally (379), palpal tibia ventrally (380) and laterally (381); relevant species M. soldani, palpal organ ventrally (382), dorsally (383) and laterally (384), epigynum (385).

Eye field covered with short, adpressed setae, fawn with yellow spots. The posterior pairs of dark spots covered with copper gleam, there are four spots of whitish apressed dense black, adpressed scales, similar scales scattered setae – three elongated spots behind touching points of sparsely over remaining darker spots; posterior, short anterior eyes and a single median spot between eyes III, median row of grey rectangles, reaching spinnerets. Sides extending with weaker and thinner line along anterior of abdomen yellow. Face: anterior eyes surrounded with thorax. Both sides and thorax with longer adpressed white setae, dorsally with a few admixed fawn setae; diam- 3 setae, upper part of marginal white belt strikingly white eter of ALE /5 of AME. Clypeus under AME with long dense with long dense setae; below that, and visible only in lat- white setae, under ALE shorter and sparser adpressed eral position, lower part of the belt, broad and whitish whitish setae with blackish brown tegument visible with sparser adpressed setae. between. Chelicerae brown, palps thin, yellow, with dense Abdomen with brownish grey leaf pattern of large spots upright white setae. Legs brownish yellow, with indistinct on yellow background, consisting of at least five pairs of brown marking laterally. Epigynum without “pockets”, cop- darker spots located along margins and separated medial- ulatory openings in grooves, each limited anteriorly by ly by 4 indistinct yellow chevrons, anteriorly with pairs of prominent semicircular, heavily sclerotized roof.

386 388

387

389

Figures 386–389. Comparison of females, Menemerus semilimbatus (Algerian specimens), epigynum (386), its internal structure (387) and M. taeniatus, epigynum (388), its internal structure (389). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 97

Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- Remarks. Sister species to Israeli Menemerus davidi, rax 2.85; length of abdomen 4.72; length of 5 segments of characterized by striking white marginal band and central light leg I 6.00, length of legs order IV, I, III, II. thoracic spot, palpal organ has shorter apophysis with less developed dorsal plate, and slightly different shape of fleshy Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Female – IV. embolus stem. Algerian specimens of M. animatus differ from Distribution. Mediterranean to Uzbekistan; Argentina Egyptian ones by tibial apophysis much shorter, triangular, (introduced). Israel: Tel Aviv (8). directed transversely; comparable with Berland and Millot (1941 Figs 54 g, j) from which differs by abdominal pattern. Distribution. Egypt, Libya and Algeria. Menemerus taeniatus (L. Koch) (Figs 388–389) Menemerus arabicus Prószyński

Attus taeniatus L. Koch, 1867: 875; Menemerus arabicus Prószyński, 1993: 33–35, Figs 16–19. Menemerus taeniatus: Simon 1937: 1210, 1262, Figs 1934–1936; Prószyński 1976: Figs 329–332; Prószyński 1979: 313, Figs Distribution. Saudi Arabia. 209–216 (syn. M. parietinus); Flanczewska 1981: 212, Fig. 97.

Menemerus bivittatus Description. Male. Cephalothorax dark with broad (Dufour) (Figs 341–344) white margin along edge of carapace.Palpal organ: strik- ing transverse expansion of tibia, single ramus of Salticus bivittatus Dufour, 1831: 369; apophysis as large as remaining part of tibia, width of Menemerus bivittatus: Barnes 1958: 44–47, Figs 71–74; Wanless 1983: tibia about equal to width of cymbium. 78, Figs 26a–f ; Żabka 1985: 240, Figs 283–292; Wesołowska 1989: Figs 14–29. Female. Epigynum without “pockets”; copulatory open- ings on the surface of epigynum and in anterior half obut Remarks. Male palpus with narrow tibia and single apoph- 1 ysis directed laterally, embolus followed dorsally by thin, white distant from anterior edge, narrowly separated (about /5 of membranous process. Epigynum with two grooves in anterior epigynum width), without heavily sclerotized roof, grooves half, separated by thin septum anteriorly and triangular protu- indistinct. Internal structures stretched medially: entrance berance posteriorly; copulatory openings slightly behind mid- chamber heavily sclerotized, intermediate channel straight length of epigynum. and short, spermathecae spherical, scent pore prominent. Distribution. Cosmopolitan in warm areas, including Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females – IX. Mediterranean. Distribution. Mediterranean: France, Balkans, Greece; brought to Argentina. Israel: Be’er Mash’abbim (15). Menemerus falsificus Simon (Figs 390–393) Relevant species Menemerus falsificus Simon, 1868: 664. Menemerus animatus (O. Pickard-Cambridge) Remarks. A form with genital organs identical to (Figs 347–348, 357–359) Menemerus taeniatus, but devoid of white margin along edge of carapace was considered by Simon (1937: 1210, 1262) a sep- Euophrys animatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876: 622, T. 60, Fig. 89; arate species. It is known from France to Crete, but may be Menemerus animatus: Denis 1947: 71, Tab. 4, Fig. 16; Prószyński 1976: map 10. variety of Menemerus taeniatus.

390 391

392 393

Figures 390–393. Relevant species Menemerus falsificus (differing from M. taeniatus by absence of white cephalothoracal margin, according to Simon 1937), palpal organ ventrally (390), palpal organ laterally (391), palpal tibia dorsally (392) and epigynum (399). 98 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Menemerus paradoxus Wesołowska et van Harten Modunda phragmitis Simon, 1901c: 160; Prószyński 1987: 63–64, syn. nov. Menemerus paradoxus Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 47, Figs 99–100. Modunda staintoni: Logunov 2001 [2000]: 277–280, Figs 347–366. Distribution . Yemen. Diagnosis. General outlook of body resembling Pseudicius, but differs by spination on swollen tibia I Menemerus plenus Wesołowska et van Harten and lack of stridulatory bristles beneath eyes lateral, Menemerus plenus Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 49, Figs 101–104. also “angular” location of eyes III. Genital organs Distribution. Yemen. resembling Bianor. Description. Male. Cephalothorax black, surface of Menemerus soldani (Savigny et Audouin) eye field pitted, white setae below lateral eyes, a few (Figs 382–385) whitish scales in the foveal area. O. Pickard-Cambridge Attus soldani Savigny et Audouin, 1825: 171. (1872: 331–332) describes it as follows: “... deep rich Distribution. N Africa: Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt. brown on the sides with a black margin, the caput is black and encircled by a band of white hairs running Modunda Simon, 1901 round in front immediately beneath the eyes and ending beneath on either side behind the eyes of the hinder row; Type species. Modunda phragmitis Simon, 1901. at the centre of the back of the caput is a white spot ....”. Introductory remarks. The genus is very closely relat- Abdomen elongate oval, flattened, covered with brown ed to Bianor, from which differs by longer and lower body scutum (almost not visible on O. Pickard-Cambridge’s and less strongly sclerotized tegument. Poorly known, also specimen, abdomen discoloured) with traces of pairs of 3 occurs in Africa, and unidentified species known from India. marginal white spots anteriorly and at the /4 length, Cephalothorax appears long, its width is 62–70% (of also single median spot. According to the original the cephalothorax length) at eyes I, 82–87% at eyes III description “... dark brown tingled with yellow, its fore and 82–87% at the broadest part, which is located at 50 half is encircled with a marginal band or stripe of white % length of cephalothorax; sides of cephalothorax hairs; and there are six small bright white spots (also appear to be rather parallel; low 36–50%. Eye field long, formed by white hairs) on its upper surface: two of these extending over 47–60% of cephalothorax, also long in spots are placed longitudinally on the centre of its fore relation to its width at eyes I (76–86%), trapezoid half, the foremost of these spots is sometimes obsolete, shaped, broadening posteriorly by 19–20%, indistinctly the other four are on the margins of the hinder half and narrower than cephalothorax, and eyes III are located form a huge trapezoid ... the underside is paler than the very closely to the dorsal edges of cephalothorax, giving upper side, and has an indistinct marginal line of white it somewhat “angular” appearance; its width at eyes III hairs on either side”. is 91–96% of width of cephalothorax in the same area Frontal aspect: integument blackish brown covered and also 96% of maximal cephalothorax width. with white setae, long white setae overhanging chelicer- Profile of cephalothorax: anterior slope of eye field al bases; eyes I surrounded ventrally with white setae, extends half-way between eyes I and II and is very gently light fawn dorsally. Transversal section of chelicerae tri- inclined; flat area of cephalothorax very prominent extends angular with peculiar huge fang and huge prolateral over 70% of length of cephalothorax; posterior slope of tho- tooth, with an irregular cavity between fang and che- rax is steep in the upper half, becoming gradually gentler liceral edge. Pedipalps short, brown with cymbium fawn. and more level lower down. Abdomen long with rounded Legs I robust, dark brown, distinctly different from ends, narrower than width of cephalothorax; dorsally flat, II–IV which are shorter, slender and light yellow; rela- in males scutum over almost whole length of abdomen (dis- tion of length of legs in decreasing order I – 100%, IV – coloured and barely visible on O. Pickard-Cambridge’s 81% , III – 63%, II – 54%; leg I (5 segments only) being specimen ). The genital organs resembles Bianor. There is 248% of length of cephalothorax (additionally a superficial resemblance to Pseudicius in long robust trochanter and coxa I are unusually elongated); striking shape of legs I, but possibility of closer relationship differences in width: tibia and femur I about twice as between these two genrera is xcluded by spination of tibia wide as tibia and femur of either II, III or IV. Female I and “angular” location of eyes III, also absence of a row of Resembles male very much, but integument of stridulatory setae under latera eyes 1. abdomen soft, without scutum, with greyish mottled dark- er linear pattern. Cephalothorax like male “... dark brown uniformly clothed with short greyish white hairs ...” Modunda staintoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge) Frontal aspect like male but chelicerae slender, yel- (Figs 113, 116–117, 120, 123–129) lowish brown, fang slender. Salticus staintoni O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 331–332; Abdomen with “... a series of angular lines or Salticus congener O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 332; chevrons (of which the first is much stronger and more Salticus staintoni O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876: 610 (syn. S. congener); pointed than the rest) are indistinctly visible on the hin- SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 99

der half of the upper side, and also some pale blotches white silky nests of 1–2 cm diameter, on top of shrubs, corresponding to the white spots in male ...”. and on twigs of thorny shrubs, where they guard their Legs I robust, like male. Epigynum resembling cocoons in late April and May, so at that time can be eas- Bianor (Figs 120, 123). ily collected in considerable numbers. At other times Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax females, as well as males appear rare and are seldom 1.70; length of abdomen 2.50; length of 5 segments of leg collected, however a couple of specimens of both sexes I 5.14. leg length order I, IV, III, II. Female. Length of were collected in pitfall traps in the Negev Desert in cephalothorax 1.93; length of abdomen 2.96. February, males also until April and in November, which Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – suggests that the ground is possibly their primary envi- VI; females – VI. ronment and where mating presumably takes place. It Distribution. Egypt. Israel: Bet Habek, Nahal Samak (7). would be interesting to find out, whether other species of Mogrus, described from the Mediterranean, the Sinai and the Arabian Peninsula build similar nests and at the Mogrus Simon, 1882 same periods of the year.

Type species. Mogrus fulvovittatus Simon, 1882. Introductory remarks. The genus contains some 18 Mogrus logunovi Prószyński species occurring in warm and rather dry environments (Figs 398–399, 403–406, 411–412, 415–418, 421–424, 427–432) in the Mediterranean area, Africa, W and C Asia. Insufficiently known, are characterized by “hairy” Mogrus neglectus [nec Simon 1868]: Prószyński and Lubin 1994: 286; Mogrus logunovi Prószyński, 2000: 250–255, Figs 67–68. appearance, due to numerous dark bristles scattered sparsely over cephalothorax and abdomen. The col- Diagnosis. Face covered with dense setae, orange to oration of cephalothorax, depending on preservation of whitish yellow. Male abdomen silvery white with dark setae, often white, but where fallen off reveals dark median streak, female abdomen dark with white delim- integument. Abdomen usually with a median dark ited black median streak with prominent angular exten- streak, often serrated, on white background or white sions. Bulbus protuberance at 1 o’clock position, apoph- delimited. Eyes I are distantly spaced, ALE distant from ysis bent. Epigynum sclerotized, with posterior ends of AME by ALE diameter; ALE located high. semicircular groove broadly spaced; spermatheca half Easy identification of genus is possible owing to char- the size of that of M. neglectus, on top of prominently acteristic appearance of genital organs. Palpal organ has bent anterior channel . round, flattened bulbus with conspicuous protuberance, Remarks. Resembles Mogrus frontosus (Simon, encircled by thin embolus; tibial apophysis long and 1871) from Corsica (Andreeva, Kononenko and strong. Epigynum is a broad plate, in some species scle- Prószyński, 1981, Figs. 12–14), from which it differs by rotized with characteristic furrows leading to posterior- tibial apophysis broader and posteriorly bent, slightly ly located openings, in other species soft and without fur- different proportions of epigynum and longer channels. rows, in which case opening are located more anteriorly. One male and female collected in March or April 1996 Copulatory channels membranous, very broad, running in the Negev cohabited and mated (personal communica- to the end of epigynum and turning there into narrower tion from Dr R. R. Jackson). Females easily found during transverse channels, leading to medially located, small breeding season (IV–VI) in white silk retreats (about 1.5 but heavily sclerotized spermathecae, usually bean- or cm in diameter) on twigs of small thorny shrubs, occur- cone-shaped, with prominent accessory gland. ring together with M. neglectus on the same shrubs, in a Body proportions. Cephalothorax: width 65-70-75% at border zone between Mediterranean and desert vegeta- eyes I, 75-79-84 % at eyes III, maximum width is 77-81- tion; males dwell on the ground. 84%, height is 52-56-63%. Eye field extending over 38-39- Description. Male. Colour pattern of cephalothorax 47% of cephalothorax, short in relation to its width at variable, due to setae easily falling off, in better preserved eyes I, trapezium shaped, broadening posteriorly by 4 to specimen covered with long whitish setae which easily fall 8% (but in some specimens narrowing by 2%); indistinct- out leaving bald, blackish brown tegument; there are rem- ly narrower than cephalothorax, eyes III are located close nants of orange setae on median streak of thoracic slope. to the edges of cephalothorax. Abdomen: elongate, 95- When cephalothorax bald, the tegument of eye field is 112-131% of cephalothorax length oval, tapering posteri- almost black (in long preserved specimens faded to light orly, its width varying 46-65-83% in studied specimens. brown with dark encircled lateral eyes), darker pigmenta- Legs robust, length order in males is I, III (87–91%), IV tion along posterior eye field followed by slightly lighter (82–83%), II (79–80%); in females legs III=IV and are 10% belt; dorsal thoracic area darker with still darker lines longer than the first one; legs II shorter than I. radiating from fovea to ventral margin, posteriorly and The females of this genus (at least two species: laterally; sides lighter brown with indistinct whitish setae, Mogrus logunovi and M. neglectus) build conspicuous passing into yellow, lightest near dark-pigmented, thin, 100 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

ventral margin. Abdomen dorsally covered with silvery some specimens minute apical bifurcation of embolus, white setae with scattered darker spots; there is a broad also shown in Hadjissarantos (1940: Fig. 35). dark median streak, smooth, finely serrated (in Jordanian Female. Cephalothorax covered by mixture of black specimens more complicated Fig. 430), sides appear (on relatively fresh specimens) and light scales, denser darker due to sparser whitish and yellowish setae. concentration of light scales form small median spot Ventral aspect: sternum dark brown with long between eyes III and two thoracic streaks delimiting colourless setae; coxae whitish or yellowish; abdomen black median one – all these neither sharp nor contrast- whitish with median area dark grey, with two lines of ing; also some irregular small light spots; sides somewhat grey dots narrowly spaced. lighter mosaic, ventral margin of carapace black pig- Frontal aspect: entire face orange, including setae mented. Abdomen dark grey with black median streak of surrounding eyes I; there are a few longer brownish fused chevrons, with their posterior angles gradually setae in upper half of face, in some specimens clypeus becoming longer in the posterior part of abdomen, delim- has admixture of colourless setae, longer near its ven- ited on each side, often strikingly, by whitish setae, grad- tral edge; chelicerae black, arising vertically, in plane of ually passing into grey marginal area; whenever the face, forming indistinct, median space between them, white setae are lost, the pattern disappears partially or their antero-median walls with transverse (stridulato- totally. The presence of three anterior angles of the ry?) ridges. Pedipalps and patella – tibia I light brown, streak is a species indicator, these are absent in M. darker annulated. Legs distinctly lighter than in M. neglectus where narrow, anterior part of the streak is neglectus: ventral and lateral surfaces of majority of delimited by thin, white parallel lines. Margins of dorsal segments whitish or yellowish, dorsal surfaces light surface covered by brownish and whitish setae; across with darker annuli on tarsi-metatarsi III–IV; femora I–IV posterior half of sides of abdomen two diagonal white dorsally light brown with median longitudinal darker lines, which may be broken into several pairs of dots. line, laterally light greyish; patellae and tibiae I–IV Frontal aspect: face reddish brown, contrasting with brown lighter in the middle of dorsal surface; metatarsi- intensely black chelicerae, which are thick; a few whitish tarsi I–IV brown annulated. Palpal organ: bulbus bean- setae laterally on clypeus and beneath AME but absent shaped, set slightly diagonally across posterior half of on the mid-length of clypeus; eyes I surrounded with cymbium, protuberance at 1 o’clock position, broad whitish setae, there are a number of black bristles enter- basis of embolus stretches from roughly 3 to 6 o’clock ing broad space between ALE and AME, long sparse position, more distally embolus thin; tibial apophysis white setae above chelicerae, some entering surface of thin, long, in apical half slightly bent dorsally, then half chelicerae as well. Pedipalps yellow with brown bases of way along bent very slightly in the opposite direction.In segments and brownish yellow tarsus; numerous black

395

396 397

394

Figures 394–397. Mogrus neglectus (identified as M. canescens in O. Pickard-Cambridge collection), general appearance (394), epigynum (395), internal structure of epigynum (396), and details of single spermatheca and channel (397). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 101

398 399

400 401

402

Figures 398–402. External appearance of females, Mogrus logunovi (398, 399), M. neglectus, note almost parallel white lines in anterior half of abdomen (400), M. sinaicus (401), Mogrus sp. A. (402). bristles intermixed with long whitish setae; tibia and along length of copulatory channel, or it passes directly patella I yellow, dark annulated. In some specimens eyes into sclerotized spherical spermatheca; the difference I surrounded with dense light fawn setae, lighter under presumably due to imprecise observation. ALE and near ventral edge of clypeus; clypeus light fawn, Epigynum sclerotized, with posterior ends of semi- variable with density of horizontal white setae and circular groove broadly spaced, or only indistinctly nar- colour intensity; explanation of these differences require rowed. Final identification by anteriorly bent, soft further studies. Legs: dark yellow with blackish brown transverse channels with scent pore in the middle, medi- annuli; femora I–II with apical dark annuli, femora III–IV an spherical spermathecae. with both basal and apical dark annuli as well as ventral Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- half of lower lateral surfaces, but dorsal surfaces yellow; rax 2.92; length of abdomen 3.82; length of 5 segments of hairy appearance. In some specimens darker dorsal leg I 5.50. median line. Ventral aspect: sternum light brown with Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – dark margin; coxae yellow, abdomen like male, with II, III, IV, XI, XII; females – II, III, IV, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XII. median area dark and marginal areas light, the lines of Distribution. Jordan (Wadi Ram). Israel: Jerusalem spots located on dark area (in contrast to male). (11); Nahal Sekhar (sands); (15) Arad, Avdat, Be’er Epigynum: median sclerotized plate broadly truncat- Mash’abbim, Haluqim, Hatira, Revivim, Sede Boqer, Sede ed posteriorly; copulatory openings in the posterior half Zin, Shivta,Yerocham (17) of epigynum, broadly spaced, sclerotized folds outside Remark. Specimens from Jordan differ from Negev slits posteriorly straight, or slightly constricted posteri- by abdominal pattern: in female lighter, with shorter orly, but not as much as in M. neglectus. angles protruding from median streak, in male by slight- Membranous copulatory channel narrower than in ly different shape of median streak. However, genital M. neglectus, passes posteriorly into bent channel, run- organs do not seem to be different (Figs 427–432). ning first anteriorly and only later bending transversely, Etymology. Named for Dr. D.V. Logunov, formerly of with a prominent accessory gland at the top of the bend, the Zoological Museum, Institute of Systematics and then appears either to turn back and in a tight, more Ecology of Animals, Novosibirsk, Russia, in gratitude for sclerotized coil entering narrow spermatheca, half way his valuable co-operation and useful suggestions. 102 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Remark. Dr. D.V. Logunov has called my attention to Mogrus dumicola: Andreeva, Kononenko and Prószyński the specific identity of syntypes of Mogrus neglectus and 1981: 91, Figs 15–17. Mogrus dumicola, illustrated in my paper of 1991 Diagnosis. Males – blackish, with white setae on (Andreeva, Kononenko and Prószyński, 1981), which forces clypeus; bulbus protuberance larger than in M. logunovi, me to retain the name Mogrus neglectus for the species located at 3 o’clock position, shape of tibial apophysis previously called M. dumicola and to change all identifica- shown in Figs 407–410. Females with abdomen blackish, tion of “Mogrus neglectus”(prior to December 1996) to the median streak delimited by narrow white lines and spots. new name Mogrus logunovi. At the same time, I received Epigynum sclerotized, furrows semicircularly bent, with new specimens from Dr. R.R. Jackson, which allowed me to posterior ends narrowly spaced, spermatheca bean define the differences between these species. shaped, copulatory channel reach spermatheca by poste- rior bend, the scent pore posterior median; abdominal pattern darker, pairs of white lines on anterior abdomen Mogrus neglectus (Simon) thin, almost parallel, serrated dark streak begins near (Figs 394–397, 400, 407–410, 413–414, 419–420, 425–426, 723–725) mid-length of abdomen. Remarks. The epigynum of syntype specimen of Dendryphantes neglectus Simon 1868: 639; Salticus dumicolus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872, shown Salticus canescens: O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 323 (nec Dendryphantes canescens C. L. Koch 1846); in Andreeva et al., (1981, Fig. 15), appears conspecific Salticus dumicolus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 341–342, syn. nov. with Mogrus neglectus (Simon, 1868) shown in Figs Salticus indistinctus O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 342–343 (syn- 18–19 (ibid.) and with males shown in Figs. 16–17, 20–21 onym uncertain); Mogrus neglec- Mogrus neglectus: Hadjissarantos 1940: 103, Fig. 35; Andreeva, (ibid.), as well as other illustrations of Kononenko and Prószyński 1981: 91, Figs 18–21; Logunov 1995: tus, published elsewhere. We have, therefore to recog- 600–601, Figs 32–40; nise the name Mogrus neglectus (Simon, 1868) as the

403 405 404 409 406

410

407 412

414

413 411 408

Figures 403–414. Mogrus logunovi, palpal organ ventrally (403), laterally (404), tibial apophysis laterally (405) and ventrally (406); M. neglectus, pal- pal organ ventrally (407), laterally (408), tibial apophysis laterally (409) and ventrally (410) (tibial apophyses drawn from different specimens than pal- pal organs). Comparison of shape of tibial apophysis of M. logunovi laterally (411) and dorsally (412) and M. neglectus laterally (413) and dorsally (414). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 103

415 417

419 416

418

420

Figures 415–420. Mogrus logunovi, epigynum (415, 416), spermathecae (417, 418); M. neglectus, epigynum (419), spermathecae (420). valid name of this species (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872), from detection by predators in their silky retreats, atop and the name Mogrus dumicolus (O. Pickard- shrubs in the semidesert environment. In spring males Cambridge, 1872) becomes a junior synonym. Specimens live on the ground, when females are already in the nest, in the Israeli collections identified by myself until the end so visual stimuli may also be less important for the recog- of 1996 as M. neglectus should be renamed Mogrus nition of the sexes. And so external coloration may be not logunovi – see description above. as important biologically, as in other genera of Salticidae. Single female of Mogrus canescens mentioned by O. Description. Male (specimen from Mt. Gilboa). Pickard-Cambridge (1872: 323) from “plains of Jordan”, Coloration almost black. Cephalothorax dark brown, on (Figs 394–397) resembles specimens of Mogrus neglec- thoracic slopes suffused black, eye field black; almost tus from Israel. It is not certain whether O. Pickard- entirely bald (which may be an artefact), with a few colour- Cambridge correctly interpreted C.L. Koch’s description less setae, almost invisible. Abdomen appears black, integu- (1846: 80 TF. 1144). ment dark grey with scattered clusters of adpressed black- Identification by Wesołowska and van Harten (1994) ish brown setae, no white setae preserved. Face: upper part is uncertain; there is no reason given for identification black, eyes surrounded with black, clypeus brown with and unless the type specimen was checked, which is not adpressed white setae and longer white setae overhanging indicated, it cannot be accepted. cheliceral bases and forming triangular “beard” in the Females found during breeding season (IV–VI) in median part of clypeus; chelicerae dark brown white silk retreats (about 1.5 cm in diameter) on branch- Palpal organ: characteristic for the genus, bulbus pro- es of small thorny shrubs, occuring together with M. tuberance larger than in M. logunovi, located at 3 o’clock logunovi on the same shrubs, in a border zone between position, shape of tibial apophysis shown in Figs 407–410. Mediterranean and desert vegetation. Strikingly different Legs I–IV appear dark, with blackish lateral sur- coloured female with two striking white streaks along faces, dorsal surfaces of femora, patellae and tibiae I–IV abdomen of M. neglectus in the same area showed no dif- with darker median line, tarsi – metatarsi I–IV black ference in epigynum (Figs 723–725), with normal, dark with lighter rings near both ends. female. This variability may be connected with the mode Ventral aspect: labium, maxillary plates and sternum of living of female Mogrus, which are presumably safe black, coxae black with large, oval, yellowish grey spots. 104 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

421 422 425

426 423

424

Figures 421–426. Mogrus logunovi (variation in specimens from Negev), internal structure of epigynum (421, 422) and details of spermatheca dor- sally (423, 424); M. neglectus, specimen (from uncertain locality) with weakly sclerotized epigynum (425), but fully developed internal structures, spermathecae (426).

Abdomen ventrally: lung book covers light olive grey, chevrons; there is some variation in the size of the white separated by dark space, median area of remaining spots; when setae have fallen out, these simply disappear. abdomen blackish, delimited marginally by two rows of The abdomen sides are dark grey, similar to dorsal sur- light dots. Spinnerets blackish brown. face, from which it is separated by a thin, slightly wavy Female. Cephalothorax light fawn, with an indistinct white line, possibly consisting of fused thin, elongate pattern of adpressed white and, in a smaller quantity, spots. Ventral surface of abdomen white. Frontal aspect: brown setae. Eye field with broad white areas along ante- the whole face white, densely covered with adpressed and rior and lateral margins (medially to lateral eyes), medi- flattened white setae, some white setae overhanging che- an area light fawn with central round white spot (diame- liceral bases, long white bristles arising horizontally from ter about 22% of eye field length); limited posteriorly by a clypeus and directed diagonally, white setae surrounding narrow chevron-shaped dark brown mark, followed on eyes I and making a thin line just above eyes, below edge thorax by a median dorsal streak, lighter brown with cen- of eye field. Chelicerae yellow, bulging basally, with sparse tral white setae; this brown streak becomes much darker thin white setae scattered over their anterior surface. brown on the posterior slope of thorax owing to occur- Pedipalps yellow with long white setae. Legs: pale yellow rence of dark brown adpressed setae; remaining dorsal with remnants of darker indistinct annuli or spots of dark- surface of thorax covered with whitish adpressed setae. er setae on some segments; covered with white setae and Sides of cephalothorax light fawn changing gradually to dark bristles, hairy in appearance; tarsal tufts and claws whitish near the ventral edge. dark. Ventral aspect: sternum brownish yellow with black- Abdominal pattern: dark grey with black median ish margins, coxae yellow suffused with grey, anterior streak delimited in the anterior half of abdomen by thin, ones darker; abdomen with sharply delimited broad medi- white, parallel lines; the streak in the posterior half con- an blackish brown streak and two light yellow marginal sists of small fused chevrons delimited by pairs of small areas, thin dark lines along their posterior halves. spots of white setae, separating angular posterior edges of Epigynum sclerotized, oval, with central plate delimited SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 105

428 429

430 427

432

431

Figures 427–432. Mogrus logunovi (different coloured specimens from Jordan), palpal organ (427), tibial apophysis (428), general appearance of female (429), general appearance of male (430), epigynum (431) and its internal structure (432).

by horseshoe-shaped furrow, ending slightly behind mid- Mogrus sinaicus Prószyński length of plate by small oval broadening on each side, (Figs. 401, 433–435) being copulatory openings. These lead to the bag-shaped entrance of copulatory channel, from end of which begins Mogrus sp. 1: Prószyński 1989: 42, Fig. 23, 26, 29–31; Mogrus sinaicus Prószyński, 2000: 255, Figs 89–91. sclerotized bent vesicle of spermatheca, with opening of accessory gland located in its posterior median part. A Diagnosis. Epigynum closely resembling M. ful- diagnostic character is posterior constriction of the cen- vovittatus, from which it differs by spermatheca folded tral plate and copulatory openings located close to each only at its distal, posterior end, and prominent accesso- other. In M. logunovi these openings are widely spaced ry gland at the anterior end. Median abdominal streak and the central plate is not constricted posteriorly, or only white contoured. indistinctly constricted; instead of large, bean-shaped Remarks. Conspecificity of Saudi Arabian and Sinai spermatheca there is a broad, bent soft walled channel specimens tentative, based on similarities in spermath- running antero-medially, with sclerotized spermatheca, eca and some resemblance in colour pattern, assuming about half the size, at the end. that they have changed differently in both specimens. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Description. Female (holotype). Cephalothorax brown 2.60; length of abdomen 2.80; length of 5 segments of leg with dense adpressed whitish setae, posterior and lateral I 6.86. Female. Length of cephalothorax 2.92; length of borders of eye field with more conspicuously whitish setae abdomen 3.08; length of 5 segments of leg I 5.50 . ; getting lighter ventrally, lower sides light yellow; light Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – brownish median thoracic streak ending at the posterior IV; females – IV, V, IX. border of the eye field. Abdomen: white with darker, light Distribution. Greece, Turkey, . Israel: brownish yellow median serrated streak (apparently black Givat Hamore (2); Gilboa (6); Jerusalem (11); Ma’ale on alive specimen) not delimited by any contour; that Adumim (12); Be’er Sheva, Park Sayret Shaked (15); streak ends before reaching the anterior edge of adomen. Ma’agurat Loz, Nahal Sekher. White dorsal surface passes into greyish-white sides, with- 106 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

out any delimiting darker lines or spots. Frontal aspect: ied specimens plugged by waxy stoppers, which fell out eyes I surrounded with white setae, clypeus very densely after maceration in KOH. The internal structures consist of covered with long adpressed white setae, some of them membranous and almost transparent copulatory channels, overhanging blackish brown chelicerae; pedipalps and legs usually very broad, often balloon-shaped, with a small, bent I yellow. Legs: yellow with femora lighter, spines darker. and poorly visible channel on their median surfaces, pass- Ventral aspect: light yellow to whitish. ing into very small sclerotized spermathecae; all these Epigynum weakly sclerotized, without distinct furrows details are apparently similar in several species of this with sclerotized edges, characterized by pattern of pig- group, which I have seen. The specific differences are mented areas and shadows of internal structures in form of minute terminal parts of spermatheca, especially position a pair of dark parallel lines, bent and more closely spaced and shape of accessory gland openings. in the posterior half of epigynum, corresponding with vari- Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- ous parts of internal structures, but bear little relation to rax 3.25; length of abdomen 4.00. their real shape. Openings in form of a pair of small oval dark spots in anterior half of epigynum (Fig. 433), in stud- 436 433 437

434

439

435 438

441 442 440 Figures 433–442. Mogrus sinaicus, epigynum (433), spermatheca with channel (434), details of spermatheca (435). Relevant species Mogrus ful- vovittatus (specimen from Egypt: Siwa; NHM-London coll.), epigynum (436), spermatheca (437), details of spermatheca ventrally (438), and dorsal- ly (439), palpal organ laterally (440), ventrally, mirror reflection (441); palpal organ ventrally (specimen from Egypt: Assuan; Reimoser coll.) (442). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 107

Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females – V. Remarks. Characterized by male tibial apophysis gradually Distribution. Egypt: Sinai – W. Nasib; Saudi Arabia narrowing, its pointed tip bent. Female copulatory openings are – Khasm Khafs. visible as dark round spots, located anteriorly; darker shades are visible through semitransparent tegument of epigynum being fragments of internal structures but giving no indication of their real shape: first are thin shades from openings, straight, parallel Mogrus sp. A but spaced, later there are darker semiarches bending medially (Fig. 402) and joining in the posterior half of epigynum. Copulatory chan- nels membranous, large and swollen, often vesicle shaped, to Remarks. Several specimens in bad condition, the whose median side are attached minute, sclerotized spermathe- cae; in this species spermathecae connected to channels anteri- final identification and detailed description is postponed orly, elongate but bent and folded in the middle, with posterior until fresh specimens become available. Resembling M. part visible on the background of the anterior half, with distal fulvovittatus and M. sinaicus by epigynum. However, end and conical membranous fertilisation channel directed ante- their abdominal pattern is more differentiated, presently riorly; I have not noticed accessory glands. median reddish streak contoured with thin white line, Distribution. Egypt – Siwa; Saudi Arabia – Wadi Phi Khul, remaining marginal parts of dorsum grey with thinner Jebel; Yemen. reddish streak and a white marginal line around margin- al edge, delimited ventrally by grey in the posterior half of Mogrus mirabilis Wesołowska et van Harten abdomen, merging anteriorly with white anterior half of Mogrus sp. 2: Prószyński 1989: 42–44, Figs. 24, 27, 32–34; the sides, and ventral coloration of abdomen. Frontal Mogrus mirabilis Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 58–60, Figs 119–121. aspect: face white, chelicerae yellowish brown, pedipalps Remarks. According to Wesołowska males are conspecific and legs whitish yellow. Legs: whitish. Ventral aspect: gen- with Mogrus sp. 2 of Prószyński (1989: 42–44). erally whitish. Internal structure of epigynum not studied. Distribution. Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- rax 3.60; length of abdomen 3.64. Mogrus praecinctus Simon Material. Several females from Kallia, Leg. Shulov (Figs 443–445) in 1939. Coll. HUJ. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females Mogrus praecinctus Simon, 1890: 117; Mogrus portentosus Wesołowska et van Harten 1994: 60–61, Figs – VIII. 122–127, syn. nov. Distribution. Israel: Kallia (13).

Relevant species

Mogrus cognatus Wesołowska et van Harten

Mogrus cognatus Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 53–56, Figs 112–114; Remarks. Known from Yemen, palpal organ resembles Mogrus neglectus, but differs by narrower bulbus, location of protuberance at 12 o’clock position and longer thin part of tib- ial apophysis.

Mogrus dillae Prószyński

Mogrus dillae Prószyński, 1989: 40, Figs 18–20; Mogrus dillae: Wesołowska and van Harten 1994: 56, Figs 115–116. 444 Remarks. Anterior median parts of epigynum with folds 443 and copulatory openings ends close to mid length of epigynum, soft copulatory channels longer, making two loose coils, sclero- tized spermatheca elongate, bent and branching. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females – X. Distribution. Saudi Arabia – Wadi ad Dilla.

Mogrus fulvovittatus Simon (Figs 436–442) 445 Mogrus fulvovittatus Simon, 1882; Mogrus bonneti: Denis, 1947 (nec Savigny et Audouin 1827): 76, pl. 5 Figs 10–12; Mogrus fulvovittatus: Andreeva, Kononenko and Prószyński 1981: Figures 443–445. Relevant species Mogrus praecinctus male (lecto- 85–87, Figs 1–5; Prószyński 1989: 41–42, Figs 21–22; Wesołowska type, designated by M.E. Galiano, “10776” from Aden), palpal organ and van Harten 1994: 58, Figs 117–118. dorsally (443), laterally (444), epigynum (445). 108 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Remarks. Lectotype of Mogrus praecinctus Simon, 1890 epigynum is especially important because of complicat- (male, female being paralectotype) from Aden “10776”, in Simon ed membranous copulatory channels, which have been collection in MNHN-Paris was designated by M.E. Galiano by usually overlooked in studies to date. There is a funda- labelling, but not published. It is apparently conspecific with Myrmarachne male of Mogrus portentosus Wesołowska, van Harten 1994. mental revision of of Africa by Wanless Lectotype is not congeneric with specimen “Mogrus praecinc- 1978. A few papers were recently published on Oriental tus Sim. Khor Atta, Werner, 1905, det. Simon” in NHM-Vienna, and Pacific Salticidae, including Myrmarachne. In studied by Prószyński (1984c: 104) as Pellenes praecinctus Israel only a single species has been discovered. (Sim.), now transfered to genus Evarcha. Tip of embolus twisted into small circle in all male specimens I have seen. Epigynum of paralectotype specimen (Fig. 445) is of Myrmarachne tristis (Simon) generalized Mogrus type; more details of epigynum as well as its (Figs 446–452) internal structure were given by Wesołowska and van Harten (1994: Figs 125–127) externally it closely resembles M. neglec- Salticus tristis Simon, 1882: 212; tus, but its internal structure seems to be more complicated. Myrmarachne tristis: Simon 1901a: 501, 503; Wanless 1978: 63–66, Distribution. Yemen – Aden. Figs 36A–H, 37A–E (s. M. t. diversipes); Prószyński 1989: 44–47, Figs 37–43; Wesołowska and van Harten 1994: 63–65, Figs 128–132. Mogrus sp. 3 Diagnosis. A typical Myrmarachne, characterized Mogrus sp. 3: Prószyński 1989: 44, Figs 25, 28, 35–36. in males by broad and moderately short chelicerae with Remarks. Known from Saudi Arabia, closely resembling M. prominent basal constriction; epigynum of female with fulvovittatus, from which it seems to differ in minor details of posterior median pockets on membranous white “win- epigynum, spermathecae and abdominal pattern. Males unknown. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Female – II. dow”; anterior, transverse loops of sclerotized sper- Distribution. Saudi Arabia. Israel: not yet found. mathecae differ from type species (M. formicaria) by having only two bends. Remarks. Included provisionally by Wanless into the Myrmarachne MacLeay, 1839 tristis group of species, characterized by shape of epig- ynum (as described above), and by S-shaped bent pedi- Type species. Myrmarachne melanocephala palpal apophysis in males; this group contains 24 species MacLeay, 1939: 11. in Africa, as well as several species in SE and E Asia. Introductory remarks. Large genus of ant-like jump- Males and females. Close to general appearance of ing spiders, perhaps the most widely known example of the genus, differs by chelicerae in males and epigynum that particular type of adaptation, containing 206 nominal in females, as described above. species world-wide. It is recognisable by general appear- Distribution. Egypt; Libya; Saudi Arabia; Yemen; ance, with long petiolus, deep constriction on cephalotho- India. In Israel: ‘En Kerem (11); ‘En Tamar (13); Nahal rax and, in many species constriction on abdomen also. Sekher (on Tamarix among Tapinoma ants) (15). Cephalic part is always higher than thoracic. These con- strictions, as well as associated white spots and modifica- tions of legs give Myrmarachne protective resemblance Napoca Simon, 1901 to ants, often to particular species of ants. There is a group of usually much larger species in Type species. Salticus insignis O. Pickard-Cambridge Africa and Asia, having no abdominal constriction, often 1872: 324. considered as the genus Belippo Simon, 1909; the prob- Introductory remarks. A genus of unclear position, lem of separation of these genera, or keeping them as a closely related to Bianor Peckham et Peckham, 1885, single genus, require further studies. Males have over- transfered to Napoca by Simon (1901). That view was grown chelicerae protruding horizontally forward, their seconded recently by Logunov (2001 [2000]: 280–281), size varying from a half to a whole length of cephalotho- but based on different characters (presence of bulbus rax, in some species even longer; females have short protuberance and broad tibia and femur I, which dis- chelicerae set vertically. agree with Logunov’s view on genus Bianor. Genus Myrmarachne has a peculiar and very constant type Napoca contains at present only single species, which is of palpal organ and rather similar type of epigynum, questionable and apparently provisional. well illustrated in the drawings in this paper. Identification of genus Myrmarachne usually begins by pointing to their numerous retrolateral cheliceral teeth, Napoca insignis (O. Pickard-Cambridge) a character rather redundant in view of their obvious (Figs 133–135) appearance. Identification of species of Myrmarachne Salticus insignis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 324–326; is difficult because of particularly uniform palpal organs Napoca insignis: Prószyński 1984: 57; Napoca i.: Logunov 2001 and other characters. Study of stained preparation of [2000]: 280–281. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 109

449 450

446

451

452

447

448

Figures 446–452. Myrmarachne tristis (male), general appearance (446), overgrown chelicera dorsally (447) and ventro-laterally (448), palpal organ ventrally (449) and laterally (450); female, epigynum (451) and its internal structure (452).

Diagnosis. Abdomen short and broad, as broad as Neaetha Simon, 1884 cephalothorax, bulbus round, without any flattening. Description. Male. “The spider appears very broad, Type species. Attus membrosus Simon 1868: 617. cephalothorax and abdomen being about of equal Introductory remarks. A Pelleninae genus related to length, the abdomen covers tightly sloping part of the Bianor, containing 11 nominal species, occurring in the thorax. The general colouration blackish reddish Mediterranean area, Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. brown, with the legs darkest” (O. Pickard-Cambridge In comparison with Yllenus, cephalothorax is broad 1872: 324–326). Cephalothorax: eye field flat and long, and low, eye field more angular at eyes III, posterior 1 broader posteriorly, eyes II closer to eyes I; thoracic slope begins at about /2 of length of thorax, and not slope step, begins just behind eye field; a few whitish immediately behind eyes III. Leg proportions unusual – scales dorsally. Abdomen flattened and oval, truncated III and I distinctly longer (by 32–39%) than IV and II (in anteriorly and pointed and oval posteriorly; glossy Yllenus legs IV distinctly longest). Palpal organ, and blackish red-brown with a few pale scales. Frontal especially epigynum, resembling Bianor. Bulbus is aspect: chelicerae strong, straight and flattened anteri- elongate oval with broader embolus, epigynum has orly. Legs: I longer and stronger than II–IV. much longer and narrower vaginal roof with entrance Palpal organ: bulbus oval, almost round which dis- channel leading straight to heavily sclerotized sper- tinguishes it from remaining species where is anteriorly matheca, without U-shaped, less sclerotized portion of flattened; apex of apophysis does not bend ventrally but the channel inserted in its middle. slightly bent dorsally. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax and abdomen 3.34 mm. Neaetha murphyorum Prószyński Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – (Figs 453–455) III. (collected in 1865). Distribution. Israel: Hebron (11). Neaetha murphyorum Prószyński, 2000: 256, Figs 93–95. 110 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

456

453

454 455 457 458

Figures 453–458. Neaetha murphyorum (male from Negev), general appearance (453), palpal organ ventrally (454), laterally (455); N. oculata (from Aden), epigynum (456), palpal organ ventrally (457), laterally (458).

Diagnosis. Shape of body and size resembles on femur, striking white scales on apical half of patella Yllenus, occurring in the same area, but colour pattern and dorsally on brown cymbium. Legs III the longest, is strikingly different. Legs I robust, III the longest. mainly owing to very long femur, although legs I seem Closely related to Neaetha oculata larger and are certainly more robust, dark brown, Description. Male. Cephalothorax light yellow, sides except yellow tarsi; remaining legs whitish with dark dark with adpressed whitish setae, marginal belt strik- brown spots, legs II and IV distinctly smaller. ingly white, but ventral edge is black; eye field yellow Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax with minute colourless scales, indistinct greyish X- 1.43; length of abdomen 1.32; length of 5 segments of leg shaped spot between eyes III, there is a grey, median I 3.12; length of legs order: III, I, IV, II. dorsal line along the thorax. Abdomen yellowish white Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – IV. with pattern of grey lines suffused with white, median Distribution. Israel: Be’er Mash’abbim. (15) streak splits in the mid-length of abdomen, giving two Etymology. Named for a very sympathetic couple of diverging diagonally lines, followed posteriorly by grey prominent arachnologists – Frances Murphy, recently lines converging towards spinnerets, which delimit dia- deceased, and John Murphy, both considered good mond-shaped light area in the posterior half of friends by many, the author included. abdomen. Frontal aspect with high belt of strikingly white scales across clypeus, followed by a row of short scales overhanging chelicerae, a few small scales on Relevant species surface of chelicerae. Chelicerae small, shorter than diameter of AME, and strikingly narrower than Neaetha aegyptiaca Denis 4 cephalothorax (about /10 of cephalothorax width). Ventral edge of cephalothorax except clypeus, black, Neaetha aegyptiaca Denis, 1947: 78 Tab. 5, Figs 14–16; beginning under ALE. Pedipalps very small, bulbus oval, Neaetha aegyptiaca: Prószyński 1984b: 93. embolus bent in front of bulbus, tibial apophysis simple; Remarks. Species of uncertain systematic position. dark, with lighter spots, white setae and scales apically Distribution. Egypt – Siwa Oasis. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 111

Neaetha cerussata (Simon) Cephalothorax: dark, usually with white belt behind and beneath eye field, sometimes reduced to intensive Attus cerussatus Simon, 1868: 615; Neaetha cerussata Prószyński, 1984b: 93. white spots behind eyes III (absent in male P. ostrinus); often with striking white mark anteriorly on eye field. Distribution. Mediterranean: Italy, Greece. Abdomen: dark with intensely white median streak (rarely occurring in other Salticidae), in some cases thin Neaetha oculata (O. Pickard-Cambridge) or reduced to a chain of spots; often crossed or (Figs 456–458) approached by transverse white line or lines, sometimes Attus oculatus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876: 612 Tab. 60, Fig. 90; diagonal; anterior edge white, continuing as white margin- Neaetha oculata: Simon 1890a: 119, 123; Prószyński 1984b: 92. al line encircling the whole abdomen, in some species bro- ken. Differs from other genera with stripes on abdomen by Distribution. Egypt, Yemen. intensity of white colour, oval shape of short and broad abdomen, short and high appearance of cephalothorax (by Relevant genus Pachyballus Simon, 1900 which differs from Phlegra and Langona). Type species. Pachyballus transversus Simon, 1900. Palpal organ: oval bulbus, on its side originates short Introductory remarks. The genus was not reported from Israel and thick embolus, reaching anterior edge of bulbust; the nor from any Palaearctic parts of Africa and Asia. tip of embolus is usually bifurcate (with prongs connected by thin, semitransparent plate) and has complicated struc- Pachyballus rotundus Wesołowska et van Harten ture visible only under high magnification (200 ×) of a good quality stereomicroscope. Tibial apophysis articulate with Pachyballus rotundus Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 65–67, Figs 133–139. depression on retro-lateral surface of cymbium, surround- Remarks. Relevant species from Yemen, with genital organs ed anteriorly and dorsally with swelling, in some species resembling Denryphantes and the body shape comparable with dorsal swelling is particularly prominent. Epigynum: oval, some Bianor and Ballus. Classification to genus uncertain. sclerotized but usually whitish, divided longitudinally by a broad furrow of varying width and length, ending anterior- ly with semispherical vaginal roof, usually brown; the fur- Pellenes Simon, 1876 row separates two lateral depressions or grooves, limited posteriorly by a semicircular margin continuous with Type species. Aranea tripunctata Walckenaer edges of furrow, more strongly sclerotized and darker, 1802: 247. encircling inconspicuous copulatory openings leading to Introductory remarks. Medium size jumping spi- the compact knot of strongly sclerotized internal channels. der, abdominal pattern usually dark with median strik- Separate chambers of spermathecae not developed. This ingly white streak, with or without additional transverse description may partly fit general outline of epigynum in or diagonal lines; cephalothorax moderately broad and Bianor and Neaetha, but these genera differ in propor- high, often with white spot behind eyes III; legs robust, tions and essential details. Exceptional structure of epigy- with tibia I slightly swollen and narrowing anteriorly. num in Pellenes ostrinus and in P. tripunctatus (the lat- Whilst the above wording may fit several genera once ter not yet found in Israel) presumably derived from the memorized external appearance usually permits imme- general type described above. diate recognition. The unmistakable criteria of recogni- tion are structures of genital organs in both sexes, as Key to species of Pellenes described below. Body proportions. Cephalothorax: length 1.54-2.0- 1. Abdomen black with prominent white median 2.61 mm; shape broad, its width (expressed in % of streak, clypeus with white setae and scales, epigy- cephalothorax length) is 52-60-65% at eyes I, 71-77-86% num with median furrow, vaginal roof and ridges at eyes III, height 44-50-59%. Eye field extending over encircling lateral grooves, cymbium without promi- 38-43-50% of cephalothorax, also short in relation to its nent dorso-lateral process ...... 2 width at eyes I (52-60-65%), trapezium shaped, broad- –. Abdomen brown with reddish or golden hue (in pre- ening posteriorly by 5-7-11%; indistinctly narrower than served specimen) with very thin median white line cephalothorax, eyes III are located closely to the edges along posterior half in male, in some specimens on of cephalothorax. Abdomen: elongate oval tapering pos- black background, longer line in female; clypeus teriorly; its lengt is 93-118-157%, its width 61-93-125% with golden or orange setae, epigynum single (expressed in % of length of cephalothorax). depressed sclerotized plate without median vagi- Leg proportions differ in both sexes: in male leg nal roof and ridges (Figs. 478–479); cymbium with order is I, III (mean 90% of the leg I), IV (mean 69%), II prominent dorso-lateral process basally; tip of (mean 59%); in female III (mean 119%), I (= 100%), IV embolus divided into short, thin needle and longer (mean 99%), II (mean 78%). fan-like plate ...... P. ostrinus 112 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

2(1). No transverse or diagonal white lines across is listed as “Salticus calvus, jar 1745, t. 25” “Corfu”, but abdomen (except anterior marginal); white spots since the type of the latter cannot be found, I retain the behind eyes III separated, clypeus with very thin O. Pickard-Cambridge name for this species. white line; tip of embolus divided into long thin Description. Male. Cephalothorax uniformly black, needle and funnel-like structure (visible under covered with colourless scales; no white spots behind high power magnification) ...... 3 eyes III, longitudinal line of white scales along the edge –. Abdomen with two pairs of diagonal white lines at of dorsal surface of thorax from behind eyes III (visible the lateral edge, not reaching median white streak; in 3 specimens, in 2 remnants – a few scales); no white white spots behind eyes III separated but extend- scales beneath lateral eyes, ventral edge dark. ing anteriorly under lateral eyes; median epigynal Abdomen black with anterior white semilunar mar- groove long, posterior rims of lateral grooves gin, interrupted by a black narrow space, and a median transverse (Figs 471–472) . . . . . P. nigrociliatus streak along the whole abdomen, broadened slightly in –. Abdomen crossed by transverse white line or lines mid-length and gradually narrowing towards both ends; ...... 4 anterior end of median streak penetrates black space in 3(2). Anterior abdominal white margin broken in the mid- semilunar margin and enters anterior slope of abdomen; dle, median white streak extends over whole length white, narrow, marginal line encircles almost the whole of abdomen also entering its anterior slope; che- abdomen from spinnerets to the anterior slope, in some licerae without striking rows of white scales; tibial specimens that marginal line broadens posteriorly. apophysis shorter; bottom of the embolar split nar- Frontal aspect: rims of eyes I with very inconspicu- row, V-shaped (Figs. 484, 485, 486) . . . P. epularis ous colourless orbital setae, longer dorsally and with –. Anterior abdominal white margin continuous, sep- fawn hue; clypeus dark brown with a thin straight line of arated by black space from the tip of the median intensely white scales along ventral edge under AME, white streak, extending over half or more of continuing horizontally on the same level under ALE abdomen; in male three vertical rows of large white above edge which bends ventrally. Chelicerae dark scales on chelicerae; tibial apophysis longer; bot- brown, without distinct white scales. tom of the embolar split broadly rectangular (Figs Legs: I fawn with femur dark brown, remaining seg- 487–488); in female median epigynal furrow and ments light fawn, the lightest is the patella dorsally; legs vaginal roof broad and long, lateral grooves small II–IV light fawn. Ventral aspect: sternum light brown (Figs 467–468) ...... P. simoni with a few indistinct whitish scales and setae, abdomen 4(2). Anterior transverse thick white line makes T-junc- pale with brown hue and almost invisible whitish scales; tion with the median white streak, sometimes coxae I brown, II–IV pale with brownish hue. slightly triangular, but leaving black space before Palpal organ: bulbus approximately oval with embo- anterior white margin; broad white area behind eye lus arising at 9 o’clock-position; embolus consists of a field, sides of cephalothorax light; median epigynal common fleshy trunk split in its mid-length into external furrow short, posterior rims of the lateral grooves needle shaped embolus proper and plate-like conductor, diagonal (Figs 469–470) ...... P. maderianus the latter half twisted along its axis, apically flattened –. Abdomen black with thin broken white median line fan-like and semitransparent; tibial apophysis sharp, joined posteriorly by a pair of thin diagonal lines; slightly inclined apically, shorter than half bulbus length, lateral surface of cymbium with three large protu- articulates with lateral depression on cymbium and berances, fused with tibial apophysis; tip of embo- swelling of its basal, dorso-lateral end. The palpal organ lus forms a complicated bent plate; epigynum with is very similar to that in Pellenes simoni (O.P.-C.) from a complicated median ridge . . . . P. tripunctatus which it differs by shorter, less bent tibial apophysis and narrow, V-shaped bottom of the split on embolus trunk. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Pellenes epularis (O. Pickard-Cambridge) 1.69–2.13; length of abdomen 1.69–2.13. (Figs 484–486, 489–491) Distribution. Corfu; Lebanon: Hazbeiya. Attus calvus: Simon, 1868: 594; Salticus epularis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 329; Pellenes calvus: Prószyński 1984b: 101; Pellenes maderianus Kulczyński Pellenes epularis: Prószyński 1984b: 101. (Figs 459, 469–470) Diagnosis. Differs from P. simoni by details of tip of Pellenes maderianus Kulczyński, 1905: 457; embolus and shorter tibial apophysis; line of white Pellenes maderianus: Prószyński 1976: 52, Fig. 273, map 139; scales along the edge of dorsal surface of thorax. Prószyński 1992b: 195–296, Figs 129–131; Remark. The present description is based on 5 Pellenes epularis (in part): Logunov, Marusik and Rakov 1999: 122. males “Salticus aepularis OPC t. 63, B. 1731” in the O. Diagnosis. Female cephalothorax light with dark Pickard-Cambridge collection in Oxford. Another male diamond shaped spot on posterior slope of thorax, legs I SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 113

light, with lateral surfaces of patella – tarsus I fawn. posterior slope of thorax, covered with long adpressed Epigynum: median furrow short, narrow (about 1/5th of scales which additionally differentiate coloration: ante- epigynum diameter), posterior ridges arching diagonal- rior half of eye field is covered with striking white scales ly, lacking transverse parts; prominent sclerotized which give white appearance (on second specimen these ridges in front of copulatory opening. are lost, leaving entirely blackish eye field with a few Remarks. Drawing of male holotype of this species white scales), posterior half with dark scales; anterior provided by Logunov, Marusik and Rakov (1999: Fig. 121) thorax fawn, again with large white scales, but sides does not seem identical with his drawing (Fig. 111, ibi- with sparse and much smaller inconspicuous scales. dem) of P. epularis from Central Asia, so synonymy of Ventral edge light fawn, without striking belts of setae. these forms does not seem convincing. There seem to be Abdomen dark with intensely white median longitu- a group of closely related species, consisting of, among dinal streak anteriorly meeting a transverse white belt, others, from P. epularis, P. maderianus, P. nigrocilia- together making T-like pattern (the tip of the median tus, P. simoni, with minute differences in tip of embolus, streak protruding through the transverse one may be difficult to interpretation. Identification of these species also compared to a white arrowhead); there are thin require preliminary study of colour pattern differences traces of a second transverse bar, more posteriorly, at and individual variation in local populations. about mid-length of abdomen; anterior marginal white Description. Male (not yet found in the Israel). line merges with white sides of abdomen. In the Negev Female. Cephalothorax light yellow, with contrasting specimens abdomen described as whitish with broad, blackish eye field and diamond shaped blackish spot on uninterrupted dark pigmented submarginal oval ring,

459 460

461 462

463

464

466 465

Figures 459–466. General appearance of Pellenes maderianus, female (459); P. nigrociliatus, female (460); Pellenes ostrinus, female (461) and male (462); Pellenes simoni female (463) and variation (? or different species) in two males (464, 465), as well as face of male (466). 114 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

471

468

470 467

469 472

Figures 467–472. Comparison of epigynum and its internal structure in Pellenes simoni (467, 468); Pellenes maderianus (469, 470), and Pellenes nigrociliatus (471, 472). covered with brown adpressed setae, encircling median Pellenes tocharistanus Andreeva (1976: Figs 106–109) white area covered with white scales; there is a small from Tadjikistan, and dark coloured “Pellenes semiater enlargement of that area slightly behind mid-length, E. Simon, Auctor det. 1898. Mustapha, P. Lesne, MNHN- resembling a pair of non separated white spots on the Paris” – a non type specimen. For the moment no com- dark marginal ring; there is no connection between ments on relationships of these forms can be offered. external white margin and central white area in two Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females specimens from the Negev (for specimens from other – V, VI, X. areas, that pattern was described as white “T” on dark Distribution. Presumably Mediterranean, known background). Sides white, spinnerets dark with white from Madeira and India. Israel: mouth of Nahal Samakh setae on tip. Frontal aspect: dark upper face contrasts (7); Sayeret Shaked Park (15); Hatira Ridge (17); with light fawn tegument of lower part of face, densely Berekhat Ram(18). covered with broad white scales, also overhanging the clypeal edge, which is bald laterally. Chelicerae fawn without transverse ridges, pedipalps thin and light. Pellenes negevensis Prószyński Legs I fawn with lateral surfaces of tibia, metatarsus (Figs 473–475) and patella brown, but femur I distinctly lighter. Legs II–IV light yellow. Ventral aspect: sternum and coxae Pellenes negevensis Prószyński, 2000: 257, Figs 96–98. light fawn to yellow; abdomen uniformly whitish. Diagnosis. Unusual by grey colour of abdomen; pal- Epigynum: median furrow short, narrow (about 1/5th of pal organ differs from P. hedjazensis in proportions and epigynum diameter), its posterior ridges arching diago- shape of details: retrolateral wall of cymbium with a nally behind round grooves with sclerotized slits of cop- huge flap articulating with tibial apophysis and hiding it ulatory openings, lacking transverse part, which is entirely from the dorsal side; embolus split apically into unique in the genus; prominent sclerotized ridges in two small needle shaped processes, accompanied medi- front of copulatory opening, not seen in other species. ally by a large conductor, separated from embolus, in Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- ventral view looking like a dark brown process running rax 1.87; length of abdomen 1.15; length of 5 segments of along the middle of cymbium, from bulbus towards ante- leg I 2.96. rior end of cymbium. Remarks. A few other species share the above Remarks. Closely related to Pellenes hedjazensis described characters, with some variation. These are Prószyński, 1993 from Saudi Arabia, also resembling SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 115

dots interrupted by short transverse lines. There is a concentration of light scales marginally, but they do not make separate streaks. Frontal aspect: striking contrast between large black anterior legs I (covered with whitish scales, tarsus brown) and light face. Diameter of ALE 2/5th of AME. Clypeus 3/5th of AME, covered with broad white scales, arranged horizontally, at the edge diagonal white scales overhanging cheliceral bases, sides of face below ALE light fawn with whitish scales, passing into brown sides of 475 cephalothorax. Eyes I surrounded ventrally and laterally by white scales, dorsally by grey setae and colourless 473 scales on dark pigmented rim; there is small white trian- 474 gle above touching points of AME, extending onto anteri- or eye field. Chelicerae small, their width equal to AME, Figures 473–475. Pellenes negevensis (Sede Zin, 27. V. 1992), palpal organ light brown, with brown bases, becoming darker apically, ventrally (473) and latero-ventrally (474), tibial apophysis laterally (475). with transverse ridges (stridulatory ?); there are three vertical rows of minute white scales along each chelicera. Pellenes sytchevskayae from S Uzbekistan by appear- Pedipalps light brown to yellow, with whitish scales scat- ance of palpal organ, with distinct differences in minute tered among sparse white setae on cymbium and tibia. details of embolus, as shown on Figs 734–735. There Palpal organ resembling Pellenes hedjazensis seem to be a group of closely related species, consisting Prószyński (1993) of Saudi Arabia by having large pos- of, among others, from P. hedjazensis, P. negevensis, P. tero-lateral flap on cymbium wall even more strongly sytchevskayae, with small differences in embolus, diffi- developed; embolus apically split into two tiny spines cult to interpretation. Identification of these species (three in P. hedjazensis); embolus is followed by a large require preliminary study of colour pattern differences conductor in shape of an elongated horizontal “S” with and individual variation in local populations. apical loop distant from embolus and running almost Description. Male. Cephalothorax: generally light straight from the middle of bulbus edge towards the api- brown with lighter lower sides and eye field, covered cal end of cymbium; bulbus anteriorly rounded, broadly with adpressed, long and broad, sometimes wavy, truncated, narrowing triangularly posteriorly. Tibial whitish scales. Eye field has a large, copper-fawn apophysis black sclerotized, of medium length, narrow- trapezium shaped area covered by light scales, delimit- ing and slightly inclined posteriorly. Ventral aspect: che- ed anteriorly and laterally by thin black rims along eyes licerae and mouth parts greyish brown, sternum dark anterior and lateral, posteriorly suffused with grey and brown, medially paler yellowish grey, with long white then delimited by a pair of lighter, chevron shaped lines setae and scales. Coxae yellow. Abdomen light whitish between eyes III. Anterior thoracic dorsum with darker yellow with median row of grey dots in one specimen, brown triangular or round spot, extending towards tho- extended into grey streak in another, and into broad racic hindmargin as a darker median line, delimited grey rectangular areas, delimited by thin light lines in with lighter areas covered by more pronouncedly the third specimen, sides dark grey. whitish scales. Upper sides brown, lower lighter brown, Legs I overgrown, much longer than others, blackish covered with whitish scales and setae; there is a dark brown to black, tarsus and ventral side of femur light bald marginal line delimited by denser white scales brown to yellow; covered with setae and white scales; above it in the anterior part of sides, and followed by a metatarsus, tibia and patella ventrally with dense fur of fringe of hanging white scales beneath the edge. long black setae, prolateral surface of femur bald and Abdomen: generally grey with dense, long, yellowish dark; tibia I long, neither swollen medially nor narrow- scales, with an admixture of whitish scales, adpresed in ing at ends; spines, if present, not visible among the ven- their basal parts but slightly upright apically, which tral brush of setae. Remaining legs yellowish grey to yel- gives the abdomen a rough surface. There is a pattern of low, with darker lateral surfaces and dark incomplete grey pigmented spots on integument, beneath the annulation. scales, which gives an overall impression of a median Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax line of small light spots arranged in 7 chevrons or small 2.24; length of abdomen 2.56; length of 5 segments of leg triangles, resembling that in Pellenes ignifrons (Grube, I 6.96. 1861) (cf. Prószyński 1971a: 214–218, Figs 20–27) and Material. Holotype male – Israel: Sede Zin, near Pellenes limbatus Kulczyński (1895: 87), in which, how- Sede Boqer (pitfall trap), 27. V. 1992; paratypes – Negev ever, abdomen is black and dots, separated by darker – Be’er Mash’abbim (pitfall trap); 2 males – 30. IV.93; spots and followed on each side by darker streaks of male – V. 91. All leg. Y. Lubin. Coll. SB. 116 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Comparative material. Pellenes sytchevskayae Description. Male. Cephalothorax black, with a pair Logunov, Marusik, Rakov 1999, male holotype – of small, wedge shaped spots of white scales behind Uzbekistan, Bukhara area, 1km NE from Gazli Vill. 25. eyes III. There is a line of intensively white scales V. 1994. Leg. A. A. Zyuzin. beneath lateral edge of cephalothorax, and much weak- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – er line of whitish scales just above the edge, which is IV, V; females – V. continuous to the face, where becomes strikingly white Distribution. Israel: Be’er Mash’abbim, Nahal and thick line of scales at the edge of clypeus, above che- Sekher (sands) (15); Sede Zin (17). licerae. Remaining clypeus black, rims of eyes I with insconspicuous black scales or bald. Chelicerae brown- ish black with three vertical lines of white setae along Pellenes nigrociliatus (L. Koch) their basal half. Pedipalps brownish black with lighter (Figs 460, 471–472, 729–733) patella, there are white scales and setae on patella, and tip of femur. Palpal organ very similar to P. simoni, with Attus nigrociliatus L. Koch, 1875: 14 , t. 1, Figs 9–11; minute differences in tip of embolus and tibial apoph- Pellenes nigrociliatus: Miller 1971: 142, t. 21, Figs 11–13; Prószyński 1971: 244–248, Figs 33–44; Andreeva 1976: 85–86, ysis, these two species differ from P. epularis by longer Figs 103–105; Prószyński 1976: 41, 51, Figs 272, map 133; tibial apophysis. Prószyński 1979: 314, Figs 229–230; Flanczewska 1981: 215, More useful differences are provided by abdominal Figs 75–76. pattern, which in P. nigrociliatus is black, covered with Diagnosis. Black, abdomen with median white line adpressed black setae, There is a median white line cov- and two short, diagonal white lines at lateral edge. ered with white setae, continuous or in some specimens Cephalothorax with a pair of small spots of white scales consisting of white triangles, and two short, diagonal behind eyes III. Distal half of leg I brownish black, prox- white lines at the dorso-lateral edge of abdomen, whitish imal yellow. scales make line at the anterior edge. Spinnerets blackish.

476 480

477

481

483 482 478

479

Figures 476–483. Pellenes ostrinus (Ramat Rachel specimen), palpal organ ventrally (476), dorsally (477), as well as epigynum ventral (478), and latero-ventral (479) views; internal structure of epigynum (480). Comparative specimens from Corfu, palpal organ ventrally (481), tip of embolus (482); specimen from Smyrna (Turkey), internal structure of epigynum (483). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 117

Leg I – tarsus, metatarsus and half of tibia blackish, brown, including tarsus, dorsal surfaces lighter brown, remaining tibia, patella and femur yellow with brownish patella and tibia with rows of whitish scales; legs II–IV shade; covered with sparse black setae. Leg II – yellow brownish grey, except femora dorsally light yellow. brownish, with darker sides. Leg III and IV – tarsi yel- Ventral aspect: sternum dark brown with a few low, metatarsi, tibiae, and patellae dark brown to black; colourless scales; anterior coxae brown, the posterior femur III blackish brown with lighter line along dorsal ones lighter; median area of abdomen whitish, laterally surface, femur IV apically dark, basally lighter. Ventral followed by a pair of grey and whitish stripes. aspect: mouth parts and sternum dark brown, coxae yel- Epigynum: median furrow long, narrow (about 1/5th of low, abdomen black. epigynum diameter), its posterior ridges arching trans- Female. Cephalothorax blackish brown; eye field versely behind round lateral grooves with indistinct cop- almost black with anterior median spot of white scales; ulatory openings (Figs 471–472). subocular white streak extends beneath lateral eyes Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- and bends over the edge of dorsal surface making a rax 1.82; length of abdomen 2.61. white spot behind eyes III, but does not extend across Remerks. A very peculiar and interesting behaviour of the whole dorsal surface of thorax (difference with this species was observed in Poland: the spider builds a Pellenes arcigerus and Pellenes maderianus). retreat insidean empty snail shell, hoists it on threads Abdomen dark; median white streak approached by above the ground, suspended from grasses or low bushes, two pairs of diagonal lines running from sides of and from here it jumps on insects flying by and drags them abdomen but is not touched or crossed by them; anteri- into the shell (Mikulska 1961). The original description (L. or marginal white line continues diagonally over sides of Koch 1875: 14) mentions retreats in similarly suspended abdomen. In the original drawing of Pellenes ravoisiaei dry and convoluted leaves, but not hunting behaviour. (Lucas, 1846: 165, Tab. 8, Fig. 4) from Algeria there are Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male two pairs of similar diagonal white lines but limited to –IV, VIII, females – I. margins of the dorsum only; I suspect this may be the Distribution. C and S Europe; ? Israel: Hanita same species with slightly modified pattern or a very (1); Dorot (15); Sansan Reserve (11). closely related one, but unfortunately there are no type specimens of Pellenes ravoisiaei preserved. Frontal aspect: ocular area dark with eyes I sur- Pellenes ostrinus (Simon) rounded with reddish setae; clypeus under AME dense- (Figs 461–462, 476–483) ly covered with intensely white scales, which are spars- Attus ostrinus er under ALE and on fawn background; dark brown Simon 1868: 52; Pellenes ostrinus: Prószyński 1984c: 102. marginal line, delimited by white scales, begins under ALE and runs posteriorly; chelicerae light brown with a Diagnosis. Matching of female with male Pellenes few white scales arranged in lines and with whitish ostrinus is provisional and tentative, based on mutual setae; pedipalps yellow with patella white. Legs: I dark colour characters and assumed correspondence of

487 484 485

488

486

Figures 484–488. Palpal organ ventrally and detail of tip of embolus in Pellenes epularis (O. Pickard-Cambridge specimen), palpal organ ventrally (484), tip of embolus ventrally (485) and antero-laterally (486); and P. simoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge specimen labelled as “Salticus laevigatus”) palpal organ ventrally (487), tip of embolus antero-laterally (488). 118 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Abdomen dorsally and laterally, greyish 491 with short golden adpressed setae, along posterior half a thin white median line of white scales, continuous or broken, con- toured by thin black line; in darker brown specimen that black contouring is not visible. Frontal aspect: face covered entirely with golden-orange setae (clypeus up to 489 ventral rims of eyes I, similar but slightly 490 longer, overhanging cheliceral bases), a few tiny white setae under ALE, on one speci- men clypeal edge medially white; two spots 493 of intensely white scales on pedipalpal femur tip and dorsally on patella. Diameter of ALE 0.5 of AME, located along upper half of AME. Legs uniformly blackish brown, a few indistinct whitish scales proximally on patella I and sparse whitish scales prolat- erally on apical tip of femur III and along patella III. Palpal organ: tip of embolus divided into thin needle and fan-like plate, of various width in different specimens. Female. Cephalothorax dark brown with three whitish longitudinal lines of large scales: median one along dorsum of thorax 492 494 and two lateral ones extending along later- al eyes and dorsal edge of thorax; spots of Figures 489–494. Pedipalpal tibia in Pellenes epularis (O. Pickard-Cambridge speci- men), tibial apophysis laterally (489), dorsally (490) and antero-laterally (491); and in P. whitish scales at anterior margin of eye simoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge specimen labelled as “Salticus laevigatus”), tibial field, just between and behind eyes I. apophysis laterally (492), dorso-laterally (493) and antero-laterally (494). Abdomen blackish with single thin median line of intensely white scales unusual structure of epigynum with broad, fan-like plate enhanced posteriorly by darker black scales (in male in complex embolus of males. Pellenes ostrinus share this white line occupies half of abdomen only); irregu- general plan of the palpal organ with Siberian Pellenes larly shaped marginal white streak. ignifrons (Grube, 1861) (cf. Prószyński 1971a: 214–218, Frontal aspect: face covered with golden-orange setae Figs 20–27), Pellenes limbatus Kulczyński (1895: 87) on clypeus, surrounding ventral rims of eyes I; a thin line and male “Evarcha” albopilosa Tyschenko (1965a: of intensely white scales along ventral edge of clypeus with 701, Fig. 9); differing in less pronounced basal latero- slightly longer ones overhanging cheliceral bases; chelicer- dorsal notch and process of cymbium, as well as much ae blackish brown. Contrasting white scales on pedipalpal broader fan-like plate of embolus. Siberian species has femur tip and the whole dorsal surface of patella and tibia. different abdominal pattern consisting of a narrow Legs uniformly blackish brown, with sparse whitish scales. median line of discrete white triangles, the abdomen Epigynum transverse oval depressed sclerotized being dark. The epigynum in female Pellenes ostrinus plate without any median longitudinal ridges or arches; seems to be similar to the female found in Smyrna a short transverse ridge anteriorly ending with a pair of (“13.279 , Smyrna (Krupper)” in Simon’s black protuberances which apparently provide external collection, MNHN-Paris, of presumably the same armour for copulatory openings; compact, sclerotized, species, also to female from Spain and to female of oval spermathecae, which consist of tight internal spi- Evarcha albopilosa Tyschenko, 1965 (Prószyński 1979: rals of sclerotized channels. 307, Figs 87–88); it also resembles boreo-mountainous A similar but faded specimen labelled “13.279 holarctic Pellenes lapponicus (Sundevall, 1832), and a Stenaelurillus Smyrna (Krupper)” is kept in the Simon number of North American species. collection in the MNHN-Paris. Its epigynum and sper- Description. Male. Cephalothorax dark brown, with mathecae (Figs. 483) show some differences, which, a small indistinct spot of reddish yellow or whitish setae however, may be due to shifting of these spherical, thick immediately behind eyes I; in one of studied specimens structures during mounting of the microscopic prepara- two light streaks with some white setae behind eyes III tion. The specific status of that specimen requires con- along edges of dorsal surface of level part of the thorax. firmation from fresh specimens. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 119

Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Description. Male. Cephalothorax blackish with incon- 2.61; length of abdomen 2.50; female – length of spicuous, sparse and small colourless scales on eye field; a cephalothorax 2.39; length of abdomen 3.75. pair of contrasting lighter pigmented spots behind eyes III, Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – and a small, median lighter spot, all with remnants of white II, III, IV, V; female – V. scales; area under eyes lateral is also slightly lighter, no Distribution. E Mediterranean from Greece and white scales along the black ventral edge. Turkey to Israel, if synonymies confirmed, then possibly Abdomen dark with a white cross pattern, consisting from Spain to . Israel: Ramot-HaShavim (8); of longitudinal median streak, slightly swollen posteri- Jerusalem, Ramat-Rahel, Bet Shemesh (11). orly, narrowing at both ends, and thinner transverse bar, with bent lateral ends. The width of the cross streak and transverse bar is variable, in some specimens reduced Pellenes simoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge) to posterior part of streak only, then slightly ovoid. (Figs 463–466, 467–468, 487–488, 492–494, 498–500) There is a broad white belt at the anterior edge of abdomen. Spinnerets dark. Attus laevigatus Simon, 1868: 51 [possible synonym, not proved Frontal aspect blackish, almost bald with inconspic- sufficiently yet]; Salticus laevigatus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 322; uous orange or yellow setae surrounding eyes I, a line of Salticus semiater: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 323; white scales hanging down from the edge of clypeus. Salticus simoni O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 329–330; Chelicerae dark brown, small, each with three vertical Attus tauricus Thorell, 1875: 116, syn. nov. lines of a few white scales; without transverse ridges. Attus simoni: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1876: 101; Pedipalps brown with patella lighter, fawn with white Pellenes simoni: Prószyński 1984b: 100; scales and setae dorsally. Pellenes tauricus: Prószyński 1984b: 102. Pellenes geniculatus: Logunov, Marusik and Rakov 1999: 126. Ventral aspect: mouthparts, sternum (with large whitish scales and setae) and abdomen ventrally dark brown, coxa Diagnosis. Abdomen with white cross, femur I, and trochanter I greyish brown, remaining light yellow. metatarsus and tibia I black. Male differs from Pellenes Palpal organ: bulbus approximately oval with embo- epularis by longer, more distinctly bent tibial apophysis lus arising at 9 o’clock-position; embolus consists of a and broader bottom of the split on embolus trunk. common fleshy trunk split in the mid-length into external Female cephalothorax blackish with a pair of light spots needle shaped embolus proper and plate-like conductor, covered with white scales behind eyes III, continued the latter half twisted along its axis, apically flattened, anteriorly beneath eyes lateral and merging with white fan-like and semitransparent; tibial apophysis sharp, scales (setae?) on clypeus. bent apically, longer than half bulbus length, articulates Remarks. A problem is created by the impossibility with lateral depression on cymbium and swelling of its of checking type specimens of several Pellenes species, basal, dorso-lateral end. The palpal organ is very similar possibly conspecific, which should be in the Simon col- to that of Pellenes epularis (O. P.-C.) from which it dif- lection in the MNHN-Paris, but cannot be found. For that fers by longer, more distinctly bent tibial apophysis and reason I select for this species the name of the oldest broader bottom of the split on embolus trunk. type specimen I could find and study, which appeared Legs I with femora ventrally blackish; basal part of conspecific with the original, but non-type specimen of patella and apical tibia, as well as basal metatarsus are Attus laevigatus. Non-type specimens in the Peckhams’ brown; tarsus, metatarsus apically are fawn, patella collection at MCZ, Harvard University, identified by and tibia are much lighter fawn. Femora I–IV blackish Simon as male P. geniculatus from Corfu and P. bre- brown, with gradually larger lighter rims on lateral sur- vipes from France, appear identical with P. simoni face, II–IV dorsally light, remaining segments on leg II described below. The drawing I made some 30 years ago yellow, on III–IV light brown with darker annuli. of the tip of embolus (Figs 498–500) of the type specimen Female. Cephalothorax blackish with inconspicuous, of Pellenes tauricus is insufficient by present day stan- colourless scales; a pair of light spots covered with white dards and should be checked again. Logunov, Marusik scales behind eyes III, in some specimens connected and Rakov (1999) in an extensive study of Central Asian medially, varying in width, continuing anteriorly beneath and Caucasian Pellenes suggest other synonymies for eyes lateral and merging with white clypeus, there is also this, and some other species. However, they do not pro- a small median spot of white scales on anterior eye field; vide documentation of the genital organs of types stud- no white scales along the ventral edge. ied, and identities of Mediterranean species with their Abdomen dark with either white cross or single Central Asian relatives seems not proved yet. It seems median streak; sides dark surrounded by white margin. therefore to me more advisable to keep conclusion White median streak narrows at both ends, its width drawn from Israeli fauna, and leave synonymies with varies from a thin line to broad oval spot, a thinner Central Asian species until more detailed studies transverse bar across dark surrounding, if present, is become available. located post mid-length; spinnerets dark. 120 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Frontal aspect: tegument dark, with broad white and wadis (majority of specimens) (Prószyński J., Lubin scales in two lines on the clypeus: under eyes I and along Y. 1994). ventral edge of carapace, leaving dark brown bald line Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – between both, also edge along sides is bald and that area III, IV, V, VII, VIII, X, XI, XII; females – I, III, V, VI, VII, may be lighter, however, under AME the whole height of VIII, IX, X. Majority of specimens collected in spring – clypeus is covered with white scales. Eyes I surrounded early summer (III–VI) and late summer – autumn with colourless orbital setae, except dorsal rim where (VII–X), much less in late autumn – winter (XI–II). there are some fawn setae, ventrally more intensively Distribution. Mediterranean (including France and white scales, in some specimens tegument around eyes I Corfu), Iran, Tadjikistan, Lebanon: Ain-Atta, Hasbeiya. lighter. Chelicerae brown with transverse ridges, a few Israel: Mt. Carmel (3); Megiddo (6); Ben Shemen, Lod white scales basally. Pedipalps light, with patellae white. (9); Jerusalem (11); Be’er Mash’abbim, Nahal Sekher, Ventral aspect: mouth parts and sternum brown, Sayeret Shaked Park (15); Haluqim Ridge, Hatira Ridge, coxae I greyish fawn, remaining gradually lighter, Ma’ale Ramon, Ma’agurat Loz, Sede Boqer, Sede Zin abdomen with sides dark grey, median rectangular area (17); Bab el Hawa (18); Samson Reserve. lighter with two darker, greyish stripes. Legs I black to brown, much darker than remaining Relevant species legs, except tarsus I being contrastingly lighter yellow with whitish setae and scales; also patella I lighter and Pellenes arcigerus (Walckenaer) covered with inconspicuous whitish scales; tibia-metatar- (Figs 495–497) sus I dark brown with long black setae, devoid of scales. Legs II–IV: femora dorsally yellow, laterally brownish Attus arcigerus Walckenaer, 1837: 421; Pellenes sp. 1: Prószyński 1979: 315, Figs 236–238 (ident. Deltshev); grey, remaining segments yellow with grey shades. Pellenes arcigerus: Hansen 1986: 108, Figs 9, 16. Ventral aspect: sternum brown; coxae I brown, II–IV Distribution. S Europe. yellow; abdomen striped with median streak light, fol- lowed by grey and whitish streaks, sides mosaic, an area in front of spinnerets whitish. Pellenes diagonalis Simon, 1876 Epigynum: median groove and vaginal roof broad, wider Attus lippiens L. Koch 1867: 881. than 1/3rd of epigynum diameter, lateral grooves narrow. Attus diagonalis: Simon 1868: 46. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Pellenes diagonalis: Simon 1876: 101; Metzner 1999: 126–127, Tab. 91a–i, map 96 (basis of identification uncertain) 1.70–1.78; length of abdomen 1.88–1.69; female – length of cephalothorax 2.13; length of abdomen 3.02. Remarks. The only specimen identified by Simon, but not Remarks. Frequently collected in pitfall traps and type, came from “Pentes arides du djebel Kasioun, pres de spotted on the ground; on stabilised sands, rocky slopes Damas (Syrie) Henri Gadeau de Kerville 1911” in MNHN-Paris

499

498 495

496

500

497

Figures 495–500. Two relevant species, Pellenes arcigerus (specimen from Peckham collection, MCZ), tibial apophysis dorso-laterally (495), tip of embolus antero-ventrally (496), epigynum (497); P. tauricus (type specimen), palpal organ ventrally (498), laterally (499) and dorsally (500). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 121

and is immature. Resembles P. simoni by dark abdomen with proportions. The dorsal profile of cephalothorax is 1 longitudinal white median streak from /4 of length, slightly almost rounded, with flattening but no flat surface, expanded like narrow diamond, crossed medially by a trans- abdomen broad and sloping, narrowing posteriorly; verse bar with ends bending posteriorly and merging with mar- ginal white line. Sides beneath eyes white, bending behind eyes cephalothorax is high (54–54%), its width at eyes III is III and forming large white spot on each side, but not connected 83–88%; eye field rectangular, its length 38–40%, its dorsally. Legs dark except white tarsus I, and patella-tarsus width at eyes I 60–66% and 64–67% at eyes III. Whilst II–IV. Identity of other specimens unknown. relationships of the genus are not yet established, it Distribution. Syria (Djebel Kasioun); said to occur in seems to be related to Mogrus. Corfu, on Syra and in Turkey.

Pellenes hadaensis Prószyński Philaeus chrysops (Poda) (Figs 501–506) Pellenes hadaensis Prószyński, 1993: 43–44, Figs 28–31. Distribution. Saudi Arabia. Aranea chrysops Poda, 1761: 123; Attus sanguinolentus Walckenaer, 1805: 24; Dendryphantes haemorrhoicus C. L. Koch, 1846: 54; Pellenes hedjazensis Prószyński Salticus haemorrhoicus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 321; Salticus sanguinolentus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 321; Pellenes hedjazensis Prószyński, 1993: 44–46, Figs 32–36. Philaeus chrysops: Andreeva 1976: 82; Prószyński 1976: 27, 30, map 112, 215; Prószyński 1979: 315, Fig. 241; Wesołowska Distribution. Saudi Arabia. 1981a: 63; Prószyński 1991: 514, Figs 1372.1–4, 1374.1

Diagnosis. There is a row of 8 dark protuberances (Thorell) with long stiff setae, adpressed, directed diagonally up Attus seriatus Thorell, 1875: 116; and anteriorly, along mid-height of cephalothorax sides Pellenes tripunctatus: Prószyński 1979: 314: Figs 234–235; below eyes lateral; in females clearly visible because of Flanczewska 1981: 215, Figs 77–79; (according to Logunov = Pellenes seriatus – personal communication); bald surface around, while in males hidden among other Pellenes seriatus: Nenilin 1984b: 23 (nec P. seriatus Spassky et setae. There seem to be corresponding minute tubercles Shnitnikov 1938); 1985: 130. on the prolateral surface of apical part of femur I, Remarks. Relevant species resembling Pellenes tripunc- numerous but not aligned in a straight line, very indis- tatus, distributed in southern Palaearctic. tinct and hardly visible with the magnification available Distribution. Ukraine, Middle Asia. to me. Similar structures in Pseudicius, however locat- ed much higher under eyes lateral, were considered by Pellenes tripunctatus (Walckenaer) W. Maddison to be a stridulatory organ (personal com- munication). Aranea tripunctata Walckenaer, 1802: 247; Pellenes tripunctatus: Locket and Millidge 1951: 243 Figs 109 A, B; Description. Male. Cephalothorax: the dorsal profile Miller 1971: 142, Tab. 21, Figs 8–10; Prószyński 1976: 22, 51–52, of cephalothorax almost rounded, with flattening but no Figs 271, map 140; Prószyński 1979: 314: Figs 234–235; flat surface; blackish brown with two white lines along Flanczewska 1981: 215, Figs 77–79; Prószyński 1984b: 103; Roberts 1985: 130, Fig. 54d. edges of dorsal and lateral surfaces stretching from mid- thorax to eyes III. Abdomen striking by its red colour Remarks . Relevant species, type species of the genus. with black median streak, narrowing posteriorly and Closely resembling Pellenes seriatus and frequently mistaken for it. contoured by two white lines; red coloration fading in Distribution. Palearctic. alcohol to yellow or whitish. In Poland I have found that the red coloration is acquired during sexual maturation, young and immature male being black like adult female Philaeus Thorell, 1869 Frontal aspect: face brown, eyes I surrounded with colourless setae; eyes ALE located along upper half of Type species. Aranea chrysops Poda, 1761. AME, their diameter approaches 75% of the latter; che- Introductory remarks. Genus known essentially licerae brown, longer than in other spiders but set verti- from a single species, majority of others mentioned in cally, with a small ovoid space left between their inner the literature are presumably just synonyms. I have curvature; pedipalps brown with white setae; legs brown. seen once black male specimen from Kazakhstan (upper Palpal organ: very characteristic bulbus with large pos- Irtysh basin) but had no opportunity to study it in detail. terior angular flap in front of embolus base, embolus and In some Asian specimens there is variation in shape of cymbium long; seminal channel near base of embolus tibial apophysis and seminal canal loop which may sug- makes S-shaped meander dorsally to the bulbus flap. gest specific differences, but these need further study. Female. Cephalothorax resembles male, with a thin The species can best be recognised by its unique col- line of white setae running from under eyes III above oration (see below), “hairiness” of the body, size and eyes II and ending between ALE and AME. Abdomen: 122 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

with median black streak, broader than in male, fol- (1); Kafr Kanna, Kafr Manda, Mt. Tabor (2); Mt. Carmel lowed laterally by two broad white streaks and by dark (3); Rosh HaNiqra, (4); Bet Shemesh (10); ‘En Kerem, mosaic area of black and dark grey spots; there is vari- Jerusalem, Ramat-Rahel, Qiryat-Anavim (11); Mt. ation of that pattern – in Poland there are two very reg- Hermon (1500–2000 m) (19). ular straight parallel white lines along black abdomen. Frontal aspect: clypeus brown with line of white setae along ventral edge, a line of white adpressed setae runs Phlegra Simon, 1876 from under eyes ALE along sides of cephalothorax ante- riorly; chelicerae brown, bulging, shorter than in males. Type species. Attus fasciatus Hahn, 1826. Epigynum: consists of ventral walls of broad straight Diagnosis. An Aelurillinae salticid characterized by copulatory channels, indistinctly yellow, copulatory legs IV being longer than legs I by 50% (mean) in both openings hidden in small, lighter depressions on each sexes, legs III being respectively longer by 15%, and side of anterior diagonally cut tip of epigynum; channels these differences appear to be significant. Other chara- run straight to the end of epigynum, then bend dorsally teristic features are shape of cephalothorax: short eye and return anteriorly, at halfway passing into small field – 33% (mean, as % of cephalothorax length), black, cone shaped spermathecae, heavily sclerotized cephalothorax low – 39% and flat area of cephalothorax and directed transverse laterally, the general plan some- appearing unusually long – 78%. what comparable with some species of Mogrus. Remarks. The genus Phlegra contains some 50 Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax species of jumping spiders (Prószyński 1999b), ground 3.57, length of abdomen 3.25. Female. Length of living, found in sandy and stony, dry, warm environ- cephalothorax 3.36, length of abdomen 4.83. ments, mainly in Africa and Asia; in Europe mainly in Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – the Mediterranean, but several species also in central IV, V; females – IV, V, VII, VIII. Europe (one of which has also colonized N America) Distribution. Common in the Mediterranean, found (Prószyński 1976), and at least one species also occur- throughout warmer places in the whole Palaearctic ring in the Sunda Islands. The number of species occur- including Central Europe in the West and the coasts of ring in Israel and in neighboring countries is surpris- the Sea of Japan in the East. Israel: M. Meron (foothill) ingly high, but they are rarely collected because of their

501 502

503

506

504 505

Figures 501–506. Philaeus chrysops, general appearance of male (abdomen red) (501), and female (abdomen black) (502); palpal organ ventrally (503) and tibial apophysis laterally (note meandering channel on bulbus’ flap) (504); epigynum (505) and its internal structure – single spermatheca and channel (506). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 123

cryptic coloration and solitary habits; one usually sees ization channel: it is a small depression in the wall, perfo- single specimens only. Majority of species are repre- rated with minute pores which are usually followed inside sented in the collections by single specimens, or a few spermatheca by a characteristic branching structure. specimens only. Matching of sexes is very uncertain. Appearance of these structures suggests that they allow Description. Phlegra species are characterized by penetration of some substances from outside to inside striped pattern of dark cephalothorax (two light lines spermatheca, presumably nutrition for spermatozoa, along edges of thorax dorsum) and abdomen (three which are stored in spermathecae for long periods. I pro- white lines). In some species, however, abdomen is uni- pose to call this structure the nutritive gland. The names formly grey or has a chain of indistinct darker spots, scent and nutritive glands therefore replace “accessory sometimes mixed with lighter ones. The facial (frontal) glands” which I used in my descriptions for many years. colour pattern consists of orbital setae around eyes I Body proportions in Phlegra of Near East (based on (which may be white or light yellow or orange, or con- measurements of females of 9 species) are similar to sisting of mixed patches of these colours). Some species those described by Hęciak (in unpublished PhD thesis), have clypeus dull, other covered with contrasting white with minor differences. Cephalothorax long and narrow, setae – entirely or forming a white stripe. In males pedi- with eye field covering 29-33-35% of its length, width vary- palps are usually black, with some white setae often pre- ing 47-52-56% at eyes I, 58-60-64% at eyes III and 63-69- sent on patella and dorsal surface of femur. 73% at the broadest part of the cephalothorax, which is Male genital organs resemble Aelurillus: character- located at about 75% of cephalothorax length; the sides of istic, large and shapeless bulbus is covered entirely by cephalothorax appear to be parallel; low, 36-40-44%. Eye hard shield, the tegulum; largest part of embolus is hid- field short in comparison to its width at eyes I 56-63-67%, den between bulbus and cymbium, forming a single coil rectangular in shape, its width at eyes III is 80-83-90% of there. Differs from Aelurillus by longer tip of embolus, cephalothorax width in the same area and 71-74-78% of emerging from under bulbus and stretching along the tip maximal width of the cephalothorax; eyes III are located of cymbium; it may be either thin and hair-like, or broad- on edges of cephalothorax. Profile of cephalothorax: ante- er, sometimes in form of a plate. There are two tibial rior slope of eye field scarcely visible, surface, slightly apophyses, as in Aelurillus (in contrast to other related inclined or very gently rounded, extending to eyes II in genera Langona Simon, 1901 and Rafalus Prószyński, Ph. jacksoni and Ph. dimentmani, but slightly more 1999), both of similar length, separated by a narrow gap pronounced and steep in Ph. v-epigynalis; flat area of (V- or U-shaped); apophyses may be thin and pointed, or the cephalothorax, prominent, extending from eyes II to broader and truncated. 74–83 % of cephalothorax length, where the steep, poste- Epigynum differs from Aelurillus by absence of rior slope of thorax begins. Shape of abdomen: long, oval, external sclerotized “wings”, copulatory openings hid- tapering posteriorly; broader than width of cephalotho- den at bottom of large circular or oval grooves, which rax; dorsally, indistinctly convex; no scutum. Legs robust, may be either encircled by sclerotized edges, or without all similar in shape; length of legs in decreasing order: IV differentiated rims. Space between grooves varies from 150–154%; III 112–118%; I 100%; II 94–98%. a narrow septum to a broad, flat area; position of Remarks. The descriptions of the species of Phlegra grooves variable – from posterior to anterior part of described in 1998 are largely based on the paper: epigynum. Copulatory channels runs from openings Prószyński J. 1998. Description of new species of Phlegra anteriorly, either thin and long, or broad and short, they (Araneae: Salticidae) from Israel. Israel J. Zool., 44, 2: then bend medially and turn posteriorly into a chain of 159–185, Figs. 1–48. Courtesy of Laser Pages Publishing circular, convoluted chambers. Ltd., publishers of the Israel Journal of Zoology. A peculiar feature of internal structures of epigynum in Phlegra is a thin-walled, narrow duct, running posteri- An abbreviated key to species of Phlegra orly from minute opening in the wall of each channel, lead- ing from it to a small pore in the external integument of 1. Males ...... 2 epigynum, usually at the dorsal surface of channel, near –. Females ...... 5 its entrance. While pores in the channel walls are common 2(1). Embolus hair-like, thin and long, tibial apophyses in the majority of Salticidae, only in a few genera like pointed, separated by a V-shaped narrowing slit Phlegra, do the ducts remain long, distinct and undam- ...... 3 aged after preparation, and this allows the hypothesis that –. Embolus broad, apophyses broad and blunt (at least their function is to exude some substances from the geni- one of them), separated by a broader, U-shaped gap tal organ to the outside of the body, most probably sex ...... 4 pheromones. I propose to call this structure the scent 3(2). Specimens blackish brown with contrasting white gland opening. The majority of Salticidae also have a sec- streaks ...... Ph. particeps ond type of perforation in the spermathecae wall, located –. Specimens 1ighter, yellow, thin embolus broadened in the posterior part of spermatheca, near opening fertil- near edge of bulbus ...... Ph. stephaniae 124 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

4(2). Embolus thin fan-shaped plate, gap broad, 15(14). Posterior edge of epigynum slightly triangular, rounded, apophyses equally long, ventral rela- extending posteriorly, abdomen without con- tively broad, colour pattern striped, light ...... trasting stripes ...... Ph. fulvastra ...... Ph. yaelae –. Posterior edge of epigynum rounded, medially –. Embolus consists of two parts – dorsal plate and slightly curved anteriorly, abdomen with con- a ventral rod – broad and bent; ventral tibial trasting stripes ...... Ph. yaelae apophysis short, thin with bent tip, the dorsal one broad and blunt ...... Ph. tillyae 5(1). Grooves on epigynum separated by distinct, scle- Phlegra amitaii Prószyński rotized septum ...... 6 (Figs 507–509) –. Grooves on epigynum separated by a space, whose tegument does not differ from remaining Phlegra amitaii Prószyński, 1998: 171, Figs 1–3. epigynum ...... 13 Diagnosis. Striped, with epigynum as in Fig. 508, 6(5). Septum V-shaped, consisting of sclerotised ante- channels and spermathecae as on Fig. 509. rior rim of depressions; posterior rims absent Remark. Species described from single female spec- ...... 7 imen, the holotype, different from all known species –. Posterior rims developed, grooves extend over pos- from Israel, and sufficiently distinct from other related terior half of epigynum or more than half . . . . . 8 species, known from other geographical areas. There 7(6). Sclerotized anterior rims meeting, V-shaped, are no premises to match it with any male specimens touch posterior edge of epigynum, copulatory described below, although that possibility cannot be channels narrow, parallel, longer than spermath- excluded. ecae ...... Ph. v-epigynalis Description. Female. Specimen brown with striking –. Sclerotized anterior rims meeting, V-shaped, in white stripes, its general features shown in Fig. 507. mid-length of epigynum; channels broad and Face has a single row of white setae on clypeus, stretch- short, spermathecae extend behind rims by half ing horizontally forwards, forming a sort of “shelf”, their length ...... Ph. stephaniae clypeus below that row is almost bald. In European Ph. 8(7). Grooves almost round, take posterior half of bresnieri the whole clypeus is covered by dense fur of epigynum, or less ...... 9 long white setae, also stretching forward. –. Grooves oval or angular, often longer than half of Epigynum with copulatory openings hidden under epigynum ...... 10 anterior rims of almost circular grooves, separated by 9(8). Septum narrowing posteriorly, channel runs ven- elevated space, which is not more strongly sclerotized trally to spermathecae ...... Ph. rothi than remaining epigynum. Width of that space is equal –. Septum not narrowing posteriorly, channel later- to half of diameter of groove; its posterior edge is curved al, bent, narrowing near spermathecae ...... anteriorly with translucent internal, darker, sclerotized ...... Ph. jacksoni roof of vagina. Copulatory channels, thin and long, run- 10(8). Anterior rim of grooves rounded ...... 11 ning laterally and parallel, before turning into sper- –. Anterior rim of grooves triangular ...... 12 mathecae, located medially and consisting of several 11(10). Grooves oval, septum not broadened posteriorly convoluted chambers (Fig. 509). There is a thin, mem- ...... Ph. dimentmani branous scent pore channel, arising near anterior bend –. Grooves narrowing posteriorly, septum broad- of copulatory channels, running from there posteriorly ened posteriorly ...... Ph. ferberorum and ending under mid-length of the channels, where it 12(10). Antero-lateral angles of grooves prominent, possibly opens, but opening invisible on my preparation. edges of septum parallel ...... Ph. levyi The shape and internal structure of epigynum differs –. Septum very broad anteriorly, narrowing trian- distinctly from other striped Phlegra of Israel, but close- gularly until its mid-length; in remaining half ly resembles European Ph. bresnieri (from which it dif- thin, gradually narrowing ...... Ph. shulovi fers by shorter channels) and several species from 13(5). Grooves rounded, posterior edge of epigynum Yemen, Saudi Arabia and (Ph. chrysops Simon, between grooves curved anteriorly; abdomen 1890, Ph. bairstowi Simon 1885, and Ph. tibetana striped ...... Ph. amitaii Prószyński, 1978). –. Grooves elongated, posterior edge of epigynum Body proportions seem to be comparable with other curved posteriorly or straight; if curved anterior- species of Phlegra. ly, then only indistinctly ...... 14 Material. Female holotype – Israel, En Karem, 12. V. 14(13). Sclerotized anterior rims of grooves straight, 76. Leg. P. Amitai. Coll. HUJ. abdomen without contrasting stripes . . . Ph. pori Distribution. Israel: ‘En Karem (11). –. Sclerotized anterior rims of grooves rounded Etymology. Named for Mr. Pinhas Amitai, an arach- ...... 15 nologist, author of books on spiders of Israel, and a very SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 125

507 509

508

Figures 507–509. Phlegra amitai (female from ‘En Karem), general appearance (507), epigynum (508) and its internal structure (509). efficient field collector, who has contributed a large of abdomen; spinnerets elongate. Algerian specimens number of specimens to the Israel National Collection of have narrower, white, abdominal lines, both median and . marginal, and much broader, darker streaks. Frontal aspect: dark eye field and surrounds to eyes I, but rims of eyes I with whitish setae; lower face intensely Phlegra bresnieri (Lucas) whitish with a dense row of horizontal white setae imme- diately beneath eyes I, directed forwards and forming a Salticus bresnieri Lucas, 1846b: 154, Tab. 7, Fig. 8; sort of “shelf”, remainder of clypeus, pale whitish; che- Salticus bresnieri: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 323; Phlegra bresnieri: Miller 1971: 134; Prószyński 1976: map 18; licerae, pale yellow. Legs, in one specimen uniform pale Cantarella 1982b: 248, Fig. 23; Prószyński 1991: Fig. 1373.5. whitish, in other specimens with slightly darker yellow tibiae, tarsi and metatarsi I–IV. Legs IV longest; III second Diagnosis. Conspicuous dense white fur of setae on in length; tibia I with three pairs of ventral spines. Ventral clypeus; abdomen with three thin narrow white lines aspect: generally pale yellowish to whitish. Epigynum (similar to Ph. particeps); epigynal depressions spaced with two almost circular grooves in posterior half of epig- by about half their diameter. ynum, separated by a space of about half of groove diam- Remark. Identification of old specimens uncertain, eter; copulatory openings much smaller than grooves, requires confirmation from fresh material. their edges highly sclerotized, partially hidden under Description. Female (specimens identified by O. anterior rim of groove. Algerian specimens have a similar Pickard-Cambridge) epigynum but with a slightly different shape of the ducts Cephalothorax: Thorax with a longitudinal pair of as seen through semitransparent tegument. light stripes, yellow with whitish setae, separated by a Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- median, brown streak and limited laterally by two rax 2.24–2.11; length of abdomen 2.24–3.79. brown streaks; lower sides pale yellowish. Eye field Distribution: S Europe, also Algeria. Israel: brown, anteriorly darker; an indistinct line of whitish, “Jerusalem, plains of Jordan” (O. Pickard-Cambridge adpressed setae behind eyes I, possibly rubbed off on 1872a: 323) (13). latter part of eye field. Abdomen with two broad, dark stripes (each about 30% of abdomen width), separated from each other and Phlegra dimentmani Prószyński from marginal, brown, narrow stripe by three white (Figs 524–525) stripes: the median (18%) and the two lateral (11% each); sides whitish covered with inconspicuous, adpressed, Phlegra dimentmani Prószyński, 1998: 171–172, Figs 18–19. whitish setae; sparse, small, dark bristles scattered over Diagnosis. Species with abdomen grey, without visi- surface; longer white and dark bristles at the anterior tip ble traces of contrasting stripes. Clypeus without con- 126 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

spicuous white streak, orbital setae of AME dorsally Etymology. Named for Dr. Chanan Dimentman of fawn (those around ALE slightly lighter), laterally and the Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, medially whitish. Epigynal depressions longitudinally Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. oval, separated by a narrow septum. Description. Female. Cephalothorax brown with lighter streaks of adpressed, sparse, whitish setae along dorsal Phlegra fasciata (Hahn) edges, separated by brown area without whitish setae; eye field dark brown, sides brown, almost bald, somewhat Attus fasciatus Hahn, 1826: 172, Tab. 12, Fig. D; Salticus fasciatus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 322. lighter near ventral edge, the latter without white setae. Abdomen altered now by preservation, uniformly Remark. O. Pickard-Cambridge (1872a: 322) record- greyish brown and partially shrunken. ed males and females of Salticus fasciatus from Frontal aspect: dorsal part of orbital setae on rims of Jericho and Jerusalem – much larger than European AME fawn, of ALE slightly lighter; lateral and median specimens “but M. Simon is of opinion that they are parts whitish; ventral inconspicuous. Clypeus bald with a identical with the European form”. few dark bristles; there are a few short, adpressed, As no specimen could be found in the O. Pickard- whitish setae along the rim, and also scattered over the Cambridge collection in the Hope Entomological remainder of the clypeus. Chelicerae light brown; pedi- Collections, Oxford and no recent specimen has been palps light brown with darker annulations. Ventral found, there is no possibility of verifying either the iden- aspect: coxae yellowish brown; sternum greyish brown tification of the species or its occurrence in Israel. with yellowish brown, broad margin; abdomen, uniformly light brownish grey. Legs: brown with darker annulations. Epigynum with grooves oval, encircled with sclero- Phlegra ferberorum Prószyński tized rims and separated by narrow septum with paral- (Figs 522–523) lel edges. Copulatory openings very broad, channels short, triangular posterior parts of spermathecae thin- Phlegra ferberorum Prószyński, 1998: 172–173, Figs 16–17. ner than in other species. (Figs 524–525). Diagnosis. Specimen without distinct striped Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- abdominal pattern. Orbital setae around AME dorsally rax 2.29; length of abdomen 4.08; length of 5 segments of reddish, laterally and medially whitish; clypeus brown leg I 3.27. without strikingly contrasting setae. Epigynal grooves Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females – V. oval, narrowing posteriorly. Distribution. Israel: Mt. Meron (1). 512 514

510

511

513

515

Figures 510–515. Phlegra particeps, Ma’agan Mikhael specimen, palpal organ ventrally (510), tibial apophyses laterally (511), ventro-laterally (512); ‘En Hanifra specimen, palpal organ ventrally (513), tibial apophyses laterally (note rounded tip of the dorsal apophysis) (514), general appearance, stripped pattern mutual for a number of species (515). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 127

Remark. The species is entirely different from Epigynum: grooves almost oval, with slight antero- Phlegra v-epigynalis, also collected on slopes of Mt. lateral expansion, encircled by sclerotized rim; septum Hermon, but at higher altitude – of 2000 m. narrow, slightly boadened posteriorly; copulatory open- Description. Female. Cephalothorax brown; eye field ings narrower than in Phlegra fulvastra and Ph. pori, blackish brown; dorsum of thorax lighter brown with narrowing funnel-like before passing into first convolut- sparse adpressed dark setae; very indistinct lighter streak ed chamber, located laterally to the median, indistinctly along dorso-lateral edge with indistinct, short thin whitish narrower chain of chambers, which reaches level of rim and slightly denser setae; sides brown; ventral edge of of copulatory opening (Figs 522–523). carapace dark with minute sparse, whitish setae ventrally. Legs I: tarsus light brown, darker brown basally, with Abdomen dark brown, sparsely mottled yellow; indistinct short scopula; metatarsus short, brown, darker median streak along the posterior half lighter and nar- brown at both extremities; tibia broadened and somewhat 3 row ( /10 of abdomen width) with remnants of a mixture swollen medially, with three pairs of ventral spines, brown, of dark and colourless setae. with two indistinct transverse stripes of white, adpressed Frontal aspect: AME surrounded dorsally by reddish setae, prolaterally lacking conspicuous setae; patella simi- setae, laterally and medially by whitish setae which ven- lar with two indistinct, lighter stripes prolaterally; femur trally become sparser, short and very inconspicuous; apical half brown, basally slightly lighter, with both dark ALE surrounded dorsally by longer whitish setae with and white setae, small, thin and short. Legs II: similar to I, yellowish hue, laterally and ventrally by shorter whitish but lighter and darker stripes developed into somewhat setae; clypeus brown, almost bald, with a few thin, very more visible annuli. Legs III–IV: general coloration brown, sparse and inconspicuous whitish, adpressed setae, not pattern similar to I but annuli more contrasting. influencing its appearance, and a few brown bristles. Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- Chelicerae brown; pedipalps brown, their patellae rax 2.63; length of abdomen 3.31; length of 5 segments of lighter with whitish setae; legs I brown with remnants of leg I 3.97. inconspicuous transverse rows of thin white adpressed Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females – IV. setae across prolateral edge of tibia and patella. Distribution. Israel: Mt. Hermon, Marg Man 1400 m. Ventral aspect light brown, margin of ventral abdom- Etymology. Named for Miss Ilana Ferber and her inal surface lighter but sides of abdomen much darker. parents.

520

516

518

517 521 519

Figures 516–521. Phlegra jacksoni, general appearance (mutual for a number of species) (516), epigynum (517), its internal structure (518); Ph. rothi 128 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Phlegra fulvastra (Simon) streaks along dorsal edge; eye field, dark; indistinct (Figs 534–535) spots of white setae antero-medially and laterally on eye field and also along lighter, thoracic streaks; sides of Attus fulvaster Simon, 1868: 556; cephalothorax light brown, lighter ventrally; ventral Salticus fulvaster: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 323; Phlegra fulvastra: Prószyński 1998: 173–174, Figs 28–29. edge of carapace dark with dense but inconspicuous, minute whitish setae. Abdomen with dense brown pig- Diagnosis. Species without typical striped abdomi- mented dots of darker setae on lighter yellow pigmented nal pattern. Face light brown, orbital setae above eyes I background with colourless setae; median light row of 7 reddish, whitish laterally and medially; clypeus light small, whitish chevrons (containing both pigmentation fawn without contrasting setae. Epigynal depressions and setae, the latter denser on the arms of the chevrons), 1 long and broad, with only antero-median rims sclero- about /4 abdomen width, also a few indistinct spots pos- tized, openings very broad, first chamber of spermathe- teriorly. Frontal aspect: face light brown; eyes I sur- cae particularly large, globular. rounded with short whitish setae; on O. Pickard- Description. Female. Cephalothorax light brown Cambridge’s specimen, these setae are entirely white, with sparse, adpressed, dark setae and with two lighter whereas on the fresh specimen there are reddish setae

522 529

528

523

526

524

527 525

Figures 522–529. Phlegra ferberorum, epigynum (522) and its internal structure (523); Ph. dimentmani, epigynum (524) and its internal structure (525); Ph. levyi, epigynum (526) and its internal structure (527); Ph. shulovi, epigynum (528) and its internal structure (529). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 129

dorsally, on rims of AME and the ALE; these setae are indistinct elongated spot around dorsal rim of eyes III, shorter than in Ph. ferberorum and Ph. levyi; ventral to which extends slightly behind, and fragments of two both AME and ALE, the setae are sparser, short and loose white streaks on the lighter brown, posterior, tho- inconspicuous. Clypeus is light fawn with colourless racic slope. There are no dorsal white streaks, at least setae and a few brown bristles, not giving impression of in the studied specimen; sides with sparse whitish being bald; also, white setae on clypeal margin of the old setae, there is no white, ventral margin. specimen are not so distinct as on the fresh one; che- Abdomen covered with dark grey setae and devoid of licerae, light brown; lighter areas at extremities of pedi- contrasting stripes; there is a median longitudinal row palpal segments as seen in Ph. levyi, here expand over of several dark and light chevrons, not sharply outlined, almost whole segments, leaving narrow brown rings which are slightly larger and more contrasting (Fig. 516) basally on tibia and metatarsus. Legs I brown with than in related, similarly coloured species; the stripe is broad, transverse, lighter spots on the tibia and patella. separated from margins of abdomen with thin darker Ventral aspect: sternum and coxae brownish yellow; lines. Sides of abdomen are slightly lighter than dorsum. abdomen light whitish yellow with small darker, grey Frontal aspect: anterior end of eye field with dense, spots, more concentrated along the median line; in O. P.- black bristles stretching horizontally or diagonally for- Cambridge’s specimen there is, ventrally on abdomen, a wards above eyes I; there is a concentration of dense brown, median streak with some 4–5 pairs of spots of the white setae between the bases of these bristles, and par- same colour, connected by thin lines with streaks, all on tially hidden by them. Eyes I surrounded by spots of a whitish grey background; margins, like the sides of the inconspicuous, light fawn and dark setae; clypeus abdomen, dark brown with lighter grooves. Legs I–II sim- brown, with sparse, colourless and brown setae, appear- ilar to Ph. ferberorum, with their retrolateral surfaces ing almost bald. Pedipalps appear light yellow; legs I brown and little differentiated, whilst prolateral and dor- dark, annulated. sal surfaces are much more differentiated with dark and Ventral aspect generally brown, including abdomen. light stripes and annuli appearing distinctly more con- Legs brown with darker annuli, tarsi I with indistinct trasting; legs III–IV with yellow and dark brown annuli, scopula. particularly striking on femora, patellae and tibiae. Epigynum has a pair of large grooves with sclero- Epigynum with two large grooves, oval anteriorly, open- tized rims, separated by a narrow sclerotized septum. ing broadly posteriorly; divided by a broad elevated Copulatory openings are hidden beneath the anterior space, slightly narrowing posteriorly; copulatory open- rim of the depression and are unusual by their longitu- ing very broad, rounded and divided by a median spur; a dinal, median orientation. The copulatory channels are narrowing, funnel-like, copulatory duct leads to a large short, broad at the openings, runs first sideways, then spherical chamber located anterior to the openings, from turning anteriorly and narrowing and finally joining whence a narrow passage leads to a much smaller ante- spermathecae. Spermathecae are unusual by their rior chamber, the first in a median chain of several con- transverse position in the anterior part of the epigynum, voluted chambers which ends midway along the sper- without a part turned posteriorly; they are heavily scle- mathecae (Figs 534, 535). rotized, oval bodies with internal convoluted chambers Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- (Figs 516–518). rax 2.70–2.85; length of abdomen 2.83–3.40. Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females rax 3.06; length of abdomen 3.23; length of 5 segments of – IV, V. leg I 4.17. Distribution. Israel: “Plains of Jordan”, ‘Ein Duyuk (13). Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females – II. Distribution. Israel: Even Yiz’haq (6). Etymology. Named for Dr. Robert Jackson of Phlegra fulvastra (Simon) Canterbury University, Christchurch, New Zealand, (Figs 516–518) prominent arachnologist and student of Salticidae behavior, who contributed a number of species which he Attus fulvaster Simon, 1868: 556; collected in Israel. Phlegra jacksoni Prószyński, 1998: 174–175, Figs 10–12. Diagnosis. Abdomen grey without contrasting stripes, epigynal depressions transversally oval, shorter Phlegra levyi Prószyński than half length of epigynum, separated by a septum. (Figs 526–527) Description. Female. Cephalothorax dark brown, covered with mixed dark, whitish and white, adpressed, Phlegra levyi Prószyński, 1998: 175–176, Figs 20–21. very small and indistinct setae; eye field blackish; dor- Diagnosis. Face with dorsal orbital setae reddish, lat- sum of thorax lighter brown; sides blackish brown; more erally and medially whitish. Clypeus brown, without con- noticeable concentrations of white setae produce an trasting setae. Epigynal grooves rimmed around, anteri- 130 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

orly broad with antero-lateral angles expanded, narrow- across the prolateral edge of tibia and patella. Ventral ing posteriorly, septum narrow with edges parallel. aspect light brown. Legs I–IV similar to Ph. ferberorum Description. Female. Cephalothorax brown; eye but with slightly more contrasting light stripes and field blackish brown; dorsum of thorax lighter brown annuli. Epigynum with two posterior grooves, about half with sparse, adpressed, dark setae with median, darker the length of the epigynum, expanded angularly antero- brown area separated by very indistinct, lighter streaks laterally, closed posteriorly by a rim, divided by a nar- with some short weak, whitish setae along dorso-lateral row septum; copulatory opening, narrower than in Ph. edge; sides of cephalothorax brown; edge of carapace fulvastra and Ph. pori, narrowing funnel-like and pass- ventrally dark with sparse minute, whitish setae. ing into the first convoluted chamber located lateral to Abdomen – dorsal surface damaged. the median chain of chambers, but not broader than Frontal aspect similar to Ph. ferberorum but better them, the median chain ending at level of rim of copula- preserved and more distinct: AME surrounded dorsally tory opening (Figs 526–527). by longer reddish setae, laterally and medially by Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- whitish, ventrally by sparser, short and very inconspicu- rax 3.08, length of abdomen: 3.33. ous whitish setae; ALE surrounded dorsally by longer Distribution. Israel: En Kerem (11). red setae, laterally and ventrally by shorter, whitish Etymology. Named for Dr. Gershom Levy, the cura- setae; clypeus almost bald, brown with two lighter pig- tor of the Israel National Arachnid Collection, kept in mented spots, medially (perhaps an individual feature), the Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, with a few thin, very sparse and inconspicuous whitish, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel. adpressed setae, not affecting its appearance, and a few brown bristles; chelicerae brown; pedipalps brown, lighter patella with whitish setae and lighter extremities Phlegra palestinensis Logunov of segments; legs I brown with remnants of inconspicu- (Figs 726–728) ous, transverse rows of thin white, adpressed setae Phlegra palestinensis Logunov, 1996: 57, Figs 8–12.

534 530 532

533 535

531

Figures 530–535. Phlegra v-epigynalis, epigynum (530) and its internal structure (531); Ph. pori, epigynum (532) and its internal structure (533); Ph. fulvastra, epigynum (534) and its internal structure (535). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 131

Diagnosis. Species characterised by shape and size of eyes I; lower half divided into yellow areas under ALE of embolus and bulbus (Fig. 726). and dark brown area under AME, the latter with promi- Description. Male (holotype). Species with large and nent row of strikingly white setae, adpressed and set swollen bulbus, and unusually broad and robust embolus, diagonally, the ventral margin of clypeus is dark brown, which is split apically into 2 broad, rounded swellings. bald, with a sparse row of a few inconspicuous, colour- Face black, with dense pillow of contrasting white setae on less, evenly spaced longer setae hanging down from the clypeus; directed transversally and adpressed. Pedipalpal edge. Chelicerae brown. patella covered with whitish and colourless setae, tip of Pedipalps blackish with white setae on patella and in femur with striking triangle of intensely white setae. a sparse row along dorsal edge of femur, tip of cymbium Cephalothorax uniformly blackish brown, except light grey. white lines of adpressed hairs along lateral edge of eye Examination of palpal organ difficult because of field, continued along edge of dorsal and lateral sur- black or blackish coloration of parts, for this reason faces of thorax as slightly broader white lines, inter- their descriptions and drawings often uncertain. rupted in places where setae have fallen out.Ventral sur- Embolus long and thin, reaching anterior end of cymbi- face dark brown. um, bulbus blackish grey, tibial apophyses blackish, Abdomen missing. Legs uniformly dark brown, with almost invisible on blackish background of cymbium, lighter brown tarsi I–IV. details visible only after separation of tibia from cymbi- Distribution. Israel: Nahal Oren (3). um. Apophyses are long and narrow, separated by nar- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – II. row, V-shaped slit; in various specimens differ in relative width, length and tip of each of these apophyses; signif- icance of these minor differences is not certain, and Phlegra particeps (O. Pickard-Cambridge) some differences may be interpreted as related species. (Figs 510–515) Legs blackish, femora I–IV blackish with two lighter, olive grey or yellowish lines separating median black Salticus particeps O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 330; line. Dorsal surfaces of patellae I–IV olive brown, tibiae Phlegra particeps: Prószyński 1978: 11–12, Figs 7–10; Prószyński 1998: 176–177, Figs 4–9. and metatarsi I–IV dark brown with dark median line on dorsal surfaces, delimited by two lighter lines, tarsi I–IV Diagnosis. Body blackish brown, with white streaks lighter brown. on abdomen and lighter brown on cephalothorax, legs Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – black. Orbital setae above eyes I orange or fawn, II–IV. clypeus with contrasting narrow row of short white Distribution. Israel: ‘En HaMifraz (4); Ma’agan setae, (distinctly narrower and less prominent than Mikha’el (8); Jerusalem (11); Sede Boker (17). striking, long, white fur on clypeus of Ph. bresnieri). Remark. Lectotype specimen deteriorated since origi- nal description by O. Pickard-Cambridge (1872: 330–331), Phlegra pori Prószyński black colour is now, after over 120 years of preservation, (Figs 532–533) faded to light brown, or even dark yellow; most hairs have been lost, remnants of the characteristic “yellow-red Phlegra pori Prószyński, 1998: 177–178, Figs 26–27. setae” surrounding anterior eyes now appears white. Diagnosis. Epigynal depressions large, without a Description. Male. Cephalothorax blackish brown, posterior rim, spaced by about their diameter, septum of with thorax lighter brown, indistinct light brown streaks constant width, first chamber of spermathecae narrow. along dorsal edges of thorax, lighter streak along mid- Description. Female. Cephalothorax light brown height of sides and light yellow area on sides below eyes with lighter, yellow streaks along the dorsal edges, sep- lateral, which also extend on face below ALE. Lighter arated by a light brown area; eye field dark brown; streaks and areas with remnants of sparse whitish upper sides fawn, lower yellow with dark ventral edge setae, broad ventral marginal area of sides blackish grey. and white setae. Abdomen blackish brown, with three narrow white Abdomen much damaged, soft tissues shrunken and lines of dense, adpressed, setae: one median and two now separated from tegument; remnants of whitish and 1 marginal, narrow each /10 of abdomen width, separating darker setae; no positive proof of previous existence of 4 two broad blackish brown longitudinal areas each /10 stripes. abdomen width, covered with adpressed brown setae. Frontal aspect: clypeus light yellow with indistinct, Upper streak on sides dark brown, remaining sides colourless setae and brown bristles basally; eyes I sur- lighter grey. Dark appearance of body increased by dark rounded with white setae; there is a yellowish spot, general appearance of legs. dorso-laterally at ALE. Chelicerae light yellow; pedipalps Face – upper half dark with conspicuous orange or light yellow with darker spots basally on tarsus, tibia fawn orbital setae along dorsal and lateral parts of rims and patella. Legs I light brown with light transverse spot 132 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

on tibia and patella. Ventral aspect generally whitish yel- Description. Female. Cephalothorax dark brown, low, abdomen light whitish yellow with small, darker with eye field blackish brown, covered with inconspicu- grey spots, more concentrated along median line. ous, short and adpressed whitish and colourless setae, Epigynum with two grooves, truncated anteriorly, more dense and more intensively white along edges of broadly open posteriorly, divided by broad septum not dorsal surface of thorax, which give appearance of two narrowing posteriorly. Copulatory opening very broad, weak white streaks. funnel-like narrowing channel leads to the anterior Frontal aspect: face dark brown, with lower clypeus chamber from which convoluted narrow chambers of lighter yellowish brown; orbital setae around eyes I are spermathecae run medially to midway along the epigy- longer dorsally, becoming shorter laterally and absent num (Figs 532–533). ventrally, dorsal ones over AME are fawn, over ALE con- Distribution. Egypt, Sinai: Mt Catherina (22). sist of two bunches: white and fawn, and laterally fawn. Etymology. Named for Professor F. D. Por, of the Clypeus almost bald, with a few longer bristles and Department of Evolution, Systematics and Ecology, sparse, short and inconspicuous colourless setae. Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel, who supported Chelicerae dark brown. Pedipalps and legs I dark and greatly assisted in the present research. brown, darker ringed. Abdomen appears greyish with indistinct irregular spots, which concentrate posteriorly into indistinct medi- 1 Phlegra rothi Prószyński an streak, about /3 of abdomen width, consisting of thin (Figs 519–521) white and brown chevrons, delimited laterally by darker brown spots, and centrally the streak is more promi- Phlegra rothi Prószyński, 1998: 178–179, Figs 13–15. nently whitish, absent in the anterior part of abdomen. Diagnosis. Legs black, epigynal depressions rimmed Ventral aspect: sternum brown, coxae lighter, yellow- around, septum narrowing posteriorly. ish brown. Abdomen ventrally with median area delim- Remark. Male specimens of Phlegra, identified as ited by light yellowish lines and with two such lines run- Ph. particeps, were found in the same locality but that ning more medially, sides darker brown, anterior area mutual occurrence is insufficient to consider both spec- around epigynum almost white. imens conspecific, especially since female does not have Epigynum with two prominent deep grooves, entire- the stripped pattern of the male. ly encircled with dark brown sclerotized rims; the sep-

538

539

537

536

Figures 536–539. Phlegra yaelae (from Haluqim Ridge), epigynum (536), its internal structure (537), details of single spermatheca dorsally (538), details of the accessory gland (539). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 133

540 543 548

544

545 547 542 541 546 Figures 540–548. Phlegra yaelae (from Haluqim Ridge), palpal organ ventrally (540), tibia laterally (541) and ventro-laterally (542); Ph. tillyae, pal- pal organ ventrally (543), Jerusalem specimen, tip of embolus ventrally (544), En Gedi specimen, tip of embolus (under higher power) ventro-laterally (545) and ventrally (546), pedipalpal tibia dorsally (547) and laterally (548). tum separating grooves narrows posteriorly and is dis- cephalothorax, brown, edge of carapace dark with tinctly narrower than in Ph. amitai. The anterior half of sparse, minute, whitish setae ventral to it. epigynum is sclerotized, light brown, with sparse brown Abdomen much damaged now, dark brownish grey, mot- bristles. tled with yellow, with remnants of two submedian rows of Legs dark brown, ringed, legs III–IV more contrast- reddish brown spots; remnants of brown and whitish setae. ingly ringed with lighter rings and spaces. Frontal aspect: eyes I surrounded by whitish setae, Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- with an indistinct, dorsal, brownish spot; clypeus bald- rax: 2.94, length of abdomen: 3.40. ish, brown, with a few thin, very sparse and inconspicu- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females ous whitish, adpressed setae, not influencing its gener- – II, III, VI. al coloration, and a few brown bristles. Chelicerae light Distribution. Israel: Ma’agan Mikha’el (8). brown; pedipalps with tarsi brown, patella and tibia yel- Etymology. Named for the late Vinc Roth, an low with brownish basal parts; legs I brown with rem- American arachnologist and collector of valuable speci- nants of inconspicuous, transverse rows of white, mens from Israel. adpressed, thin setae across the prolateral edge of tibia and patella. Ventral aspect generally light brown; abdomen greyish brown. Legs I–IV similar to those of Phlegra shulovi Prószyński Ph. ferberorum, generally dark brown. (Figs 528–529) Epigynum with two posterior grooves, longer than half epigynum length, pronouncedly expanded angularly, Phlegra shulovi Prószyński, 1998: 179, Figs 22–23. antero-laterally, opened posteriorly, divided by a septum, Diagnosis. Anterior half of epigynal partition broad- broad anteriorly but rapidly narrowing, posteriorly; copula- ly triangular, posterior narrow. tory opening narrower than in Ph. fulvastra and Ph. pori, Description. Female. Cephalothorax brown, eye field with the roof cut diagonally, narrowing, funnel-like and blackish brown, dorsum of thorax lighter brown with passing into first convoluted chamber located at anterior sparse adpressed dark setae, median darker brown area end of the median chain of chambers and not much broad- separated by very indistinct, lighter streaks with a few er than them, the posterior end of the median chain at the short, whitish setae along dorso-lateral edge; sides of level of the rim of the copulatory opening (Figs 528–529). 134 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females dorsally fawn with a few white, laterally greyish, ven- 1 – III. trally colourless. Clypeus low, slightly higher than /3 of Distribution. Israel: Qiryat ‘Anavim (11). AME diameter, space beneath AME is greyish brown, Etymology. Named for Professor A. Shulov, founder with slightly lighter median vertical line, with stronger of the Israel National Arachnid Collection. setae dark brown, pointing diagonally down. Part of these setae diagonally overhang cheliceral bases. The dark area beneath AME is delimited laterally by light yel- Phlegra stephaniae Prószyński low area running from the rim of ALE to carapace edge (Figs 549–554) and extending onto sides of cephalothorax, upper half of that lighter area, under ALE rim, is covered with con- Phlegra stephaniae Prószyński, 1998: 180–181, Figs 43–48. spicuous white, adpressed setae. Chelicerae laterally Diagnosis. Typical striped pattern, lighter than in brown, medially fawn, with lighter, almost white apical other species, particularly in females, in which dark part. This contrasts with black cymbium (with a whitish streaks are reduced to thin, light brown lines. Pedipalps grey tip), tibia and medial half of pedipalpal patella; the darkly contrasting, embolus long and thin, broader near retrolateral half of patella is lighter, grey with a spot of edge of bulbus, space between tibial apophyses slit-like, white setae. Palpal femur is dark grey with a crest of tips of apophyses slightly bent. Epigynum with angular longer white setae along its dorsal surface. Legs I in this meeting point of anterior rims located in its mid-length. position are light yellowish grey, tibia and metatarsus I Description. Male. Cephalothorax: thorax and upper fawn; prolateral surface of femur I is darkened, which on sides of cephalothorax light yellow with thin light brown femur II is followed by narrower dark streak. streaks on dorsum: one median and two marginal. Eye Palpal organ resembles Ph. particeps, from which it field dark brown, covered with inconspicuous adpressed, seems to differ by slightly broader bulbus, posterior part colourless setae; there are remnants of two whitish lines of protruding tip of embolus seems to be broadened. of denser and longer whitish setae running along eye field Ventral aspect light greyish yellow, abdomen whitish. from a white spot on median rims of ALE, medially to eyes Female. Cephalothorax yellow with dark eye field II and III and joining light thoracic streaks. These white and two thin, light brown streaks of adpressed setae lines may be much more conspicuous in some specimens. along marginal edges of dorsal and upper lateral sur- Abdomen with typical light and dark striped pattern. faces of thorax . There are remnants of median streak of Two median light yellow and two darker brown stripes, dark adpressed setae on slope of thorax, which may 1 whose width are each /5 of abdomen width, marginal light suggest presence of median streak in some specimens, 1 stripes are /10 of abdomen width. Upper sides light greyish dividing light dorsal surface into two light streaks, brown, lower whitish. Dark streaks, covered with brown apparently somewhat broader than the dark median adpressed setae, light yellow streaks with colourless setae. one, just as in males. Eye field dark brown (in the Frontal aspect. Dorsal surface of eye field appears younger specimen dark olive brown) with inconspicuous black with fawn adpressed setae, a striking spot of white colourless, adpressed setae and sparse black bristles. setae above medial half of ALE rim, the remaining half Abdomen whitish yellow, with two light greyish brown has inconspicuous fawn setae. Orbital setae around AME pigmented streaks, thinner than three light streaks,

550 551

549

Figures 549–551. Phlegra stefaniae (holotype from Arava), epigynum (549) and its internal structure (550), details of spermatheca (551). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 135

Diagnosis. Embolus unusual in consisting of 552 two different elements and by tibial apophyses of 553 unequal length and width. Remark. The specimens studied are faded due to long period of storage; however, the structure of embolus and tibial apophyses are so special that there is no doubt the species is different from all known species and is apparently new. Their con- specific status is uncertain. Description. Male. Present body coloration, pre- sumably faded, is yellowish, with traces of white stripes on the abdomen. Clypeus covered with adpressed whitish setae. Palpal organ typical for Phlegra, with relative- 554 ly long and robust embolus, consisting of two parts. The brown dorsal part is broad and has a Figures 552–554. Phlegra stefaniae (paratype from Arava), palpal organ complicated shape, expanded apically into flat ventrally (552), laterally (553), pedipalp lateral view (554). plate, directed medially, and with a ventral rise. The second part, located ventrally to the first, is a there is also a thin dark rim on the edge with sides. The broad black rod, apically bent under almost at right setae on the dorsal surface are very inconspicuous, angles, and split into two processes, which may possibly small, sparse and dark. Spinnerets yellowish grey. be due to splitting of the tip. The tibial apophyses are Frontal aspect: upper part of face dark with tiny separated by a U-shaped gap, and are of unequal width white setae, eyes I surrounded by orbital setae dorsally and length. The dorsal apophysis is longer, broad and yellow, ventrally whitish. Space beneath eyes light yel- broadly truncated; its apical edge is straight and slight- low, without any contrasting setae.In the paratype spec- ly inclined. The ventral apophysis in lateral view imen clypeus is light grey, also without contrasting col- appears shorter, thin and pointed; when examined in oration, but partially hidden by a triangular patch of dorsal view, it appears hook-like, bent apically; there is inconspicuous long whitish setae, protruding from also a rounded process of cymbium, apparently fitting under eye rims diagonally forward and down, there are into gap between both apophyses, presumably articulat- also thin and colourless, almost invisible sparse setae ing there and locking both segments in a fixed position overhanging cheliceral bases. Chelicerae yellow. during copulation. Pedipalps whitish yellow, with tibiae and tarsi yellowish Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – brown, covered with upright, dense and long, colourless III, X. setae. Ventral aspect almost uniformly whitish Distribution. Israel: Jerusalem (11); ‘En Gedi (13). Legs yellowish or yellow except tibiae and metatarsi Etymology. Named for Dr. Heather “Tilly” Bromley- I–IV fawn, femora I–II with prolateral surface darkened or Schnur, formerly of the Department of Evolution, with dark streak, covered with small and sparse dark setae. Systematics and Ecology, the Hebrew University of Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax: Jerusalem. 1.87, length of abdomen: 1.81, length of 5 segments of leg I 2.75. Female. Length of cephalothorax: 2.00, length of abdomen: 2.37, length of 5 segments of leg 3.19. Phlegra v-epigynalis Hęciak Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – I, (Figs 530–531) female – I. Distribution. Israel: Qetura (14). Phlegra v-epigynalis Hęciak, in Prószyński 1998: 182–183, Figs 24–27. Etymology. Named for Dr. Stefania Hęciak, of Siedlce, Diagnosis. Abdomen brown, without stripes; epigynal Poland, an arachnologist who has contributed valuable depressions small, located posteriorly, separated by very redescriptions of types of over 20 species of Phlegra (in a short diagonal V-shaped partition made of sclerotized PhD thesis,), which I used in my studies, and also consult- anterior rims, meeting at posterior edge of epigynum. ed for my identifications, including this species. Remark. Description of an old, non-identified speci- men from “Syria” in Simon collection, was contributed by Dr. S. Hęciak. Five specimens were collected in 1971 Phlegra tillyae Prószyński on Mt. Hermon at 2000 m, they differ from Ph. ferbero- (Figs 543–548) rum, also from Mt Hermon but at a lower altitude. Description. Female. Cephalothorax brown, with Phlegra tillyae Prószyński, 1998: 181–182, Figs 37–42. anterior eye field and surrounds of eyes III darker; cov- 136 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

ered with adpressed, dark reddish brown and a few Face divided into three horizontal stripes: the anteri- whitish setae, the latter located mainly posteriorly on or edge of eye field with short whitish setae, merging with dorsum but not forming any pattern. Sides light brown whitish dorsal orbital setae, ocular area dark with orbital with thin, dark, sclerotized ventral edge, without any lateral setae orange, the ventral orbital setae whitish, fringe of setae. upright, in several rows, distinctly different from short Abdomen uniformly brown with reddish gold hue, but dense, adpressed whitish setae on clypeus under without any visible pattern [there seem to be remnants AME, clypeus under ALE yellowish or greyish yellow. medially of two parallel, longitudinal lines of denser, Pedipalps: cymbium and tibia blackish brown, how- darker setae, however, not enough is visible to be sure of ever retrolateral half of dorsal surface of tibia and whole its existence], covered with mixed adpressed, reddish of patella covered with white setae; a few white setae brown and black setae, with a few white setae, antero- retrolaterally on cymbium, the tip of cymbium light grey- medially; numerous upright, but short, blackish brown ish; femur light brown with dense, strikingly white setae bristles give a “hairy” appearance. on dorsal surface. Embolus flattened and broad with Frontal aspect. Eye field black with dense bristles, dark rims; bulbus black. Tibial apophyses separated by surrounds of eyes I dark without visible setae on the rim. a broad, U-shaped gap. Clypeus light brown, bald; chelicerae brown with reddish Ventral aspect yellowish, abdomen whitish yellow hue; pedipalps small and thin, brown with dark setae. with three thin dark lines. Ventral aspect: coxae and sternum brownish yellow, Legs greyish yellow without annulation, patella and abdomen ventrally uniformly brownish grey. tibia I darker brown. Epigynum with grooves located in posterior part, Female. Cephalothorax light brown with blackish delimited anteriorly by sclerotized anterior rims, meet- brown eye field, contrasting with two broad lighter yel- ing at posterior edge of epigynum, forming a very short lowish brown streaks along margins of dorsal surface of V-shaped septum; the posterior rims are not developed. thorax, delimiting somewhat broader greyish brown medi- Copulatory channels are narrow, run parallel and are an thoracic streak. Covered with inconspicuous whitish longer than spermathecae (Figs 530–531). and colourless adpressed setae. Frontal aspect, eyes I Legs brown with some differentiation but not annu- surrounded with white orbital setae, longer dorsally. lated, with sparse, dark and distinct setae. Upper half of face dark with indistinct whitish adpressed Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- setae, lower half yellow with whitish bristles medially. rax 2.36, length of abdomen 3.99. Abdomen dorsally light yellowish grey, with indis- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females tinct light median streak posteriorly and lighter margin. – IX. Legs. Femora I–IV dorsally and prolaterally yellow, Distribution. “Syria”. Israel: Mt. Hermon, 2000 m. except their apical ends, which are brown; retrolateral surface brown, with lighter stripe medially. Remaining segments of legs yellow with brown rings. Phlegra yaelae Prószyński Ventral aspect: sternum light yellow with darker yel- (Figs 536–542) low margin; coxae light yellow; abdomen whitish yellow with inconspicuous light grey dots, scattered sparsely Phlegra yaelae Prószyński, 1998: 183–184, Figs 30–36. and forming median grey line. Diagnosis. Typical striped coloration, contrasting Epigynum with long grooves, sclerotized rims of 1 but distinctly lighter than Ph. particeps; legs also light. openings at /6 of epigynum length, opening posteriorly; Embolus plate-like, gap between tibial apophyses U- septum broad with parallel edges and posterior end shaped. Epigynal grooves long, sclerotized rims of open- curved anteriorly. Internal structure differs from both 1 ings at /6 of epigynum length, septum broad and paral- Ph. pori and Ph. fulvastra by shorter chain of sper- lel, its posterior end curved anteriorly. mathecal chambers and details of first chamber of sper- Description. Male. Cephalothorax brown, with con- mathecae; also externally by shape of the septum. trasting white lines of adpressed setae, along light yel- Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax low dorso-lateral margins of thorax, continue as thin 2.31, length of abdomen 2.00, length of 5 segments of leg white lines of setae along margins of eye field until ALE. I 3.24. Female. Length of cephalothorax 2.62, length of Brown median area of thorax and upper sides covered abdomen 3.20, length of 5 segments of leg I 3.65. with black adpressed setae, lower sides yellowish brown Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – with inconspicuous whitish setae, ventral rim of sides black- IV, VI, VII; females – V, VII. ish. Anterior edge of eye field covered with whitish setae. Distribution. Israel: Haluqim Ridge, Hatira Ridge, Abdominal pattern consists of contrasting, conspicu- Nizzana, Sede Boqer (17). ous stripes: median streak light, posteriorly strikingly Etymology. Named for Dr Yael Lubin, an arachnolo- 1 white, about /6 of abdomen width, followed on each side gist and ecologist, organising and carrying out impor- by brown streak and then by white marginal line. tant research in the Negev, including Sede Boqer area. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 137

555 558

561

557 556 562 563

559 560

Figures 555–561. Phlegra “lineata” (from Smyrna), male, dorsal pattern (555), palpal organ ventrally (556), laterally (557), dorsally (558), tip of embolus (559); female, epigynum (560), its internal structure (561) (drawn by S. Heciak). Ph. nitidiventris (relevant North African species), tibial apophyses (562), epigynum (563).

Relevant species upright brown setae, no distinct traces of striped pattern; sides lighter brownish grey. Spinnerets brownish grey. Frontal aspect. Eye field appears dark brown, clypeus and Phlegra cf. lineata chelicerae light yellowish brown, no striking, contrasting setae; (Figs 555–561) sparse colourless setae present on clypeus do not change its general coloration, a few long brownish bristles stretching hor- Diagnosis. Resembles Phlegra fasciata, but less con- izontally under AME. Eyes I surrounded with whitish setae, trasting colored; female with grooves of epigynum more nar- dorsally mixed with slightly longer and thicker brown setae. rowly separated, number of chambers of spermathecae small- Pedipalps yellowish brown, with light, pale fawn setae on er; male palpal tibia dorsal apophysis broader and shorter. cymbium. Bulbus pale yellow, dorsal tibial apophyses separat- Remark. Not conspecific with Euophrys lineata C. L. ed by a U-shaped space, dorsal apophysis relatively broad, Koch 1848: 43, fig. 1303 = Phlegra lineata (C. L. Koch 1848) ending triangularly; ventral one sclerotized, end broadly trun- and apparently deserves description as a new species, which I cated, apically with a tiny ventral lobe articulating with a bent delay until fresh specimens will become available. plate-like process of cymbium. Description. Male. Cephalothorax: Eye field dark brown, Legs: tarsi, metatarsi, tibiae I–IV brown, patellae I–IV light covered with lighter adpressed setae, brownish and colourless, brown; femora III–IV much lighter, yellow, femora I–II whitish longer setae along anterior edge, thorax and sides in one spec- yellow, slightly darker apically. imen almost uniformly brown, in the second, sides and area Ventral aspect: chelicerae, coxae and sternum yellow to behind eyes III are somewhat lighter yellowish brown. yellowish brown, abdomen whitish grey. Abdomen brownish suffused with darker greyish brown, Female. Cephalothorax brown, with light yellow stripes almost bald with remnants of adpressed whitish and more along dorso lateral edge of thorax, eye field dark brown with 138 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

whitish adpressed setae. Sides light brown, ventrally lighter, structures of epigynum in form of long, coiled channels, edge brown. Eastern Palaearctic species of Plexippoides have sclero- Abdomen with three stripes of equal width: median white and tized, bag-shaped spermathecae and coiled channels two lateral brownish fawn, all covered with adpressed setae, cor- responding in colour with pigmentation, spinnerets brown. Legs (Prószyński 1984a). There seem to be significant differ- brown, prolateral surfaces of femora I–IV light yellow, femur I ences between Epeus and Plexippoides in general shape retrolaterally black spotted, apically brown; femora III–IV with of body including height of cephalothorax and slope of tho- broad, dark annuli medially and apically. rax, location of eyes anterior lateral, proportions of legs in Frontal aspect: eye field appears dark brown with numerous, relation to body, general colour patern and setae pattern, short upright brown bristles, face light brown, with large light all overlooked in the previous studies. yellow spots under ALE, clypeus suffused with grey, eyes I sur- Plexippoides has a robust body with robust legs, rounded with white setae; setae on clypeus colourless, do not influence general appearance. variable height and profile of cephalothorax, in some Chelicerae yellow, slightly bulging, narrowing apically, with species high, in others thorax lower and gently sloping. sparse colourless setae. Pedipalps and anterior legs give striped Coverage by setae and bristles variable, usually rich, with appearance, brown and lighter brown. “hairy” appearance, somewhat resembling Mogrus, due Ventral aspect: pale yellow with colourless setae; abdomen to relatively dense bristles scattered over cephalothorax grey with lighter longitudinal streaks, covered with whitish and body; these may be lost by live specimens, which setae, spinnerets brown. appear partially bald. Epigynum with round grooves, very narrowly separated, nar- rower than in Ph. fasciata, number of chambers in spermathe- Body proportions. cae smaller. Body length; cephalothorax – 3.24–3.60 in males; Material. 1) 2 females “Phlegra lineata C. Koch Smyrna abdomen 3.24–4.33. Cephalothorax: moderately broad, its Bottle 1788, t. 26 (2)” width is 61–67% at eyes I, 71–88% at eyes III, height 2) 2 males Phlegra lineata C. Koch “Bottle 1788 t.126 (2) 51–61%. Eye field extends over 39–47% of cephalothorax, Smyrna” “117” All: Coll. HEC. also short in relation to its width at eyes I, trapezium Distribution. Turkey: Smyrna. shaped, narrowing posteriorly by 3–6%; indistinctly nar- rower than cephalothorax, eyes III are located closely to Phlegra nitidiventris (Lucas) the edges of cephalothorax. Abdomen: elongate oval taper- (Figs 562–563) ing posteriorly; its lengt is 100–130%, its width 82% . Leg proportions in both sexes similar; leg order: III is approxi- Salticus nitidiventris Lucas, 1846: 138. mately = IV (III – male 118%, female 127%, IV – male 118%, Remarks. Relevant species from Algeria and Tunisia, with female 127%), I approximately = II (I – 100%, II – 98%). interesting adaptation in males – abdomen covered by hard, Matching of males and females was made possible black, light-reflecting scutum, very similar to that in Aelurillus recently owing to discovery by Dr. D. Logunow of a sam- politiventris. ple of both sexes of a species which I identified as Plexippoides arabicus (described by Wesołowska 1996 Phlegra pusilla Wesolowska et van Harten as P. flavescens) in Turkmenistan.

Phlegra pusilla Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 70, Figs 140–143.

Remarks. Described from Yemen. Palpal organ and Plexippoides arabicus Prószyński cephalothorax coloration seem to resemble Ph. particeps; how- (Figs 564–565, 569–579) ever, published drawing does not show details of tibial apophysis. Plexippoides arabicus Prószyński, 1989: 47–49, Figs 44–45; Menemerops sollistimus Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 45, Plexippoides Prószyński, 1984 97–98; Plexippoides flavescens: Wesołowska 1996 (nec O. Pickard- Type species. Yllenus starmuehlneri Roewer, 1955 Cambridge): 34–35, Fig. 24a–d. (syn. Menemerops sollistimus). [male, not female]. Introductory remarks. The genus belong to the group Diagnosis. Differs from type species – P. star- of genera characterized in males by peculiar shape of pal- muehlneri (Roewer, 1955) (cf. Prószyński 1984a: 400, pal organ: characteristic hooks on expanded basal retro- Figs 5–8) from Iran by narrower bulbus (which in the lateral angle of cymbium, touching similar hook formed by latter species is transversely oval); narrower cymbium, tibial apophysis; also broad flattended cymbium which is embolus arising at “5 o’clock” position and bulbus pro- much broader than bulbus, the latter half encircled by tuberance at “1 o’clock” separating it from P. gestroi long thin embolus. Females of several species, classified (Dalmas, 1920) (see below), in which these positions are until now in the genus Menemerops, have compact, high- “8 o’clock” and “4 o’clock” respectively. ly sclerotized spermathecae, with internal convoluted Remark. Environmental conditions of specimens col- chambers. Species of related Oriental genus (Epeus) usu- lected by Dr. D. V. Logunov in Turkmenistan may have ally have elongated anterior half of cymbium and internal some importance for searching for the same species in SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 139

half of abdomen with dark and light chevrons; this pat- 564 tern differs somewhat from mosaic holotype and more uniformly dark paratype, presumably due to geograph- ic variation. Frontal aspect: eye field appears dark con- trasting with fawn clypeus; eyes I encircled by single line of longer whitish setae ventrally, dorsally brown; clypeus with sparse colourless or greyish horizontal setae, stronger, longer and darker grey along ventral margin of clypeus, height of clypeus equal to half of ALE diameter; AME diameter 1.75 times that of ALE; 565 566 chelicerae yellowish fawn with sparse short bristles arising from darker protuberances, scattered over sur- face. Cymbium and tibia yellow with long mane of white setae, a few darker and stronger on tibia; femur apically with a dorsal flat surface of short but upright and thicker dark setae and a bunch of longer strong dark setae arising laterally. Ventral aspect: abdomen whitish with median area darker grey along the whole abdomen, including area corresponding to epigynum in female; coxae, sternum and femora ventrally whitish or yellowish, with white and locally grey setae. Legs light brown with darker annuli and with black tarsus I, including its dorsal surface (in Saudi Arabian speci- Figures 564–566. Plexippoides arabicus, general appearance (564), palpal mens only ventral surface is black); black basal half of organ ventrally (565); comparison with P. gestroi, palpal organ (566) ventral surface of tibia I and black and white setae (from Prószyński 1987: 60). delimite lines apically on lateral surfaces of femur I; spines numerous and long, slightly darker than respec- Israel. He has found them in Gezgyadyk Mt. Range, (on the tive segments. Palpal organ: broad flatten cymbium, Turkmenistan frontier with Iran), on very hot, abrupt clay much broader than round bulbus, half encircled by embo- slopes – a very special environment, where no other simi- lus which is almost twice as long as bulbus; there are also lar species occur – consequently conspecificity of male and characteristic hooks on expanded basal angle of cymbi- female seems to be certain. Morphology of these specimens um and corresponding hook formed by tibial apophysis resemble Plexippoides arabicus in palpal organ, and a mane of long white setae around cymbium. although they differ in body proportions (higher, less slop- Female. No fresh specimen known from the Levant; I ing thorax), coloration, possibly setae and bristles; have a assume that a female from Turkmenistan, Gezgyadyk row of dark, horizontal, harder setae along anterior, dorso- Mt. Range (Fig. 569 ) is conspecific with an old specimen lateral edge of femur I. Identification of females as from Sinai (Figs 570–571), but delay description until Plexippoides flavescens by Dr. W. Wesołowska is based on new specimens become available. drawings made from old specimens in Prószyński (1984c: Material. Male paratype – Sinai: Mt. Catharina, 16. 86, and 1992a: 99–100, Figs 44–45). Conspecificity of these VII. 68, coll. Shulov. specimen, collected in distant localities (Dead Sea, Iran), is Comparative material – male and female Turkmenia, doubtful. On the other hand males of Turkmenia speci- Gezgyadyk Mt. Range (described also by W. Wesołowska mens seems to be conspecific rather with specimen shown as Plexippoides flavescens). Leg. Logunov. Coll. ISE in Prószyński (1989: 47–49, Figs 44–45), that is P. arabicus. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – Solution of identity of this species therefore depends from I, III, VII; females – unknown. collecting of both sexes in the same locality in Israel, Saudi Distribution. Egypt: Sinai – Mt Catherina (22); Arabia, or other neighbouring countries. Saudi Arabia; Turkmenistan: Gezgyadyk Mts Range. Description. Male. Medium size spider with long and robust legs, legs IV appearing the longest, legs hairy with numerous strong spines. There is no trace of Plexippoides flavescens (O. Pickard-Cambridge) upright “crown” of setae on eye field, characteristic of (Figs 567–568) some related species in E Asia; actually the studied specimen is bald. Cephalothorax light brown, eye field Salticus flavescens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 343; darker brown and bald. Menemerus flavescens: Prószyński 1984c: 86; Deltshev and Abdomen with dark median streak and dark margins Paraschi, 1990: 5; along anterior half, delimited by white sides, posterior Menemerops flavescens: Prószyński 1992a: 99–100, Figs 44–45. 140 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Diagnosis. Resembles female Plexippoides arabi- Frontal aspect: “... on the clypeus are some long fine cus collected recently by Dr. D. Logunov in Gezgyadyk yellowish white prominent hairs...”; pedipalps “yellow ... Mt. Range, Turkmenistan. Some attention has been with long whitish hairs”. Legs: “... yellow, ... obscurely given to old female specimens of this species from Sinai, banded with dull yellow brown, ... each tarsus termi- from where male of Plexippoides arabicus was also nates with a strong black claw tuft”. Spination of tibia I described. The problem of differences between these does not differ from Menemerus (Fig. 374). Epigynum species, or eventual synonymization of some of these with small posterior pockets; anterior pair of small forms, requires study of fresh specimens. grooves, with indistinct, slit-like openings which pass Description. Female. Description partially based on through short channels into elongate spermathecae, that of O. Pickard-Cambridge (1872: 343 – quotations in“ running medially and parallel to main body axis, poste- ”. Cephalothorax: There is a row of long bristles on pro- riorly bent, haevily sclerotized with internal convoluted tuberances under eyes lateral, less regular than in chambers. Pseudicius and often hidden among other setae, similar Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- to some Menemerus species. “Head black brown and tho- rax 3.33–3.60; length of abdomen 4.08–4.33; length of 5 racic portion dark yellow brown, ... the whole clothed with segments of leg I 6.61; length of legs order: IV, III, I, II. short yellowish adpressed hairs or coarse pubescence”. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females Eye field broader than long, eyes II closer to eyes III. – II, VIII. Abdomen: “yellowish, ... obscurely marked .. with Distribution. Egypt: Sinai – St. Catharina Monastery black brown irregular transverse bars in the posterior (22); Greece; Iran: Khuzistan Province; Lebanon: Ain half of abdomen, a pair of yellowish spots in 3/4th of Atta. Israel: Dead Sea (13). length of the abdomen..”.

572

571

570 567

568 569

Figures 567–572. Plexippoides flavescens (O.P.-Cambridge collection specimen), epigynum (567) and its internal structure (568); P. arabicus, Turkmenian specimen, internal structure of epigynum (569), Sinai specimen, internal structure of epigynum (570), and epigynum (571), cephalothorax laterally (572). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 141

574 575

573 576

575a

Figures 573–576. Plexippoides sp., uncertain Dead Sea specimen, epigynum (573), Sinai specimen, tibia I spination (574). Comparison with Plexippoides gestroi from Rhodos, epigynum and its internal structure (575, 575a), P. afghanus paratype, epigynum (576) (from Prószyński 1987: 60).

Relevant species Introductory remarks. Large genus containing sev- eral pantropical species; during the XIXth century the generic name Plexippus was misused and given to large Plexippoides afghanus (Roewer) comb. nov. (Fig. 576) number of species, later gradually reclassified, the process not yet completed. The genus contains several Evarcha afghana Roewer, 1961: 26, Fig. 109; interesting species in Israel and deserves more attention. Evarcha afghana: Prószyński 1984c: 47; Palpal organ very characteristic, with bulbus broad, Menemerops afghanus: Prószyński 1992a: 99; anteriorly broadly truncated, posteriorly narrowing, Remark. Known from Afghanistan and Middle Asia. with embolus thin, bent and short, located anteriorly, near prolateral edge of bulbus or moved to near the mid- Plexippoides gestroi (Dalmas) length of its anterior truncature, the antero-prolateral (Fig. 566) edge of bulbus medially to embolus expanded and usu- Habrocestum gestroi Dalmas, 1920: 60, 65, 68; ally covered by a row of minute, sclerotized teeeth. Plexippoides gestroi: Prószyński 1987: 60; Deltshev and Paraschi Epigynum charateristic, large, sclerotized plate divid- 1990: 6, Figs 6–7; Metzner 1999: 135, 253, Tab. 99; ed by median longitudinal furrow, beginning posteriorly Distribution. E Mediterranean: Greece, Turkey. to a sclerotized fold followed by small oval or rounded depression, and extending to hind end of epigynum. In Plexippoides sp. majority of species, median furrow begins at junction of (Figs 575) diagonal branches, which gives it a Y-shape, with convex, rounded or eliptical area in front of junction; the copula- Material. Female – Rhodos: Apolona, leg. Wunderlich. tory openings are then located the bottom of diagonal Remarks. Identification and description delayed until more branches of furrow (P. paykulli, P. setipes, P. devorans). material will be available. Also drawings 99d–e by Metzner In species where diagonal branches not developed, open- (1999) do not permit unequivocal identification of this species as Plexippoides gestroi, which he quotes from Rhodos. ing located alongside median furrow, also diagonally (P. clemens). Copulatory channels flat and broad, extending alonside median furrow, pass by constriction into spheri- Plexippus C. L. Koch, 1846 cal or spherical convoluted spermatheca. Epigynum in adult (mated?) female often covered by thin layer of very Type species. Attus paykulli Savigny et Audouin, 1827. hard secretion blurring sculpture of epigynum; drawings 142 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

done without removal of that secretion (with a needle or Ventral aspect “labium, maxillae and sternum yellow.” by maceration in KOH) are usually unclear. Epigynum: anterior median circular depression, fol- lowed by median furrow, openings in diagonal slits lat- erally to furrow with short channel running diagonally, Plexippus clemens (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) which is rather unusual in the genus, and passing under comb. nov. sharp angle into spherical oval spermatheca – the gen- (Figs 592–593) eral plan corresponding with Plexippus. Material. 1 female – Ma’agan Mikhael II/III 1987 Salticus clemens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 335–336; Leg. V. K. B. Roth. Coll. HUJ; 1 female “Salticus clemens Menemerus clemens: Prószyński 1984c: 85; Plexippus similis Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 72–74, Figs OPC tube 21, B. 1821”. Coll. O.P.-Cambridge, HEC, 147–149, syn. nov. Oxford. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Female Diagnosis. Remarks of O. Pickard-Cambridge (1872: – II/III. 335–336) on this species being allied to three species of Distribution. Israel: “low plants on the plains of Euophrys (frontalis, reticulatus and gambosus), Jordan”, Ma’agan Mikhael. which apparently inspired its subsequent transfer to that genus by Roewer, was presumably prompted by small dimensions and coloration of specimen. However, Plexippus devorans (O. Pickard-Cambridge) comb. nov. internal structure of epigynum proves its relationship (Figs 579–580, 584–585, 589–591) with Plexippus. The species is different from female of Plexippus devorans Salticus devorans O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 327–328; , and there are no premises to com- Plexippus coccineus Simon, 1902: 403; Nenilin 1985: 132 (s. P. ment on eventual relationships with Plexippus tectoni- strandi); Wesołowska 1996: 36–38, Figs 25a–c, 26a–c; cus sp. nov. Plexippus strandi Spassky, 1939: 299, Figs 1–2, syn. nov. Description. Female. Distinctly smaller than two Plexippus strandi: Andreeva 1969: 90, Figs 2 v, z, d; Prószyński remaining species of Plexippus. Cephalothorax: 1984c: 112; Nenilin 1984b: 27; Plexippus setipes: Prószyński 1973: 120–124, Figs 61–66; Coloration changed now, was originally “yellow with a Plexippus strandi dushanbinus Andreeva, 1976: 88–90, Figs paler patch on the occiput, ... ocular area strongly suf- 121–124; Prószyński 1984b: 112; fused with black, ... several slightly converging black Menemerus devorans: Prószyński 1984c: 85 (transfer from Salticus). streaks on the hind slope, sides tinged with brown-black” (O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 335–336). Abdomen: median Diagnosis. Small, cephalothorax yellowish white part white, marginal traces of thin greyish yellow folds; with two brown reddish spots on posterior thoracic according to the original description it was “dull yellow, slope, abdomen white with spots different from those of finely and thickly yellow brown striated longitudinally. A Plexippus paykulli, different proportions of palpal central longitudinal paler band (being free from these stri- organ, a flag of long white setae on palpal femur. ations) is indistinctly visible, divided anteriorly by a short Epigynum differs from Plexippus setipes by shorter lon- red brown longitudinal line, trifid at its hinder extremity, gitudinal channels, broader and proportionately larger followed by several yellow brown chevrons”. Frontal spermathecae and broader slit behind vaginal roof. aspect: eye field light brown now, that coloration ending at Remark. Plexippus strandi from Uzbekistan and mid length of eyes AME, externally to ALE blackish grey Tadjikistan, as well as Plexippus strandi dushanbi- area with a few remaining whitish setae; diameter of ALE nus from Tadjikistan agree with Israeli specimens in 1 half of that of AME, ALE set at /12 of that diameter below general colour pattern, palpal organ and presence of a dorsal tip of AME rim. Clypeus now white, no setae or flag (bunch) of long white setae on palpal femur. bristles preserved. External outline of chelicerae slightly Matching of males and females is confirmed by occur- rounded, their antero-median surfaces flattened and set rence of identical pairs in Algeria and in Tadjikistan. slightly diagonally. Legs once yellow, now entirely white: Related species Plexippus kondarensis (Charitonov, tibia I with 3 pairs of ventral spines and one additional 1951) has narrower bulbus, without serrated prolateral prolateral pair slightly above and anterior to the median edge, epigynum with longer median oval grooves, both ventral, forming a diagonal pair; two pairs of long ventral illustrated correctly by Andreeva (1976: Figs 116–117). spines on metatarsus I; single prolateral spine on patella Description. Male. Cephalothorax yellow with two I, 3 upright spines along dorsal crest of femur I, the apical striking brown, large spots on posterior slope of thorax; 1 one at about /8 of segment length, followed transversely by eye field fawn with no white streak. two others of the same length, thus forming a transverse Abdomen: median area whitish yellow, with three dorsal row of 3 short spines from dorsal mid-line of the pairs of marginal darker spots and single darker spot in segment to its prolateral edge; similar arrangement of front of spinnerets; spinnerets whitish. spines on leg II; number of spines on legs III–IV is larger Face yellow with dense long white setae on clypeus, than in Plexippus devorans. some of which stretch diagonally forward, partially SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 143

overhanging cheliceral bases. Eyes I surrounded ven- pattern, also “hairy” owing to black bristles. Face yellow trally by white, dorsally by yellowish setae, eye field with lines of white scale-like setae under orbits of ALE, fawn. Chelicerae basally yellow, apical half light brown. eyes I surrounded by whitish setae. Long sparse hori- Pedipalps light yellow, with yellow cymbium, which dor- zontal white setae form triangle under AME. Epigynum sally has large basal spot of white setae (resembling almost black, abdomen ventrally white greyish. Plexippus sp., but less contrasting because cymbium Measurement of male specimen from Enot Hazor (in lighter); pedipalpal femur, tibia and cymbium with long mm and % of LC). LC 2.16 mm = 100%, LE 1.4 = 65%, white setae. WE1 1.44 = 67%, WE3 1.44 = 67%, HC 1.04 = 48%, LA Palpal organ: embolus thin and short, located at 2.32 = 2.16%. Flat area beyond eye field 0.8 = 37%. about mid-length of anterior edge of bulbus, the part of Measurement of male segments of legs: tarsus to femur bulbus opposite to apophysis particularly strongly (in mm and in % of leg I): leg I 0.56 + 0.72 + 1.04 + 0.8 developed (Figs 584–585), stronger than in any other + 1.28 = 4.4 mm = 100%; leg II 0.56 + 0.72 + 0.8 + 0.8 Israeli Plexippus. + 1.2 = 4.08 mm = 93%; leg III 0.64 + 1.2 + 1.44 + 0.72 Ventral aspect whitish. Legs I: femur ventrally + 1.4 = 5.4 mm = 123%; leg IV 0.56 + 1.2 + 0.96 + 0.8 whitish, along prolateral surface light brown line, tibia- + 1.44 = 4.96 mm = 113%. Leg order III, IV, I, II. patella I light fawn, metatarsus-tarsus I yellow; legs Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – II–IV yellow. III, X; females – III, V, VIII. Female. Cephalothorax yellow with lighter median Distribution. Caucasus; Tadjikistan; Uzbekistan; thoracic streak ending by broader spot in the foveal Lebanon: Rasheiya. Israel: Nahal S’nir near Hagosherim area; posterior slope of thorax steeper than in P. (1); Degania (7); ‘Ein Gedi (sulphur springs), ‘Enot paykulli; sides whitish yellow with traces of indistinct Samar; Sedom (13), “plains of the Jordan“ [O. Pickard- darker radial bars; eye field darker yellow with an indis- Cambridge reports them from walls, rocky banks and tinct thin diagonal line of white setae along lateral edges among stones on the plains of Jordan]. of eye field, medially from eyes II to junction between ALE and AME; eyes surrounded black. Abdomen variable – in one specimen anterior half Plexippus paykulli (Savigny et Audouin) divided into three indistinct transverse belts: white, (Figs 577–578, 583, 587–588) brown and white; posterior half divided into three indis- tinct longitudinal streaks: light median (with remnants Attus paykulli Savigny et Audouin, 1827: 409, Table 7, Figs 22; Salticus vaillanti: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 323; of chevrons) and two dark brown lateral, the latter with Plexippus paykulli: Prószyński 1976: 41, map 156, Figs 282; two pairs of very small white dots; tip of abdomen dark Żabka 1985: 432–434, Figs 458–463, map 33; Prószyński 1987: brown, sides yellow, spinnerets yellow. In remaining 80; Bohdanowicz and Prószyński 1987: 116–117, Figs 222–227; specimens examined, distinct belts and streaks not vis- Davies and Żabka 1989: Tab. 49; Koh 1989: 113 (colour photo); Wesołowska and van Harten 1994: 70, Figs 144–146. ible, more or less uniform whitish grey with adpressed yellowish grey setae and longer, darker setae, giving Description. Male. Cephalothorax dorsally striped: hairy appearance (resembling Chinese P. setipes). 1) median light yellow streak, at eye field turning into Frontal aspect: while dorsal surface of eye field in striking white, covered with white setae, continued ver- this position appears dark, remaining parts are whitish tically on the face; 2) two black streaks, beginning on yellow including lower face, chelicerae, pedipalps, femo- posterior thoracic slope, with weaker extension touch- ra of legs; eyes surrounded with white setae. ing hindmargin, running anteriorly along dorso-lateral Legs generally yellow, femora whitish yellow. Ventral edge, continuing laterally along eye field, and then as aspect: whitish yellow. Epigynum with anterior median vertical bars on face; 3) lower sides are whitish yellow; circular depression, behind sclerotized semicircular 4) thin black margin along ventral edge. fold [vaginal roof] and extended posteriorly by the medi- Abdomen striped, with two marginal black streaks an furrow; openings in diagonal slits laterally to furrow, and median yellowish white streak, expanding ovally in often covered by hard brown semitransparent secretion; the posterior half, posteriorly with a pair of small white spermathecae spherical; spots touching median streak; sides whitish, spinnerets Fresh female specimen from Enot Samar differs by yellowish. Face crossed by contrasting vertical bars, having eye field dark brown, black anteriorly and with being continuation of stripes running along cephalotho- lateral eyes surrounded by black, but these are partly rax: 1) single median white bar, which runs along eye covered by white setae: surrounding eyes III, along eyes field, reaching space between AME, median orbital lateral, scattered over eye field and between ALE and setae of AME white, continues down across clypeus to AME. Thorax yellow with greyish shade, covered with its ventral edge, then further along median parts of che- sparse but distinct short black bristles arising from dark licerae; 2) a pair of blackish brown bars, continuing bases, giving specimen a hairy appearance. Abdomen from eye field, formed of dark brown setae along dorsal yellowish white with greyish lateral areas, no distinct and ventral rim of AME, further continue down to edge 144 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

579 580 577

578 582 581

Figures 577–582. Plexippus paykulli, general appearance of male (577) and female (578); P. devorans (Ein Gedi sulphur springs specimen), dorsal bunch of white setae on palpal femur (579), general appearance of male (580); P. tectonicus sp. nov., bunch of setae on palpal femur (581), general appearance of male (582). of clypeus and onto chelicerae; 3) a pair of white bars Female. Conspicuous dorsal pattern. Cephalothorax between AME and ALE, beginning from the white spot dark brown with light thoracic stripe ending by small on anterior edge of eye field, continue to edge of clypeus; swelling at the foveal area, not extending over eye field as 4) a pair of dark brown bars, from the dorsal and ventral in male; lower sides lighter brown, edge of carapace rim of ALE, down to lateral edge of clypeus, where they black. Eye field dark brown with eye surroundings black. bend and continue along ventral margin of cephalotho- Abdomen flattened, divided into longitudinal stripes: rax; 5) white lateral surfaces of cephalothorax continue median light and two lateral brown (on live specimens the anteriorly as a pair of lateral white bars. Chelicerae coloration appears light grey). Frontal aspect: face dark black. Pedipalps light yellow, with small spot of black brown without contrasting pattern. Legs generally dark setae; femur with line of long white setae dorsally; cym- brown, almost uniform; femur I prolaterally with lighter bium with indistinct spot of white adpressed setae brown longitudinal line. Ventral aspect light brown, basally on dorsal surface. Legs – whitish yellow with abdomen with darker longitudinal stripes. Epigynum black line on prolateral surface of femur I, black lateral shown in Fig. 707, very often covered by hard, semitrans- surfaces of patella and tibia I, metatarsus and tarsus I parent brown waxy secretion which can be removed care- black, also dorsally. fully with needle or during maceration in KOH.

586 583 585

584

1 Figures 583–586. Plexippus paykulli, palpal organ ventrally (note that it is /3 larger than in other species) (583); P. devorans (Ein Gedi sulphur springs specimen), palpal organ ventrally (584), same in the specimen from the O. P.-Cambridge collection (585); P. tectonicus sp. nov. palpal organ ventrally (586). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 145

587 589 592

590 588 591 593

Figures 587–592. Epigynum and single spermatheca with channel in Plexippus paykulli, Israeli specimen (587) and Algerian specimen (588); P. devorans, Israeli specimens (589) and (590), P. tectonicus sp. nov., specimen from the O. Pickard-Cambridge collection (591), P. clemens, Israeli specimen (592) and Algerian specimen (593).

Measurement. Male (in mm and % of LC). LC 4.03 on long preserved specimens) flag of setae on pedipalpal mm = 100%, LE 1.56 mm = 39%, WE1 2.34 mm = 55 %, femur, broader embolus, white round spot of scales dor- WE3 2.21 mm = 55%, HC 1.75 mm = 42%, LA 3,9 mm sally on cymbium, white line along pedipalpal tibia, thin =97%. Flat area beyond eye field 1,17 = 42%. Five seg- long abdomen. Differs from Plexippus setipes by ments of legs of male (tarsus to femur; in mm and in % absence of prominent triangular tooth at end of row of of leg I): leg I 1.04 + 1.3 + 1.95 + 1.62 + 2.08 = 8.35 mm minute teeth medially to embolus; the latter has no flag – 100%; leg II 0.97 + 1.43 + 1.75 + 1.43 + 2.34 = 7.92 of long setae on pedipalpal femur. Half the size of P. mm – 95%; leg III 1.17 + 2.27 + 1.62 + 1.3 + 2.6 = 8.96 paykulli, from which it also differs in median position mm – 107%; leg IV 1.04 + 2.21 + 1.82 + 1.3 + 2.6 = 8.97 of embolus. mm – 107%. Leg order: III, IV, I, II. Description. Male. Cephalothorax dark brown with Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – traces of white adpressed setae on eye field, with white IV, V; females – III, IV, V, VI, VII. thoracic streak expanded into large, round white spot Distribution. Pantropical, including the whole on the foveal area, continued posteriorly up to hindmar- Mediterranean and Saudi Arabia, in cooler areas some- gin by narrower whitish median streak along thoracic times in greenhouses. Israel: numerous localities. slope, delimited from eye field by darker fawn trans- verse line, similar light streak runs medially along abdomen. Sides light fawn with whitish adpressed setae, Plexippus tectonicus sp. nov. dark brown margin along ventral edge. (Figs 581–582, 586, 591, 736–737) Abdomen with three streaks: two marginal dark brown, expanding onto sides and passing further onto Diagnosis. Closely related to Plexippus devorans, ventral surface; median streak lighter, anteriorly light from which it differs by a black (faded to brown or grey fawn, in posterior half consisting of a chain of connected 146 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

four thin white chevrons. Posterior edge of the abdomen lighter pinkish yellow. Sternum and coxae yellow with dark, dorsal spinnerets dark brown with lighter tips. pinkish hue. Epigynum covered by waxy secretion blur- Face uniformly dark brown, setae around eyes I yel- ring its shape (Fig. 736), after removal of both waxy low. Clypeus dark brown, almost bald, with a few longer secretion and soft tissues in KOH, the shape of epigy- grey setae under AME, stretching diagonally and over- num is shown on Fig. 737. hanging chelicerae; sparse white setae peculiarly Legs yellow with short and sparse, dark setae. swollen apically, on clypeus and entering chelicerae. Measurement of allotype female (in mm and % of Chelicerae dark brown. Pedipalps light brown to yellow, length of cephalothorax). Length of cephalothorax 2.6 = cymbium dorsally with contrasting spot of adpressed 100%, length of eye field 1.17 = 45%, width of eye field at white setae, almost round basally; pedipalpal femur ter- eyes I 1,69 = 65%, width of eye field at eyes III 1.73 = 65%, minally, and patella dorsally, with a line of dense height of cephalothorax 1.04 = 40%, flat surface of thorax adpressed white setae. Characteristic retrolateral bunch beyond eye field 0.78 = 30%, length of abdomen 2.99 = of horizontal long brown or black setae on pedipalpal 115%. Measurement of 5 segments of legs: tarsus to femur femur. Palpal organ: embolus broad and tapering, but (in mm and in % of leg I): leg I 0.65 + 0.78 +0.97+ 1.04 + apically truncated, without making sharp tip, located 1.3 = 4.74 mm – 100%, leg II 0.65 + 0.78 +0.84 +0.84 + medially; side of bulbus opposite to apophysis particu- 1.43 = 4.54 mm – 96%, leg III 0.65 + 0.97 + 0.91 + 0.78 + larly strongly developed (Fig. 586). 1.56 = 4.87 mm – 103%, leg IV 0.91+ 1.3+ 1.17 + 0.78+ Legs brown with mosaics of black spots. Legs I dark 1.69 = 5.85 mm – 123%. Leg order: IV, III, I, II. brown, with apical end of tarsus yellow. II brown with Material. Holotype male, allotype female: Israel, darker metatarsus, III–IV yellow with brownish shade. Geshur 217/240 VIII, 1998, pitfall trap. Leg. I. Warburg. Male (paratype). Specimen seems much lighter, with Paratypes: male, Israel, Kalia, 11. IV. 68, Leg. Pener; male, darker area brown, dominant coloration yellow, proba- Israel, No 169 . Leg. Oren Hasson. All in coll. HUJ; male, bly due to fading.Due to yellow coloration white setae Israel, Sede Boker, April 1996. Leg. R. R. Jackson. Col. IZ. less striking. Dark areas on thorax consist of adpressed Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Seasonal scales, elongate and brown, dark streaks on abdomen appearance of adults: males – IV, VIII; females – VIII. consist of adpressed grayish brown, thinner but denser Distribution. Israel: Kalia, Dead Sea shore, Geshur (13). scales. Palpal organ and “grey flag” on pedipalpal femur Etymology. Related to the occurrence at the bottom as in holotype specimen. Legs yellow. of the tectonic rift of Dead Sea and . Measurement of paratype male (in mm and % of length of cephalothorax). Length of cephalothorax 1.9 mm = 100%, length of eye field 0.88= 46%, width of eye Pseudeuophrys Dahl, 1912 field at eyes I 1.28 = 67%, width of eye field at eyes III 3 1.28 = 67%, height of cephalothorax 0.88 = 46%, length Type species. Attus erraticus Walckenaer, 1826: 46. of abdomen 2 = 1.05%, flat area beyond eye field 0.56 = Introductory remarks. Improved knowledge of gen- 29%. Measurement of 5 segments of legs: (tarsus to ital organs in Euophryinae suggests revival of the femur, in mm and in % of leg I): leg I 0.48 + 0.56 + 0.72 genus Pseudeuophrys Dahl, 1912 (actually done recent- + 0.6 + 1.04 = 3,4 mm – 100%, leg II 0.48 + 0.56 + 0.64 ly by Logunov 1998), containing species previously + 0.56 + 1 = 3,24 mm – 95%, leg III 0.64 + 0.72 + 0.64 included into Euophrys erratica group of species. The + 0.64 + 1.2 = 3.84 mm – 113%, leg IV 0.64 + 0.96 + 0.8 genus is characterized in females by epigynum with two + 0.64 + 1.12 = 4.16 mm – 122%. Leg order: IV, III, I, II. large white membranous oval “windows” with thin, scle- Female (allotype). Eye field light brown, covered rotized rims, spermathecae oval, sometimes constricted with invisible, adpressed and colourless scales. Thorax into two chambers, located posteriorly to windows or yellow with sparse darker, brownish olive, adpressed partially parallel, channels short and broad. In males, setae, concentration of these makes four elongate dark- bulbus is broad, coil of embolus large, located on antero- er spots on posterior slope of thorax. Face light yellow ventral or anterior surface of bulbus, sometimes in ante- with whitish sparse setae on clypeus and whitish setae rior cavity; tibial apophysis prominent. encircling eyes anterior. Chelicerae creamy yellow, aris- ing horizontally and almost immediately bending per- pendicularly down. Pedipalps yellow with sparse, long Pseudophrys pascualis (O. Pickard-Cambridge) comb. nov. stiff setae dark and whitish. (Figs 198–199) Abdomen pinkish yellow with lighter median, ill delimited streak, lateral parts of dorsum darker brown, Salticus pascualis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 334–335; Euophrys pascualis: Prószyński 1984c: 43 (transfer from due to adpressed brown scales, anteriorly a group of Salticus); Logunov 1998: 125. longer dark bristles. There is a pair of white spots in 4/5th of length of abdomen, encircled by dark brown Diagnosis. Palpal organ very similar to Euophrys scales. Spinnerets dark yellow. Abdomen ventrally obsoleta (cf: Prószyński 1979: 307, Figs 80–83; SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 147

Prószyński 1991: Figs 1333.1–2 – mislabelled Eu. her- II–IV, usually flattened and elongated abdomen, all with bigrada), differing by tibial apophysis being equally characteristic colour pattern. They are further charac- narrow along major part of its length and by minute ter- terized by tibia I more or less swollen medially with minal hook; possibly conspecific, the establishment of reduced spines, partially or entirely, and striking tri- which require examination of female and of fresh male. chobothria: thick, long and often bent. There is always a Description. Male. Cephalothorax: now light greyish row of about 10 bristles on tubercles partially adpressed brown with eye field lighter, surrounding of eyes dark; and directed horizontally, under eyes lateral and paral- lighter lines radiating from fovea, this character being lel to them; they are considered by W. Maddison (1987) shared by several Euophrys species in Israel. to be a stridulatory organ, complemented functionally Abdomen originally “black brown with some white by a group of microscopic sized micro-bristles subapi- squamose hairs towards fore extremity, ... indistinct pale cally on prolateral surface of femur I. Their genital ... chevrons on the hinder half”; dorsal spinnerets “white organs differ so widely both in male and female, that tipped with black, ventral one black”. Frontal aspect: col- only the existence of intermediary forms testify to their oration like cephalothorax, without contrasting pattern, relationships. Their relationship to other genera is surrounding of ALE darker pigmented, almost black, no unclear and requires further study. distinct setae; diameter of AME equal to 150 % of that of Body proportions. In male: cephalothorax: length ALE, clypeus under AME lighter, its height equal to half 1.38-1.95-2.67, broad, its width is 50-55-60% at eyes I, 68- of diameter of ALE; chelicerae short and slender, with an 71-83% at eyes III, height 34-39-50%. Eye field extending oval space left between their inner bent edges. over 35-40-43% of cephalothorax, also short in relation to Pedipalps: femur and patella “yellow with white its width at eyes I; trapezium shaped, broadening poste- hairs”, tibia “brown” with long thin apophysis, cymbium riorly by 4–7%; indistinctly narrower than cephalotho- “brown-black”. Palpal organ: with large hole inside coil rax, eyes III are located close to the edges of cephalotho- of the embolus, on anterior surface of bulbus, tibial rax. Abdomen: elongate oval tapering posteriorly; its apophysis long and thin, small, apically bent and hook- length is 106-126-150%, its width 65-71-75% . Leg propor- like. Ventral aspect whitish. Legs: originally “dark tions (expressed in % of five segments of the first leg) dif- brown”, now faded, tarsus I dorsally whitish, prolateral- fer in both sexes: in male leg order is – I, IV (80-93-107%), ly darkened; II–IV uniformly whitish yellow. (Based on III (64-74-80%), II (60-67-76%); in female – IV (105-121- original description of O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 129%), I (100%), III (78-94-100%), II (74-84-88%). 334–335 and on his specimen). Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax Key to Pseudicius of Levant 1.14; length of abdomen 1.08. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – IV. 1. Females ...... 2 Distribution. Israel: Nein (2). –. Males ...... 7 2(1). Epigynal pockets located anteriorly, epigynum Relevant species without large grooves ...... 3 –. Pockets located posteriorly, epigynum with large anterior oval groove or two grooves ...... 5 Pseudeuophrys vafra (Blackwall) 3(2). Pockets widely spaced, sclerotized edge of pock- Salticus vafra Blackwall, 1876: 205; ets reach posterior end of epigynum, entangled Euophrys vafra: Miller 1971: 141; Wunderlich 1987: 270; Nenilin 1985: 130; coils visible through tegument both in posterior Pseudeuophrys vafra: Logunov 1998: 124, Figs 15, 35, 36, 41, 42. and anterior part of epigynum . . . . P. spiniger Distribution. S Europe, Azores, Madeira, Tunis, Syria. –. Pockets less widely spaced, sclerotized edge of pockets not longer than half of epigynum, inter- nal entangled coils visible through tegument only Pseudicius Simon, 1885 in posterior part of epigynum ...... 4 4(3). Median part of copulatory channels extends Type species. Pseudicius encarpatus (Walckenaer, along the largest part of epigynum, transverse 1802). lateral channel in mid length clearly visible Introductory remarks. A large, diversified genus through tegument ...... P. wadis having at present about 80 species occurring in the –. Median part of copulatory channels shorter, whole Old World, Australia, and Pacific Islands, particu- extends over posterior half of epigynum, acces- larly numerous in warm areas, including dry and eremic sory gland channel long, runs externally to epig- environments. Characterized by striking general ynum ...... P. asoroticus appearance: long and relatively low body, flattened –. Median part of copulatory channels extends along cephalothorax, very long and robust leg I, particularly posterior part of epigynum (as above), the pockets striking in M, contrasting with shorter and slender legs almost touching each other ...... P. tamaricis 148 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

5(1). Epigynum with large oval groove, incompletely contrasting with brown lower sides of cephalothorax, divided anteriorly ...... P. kulczynskii covered with sparse setae, area beneath lateral eyes –. Epigynum with two large oval grooves in anteri- still darker; area around eyes I brown with sparse white or half ...... 6 setae; white setae and scales above eyes AME on dark 6(5). Grooves almost round, openings prominent, pigmented tegument; pedipalps white; chelicerae fawn. entrance channel U-shaped, pockets not visible Legs: tibia I yellow, with two closely spaced, reduced ...... P. miriae short ventral spines in a prolateral subapical position. –. Grooves elongate oval, openings very indistinct, Ventral aspect light. Epigynum anterior 3/4 divided entrance channel lying flat along spermatheca, into two elongate oval grooves, prominently delimited by pockets prominent ...... P. palaestinensis a sclerotized edge, their partition narrow, slightly 7(1). Bulbus rounded, embolus very long, encircling broadened in its mid-length; pockets prominent, lateral bulbus, anterior tip of cymbium elongate ...... to grooves, edge of their openings broadly bent, located 2 ...... P. spiniger at about /3 of epigynum length; copulatory opening –. Bulbus oval, usually elongate, embolus not encir- indistinct; spermathecae make flattened transverse cling bulbus, cymbium of normal length . . . . . 8 loop, not exceeding posterior third of epigynum length. 8(7). Embolus arising latero-posteriorly ...... 9 Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- –. Embolus arising anteriorly, tibial apophysis about rax 2.67; length of abdomen 3.36; length of 5 segments of half bulbus length, biramous . . P. palaestinensis leg I 3.99 9(8). Tibial apophysis about as long as bulbus, unira- Remarks. The holotype specimen labelled – “1246 – mous ...... 10 Syria (C.Br.)” was found mixed up among non-identified –. Ttibial apophysis about half bulbus length, api- material in the E. Simon Coll., MNHN-Paris. cally biramous ...... 11 Distribution. “Syria” 10(9). Tibial apophysis without small hook apically, inclined diagonally, with developed anterior “blade” ...... P. mikhalovi Pseudicius asoroticus Simon –. Tibial apophysis resembling tamaricis but with (Figs 628–629) small hook apically, bulbus slightly broader ...... P. wadis Pseudicius asoroticus Simon, 1890: 116; Pseudicius asoroticus: Prószyński 1993: 50–53, Figs 41–46; –. Tibial apophysis in profile more vertical, sharp Afraflacilla asorotica Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 7, Figs pointed, without developed anterior “blade” . . . . 11–13 (change of combination not accepted)...... P. tamaricis 11(10). Ventral ramus of apophysis spine like ...... Diagnosis. Resembles P. wadis, differs by abdominal ...... P. shirinae and P. sindbadi pattern with two pairs of indistinct transverse white lines, –. Ventral ramus of apophysis short and broad . . . as well as indistinct median lighter streak with two grey ...... P. miriae narrow chevrons in its posterior half; tibial apophysis thin- ner, bent dorsally in apical quarter, embolus in the 5 o’clock position, spermatheca longer than median loop of channel. Pseudicius amicus Prószyński Description. Male. Cephalothorax: brown with black (Figs 597, 603–604) encircled eyes lateral and two black spots on the middle of eye field; sparse whitish setae over cephalothorax, Pseudicius amicus Prószyński, 2000: 257, Figs 99–101. slightly denser between eyes I on anterior edge of eye Diagnosis. Epigynum resembling P. palaestinensis, field; no contrasting spots or marks, ventral edge dark with shorter copulatory channel. without fringe of white setae. Description. Female. Cephalothorax brown, thorax Abdomen: greyish brown with indistinct pattern, lighter brown; lowest part of sides yellow; ventral edge posterior triangle of abdomen darker brown with indis- thin dark line; lateral eyes darkly encircled; sides cov- tinct narrow white indentation laterally; two pairs of 3 ered with indistinct whitish adpressed setae, dorsally indistinct transverse white lines in approximately /6 and 4 rubbed off. Eye field brown with two medium size indis- /6 of abdomen length, as well as indistinct median tinct central dark spots. Abdomen: general pattern, sim- lighter streak with two grey narrow chevrons in its pos- ilar for several species (Fig. 597), anterior two thirds terior half. Frontal aspect: face fawn, without contrast- now grey, with pairs of elongate white spots along thin ing features, eyes I surrounded with colourless scales, irregular median grey streak apparently consisting of more whitish dorsally; clypeus almost completely fused spots; posterior third of abdomen with dark trian- reduced under AME; chelicerae and pedipalps dark yel- gular pattern of spots, encircled with broken white lines low, leg I brown. and spots. Frontal aspect: clypeus densely covered with Ventral aspect: yellow with chelicerae, coxa and long intensely white setae up to ventral edges of eyes I, trochanter I, light brownish yellow. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 149

Leg I: brown, strongly sclero- tized, typical for Pseudicius, tibia I 594 with two short ventro-prolateral spines in apical half, none retro- latero-ventrally. Legs II–IV: thinner uniformly greyish yellow. Palpal organ: bulbus oval elongate with tri- angular lateral protuberance large but smaller than in Pseudicius braunsi of (cf. Prószyński 1987: 53); embolus long, 596 598 arising in the 5-o’clock position (in Pseudicius wadis in the 8-o’clock position) encircling bulbus posteri- orly then running along its side and ending in front of it; tibial apophysis long, as long as bulbus. Female. Cephalothorax: brown with black encircled eyes lateral and two black spots on the middle of eye field; sparse whitish setae 595 over cephalothorax, slightly denser between eyes I on anterior edge of 597 eye field; no contrasting spots or marks, ventral edge dark without Figures 594–598. General appearance of female of Pseudicius miriae (594); abdominal pattern in Pseudicius kulczynski (female and an immature specimens from “Syria”) (595, 596), P. amicus (597), fringe of white setae; lower sides of P. palaestinensis (598). cephalothorax somewhat lighter yellow than in P. wadis. Abdomen: greyish brown, its characteristic features Pseudicius kulczynskii Nosek are two pairs of indistinct transverse white lines at approx- (Figs 595, 596, 599–600) 3 4 imately /6 and /6 of abdomen length, as well as indistinct median lighter streak with two narrow grey chevrons in its Pseudicius kulczynskii Nosek, 1905: 145, Tab. 5, Fig. 26; Pseudicius espereyi Fage, 1921: 229–231, Fig. 6 a, 7 [female – sus- posterior half; posterior brown triangle of abdomen dark- pected new synonym; nec male Hadjissarantos 1940: 108–109, er, light reflecting, much more conspicuous than in male; Fig. 36]; there are laterall, short and narrow white spots. Icius kulczynskii: Andreeva et al. 1984: 373, Figs 52–56. Frontal aspect: face fawn, eyes I surrounded by nar- row orbits of white setae, clypeus very low, covered with Diagnosis. Closely related to Pseudicius palaesti- whitish setae, setae overhanging cheliceral bases nensis, differs by longer loop of spermathecae, tibial whitish; chelicerae and pedipalps yellow, leg I yellow; in apophysis divided into three prongs, shape of bulbus P. wadis orbits of white setae around eyes I appear and embolus. more conspicuous, setae on clypeus and overhanging Description. Female (“Syria” specimen). Cephalo- cheliceral bases strikingly white. thorax: brown covered with indistinct whitish, Leg I: yellow, more robust than remaining but differ- adpressed setae, lower sides yellow; ventral edge with ence less striking than in male, slightly shorter than legs thin dark line; lateral eyes darkly encircled; median tho- IV. Legs II–IV: whitish yellow. racic line slightly lighter. Eye field brown, with two Epigynum: characterized by anterior location of pock- indistinct central dark spots. ets (whose spacing varies considerably among 6 studied Abdomen: anterior two thirds of abdomen now grey, F), their distance from the posterior edge equal to twice with pairs of elongate white spots along thin irregular length of median spermathecal channels; copulatory open- median grey streak of apparently fused spots; posterior ing quite long and clearly visible, channel of the accessory third of abdomen with dark triangular pattern of spots, gland long, running laterally to epigynum, also anterior encircled with broken white lines and spots. location of terminal triangles of spermathecae. Frontal aspect: clypeus densely covered with long Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – whitish setae up to ventral edges of eyes I, merging lat- III; females – III, IV. erally with whitish setae on light fawn lower sides of Distribution. Saudi Arabia, Aden. Israel: Kallia, ‘En cephalothorax and contrasting with darker area Gedi (13); Nahal Zin (17). beneath lateral eyes; area around eyes I fawn with white 150 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

599 600 601

602 603 604

Figures 599–604. Pseudicius kulczynski from “Syria”, epigynum (599), its internal structure (600); P. palaestinensis, epigynum (601), its internal structure (602); P. amicus, epigynum (603), its internal structure (604). scales; white setae and scales above eyes AME on dark Description. Male. Cephalothorax: fawn with thin pigmented tegument; pedipalps white; chelicerae fawn. adpressed white flattened setae or scales, denser in ante- Legs: tibia I yellow, with two closely spaced, reduced rior part of the eye field, forming three white spots short ventral spines in a prolateral subapical position. between the eyes; differs from P. palaestinensis by lack of Ventral aspect light. Epigynum: single depression light thoracic streak, having instead lighter broad area 4 occupying about /5 of epigynum, almost round, anterior- between eyes III and on anterior thorax, also no marginal ly divided into two narrowly separated grooves, about band of white setae; however, edge of carapace also black. half epigynum length, their partition incomplete, and Abdomen whitish (now) with median yellow area sharply pointed, pockets prominent with opening at pos- along anterior half – with its thin median line darker terior edge of epigynum; copulatory opening large and brown, followed by two brown chevrons in the middle of prominent, semicrescent at the posterior end of grooves; abdomen, a transverse dark brown line across abdomen spermathecae make elongate loop (of variable length) and dark brown posterior end of abdomen. There are extending anteriorly, longer than half epigynum length. some weak darkenings on white margins, corresponding Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- to the darker median spots on the middle area of rax 2.13; length of abdomen 2.93; length of 5 segments of abdomen; sides with diagonal yellowish lines. leg I 2.97. Frontal aspect: eyes I surrounded with whitish dor- Material. Female, Pseudicius kulczynskii “1246 sally, reddish patch between ALE and AME, apart from Syria (C.Br.)” [non identified material, det. J. Prószyński], that the appearance of frontal aspect is brown, with Coll. E. Simon, MNHN-Paris. patella-tibia of pedipalps yellowish. Distribution. Greece: Lesbos; Turkey; “Syria” Legs I light brown, robust, with swollen tibia, patella and femur, tibia I with two short ventro-prolateral spines in apical half, none retrolatero-ventrally; legs Pseudicius mikhailovi Prószyński II–IV slender and short, yellow. (Figs 612–613) Palpal organ: resembling both Pseudicius tamaricis and P. wadis, but tibial apophysis more diagonal, bent Pseudicius mikhailovi Prószyński, 2000: 258–259, Figs 102–103. ventrally in the middle, with developed anterior “blade”. Diagnosis. Tibial apophysis diagonal, bent ventrally Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax in the middle, with developed anterior “blade”. 1.65; length of abdomen 2.05. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 151

608 605

607 609

Figures 605–609. Pseudicius miriae, palpal organ, ventrally (605) and laterally (606), tibial apophysis, ventro-latero-anterior (607) view; epigynum (608) and single 606 spermatheca with channel (609).

Distribution. Israel: ‘Enot Zukim (=’ En Fashka, either uniform whitish, or suffused light greyish, or grey- inside gall of Tamarix sp.) (13); Nahal Zin (17). ish brown in that case with 4 pairs of white spots, of vari- Etymology. Named for Dr. K. G. Mikhailow, a promi- ous intensity; dark sides form lateral frame. Frontal nent Russian Arachnologist and my good friend. aspect: eyes I encircled with orange setae; striking belt of dense, short white setae along ventral clypeal edge, pass- ing into less dense white submarginal streak along sides. Pseudicius miriae Prószyński Ventral aspect: Chelicerae dark brown, maxillary (Figs 594, 605–609) plates and labium brown, white tipped. Coxae light brown- ish grey, posteriorly much lighter, almost white. Sternum Pseudicius miriae Prószyński, 2000: 259–260. light fawn to whitish fawn, like posterior coxae, with indis- Diagnosis. Palpal organ resembling European tinct and thin, darker marginal line. Abdomen ventrally Pseudicius encarpatus, with embolus arising laterally light whitish or whitish fawn, in majority of specimens in the anterior half of bulbus; tibial apophysis broad, with more or less distinct darker rectangular area, grey- with small, cone shaped ventral ramus; bulbus interme- ish or fawn, in a few specimens entirely whitish. diate between P. shirinae and P. sindbadi. Epigynum Legs order I, IV, III, II. The first pair characteristi- with cordiform [heart shaped] depression, divided cally larger and dark brown, strongly sclerotized, with incompletely by a thin anterior septum; the copulatory long thin setae and trichobothria, dorsally with sparse channel dorsally encircles the distal half of spermathe- white adpressed setae, femur-tibia strikingly broader ca and after a prominent bend, joins it at its lateral end, than metatarsus-tarsus; tibia I swollen medially, with near very prominent cone of the accessory gland; the single and much reduced distal prolateral spine. Legs external pockets are not visible. II–IV slender, greyish yellow with darker brown lateral Remark. Closely related species Pseudicius van- surfaces, darker proximal rings dorsally on tibia and keeri was recently described from Rhodos by Metzner metatarsus. In one specimen, right leg I, pedipalp and (1999: 95, Tab. 60a–h), the relationships of these forms palpal organ undeveloped and much reduced. require further study. Palpal organ: embolus, long, arising in the 10 o’clock Description. Male. Cephalothorax, dark brown, with position, running along median side of bulbus, ending at eye field blackish brown, striking submarginal streak of the tip of cymbium. Tibial apophysis broad, divided api- short, dense white setae; less striking, sparse, short cally into two rami, the ventral ramus being very short. whitish setae scattered over eye field, making a narrow Female. Closely resembles P. palaestinensis but is median whitish streak along thorax. There is a row of larger and has different although related epigynum. The 8–9 adpressed, characteristic bristles on dark tubercles colour pattern differences may be result of preservation of beneath eyes lateral. specimens and need comparison with fresh specimens; Abdomen divided into three stripes, of various intensi- however internal structure of epigynum is different – much ty in different specimens: dark median streak consisting more complicated than in P. kulczynskii, external pockets of several darker chevrons and two lighter lateral streaks, not visible; number of spines on tibia I also different. 152 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

pair broader than remaining, but not as strikingly 610 614 as in male, and not as strongly sclerotized, shorter than leg IV; tibia I with single, reduced, prolateral spine; pale yellowish grey, with lateral surfaces darker, femur I whitish except darker apical end dorsally and laterally. Remaining legs somewhat slender, coloured similarly but somewhat lighter. Ventral aspect: Chelicerae dark brown, maxil- lary plates and labium fawn, white tipped. Coxae whitish; sternum yellowish white, with indistinct, grey, marginal line. Abdomen ventrally whitish. Epigynum with cordiform depression divided anteriorly by thin septum, usually ending before 612 posterior edge of depression, separating two large grooves, shorter than in P. kulczynskii and almost round. External pockets not visible. Copulatory openings broad at the anterior side of spermathe- 613 ca, located inside the saddle-like bend of it, with the duct U-shaped, running dorsally to the lateral half of spermatheca, then making a prominent bend antero-laterally to spermatheca and joining it at its lateral end, near very prominent cone with pores of the accessory gland. Spermatheca semi- circular, located horizontally near posterior edge of depression; fertilisation duct located at the 611 medial end of spermatheca. 615 Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax 2.00–2.19; length of abdomen 2.19–2.62; length of 5 segments of leg I 3.50–4.19. Figures 610–615. Pseudicius palaestinensis, palpal organ ventrally (610) and laterally (611); P. mikhailovi, palpal organ ventrally (612) and laterally (613); Female. Length of cephalothorax 2.12–2.44; length P. tamaricis, palpal organ ventrally (614) and laterally (615). of abdomen 2.37–2.75; length of 5 segments of leg I 3.19–3.69. Cephalothorax, dark greyish brown, covered uniformly Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – with sparse, short whitish setae, somewhat denser on sub- I, II, III; females – I, II, III, IX. Live in pine forests, on marginal streak, but not as striking as in male; eye field bark of Pinus brutia and Pinus halepensis. does not differ from remaining parts; in some specimens Distribution. Israel: Mt. Carmel (3); Har Horshan, indistinct median whitish streak along thorax. The row of near Arava (6) Newe Shalom, Tarum, Bet Jimal (10); characteristic bristles on dark tubercles beneath eyes lat- Jerusalem (11). eral present, but hidden among whitish setae. Etymology. Named for the collector, Mrs. Miri Abdomen differs from that of male by having pattern Halevy, formerly of Dept. of Entomology, Faculty of of greyish brown spots on whitish backround; the medi- Agriculture, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel. an spots are chevron shaped, delimited by white spots, and are comparable with those in male; in Jerusalem specimen, anterior abdomen white with three thin medi- Pseudicius palaestinensis (Strand) comb. nov. an chevrons and several broken diagonal lines. The pos- (Figs 598, 601–602, 610–611) terior third of abdomen with three intensely black, light reflecting spots, separated by three small white dots, or Pseudicius picaceus palaestinensis Strand, 1915: 169. by white chevron; there is usually a pair of similar black, Diagnosis. Embolus on top of bulbus, ventral ramus lateral spots in front of the latter. Sides whitish with a of tibial apophysis thin, moderately long and apically few diagonal darker lines. bent, dorsal ramus short, blade-like; epigynal grooves Frontal aspect: face intensely white with eyes I elongate oval, copulatory channel short, pressed to encircled with white setae, dorsally partly hidden under anterior surface of spermatheca. horizontal, longer, dark brown bristles; clypeus covered Remark. The species is redescribed on the basis of with white setae, some longer setae overhanging che- male type of Pseudicius picaceus palaestinensis liceral bases. Chelicerae brown, pedipalps white, with Strand; matching with female tentative, on basis of a sparse, long white setae. Legs order IV, I, III, II. The first pair of specimens in the same sample from Mt. Carmel. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 153

Collection of Simon in the MNHN in Paris contains an Abdomen: anterior two thirds now grey with three unidentified specimen of this species from “Palestine or pairs of elongate white spots along thin irregular median Syria”. Related Pseudicius pseudocourtauldi Logunov, grey streak of apparently fused spots; posterior third of 1998 from Armenia has genital structures indistinctly abdomen with dark triangular pattern of three dark spots different (Figs 738–741); but differs by strikingly con- encircled with white, anteriorly limited by transverse trasting abdominal pattern of blackish brown streak, white belt of four thin white spots, laterally with two followed by silver white lateral streaks, framed by dark white spots; encircled with broken white lines and spots. lateral surfaces; blackish median streak has fused Frontal aspect: a dense spot of white setae above large, contrasting yellow spot of complicated shape. In eyes AME on dark pigmented tegument; area around Ps. palaestinensis that yellow spot is divided into sep- eyes I brown pigmented with white setae; long, dense arate two pairs of narrow spots, followed by two indis- and intensly white setae cover clypeus up to ventral tinct chevrons, weakly contrasting on brownish yellow edges of eyes I, contrasting with yellow lower sides of abdomen. cephalothorax, and still darker area beneath lateral Description. Male. Cephalothorax brown, eye field eyes; pedipalps white; chelicerae yellow. slightly darker with black median spot, lateral eyes sur- Legs: I – yellow and robust, tibia I yellow, with two close- rounded by black; lighter yellow thoracic streak; a ly spaced, reduced short ventral spines in a prolateral sub- streak of white setae along black ventral margin of cara- apical position; legs II–IV whitish, slender and shorter. pace. Abdomen: median longitudinal streak light brown, Ventral aspect: sternum yellow, coxae whitish, 2 with two pairs of elongate yellow spots on the median abdomen whitish. Epigynum: anterior /3 divided into two streak, followed by two small yellow chevrons and two elongate oval grooves (blocked by transparent waxy sub- posterior transverse marks; two lateral streaks of white stance, removable by maceration in KOH), somewhat setae, with indistinct lighter and darker marks corre- broader than in P. mikhailovi, prominently delimited sponding to those on median brown streak; upper sides reddish brown with grey diagonal stripes. 616 617 Frontal aspect: a band of vertical, strikingly white scales along ventral clypeal edge, overhanging cheliceral bases, contrasting with remaining clypeus, which is fawn, baldish, with some colourless setae (in Pseudicius picaceus there is no bald tegument, the whole width of clypeus under AME is covered by white scales, with some fawn scales immediately beneath ALE). Chelicerae, legs and pedipalps yellow, patella of pedipalps with whitish setae. Legs typical for the genus: I robust with tibia swollen and 619 reduced spines; II–IV slender, yellow. 618 Palpal organ resembling Ps. courtauldi from which it differs by anterior bulbus more expanded, and by details of tibia. Female (new – tentatively matched). Cephalothorax brown covered with indistinct whitish adpressed setae, denser along lower sides and anteriorly on eye field; eye field with two central indistinct dark spots of medium size; thorax lighter brown with slightly lighter median line; lower sides yellow, ventral edge thin and Figures 616–619. Epigynum and its internal structure in Pseudicius tamaricis, specimens from dark; lateral eyes darkly encircled. Cufra (616, 617), and identified by Denis as Pseudicius punctatus from Egypt, Siwa (618, 619). 154 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

anteriorly and laterally by a sclerotized edge, their par- 621 tition narrow, width not changing along its length; pock- ets prominent, postero-laterally to grooves, edge of their opening’ narrowly but deeply bent, located at about pos- 1 terior /4 length of epigynum; copulatory opening indis- 1 tinct; spermathecae in posterior /4 length of epigynum, transverse and shallowly bent, but not forming a loop. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax 2.10; length of abdomen 2.39. Female. Length of cephalothorax 1.94; length of abdomen 2.75; length of 5 segments of leg I 3.16. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – III, IV, V, VI, IX; females – IV, V, IX. Distribution. “Syria“. Israel: Mt. Carmel (3), Har Horshan (6); Tel Aviv, Rehovot (9); Jerusalem, Nahal Zin (17).

Pseudicius tamaricis Simon 620 (Figs 614–615)

Pseudicius tamaricis Simon, 1885: 2; 622 Pseudicius tamaricis: Prószyński 1989: 54–57, Figs 56–63; Pseudicius punctatus Denis, 1947.

Diagnosis. Male tibial apophysis single, as long as bulbus, slightly bent dorsally in anterior half, almost par- allel to cymbium; female median loop of the copulatory channel semicircularly bent, as long as spermathecae, reaching about half epigynum length. Description. Male. Cephalothorax brown with eye field blackish, no lighter areas. Abdomen presumably once dried up, now partly constricted along median longitudinal axis, median streak blackish brown with four transverse Figures 620–622. Pseudicius tamaricis from Israel, abdominal pattern branches across marginal white streaks. (620), epigynum (621) and its internal structure (622). Legs typical for the genus: I robust with tibia swollen with reduced spines; II–IV slender, yellow. Legs: I robust and long with tibia long but less Palpal organ: tibial apophysis more vertical without swollen than usually in the genus, with two short pro- developed anterior “blade“. lateral spines in the apical half. Female. Cephalothorax brown with adpressed short Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax whitish setae giving a slightly lighter colour; dark cen- 1.70; length of abdomen 1.82. Female. Length of tral spot and black lateral edges of the eye field; sides cephalothorax 1.82; length of abdomen 2.73. yellow with indistinct whitish setae; a row of 10 dark Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – tubercles with stridulatory setae beneath eyes lateral. IV; female – XI. Abdomen: white with indistinct traces of two trans- Distribution. N Africa: Algeria, Marocco, Libya; verse darker yellow lines anteriorly, connected by a short Egypt: Sinai: 50 km S. of Nahel; Saudi Arabia. Israel: En median line of the same colour; distinct posterior black Yahav (14); HaMachtesh HaGadol (17). spot (complicated by a pair of small but striking white dots) and a pair of near median brown spots; tip of abdomen white, anal tubercle and dorsal spinnerets dark. Pseudicius wadis Prószyński Ventrally – abdomen devoid of pigment – a mosaic of white (Figs 623–625, 626–627) glands impregnated by guanine. Epigynum and its internal structure are shown in Figs Pseudicius wadis Prószyński, 1989: 57–59, Figs 64–68; Pseudicius wadis: Prószyński 1993: 48–53, Fig. 47; 614–615, median loop of the channel semicircularly bent, Afraflacilla wadis: Wesołowska and van Harten, 1994: 9, Figs as long as spermathecae, about half epigynum length. 14–18 (combination not accepted). Frontal aspect: clypeus densely covered with long white setae, eyes I surrounded with white setae, legs I Diagnosis. A pair of large transverse, almost rec- and pedipalps yellow. tangular white spots in middle of abdomen; tibial apoph- SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 155

Abdomen grey, striking by unusual pair of broad, 623 rectangular, transverse white spots near the middle of abdomen, also a pair of small submarginal white spots 3 at the /4 of abdomen length; anterior edge white. 625 Frontal aspect: in male brown without white setae, lack of dense white setae across clypeus, AME sur- rounded ventrally with fawn, dorsally with white setae, spots of white setae between AME at the anterior edge of eye field more conspicuous than in P. asoroticus; in female densely covered with thick white setae, pedi- palps whitish, chelicerae and legs I yellow. Ventral aspect: sternum yellow, coxae whitish, abdomen whitish; legs I are darker in male. 624 Palpal organ: bulbus oval without lateral protuber- ance (cf. Prószyński 1993: Figs 65–66), embolus arising in the 8-o’clock position, shorter than in P. asoroticus; tibial apophysis intermediate between P. mikhailovi and P. tamaricis, with small hook apically. Figures 623–625. Pseudicius wadis, general appearance (623); palpal Epigynum: striking by particularly long straight organ ventrally (624) and laterally (625). channel loop running medially along whole length of ysis semi-diagonal, with minute, narrower hook apical- epigynum, reaching the anteriorly located pockets, in ly, epigynum medially with long, straight channel loops. other species homologous loop ends in the mid-length of Remark. A light on behaviour and environmental epigynum; spermathecae located dorsally to loops, requirements of this species was thrown by Dr Yael shorter, extending along half the length of loops. Lubin, who collected 14 males and 9 females, often 3–5 Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax specimens together, inside legumen silicles of Accacia 1.38; length of abdomen 1.62; length of 5 segments of leg trees, in Nahal Zin, in January 1995. I 2.67. Female. Length of cephalothorax 1.50; length of Description. Male and female. Cephalothorax light abdomen 2.10; length of 5 segments of leg I 2.33. fawn to light brown, eye field with two black spots in Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – anterior half and with blackish margins; sides in female I, III; females – I, III. lighter, covered with whitish adpressed setae, edge of Distribution. Aden, Saudi Arabia. Israel: Nahal carapace black. Amazyahu, Hazeva, Nahal Timna (14), Nahal Zin (17).

627 629

626

628

Figures 626–629. Pseudicius wadis, epigynum (626) and its internal structure (627) and P. asoroticus, epigynum (628) and its internal structure (629). 156 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

632 630 631

Figures 630–632. Pseudicius spiniger, epigynum (630), palpal organ ventrally (631) and laterally (632), matching of male and female doubtfull (from Andreeva et all. 1984: 372, ff. 46-48).

Relevant species Pseudicius braunsi (Peckham et Peckham)

Icius braunsi Peckham et Peckham, 1903: 211; Pseudicius arabicus (Wesołowska et van Harten) comb. nov. Pseudicius braunsi: Prószyński 1987: 53. Afraflacilla arabica Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 4–7, Figs 6–10. Distribution. South Africa (according to Logunov 1995a: 240–241, Figs 27a–d – also in Turkmenistan). Remarks. Described from Yemen. Single male described and illustrated by Wesołowska. Specific identity uncertain because a typical position of Fig. 7. Somewhat resembles P. Pseudicius courtauldi Bristowe wadis by tranverse white bands on abdomen. Pseudicius courtauldi Bristowe, 1935b: 733, 772, 786, Figs 21–24; Pseudicius courtauldi: Prószyński 1976: map 109; Icius courtauldi: Andreeva, Hęciak and Prószyński 1984: 373, Figs 57–60. Pseudicius badius (Simon) Distribution. Greece: Patmos – terra typica; Tadjikistan; (Figs 633–634) China: Xinjiang Uygur Region: Urumchi, Bohu, Manas. Marpissus badius Simon, 1868: 23; Pseudicius badius: Prószyński 1987: 50; Pseudicius espereyi Hadjissarantos, 1940: 108–109, Fig. 36 (male most Pseudicius cultrifer di Caporiacco probably P. badius – cf. Prószyński 1987: 50, but not female – cf. Fage 1921: 229–231 Figs 6a, 7). Pseudicius cultrifer Caporiacco 1948: 69, Fig. 1; Pseudicius cultrifer: Fuhn and Gherasim 1984: 54 (proposed syn- Distribution. S Europe: Corsica, Greece, Italy, Sicily. onymisation with Pseudicius picaceus (Sim., 1868) not accepted). Distribution. Greece: Rhodes.

635 633

634

637 636

Figures 633–637. Pseudicius badius from Naxos, palpal organ ventrally (633) and laterally (634); SE European P. epiblemoides, lectotype male, palpal organ ventrally (635) and laterally (636), paralectotype female, epigynum (637). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 157

Pseudicius epiblemoides Chyzer in both sexes and by high, convex cephalothorax; in (Figs 635–637) males single tibial apophysis without a bunch of stiff

Pseudicius epiblemoides Chyzer, in Chyzer and Kulczyński 1891: 12, setae; female epigynum with two indistinct openings Tab. 1, Fig. 16; posteriorly, channels long and broad, bent in S-shape, Pseudicius epiblemoides: Fuhn and Gherasim 1984: 52, Figs 2A–B. very small spermathecae located transversely. Distribution. . General character of the genus. The genus Rafalus can be easily recognized by the genital organs. In males, palpal organ is of the Aelurillinae type, with a single, thin, Pseudicius picaceus (Simon) palpal apophysis, comparable to that of Langona Simon, Attus picaceus Simon 1868b: 573, Tab. 7, Fig. 4; 1901, from it differs by the lack of characteristic bunch of Pseudicius picaceus: Caporiacco 1948: 71; hard bristles and setae; scales are also different. In Pseudicius picaceus: Flanczewska 1981: 221, Fig. 96; Icius picaceus: Andreeva et al. 1984: 373–374, Figs 61–62; females, the epigynum is externally comparable with Pseudicius picaceus: Deltshev and Paraschi 1990: 6. Phlegra Simon, 1876, but has a much simpler internal structure; it differs from Aelurillus Simon, 1884 by the Distribution. Mediterranean: Greece, Italy, Dalmatia, Rhodes; N Africa: Tunis. absence of sclerotized “wings”. Both sexes differ from Phlegra and even more from Langona by the gently round- ed profile of the cephalothorax, which appears short and Pseudicius spiniger (O. Pickard-Cambridge) relatively higher, with the eye field gently inclined anterior- (Figs 630–632) ly, rising to the highest point at eyes III, followed by a gen- Salticus spiniger O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872a: 339–340; tle thoracic slope which at a varying distance turns into Pseudicius rufithorax Simon (nom. nud. – nom. museorum on label): more abrupt posterior slope. Legs III are longer than legs Prószyński 1987: 51; Icius spiniger: Andreeva et al. 1984: 372, Figs 46–48; IV in both sexes, which makes Rafalus clearly different Pseudicius spiniger: Prószyński 1987: 51 (syn. P. rufithorax); from with remaining Aelurillinae: Aelurillus, Langona and Phlegra, where legs IV are the longest (except for Remarks. According to O. Pickard-Cambridge (1872: 339–340) Salticus spiniger was actually described from Egypt cases of individual variation in which III and IV are almost and he did not seen any adult specimen from Israel, but “there equal or, more rarely III are indistinctly longer). ALE set 1 is no doubt whatever of the specific identity of the Egyptian somewhat above AME, the difference being about /6 of ALE 1 and Palestinian examples”. However, external appearance in diameter in males, /4 in females, which resembles some many Pseudicius is very similar and cannot be used for iden- Aelurillus (except for the conveniens group, where ALE tification of species, thus the record of this species in Israel are set higher). The eye field is narrower posteriorly (mean requires confirmation by adult specimens. 8 %), whereas in Phlegra it is practically rectangular. Distribution: Egypt; Sudan. Body proportions in Rafalus. Cephalothorax: length varies (in all studied specimens, of all species) 1.70-2.80- Rafalus Prószyński, 1999 4.11 mm (shortest-mean-longest), the height vary 45-53- 58%; the width of the cephalothorax at eyes III is 65- Type species. Rafalus christophori Prószyński, 1999. 72.46-83 %, maximal width of cephalothorax 65-74.90- Introductory remarks. Description of this genus was 87%. Eye field of variable length, rather short, extending prompted by the discovery of several new species, distrib- over 35-42.53-50% of cephalothorax, trapezoid, narrow- uted over the Eremic environments of the Near East and ing posteriorly (by 0 to mean – 4.92% to maximum – 8%), , together with some closely related forms known its width at eyes I is 53-62.53-73% and 50-57.76-66% at from middle and central Asia. Data on particular species, eyes III; eyes III are located close to the dorso-lateral known mainly from a single, or a few specimens, are scarce. edge. The profile of the cephalothorax is gently rounded The Rafalus species are small, cryptically coloured, ground and without really flat surface; anterior slope of the eye dwelling spiders, most probably occurring singly and are field rises gently as a flat inclined surface approaching difficult to find. Behavioural observations are lacking and eyes III, which are located at the highest point of the matching of sexes, done for two species, is tentative. cephalothorax; eye field is depressed between the ALE, Searching by the author for females of Rafalus in two local- slightly also between eyes III; there is a gentle, rounded ities in the Negev Desert, where males were captured in pit- slope from eyes III to about 82% of the length of the fall traps, gave no results. The existing collections mainly cephalothorax where a steep posterior slope begins. contain specimens collected as single individuals, no males Shape of abdomen elongate oval: length 81-91.09- and females were collected in the same locality. The species, 107%, width 61-67-79%, broadest behind the middle, described in 1999 as new, come from the desert regions of slightly narrower than the width of the cephalothorax; Israel and Sinai; presumably similar ecological require- dorsally flat; anterior tip is hardened and forms a small ments are also true for the Yemen and Aden species. scutum, usually hidden under setae. Legs robust, simi- Diagnosis. An Aelurillinae salticid characterized by lar; their lengths (in % of 5 segments of leg I) in decreas- legs III being the longest (rarely about equal to legs IV) ing order is in males: III 134-137.42-145%, IV 116-128.14- 158 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

147%, II 100-101.71-105%, I 100%; and in females: III 136- eyes I dorsally orange, ventrally white. Fans of long 144-155%, IV 115-130-154%, II 91-103.71-109%, I 100%. orange setae radiating on male pedipalps, and with Remarks. The descriptions of the species of Rafalus white setae retro-laterally on patella and with sparse, described in 1999 are largely based on the paper by harder, black bristles. Femora I and II, with long, white Prószyński (1999). setae retro-laterally, a bunch of black setae ventro- Etymology. Named for the late Dr. Jan Rafalski basally. In female, abdomen with long orange scales, (1909-1995), professor of zoology at the Adam darker scales on dark grey spots. Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland. He is remem- Description. Male. Cephalothorax integument dark bered with gratitude by large number of followers, brown, light reflecting on thorax, blackish mat scales including the author of this paper. make eye field very dark; contrasting orange fringe of setae along anterior edge of cephalothorax, above eyes Key to species of Rafalus I. Light spots on cephalothorax: a white spot of admixed scales medially along anterior part of eye field, begin- 2 1. Males ...... 2 ning from touching point of AME and stretching along /5 –. Females ...... 3 of eye field, in one specimen similar spots also from 2(1). Clypeus with two rows of white setae, orbital setae between ALE and AME; eyes III with a narrow rim of around eyes I orange or fawn, fans of setae on white setae posteriorly and ventrally; ventral margin of pedipalps orange, pedipalpal tibia straight and carapace with a thin margin of white setae. thin ...... R. christophori Abdomen: integument dark brown with white mosa- –. Clypeus with single, broad row of white setae, ic of adpressed setae of varying degree of denseness; orbital setae around eyes I whitish grey, fans of sides whitish; dorsal spinnerets black, cylindrical and setae on pedipalps white, pedipalpal tibia bent, slightly spaced. Ventral aspect: coxae dark brown with broader ...... R. stanislawi very dark brown setae, lighter with whitish setae on pro- 3(1). Cephalothorax covered with striking dense white latero-ventral part of coxa I; sternum dark brown with setae, long and adpressed; abdomen with indistinct sparse whitish setae in anterior half, dark setae in pos- yellow spots surrounded by grey . . . . . R. karskii terior half; coxae in long-preserved Sinai specimen are –. Cephalothorax without dense white setae ...... 4 faded to a light colour. 4(3). Thorax high, flattened area absent or short . . . . 5 Frontal aspect: face generally dark, with two “shelf” –. Thorax, flattened area longer ...... 6 – lines of striking, whitish setae stretching across 5(4). Flattened curvature behind eye field extends over clypeus, horizontally forwards, separated by a bald 1 /3 of the thorax ...... R. christophori dark, belt: the first line directly under AME, continues –. Thoracic slope begins immediately behind the eye across the face leaving a space below ALE; the second, field, flattened curvature absent, no rounded sur- along edge of clypeus, proceeds slightly diagonally face ...... R. sp. 2 downwards. There is a triangle of dark, and much hard- 3 6(4). Flattened curvature behind eye field extends over /4 er, vertical setae originating on the clypeus above the of thorax; specimen distinctly larger; cephalothorax lower horizontal line and pushing through it, partly brown; eye field with mixed setae white and brown, overhanging the chelicerae bases. Eyes I surrounded much denser in the centre; abdomen covered dense- dorsally and laterally with orange or fawn setae, broad- ly with light sandy brown setae ...... R. feliksi er and longer, making a dense “bonnet”; ventral setae –. Flattened curvature extends for about 3/5 of the white; a few black setae at upper outer quarter of rim of thorax ...... 7 ALE. Bristles on eye field less numerous and less dense 7(6). Specimen light sandy, setae of anterior eye field than in F, but more distinct than in Rafalus stanislawi. 1 predominantly white, darker between eyes III; ALE set at /6 of their diameter above upper rim of the 7 abdominal median streak light ...... R. sp. 3 AME, diameter of ALE is /10 of AME, height of clypeus –. Specimen dark brown; setae of anterior eye field 2/5th of the AME diameter. predominantly dark with white setae in centre; Pedipalps, covered with long radiating setae, con- darker abdominal median streak, delimited by two centrated into three “fans”: a) of white on apical edge of rows of 7 indistinct white spots ...... R. sp. 1 femur, b) of orange with a few harder, dark brown, and white at the retrolateral edge, on patella, c) intensely orange admixed with a few, stouter, long black bristles, Rafalus christophori Prószyński on tibia and cymbium. Chelicerae, brown, with thin, soft, (Figs 638–644, 645–649) sparse, whitish setae anteriorly. This colourful picture is Rafalus christophori Prószyński, 1999: 91–94, Figs 1–12. complemented on leg I–II by a sparse fringe of white setae retro-laterally on tarsus, metatarsus, tibia and Diagnosis. Clypeus with two rows of white setae patella of leg I; there is white fur on the ventro-lateral separated by narrow, bald brown belt. Orbital setae of edge of femora I–II, contrasting with an intensely black SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 159

“pillow” of short, dark upright thick bristles on basal Aelurillus. Tarsi I–II, with apical tarsal tufts but with- part of ventral surface of femora I–II (these are, howev- out hard ventral setae. er, absent on specimens from Elat). This colourful, con- Palpal organ: bulbus flat, narrow, pointed posterior- trasting pattern is probably visible during the spider’s ly; tibial apophysis elongated and narrow, straight or display, and so is an important recognition character. slightly curved; anterior edge of tibia runs straight dor- Legs: prolateral surface of femora I–II light yellow sally, without any other protuberances; an indistinct, apically; the remaining, black more basally with short low, ventral protuberance on the pedipalpal femur (Figs white setae; the remaining parts of the prolateral sur- 638–644, 645–649). Female. Cephalothorax brown with face, brown; ventral setae on femora I–II are described short white adpressed setae: mid-thoracic thin longitu- above. Femora III–IV dark brown, prolaterally with two dinal line of white setae, extended by an “arrow head” lighter spots along the median line, covered with short into eye field, white setae surrounds eyes III; longer adpressed, whitish setae; there is no fur of long setae; white spots enter eye field and white orbital setae above femur IV is lighter brown. Patella and tibia I pale yellow, eyes I. Eye field with dark, partly irridescent integu- dorsally with longer setae, mixed colourless, whitish ment, covered with admixed white and indistinctly and dark. Patella and tibia II darker yellow, with dark orange, long adpressed scales; numerous scattered pigmented spots; two parallel dark lines dorsally on short, upright, blackish bristles. Sides with two white tibia; patella with apical elongated dark triangle and lines of setae, horizontal but irregular; a brown supra- basal spot consisting of dark grey pigmentation and marginal line and a white ventral fringe. Great variation dark, elongated scales and setae; there are remnants of can be due to lost setae from live specimens, some spec- a white mane retrolaterally on the patella. Patella and imens being almost bald, with remnants of white setae tibia III–IV still darker with dark greyish brown stripes, on lower lateral sides and a few on thoracic hindmargin. separated by a dark yellow space, scales dark and Specimens with scales lost from posterior eye field and whitish, setae, single, light and dark; there is no dense thorax, while preserved on anterior, sloping part, differ mane. Tarsi III–IV, with peculiar group of dark, hard, from Aelurillus conveniens where scales are lost from spine-like setae ventro-apically just above the tarsal tuft anterior eye field leaving it bald. Abdomen brown, with of hard setae near the claws; these also occur in various indistinct slight median streak, posteriorly consisting of

638

639

642 640

643

641 644

Figures 638–644. Rafalus christophori, female (Wadi Mish’mar specimen), general appearance of cephalothorax (638) and abdominal pattern (639), as well as epigynum (640) and its internal structure (641); male specimen (from Elat 15. IV. 87), palpal organ ventrally (642), its tibial apophysis ventrally (643) and palpal femur protuberance (644). 160 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

648

646 649

645

647

Figures 645–649. Rafalus christophori, male holotype, palpal organ ventrally (645), laterally (646), leg I retrolaterally, note bunch of black stiff setae ventro-basally (647); female from St. Catherine Monastery, epigynum (648) and single spermatheca (649). fused chevrons; covered with adpressed, elongate light; abdomen light ventrally. Epigynum and its internal scales, predominantly orange, with small addition of structure is shown in Figs 640–641, 648–649. white and dark scales, the darker ones being arranged Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax in an indistinct pattern of irregular submarginal spots, 2.44–2.96; length of abdomen 2.18–2.57; length of 5 seg- separated by lighter, orange median area, with pairs of ments of leg I 4.63–5.40. Female. Length of cephalotho- indistinct, small white spots; marginal edges of brown rax 3.03–4.65; length of abdomen 3.15; length of 5 seg- dorsal surface indented by white expansions, extending ments of leg I 4.65–4.85. from white sides. Frontal aspect: eye field, from this Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – position appears dark, with a row of white setae further I, III, IV, XII; females – IV. on and with dense upright short dark bristles, among Distribution. Egypt, Sinai: St. Catherine’s which are adpressed whitish and orange scales; a row of Monastery (22). Israel: ‘En Gedi (sulphur springs), longer fawn setae above dorsal rim of ALE. Eyes I sur- Nahal Mish’mar (13); Elat (14); Ramon (17). rounded with white setae, AME with a row of three- Etymology. Named for Krzysztof [= Christopher] broadened setae, setae on lower rim of AME extended Prószyński, a first cousin of the author, born and died in laterally by a streak of whitish setae, half upright, Auschwitz Concentration Camp. directed horizontally and diagonally forward. Clypeus yellow to brown, with a narrow, bald line between two rows of dense, white setae, lower row of setae over- Rafalus feliksi Prószyński hanging cheliceral bases. There is a brown, bald, later- (Figs 650–651) al line under ALE. Diameter of AME 150 % of ALE. Chelicerae, brown, bulging, surface sparsely covered Rafalus feliksi Prószyński, 1999: 94–95, Figs 13–14. with thin white, hairs; pedipalps, brown, with patella- Diagnosis. Clypeus fawn, almost bald, with a few tibia yellow. Leg I, tibia – patella yellow dorsally, with colourless setae stretching forward, eye field black, incomplete, darker annuli. Femur I: white bristles, thick densely covered with white setae; thorax darker brown and upright on basal part of the ventral surface. covered densely with uniform, thin white adpressed setae. Pedipalps yellowish white with sparse whitish setae, Abdomen: sandy colour with traces of a median streak; dark stronger setae admixed on tarsus. Legs yellow with specimen 25% larger than other Rafalus sppecies. indistinct darker annulation; tibia I, with three pairs of Description. Female. Cephalothorax brown, eye ventral spines; femora III and IV, with a particularly long, field covered with a mixture of brown and whitish setae; dorsal, basal spine. Ventral aspect: sternum dark; coxae eyes III surrounded by white; setae above eyes I white; SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 161

650

653

652

651

Figures 650–653. Rafalus feliksi sp. nov. (Sinai, WE ‘Tamaovi), epigynum (650) and its internal structure (651). R. insignipalpe (cotype from Aden), epigynum (652) and its internal structure (653) (from Prószyński 1987: 37). with dark stiff bristles lying horizontally along the ante- Etymology. Named for the late Feliks Prószyński, a rior edge of the eye field; some white setae enter medi- judge and Reserve Officer of the Polish Army in the ally between AME; thorax and sides brown, with white World War II, executed April 1940 at the Katyn Forest setae concentrated into horizontal streaks. Profile dif- with 4500 co-victims; uncle of the author. fers from remaining species by having rim of ALE set 3 slightly higher – /8 of diameter above AME; gently rounded, low and flat, anterior 72% of the thorax very Rafalus karskii Prószyński gently sloping. (Figs 654–658) Abdomen altered during preservation, with visible Rafalus karskii remnants of brown setae. Prószyński, 1999: 95–96, Figs 17–21. Frontal aspect: eye field covered uniformly with Diagnosis. Differs from all remaining species by mixed scales, areas behind AME not appearing to differ cephalothorax covered with dense white setae, long and from rest; eyes I surrounded with white; clypeus lighter adpressed; abdomen with indistinct yellow spots sur- brown, narrower, with fewer setae, but with colourless rounded by grey. long setae stretching forward horizontally. Chelicerae Description. Female. Cephalothorax: integument on brown; pedipalps yellow, with long whitish setae. Legs eye field blackish brown, thorax dorsally and sides yellow with indistinct, darker annulation; femur I brown with brown lines and dots, all covered uniformly whitish ventrally, prolaterally yellow with hints of two with white setae, slightly flattened and adpressed, and darker brown spots; tibia I with 3 pairs of ventral spines; distinctly longer than in other species. Sparse brown femora III and IV with a particularly long, dorsal spine bristles scattered over eye field. Fovea at level of eyes basally. Ventral aspect: sternum dark; coxae light; III, eyes II distinctly closer to eyes III than to eyes I. abdomen light. Abdomen: integument anteriorly darker brownish Epigynum and its internal structure is shown in Figs grey, densely covered with white, adpressed setae making 650–651. general appearance greyish fawn, slightly darker broad Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- median streak, laterally lighter grey, sides light fawn; rax 4.11; length of abdomen 3.86; length of 5 segments of scattered longer upright setae, anteriorly white, brown leg I 7.57. over remaining surface. Spinnerets whitish yellow. Material. Female holotype – Sinai: Wadi e-’Tamaovi Frontal aspect: conspicuously dense, white adpressed (NW Isla’), 24. X. 69, coll. G. Tsabar. Coll. HUJ. setae: clypeus brown with white setae arranged horizon- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females – X. tally and dense, white beard; eyes I surrounded by white Distribution. Egypt: Sinai – Wadi e-’Tamaovi (near scales. Chelicerae brown, basally lighter brown, covered W. Isla) (22). with dense setae: whitish basally, colourless apically. 162 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

656

654

657

658 655

Figures 654–658. Rafalus karskii (female holotype), general appearance (654), cephalothorax laterally (655), frontal eyes (656), epigynum (657) and its internal structure (658) (drawn by S. Heciak).

Ventral aspect: sternum yellow suffused with grey with belt of similar white setae, overhanging cheliceral upright longer white setae, margin darker; labium longer bases. Fans of long white setae on pedipalps. than in Phlegra, brown with white margins; coxae yellow, Description. Male. Cephalothorax: integument dark chelicerae brown; with single retrolateral tooth; abdomen brown, densely covered with small adpressed setae, ventrally fawn. apparently easily lost by live specimens; on eye field Epigynum shown in Figs 657–658. minute greyish setae, on thorax longer white, making Legs I yellowish brown, II–IV yellowish with slightly two broad streaks along dorsal edges of the thorax, and darker tarsi, metatarsi and tibiae; all legs densely cov- also along ventral margins, separated by dark brown ered with white adpressed setae and sparse stronger streaks, covered with sparse, indistinct, dark setae; setae and spines. There is a brush of setae on tarsi I–II, orange brownish mat of scales along upper sides of longer, thicker setae on tarsi III–IV. cephalothorax under lateral eyes. Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- Abdominal pattern light median streak about 1/3 of rax 3.40; length of abdomen 3.95. width of abdomen: posterior half more distinctly white, Material. Holotype and paratype, 2 females, “Ain median part fawn, in the anterior part streak of white Aruz [= En Tamar (183/044)] 13. VIII. 1939, A. Shulov”, setae is followed laterally by brown streak and by white “14953”, Coll. HUJ. marginal line. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Female – VIII. Face: the whole lower part, from ventral rim of AME Distribution. Israel: ‘En Tamar (13). to the edge of clypeus covered with dense, adpressed, Etymology. Named for the late Jan Karski (Jan horizontal, strikingly white setae, followed ventrally by 1 Kozielewski), professor emeritus of the Georgetown broad ( /3 of AME diameter) white belt of white setae University, Washington DC, USA, earlier, during World directed ventrally and overhanging cheliceral bases. War II, in November 1942, an emissary from the AK – Upper rims of AME and ALE consist of greyish white Polish Resistance in Nazi occupied Poland to the Polish setae, also extending onto the eye field, where they are Government-in-Exile, in London. somewhat smaller; lateral rims of AME and ventral rims of ALE of brownish setae, corresponding in colour to the indistinct darker transverse belt across the face. A Rafalus stanislawi Prószyński “bonnet” of dorsal setae above AME, is less distinct and (Figs 659–666) shorter than in R. christophori. Pedipalps whitish yellow with longer whitish upright Rafalus stanislawi Prószyński, 1999: 96–98, Figs 22–29. setae: a fan of long white setae dorsally and on both lat- Diagnosis. Distinct broad white belt of setae across eral sides of the palpal femur, white setae dorsally on entire lower face, not split into two, followed ventrally by patella and tibia, cymbium with sparse dark bristles SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 163

660

661

659

662 663

Figures 659–663. Rafalus stanislawi sp. nov., general appearance dorsally (659), and laterally (660), palpal tibia dorsally (661), palpal organ ventrally (662) and laterally (663). dorsally. Palpal organ: bulbus whitish, single tibial Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax apophysis articulating with a small, bent-plate like out- 1.70–1.96; length of abdomen 1.70–1.87; length of 5 seg- growth of lateral wall of cymbium. Leg I light yellow. ments of leg I 3.02–3.22. Male specimen from Ein Fesha (31. III. 1935) possibly Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – belongs to this species, as it also has curved tibial V, VI. apophysis; unfortunately this specimen has lost almost Distribution. Israel: Be’er Mash’abbim, Haluqim all its setae during the 60 years of preservation, and Ridge (17). colours are faded. Etymology. Named in memory of the late Stanislaw Female. Unknown, but since collecting localities in Prószyński, in 1939 a student, soldier in defence of the Negev Dessert (Be’er Mash’abbim and Haluqim besieged Warsaw during September 1939, member of Ridge) are easily accessible and frequently visited, the Polish Resistance, died in Auschwitz Concentation there are good chances of finding female specimens. Camp; uncle of the author.

Uncertain Rafalus species 1–3

Remarks. The following specimens listed below have changed during 30–60 years of preservation, their colours faded and part of the setae lost. Since they were collected as single individuals, the importance of differ- ences in their genital organs cannot be evaluated; but there is no reason to consider them conspecific either. Legs are similar in all these females, yellow with indis- tinct darker annulation; tibia I with 3 pairs of ventral 666 spines; femora III and IV have a particularly long, dorsal spine basally. Ventral aspect: sternum dark; coxae light; abdomen light, similar in all three females described. A 664 decision on the specific status of these is left until such time that more material becomes available. 665 Rafalus sp. 1 Figures 664–666. Rafalus possibly stanislawi (specimen from Ein (Figs 667–668) Fesha, 31. III. 1935), palpal organ ventrally (664), laterally (note bent apophysis) (665), tarsus IV (666). Rafalus sp. 1: Prószyński 1999: 98, Figs 30–31. 164 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Diagnosis. Eyes I surrounded by white ventrally, whitish setae overhang the chelicerae. Chelicerae light setae above ALE white dorsally to AME fawn, darker; brown, bulging, with indistinct colourless setae on sur- clypeus brown with longer, horizontally stretched white face. Pedipalps, yellow with patella, lighter. Legs yellow, setae; concentrated whitish setae in centre of eye field, indistinctly annulated; femora I ventrally whitish with 2 similar setae make three horizontal streaks on thoracic brownish spots, prolaterally light brown; patella – tarsus sides; abdomen dark brown with median dark streak I light fawn, with indistinct darker spots prolaterally (pig- delimited by pairs of white spots. mented and with scales). Ventral aspect: sternum dark; Description. Female. Cephalothorax: blackish with coxae light; abdomen light ventrally. Epigynum and its whitish setae concentrated in middle of eye field, around internal structure are shown in Figs 667–668. eyes III and above ALE; there are, however, dark setae Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- above AME; thorax and sides covered with thinner, rax 2.80; length of abdomen 3.00; length of 5 segments of whitish setae, concentrated on sides into three horizon- leg I 4.90. tal streaks. Distribution. Egypt: Sinai – Wadi Yah’med. Abdomen dark brown, with dark median streak Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Female – I. delimited by pairs of white spots of adpressed setae, there are no sharp borders, some more white spots mar- ginally; sides light grey. Rafalus sp. 2 Frontal aspect: eye field, seen from this position, (Figs 669–670) appears dark, with an admixture of white setae, areas behind AME are darker and further on there is a row of Rafalus sp. 2: Prószyński 1999: 98–100, Figs 32–33. white setae; eyes I surrounded ventrally by white and Diagnosis. Posterior slope of thorax begin immedi- dorsally by light fawn orbital setae; clypeus brown, with ately behind eyes III. longer, white setae stretching horizontally; “subocular” Description. Female. Cephalothorax with integu- setae thinner and less numerous than in R. christophori, ment darker brown than in related species, covered

671

667 669

672

668 670

Figures 667–672. Variation in epigynum and its internal structure in females of three Rafalus spp. of uncertain status. Rafalus sp. 1 (from Sinai: Wadi Yah’med), epigynum (667) and its internal structure (668). Rafalus sp. 2 (from Nahal Roded near Elat), epigynum (669) and its internal structure (670); Rafalus sp. 3 (from Elat, 3.V.51), epigynum (671) and its internal structure (672). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 165

674

675

673

676

Figures 673–676. Two relevant Asiatic species. Rafalus variegatus (holotype specimen from Uzbekistan), epigynum (673) and its internal struc- ture (674) (drawn by S. Heciak); R. wittmeri, palpal organ laterally (675), ventrally and tibial apophysis ventro-laterally (676) (from Prószyński, 1978a: 9, Figures 1-3, modified). densely and uniformly with thin, adpressed, white setae; whitish setae on brown integument, white setae denser there is no rounded surface behind eyes III, posterior on lower sides. slope of thorax begins immediately behind eye field and Abdomen light brown, covered with a mixture of is more steep. brown and whitish setae; median serrated streak 1 Abdomen light brown with a sandy tinge, median whitish, consisting of fused chevrons, covering about /3 streak barely visible and not contrasting. of width of abdomen. Frontal aspect: eye field appears dark; eyes I sur- Frontal aspect: eye field from this position appears rounded with white; clypeus fawn, almost bald, with a few uniformly covered with mixed scales, white and dense, setae stretching forwards horizontally. Chelicerae bulging, the areas behind AME slightly less white; face like chestnut brown, darker than clypeus. Pedipalps yellow: Rafalus christophori but with white setae under eyes I tibia and patella I yellow, with traces of brown annuli. and along clypeus, dense and long, some overhang the Legs yellow, with indistinct darker annulation; tibia I chelicerae; chelicerae yellow with dense, white setae; with three pairs of ventral spines; femora III and IV, with pedipalps yellow with white setae. Femora I ventrally a particularly long, dorsal spine basally. Ventral aspect: whitish with hints of 2 greyish spots; patella and tibia I sternum dark; coxae light; abdomen ventrally light. yellow with indistinct, darker annuli. Epigynum and its internal structure are shown in Epigynum and its internal structure is shown in Figs Figs 669–670. 671–672. Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- rax 3.27; length of abdomen 3,49; length of 5 segments of rax 3.12; length of abdomen 2.79; length of 5 segments of leg I 5.58. leg I 5.58. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Female – I. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Female – V. Distribution. Israel: Nahal Roded near Elat (16). Distribution. Israel: Elat (14).

Rafalus sp. 3 Relevant species (Figs 671–672)

Rafalus sp. 3: Prószyński 1999: 100, Figs 34–35. Rafalus insignipalpis (Simon) Diagnosis. Recognizable by epigynum. (Figs 650–651) Description. Female. Cephalothorax light brown with a mixture of whitish and dark setae; eye field dark- Habrocestum insignipalpe Simon, 1882: 214; Habrocestum insignipalpe: Prószyński, 1987: 37 (female only); er; eyes III surrounded with white setae; orbital setae Wesołowska and van Harten 1994: 28; over eyes I white; thorax covered with thin, adpressed, Rafalus insignipalpe: Prószyński, 1999: 95, Figs 15–16. 166 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

Remarks. The internal structure of the epigynum in the Mediterranean species described from Eastern Mediterranean, cotype from Aden, proves that this species is congeneric with Black Sea Coast and Turkey. Logunov (1998) proposed to transfer Rafalus christophori, but does not clarify its systematic posi- this species to the genus Pseudeuophrys, which on the basis of tion within the genus. Male specimen, which should be in the existing drwaings does not seem convincing, recently Metzner MNHN in Paris, could not be found in the collection. Described (1999) synomized it with saitis taurica. Not yet found in Israel. from Aden; occurrence in Libya doubtful. Description. Female (cotype from Aden). Thick-set looking spider, with short legs, generally brownish grey. Cephalothorax brownish, covered with adpressed whitish setae; on eye field, Salticus Latreille, 1804 just behind eyes I, sparse upright short bristles; margins of eye field darkened. Type species Abdomen brownish grey with paler median area along the . Salticus scenicus (Clerck, 1758). posterior half, covered with colourless scales with brown medi- Introductory remarks. Salticus species are usually an ridge and longer setae; “hairy” appearance due to large recognized by characteristic colour pattern of abdomen: upright, whitish setae along margins; there are also some larg- dark with white transverse bars or chevrons consisting of er brown and white bristles at the anterior end. Sides of white scales arising from unpigmented tegument, dark abdomen yellowish white; spinnerets cylindrical, yellowish grey. areas pigmented and covered with dark scales. Frontal aspect: eyes I densely surrounded with thick white setae; clypeus low, yellowish fawn with white setae; chelicerae Cephalothorax is low, that appearance is increased by fawn, pedipalps yellow with white setae. contrast between dark dorsum and upper sides sides, with Legs I yellow with indistinct darker annualtion dorsally, a broad white lower margin, consisting of white scales. distinct only on prolateral surfaces: two darker bands on tibia Males have usually forward projecting overgrown che- I, one on patella I, two on femur I. Tibia I with 3 pairs of ven- licerae, reaching 51–87% of cephalothorax length; chelicer- tral spines, tarsi I–II with scopulae, indistinctly expanding ae in female and immature male are vertical and short. onto ventral surface. Sternum brownish yellow, coxae yellow, Body proportions. Cephalothorax: length 1.68-1.87- abdomen light grey ventrally. Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalothorax 1.99 in males; shape appears long and low, flat area 3.00; length of abdomen 2.80. extending over 3/4th of cephalothorax, width is 53-57- Distribution. Yemen (Aden) 60% at eyes I, 61-68-74% at eyes III, height 39-44-49%. Eye field extending over 38-40-43% of cephalothorax, also short in relation to its width at eyes I, almost rec- Rafalus variegatus (Kroneberg) (Figs 673–674) tangular shaped, indistinctly broadening posteriorly by 1–3%; indistinctly narrower than cephalothorax, eyes III Aelurops variegatus Kroneberg, 1875: 51, Tab. 5, Fig. 39; are located close to edge of cephalothorax. Abdomen: Aelurillus variegatus: Andreeva 1975: 339; 1976: 83, Figs 96–97; elongate oval tapering posteriorly; its length is 103-119- Prószyński 1976: map 8; Rafalus variegatus Prószyński, 1999: 100, Figs 36–37. 139%, its width 69%. Leg order (expressed in % length of 5 segments of leg I) in male Salticus olivaceus is IV Distribution. Uzbekistan. (101%) and I (100%), III (88%), II (76%).

Rafalus wittmeri (Prószyński) (Figs 675–676) Salticus amitaii Prószyński (Figs 677, 690–691) Aelurillus wittmeri Prószyński, 1978a: 9–10, Figs 1–3; Rafalus wittmeri: Prószyński 1999: 101, Figs 38–40. Salticus amitaii Prószyński, 2000: 261, Figs 110–113. Distribution. Bhutan. Diagnosis. Epigynum unique, spermathecae run- ning medially the length of epigynum and touching each other, twice as long as copulatory channels, openings Relevant genus Saitis Simon, 1876 lateral near the mid length of spermathecae; white abdominal belts narrower than the dark ones. Saitis barbipes Simon Description. Female. Cephalothorax: narrower than Saitis barbipes Simon, 1886:563 in Salticus propinquus Lucas, 1846 (see description below), blackish with brown median streak along tho- Common Mediterranean species. rax; eye field covered with large whitish, semitranspar- ent scales; complicated pattern of white scales arranged Saitis taurica Kulczyński in three vertical lines across each side of cephalothorax Saitis taurica Kulczyński, 1905: 546 located respectively at the end of thorax, behind eyes III Europhys pulchella: Nosek 1905: 146; Prószyński 1984c: 43 (drwaings and behind eyes II; two intensely white, large triangular of the holotype) spots behind eyes III dorsally. Europhys prinkpona: Roewer 1951: 452 (replacement name) Pseudeuophrys prinkpona: Lobunov 1998: 123-124, Figs 54-56. Abdominal pattern: three dark transverse belts and Saitis taurica: Metzner 1999: 59-60. three white, slightly thinner belts, the second and third SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 167

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Figures 677–679. Salticus amitaii sp. nov. (from Hatzabani), female, general appearance (677); S. propinquus, general appearance of female (678) and male (679). white belt broken medially; lateral spots in front of spin- Etymology. Named for the arachnologist Mr. Pinhas nerets less strikingly white. Amitai, contributor of rich material to the Israel Frontal aspect: similar to Salticus propinquus but National Arachnid Collection. lighter, white scales more striking. Legs: whitish with basal lateral darkening on tibiae – best visible on tibia I and IV. Salticus olivaceus (L. Koch) Ventral aspect: sternum brown, coxae white, abdomen (Figs 687–689) whitish. Calliethera olivacea L. Koch, 1867: 868; Epigynum: oval, anteriorly with an oval depression; Salticus tenerus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 324 (nec L. Koch); copulatory openings lateral in mid length of epigynum, Salticus olivaceus: Prószyński 1984b: 128. spermathecae running medially the length of epigynum, touching each other. Remarks. Known from Hebron (single specimen in the Measurements (mm). Female. Length of cephalotho- O. Pickard-Cambridge collection); differs from S. propin- rax 1.88; length of abdomen 2.61. quus by tip of embolus surounded by a kind of sheet, pro- Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Females duced at the top of bulbus; also by the shape of tibial – V, VII. apophysis, dorsally diagonal. Mr. F. R. Wanless reclassi- Distribution. Israel: Nahal S’nir near Ha Goshrim fied female of S. tricinctus (= S. propinquus) in the O. P.- (1), Nahal Oren (3). C. collection as S. olivaceus , for which I see no reason.

681 680 682

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684

Figures 680–684. Salticus marenzelleri (from Turkey, lectotype and paralectotype), palpal organ ventrally (680), laterally (681) dorsally (682), palpal tibia apophysis and protuberance antero-laterally (683); epigynum (684). 168 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

687

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686 688

Figures 685–689. Salticus propinquus, palpal organ ventrally (685) and laterally (686); Salticus olivaceus (Calliethera tenera specimen in O. Pickard-Cambridge collection), palpal organ ventrally (687), laterally (688), palpal tibia dorsally (689).

Description. Male. Cephalothorax: brown with poste- Salticus nahaloren Logunov, 1996: 57–60, Figs 13–19 (new name rior thoracic part rounded and steep; there are remnants for Israeli Salticus tricinctus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872); Salticus propinquus: Metzner 2000: 115–116, Tab. 81a–i, map 88. of elongate whitish scales at the posterior end of eye field, remnants of small oval whitish scales at the anterior and Diagnosis. Recognisable by colour pattern and gen- lateral edges of eye field between eyes; broad belt of elon- ital organs illustrated in this paper. gate whitish setae along ventral margin. Description. Male. Cephalothorax brown with black Abdomen: damaged, now greyish with remnants of eye field; spots of white setae behind eyes III and behind transverse belts of large adpressed whitish scales: contin- eyes I medially; ventral margin covered with broad belt uous across the middle, at the anterior edge and two mar- of white scales. Chelicerae overgrown, their length in five 3 ginal spots at /4 of length, a few also in front of spinnerets. specimens studied is 51–87% of cephalothorax length. Frontal aspect: face dark greyish brown with rem- Abdominal pattern: three narrow white transverse nants of whitish scales and thin colourless setae diago- bands separating three broader dark ones. nally overhanging cheliceral bases; dark brown chelicerae Frontal aspect: clypeus almost completely reduced, expanded with large elongated fang, pedipalps lighter with remnants of long white setae along ventral edge; rem- brown with dense whitish scales; legs I brown with lateral nants of whitish setae around eyes I. Ventral aspect: che- surfaces darker and some whitish scales; remaining legs licerae with single large, and bent, retrolateral tooth, and 3 brown, locally darkened. Ventral aspect: chelicerae with with single prolateral tooth in distal /8 of their length; fang single large tooth retrolaterally near base of enormously long, extending along the whole length of chelicerae; ster- elongated fang; sternum dark brown, anterior coxae light num dark brown, coxae greyish, abdomen grey. brown, remaining yellowish grey, abdomen greyish. Legs: short and thin in proportion to the body; I Palpal organ: see Figs 687–689, note characteristic brown, II–IV lighter brownish grey, all with sparse surrounding of embolus and diagonal dorsal edge of tib- whitish scales. ial apophysis. Palpal organ: see Figs 685–686; pedipalps thin, long, Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax slender with whitish setae. 1.68; length of abdomen 1.16; length of 5 segments of leg Female. Cephalothorax brown, large white scales I 3.10. concentrated behind eyes I and behind eye field, form Distribution. Greece: Tinos, Syra, Corfu; Spain. Israel: thick white ventral marginal band. Hebron. Abdominal pattern: three white and three dark trans- verse bands, equally broad; the posterior white band divided medially by two indistinct small dark chevrons; tip Salticus propinquus Lucas of abdomen dark with two strikingly white lateral spots. (Figs 678–679, 685–686, 692–693) Frontal aspect: clypeus low with large white scales, some overhanging chelicerae; eyes I surrounded with Salticus propinquus Lucas, 1846; 162; Salticus tricinctus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 324 (nec Calliethera white scales, pedipalps whitish yellow with thin whitish tricincta C.L. Koch, 1846: 50 Fig. 1117); Prószyński 1984b: 130; setae and colourless scales. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 169

690

693 691

692

Figures 690–693. Salticius amitai (from Hatzabani), epigynum (690) and its internal structure (691); S. propinquus, epigynum (692) and its internal structure (693).

Legs: I yellow, II–IV lighter yellow, tips of femora I–IV Synageles Simon, 1876 dark, tibiae I–IV with basal annuli. Epigynum: depressed sclerotized plate, rectangular Type species. Salticus venator Lucas, 1836. with rounded angles; spermathecae located posteriorly, Introductory remarks. Small ant-like jumping spi- U-shaped, with narrower median and twice as broad lat- ders of uncertain relationship, with flat and low angular eral rami; copulatory channels narrow and straight; cephalothorax, without constriction, legs I robust, male copulatory openings located antero-laterally. chelicerae not overgrown. Male palpal organ with bul- Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax bus round, embolus thin and short, on top of rounded 1.93; length of abdomen 2.10. Female. Length of bulbus, tibial apophysis hook-like, small. Epigynum cephalothorax 1.99; length of abdomen 2.50. sclerotized plate, posteriorly rounded, with a posterior, Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – I, median slit, and lateral openings, spermathecae small, II, III, IV, VI, VII; females – II, III, V, VII (with soft epigynum). arranged transversely, thin walled. Remark. Relatively common species in the Negev, Body proportions (in male-female Synageles dal- ground living. maticus), length of cephalothorax 1.14–1.25 mm, length Distribution. Egypt (Kafr-el-Sheikh). Israel: Banyas of eye field 57–59%, height of cephalothorax 34%, width (near Lasius alienus ants), Elon, Rosh-Pinna (1); Nahal of cephalothorax at eyes III 59–65%, width of eye field at Oren (2); ‘En HaMifraz (4); Moshavat Kinneret (7); eyes I 50–54%; length of abdomen 119–145%. Eyes II at 1 Ma’agan Mikhael, Caesarea (inside Tamarix galls) (8); /3 distance to eyes III; eye field rectangular, its length to Bet Shemesh (10); Qiryat-Anavim, Jerusalem (11); width at eyes I ratio is 115–109%. Length of legs order in Haluqim Ridge, Nahal Zin (17). female: IV 105%, I 100%, II 83%, III 80%.

Relevant species Synageles dalmaticus (Keyserling) (Figs 694–698) Salticus marenzelleri Nosek Salticus dalmaticus Keyserling, 1863: 371, Tab. 10, Figs 17–20; Salticus marenzelleri Nosek, 1905: 119, 143, Table 3, Fig. 25; Salticus todillus: O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 324; Salticus marenzelleri: Prószyński 1984c: 127. Synageles dalmaticus: Prószyński 1976: map 205; Flanczewska 1981: 221, Figs 66–68; Thaler 1983: 297–300, Figs 17–19, 22, 26, Distribution. Turkey. 29; Prószyński 1984b: 141. 170 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

696

694

695 697 698

Figures 694–698. Synageles dalmaticus, male, general appearance (694), palpal organ ventrally (695), laterally (696); female, epigynum (697) and its spermatheca (698).

Diagnosis. Male embolus located in a median, diag- gins, coxae whitish, abdomen blackish. Palpal organ: onal depression of anterior edge of bulbus, apophysis in main diagnostic character seems to be the relatively form of diagonal spine (not broad plate), gently bent, large separation of tibial apophysis, by a deep groove separated from dorsal edge of tibia by a groove; epigy- from the remaining part of dorsal surface of tibia. num posteriorly rounded with a median rounded slit, Female. Resembles male, from which it differs by legs openings near postero-lateral edges of epigynum. I light and not swollen (although still thicker than remain- Description. Male. Cephalothorax light brown, apart ing legs); scutum limited to the anterior tip of abdomen, from black surroundings of eyes III and edge between lateral abdominal bunch of white scales (or white spot) in eyes II and III; striking intensely white transverse line of a number of specimens encircled by dark ring. scales just behind the eye field, sometimes broadened to Epigynum: a small sclerotized plate with horseshoe- an oval spot. Immature specimens of Synageles repudia- shaped postero-medial notch, copulatory openings tus (O. Pickard-Cambridge) identified by J. Denis from located latero-marginally with spermathecae running Siva, Egypt, have different colour pattern. Abdomen with antero-medially. light reflecting scutum, anteriorly brown, posteriorly Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax: black; shallow constriction marked with lighter spot and 1.14–1.48; length of abdomen 1.36–1.74. Female. Length two lateral tufts of intensely white scales; sides low with of cephalothorax 1.25; length of abdomen 1.82. shallow but long wrinkles; petiolus short, almost invisible. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – Frontal aspect: eyes ALE located along upper half of II, III, IV, V; females – III, IV, V, VI, VII. AME, surrounded by whitish setae, clypeus fawn with Distribution. Mediterranean, Egypt. Israel: Kfar inconspicuous sparse white setae, a few overhanging Giladi, Lake Hula (1); Biq’at Bet Zyda, Kinneret (7); Ben chelicerae; chelicerae short and slender, yellow, with a Shemen, Ben Zakkay (9); ‘En Karem, Jerusalem, Moza transverse row of whitish setae; pedipalps yellow. Legs: (11); bank of river Jordan near Bet Ha-Arava (13). I robust with tibia dark and swollen, its prolateral sur- face black, tarsus and metatarsus I thin and white; legs II–IV slender, light with darker lines along prolateral Thyene Simon, 1885 surfaces of segments, such a line also appears on retro- lateral surfaces on leg IV. (In immature specimens of Type species. Attus imperialis Rossi, 1847 Synageles repudiatus the darker lateral lines are lack- Introductory remarks. Medium size jumping spi- ing). Ventral aspect: sternum brown with darker mar- ders with broad, rounded cephalothorax, narrower SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 171

699

700

702

701

Figures 699–702. Thyene imperialis, female, epigynum (699) and its spermatheca with channel (700); male, general appearance (701), palpal organ ventrally (702). abdomen and robust leg I. Eye field forms a flattened intensely white scales behind eyes I and a brown island island on top much broader cephalothorax, usually on remaining part; laterally a bent bunch of stouter white swollen laterally to varying degrees, broadest at eyes setae (black in female) arises from beneath eyes II and III, at its mid-height, retaining that width up to about stands upright above the eye field. Thorax divided into half of thorax length. Maximum width of cephalothorax two semicrescent shaped areas: upper one, pale whitish equal or greater than length of cephalothorax. Dorsal yellow, extending dorsally from behind eye field to behind surface of cephalothorax slightly convex, highest at eyes mid-length of the thorax, extending antero-ventrally over III, from there sloping gently forward and posteriorly, sides and reaching ventral edge of carapace at level of from midway along thorax length much steeper, about coxae I and eyes III; lower one, blackish brown, covers 45 degrees. Frontal aspect: particularly distinct differ- posterior dorsal slope, coming forward along lower sides 1 ence in diameter of anterior eyes: that of ALE is only /3 of thorax. There is a thin line of white scales on ventral of AME, the ALE being aligned to the upper third of side of carapace edge. This pattern is variable, being 1 AME, height of clypeus also about /3 of AME diameter. much less contrasting in some specimens. Abdomen elongate oval, distinctly narrower than Abdomen: as shown in Fig. 701, colour pattern variable. cephalothorax. Legs I robust. Frontal aspect: light yellowish fawn with blackish brown lower half of clypeus beneath AME, clypeus and field around AME covered with whitish scales; anterior Thyene imperialis (Rossi) part of cephalothorax sides uniformly light, without (Figs 699–703) mid-height line of white scales; chelicerae dark brown with dorsal surfaces flattened and crossed by numerous Attus imperialis Rossi, 1846: 12; small furrows, presumably stridulatory; legs I anterior- Attus regillus L. Koch, 1867: 879; Salticus regillus: O. Pickard-Cambridge 1872: 323; ly dark brown; pedipalps light brown with sparse, easi- Thyene imperialis: Berland and Millot 1941: 374, Figs 72b, 73; ly visible small whitish rounded scales. Andreeva 1976: 94–95, Figs 135–138; Prószyński 1987: 109–110; Legs: I long, robust, dark brown; sparse brush of Wesołowska and van Harten 1994: 74–76, Figs 150–153. long blackish setae ventrally on tibia continues more Diagnosis. Striking appearance due to coloration, narrowly along retro-ventral edge of patella and then in light reflecting scales, broad cephalothorax and nar- a single line of dense long black setae along retro-ven- rower abdomen. Palpal organ and epigynum unique. tral edge of femur. Legs II–IV much shorter but not slen- Description. Male. Cephalothorax; eye field divided der, lighter brownish yellow with darker apical half of into two different areas: narrow anterior stripe of femora; weak traces of ventral brush of setae on tibia II 172 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

and none on tibiae III–IV. Proportions of legs in female at the sides of groove and after initial run posteriorly different. turn into complicated flat spiral, accessory gland open- Palpal organ typical for the genus: two tight coils of ing at the end of peculiar, very long channel running embolus, round bulbus, small softer flap at 10 o’clock anteriorly; it seems that epigynum is very similar in all position and simple tibial apophysis. species of Thyene. Female. Cephalothorax lighter than in male, yellow Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax or whitish yellow, with darker fawn eye field and, in 2.25; length of abdomen 3.25. Female. Length of some specimen, slopes of thorax and sides; black tuft of cephalothorax 3.00; length of abdomen 2.75. stouter setae standing upright from beneath eyes II Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – above the eye field. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII; females – II, III, VI, VII, VIII, IX. Abdomen elongate oval, light yellowish fawn, with Distribution. Broadly distributed throughout complicated pattern consisting of a central dark spot cov- Mediterranean, extending to East Africa, India, China ered on both sides with adpressed dark brown setae, sep- and . Israel: Dan (1); ‘En Harod, Bet Alfa (5); arated in the middle by a triangle of colourless light- Poriyya eastern slope, Sede-Eliyyahu (7); Miqwe Yisra’el reflecting scales. There are antero-lateral dark square (9); Bet Jimal (on bark of the Pinus halepensis) (10); spots touching the central spot with their corners, Qiryat-Anavim, Jerusalem (11); Ma’ale Adumim (12); extending anteriorly into several narrow grey lines, ‘En Duyuk near Jericho, En Gedi (13); En Yahav (14); which in some specimens are closed anteriorly by joining Haluqim, Hatira, Sede Boqer (17). a darker area, or they may end separately on a light area. The central spot is delimited: anteriorly by two narrow white streaks, separated by the thin dark median streak, Yllenus Simon, 1868 and these are followed on their sides by a transverse pair of thin white spots; laterally the spot is surrounded by Type species. Yllenus arenarius Menge (in Simon 1868). light areas with more intensely white scales; posteriorly Introductory remarks. General appearance short, it is delimited by a thin transverse band of intensely white broad and high, owing to sloping part of thorax hidden setae, followed first by a yellow area, next by another pair under anterior margin of cephalothorax, the impression of small intensely white lines and finally by a darker tri- actually not confirmed by measurements. Body light angular area reaching posterior end of abdomen, or, in coloured due to coverage of tegument by dense, usually some specimens, ending just short of it and leaving a ter- minute, whitish or colourless scales. There is usually minal whitish triangle. All this pattern is variable and indistinct darker streak medially along abdomen and much reduced in some specimens. Spinnerets dark often some darker spots on cephalothorax. brown, ventrally pale greyish. Legs robust, with scopula, a brush of hard setae extend- Frontal aspect: clypeus fawn, eyes AME surrounded ing from the tarsal claws onto distal parts of ventral sur- ventrally and laterally by dense and intesely white faces of tarsi I–II, in older specimens becoming worn out, scale-like setae, dorsally by dark setae; lateral parts of shorter and sparser. Good identification characters are fur- face with three horizontal white lines separated by fawn nished by genital organs, as well as by ventral appearance lines: a ventral line of white scale-like setae along the of chelicerae with undeveloped retrolateral margin and ventral edge of lateral part of clypeus, a mid-height line lacking a tooth, the prolateral margin being armoured with of white scales from lateral edge of face to white sur- thin sclerotized edge ending with single prolateral tooth. rounding of AME, and an inconspicuous white line from Shape of cephalothorax: broadest at the mid length upper edges of ALE sidewards. Chelicerae pale yellow of thorax, its width at eyes I is 70–78%, at eyes III with a few small white scales; pedipalps pale yellow, 80–88% of cephalothorax length, height 57% of thin, with long grey and whitish setae. cephalothorax length, sloping thorax. Eye field: extend- Legs: I more robust than II–IV, but not much longer, ing over 43–48% of cephalothorax, its length is 62% of dark yellow and thicker, covered with sparse setae and width at eyes I; trapezoid shaped, broadening posterior- very small whitish scales; tibia I slightly swollen, prolat- ly by 9–14%; indistinctly narrower than cephalothorax, eral row of short ventral spines and an additional later- its width at eyes III is 85% of cephalothorax width in the al apical, retrolateral row of three minute rudimentary same area. Posterior slope of thorax begins just behind spines, without ventral brush of setae; legs II–IV yellow, eye field and is steep. Face proportions: ALE located IV possibly the longest. along upper half of AME, their diameter half of the lat- Ventral aspect: sternum, coxae and mouth parts yel- ter; height of clypeus equal to diameter of ALE, che- low; abdomen ventrally whitish with dark grey lines, two licerae slender. Length of abdomen varies from 89 to lateral and one median, sides whitish. 109% of cephalothorax length, in the case of one female Epigynum: usually weakly sclerotized, yellow with 148%. Legs IV the longest (in males 124–127% of 5 seg- small anterior white membranous rectangular groove ments of leg I, in females 145%), legs II and III almost Fig. 699; copulatory channels weakly sclerotized, begin equal, 78–81% in males, 87–91% in females. SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 173

703

705 708

704

706 707

Figures 703–708. (703–705) Yllenus salsicola, palpal organ ventrally (703), prolaterally (note separation of embolus and conductor) (704), articu- lating processes of tibia and cymbium (705). (706–708) Yllenus salsicola, general appearance of male (706); female, epigynum (707) and its internal structure (708) (from Prószyński 1968).

Yllenus israelensis Logunov Material. Holotype, Israel: Negev, environ of Mizpe (Figs 717–718) Ramon Village, Maktesh Ramon Desert, steppic like biotop. 21. III. 1995. Leg. I. P. Orlov. Yllenus israelensis Logunov, 1996: 60, Figs 20–23. Remarks. Described from Israel: Negev – Makhtesh Diagnosis. Closely resembling Yllenus squamifer Ramon. The collection locality is close to known locali- by proportions of embolus and conductor, differs by ties of Yllenus squamifer and the environments are broad space between basis of conductor and embolus, similar. resembling letter “U“. Legs yellow, clypeus dark, devoid Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – III. of white setae or scales. Description. Male. Cephalothorax high, abruptly sloping behind eyes III. Clypeus dark greyish brown, slightly 712 lighter beneath AME, covered with sparse greyish setae; grey setae also overhang chelicerae. Chelicerae dark brown. AME surrounded by colourless setae, those above AME whitish. Abdomen missing. Ventral aspect: coxae uniformly yellow, sternum brown with small lighter central area, covered with colourless scales. Legs I–IV uniformly yellow, both lat- erally and dorsally there are no differ- ences between these surfaces; covered laterally by dense whitish scales. Tip of tarsus I darkened; antero-ventral edge of 711 713 710 femora I–II with narrow black line, on femur III there is a blackish spot in the Figures 710–713. Yllenus squamifer, palpal organ ventrally (710), prolaterally (711), also same area. Legs IV distinctly longer. articulating processes laterally (712) and antero-laterally (713). 174 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

716

715 714

Figures 714–716. Yllenus squamifer, epigynum (714), its internal structure (715) and details of copulatory channel – distinct border between the sclerotized and not sclerotized parts of walls (716) (from Prószyński 1968).

Yllenus salsicola (Simon) Yllenus squamifer (Simon) (Figs 704–708) (Figs 710–716)

Attulus salsicola Simon, 1937: 1196, 1258, Figs 1891–1893; Eris squamifer Simon, 1881: 134; Yllenus salsicola: Prószyński 1968: 455–458, Figs 15, 24, 49, 64, Yllenus squamifer: Prószyński 1968: 460–463, Figs 129–135; 121–125; Prószyński 1976: map 27. Prószyński 1976: map 28, Figs 5, 10.

Description. Male. Body coloration contrasting. Description. Male. Body coloration dull. Cephalo- Cephalothorax dark brown, eye field light fawn, broad thorax integument brown, covered with small, colourless streaks of elongate white scales from ALE, medially to scales, eye field covered very densely with small whitish eyes III, towards hind end of the eye field and further, scales; with two darker longitudinal streaks of brownish along dorsolateral edges of thorax towards thoracic scales, not visible in the type of this species due to loss of hindmargin. scales, absent in Yllenus salsicola. Abdomen: dorsally Abdomen: dorsally lancet-shaped streak, blackish brown with scattered orange scales, surrounded lateral- 717 ly by bent white streaks of scales, margins of dorsal sur- faces greyish yellow. Frontal aspect: eyes I surrounded with whitish and a few colourless scales; clypeus light fawn with white tri- angular “beard” of setae overhanging cheliceral bases; chelicerae brown; tibia I dark with colourless scales. Palpal organ: dorsal surface of cymbium and pedipal- pal tibia yellow with white setae. Legs dorsally mainly yel- low, laterally mainly brown or with brown spots and annuli, with sparse whitish scales. Sparse scopulae on tarsi I–II on distal parts of ventral surfaces. Ventral aspect yellow, abdomen whitish, sides of abdomen greyish. Measurements (mm). Male. Length of cephalothorax 1.70; length of abdomen 1.59. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Male – 718 IV, VII, XII. Distribution. Mediterranean: Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Figures 717–718. Yllenus israelensis (holotype), palpal organ ventral Spain, France. Israel: Ma’agan-mikhael (8); Be’er (717), and prolateral view (note broad space between conductor and Mash’abbim (15). embolus) (718). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 175

uniformly covered by adpressed silver grey scales; with Distribution. Spain, Portugal. In Israel: Be’er a few remnants of brown adpressed setae Mash’abbim (sands) (15), Haluqim and Hatira Ridges (17). Frontal aspect: clypeus brown with greyish setae. Palpal organ: cymbium brown with colourless or whitish Relevant species setae; differs distinctly from Yllenus salsicola in shape of embolus and conductor and their proportions in rela- Yllenus arabicus Prószyński tion to bulbus and cymbium, also in the articulating Yllenus arabicus Prószyński, 1993: 48, Figs 37–40. apparatus, which in the latter species has tibial apoph- ysis broader and bent, which reduces the free space Remarks. Distribution – Saudi Arabia: Hada Alsham (on alfa alfa field). around the sclerotized lateral plate-like process of cym- bium to a narrow but much deeper slot. Yllenus improcerus Wesołowska et van Harten Female. No female specimen from Israel known yet. Description of female specimen from outside Levant is Yllenus improcerus Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 78–81, Figs 157–158. given in Prószyński (1968). Measurements (mm) (of non Levantine specimens). Remarks. Described from Yemen. Seasonal appearance of Male. Length of cephalothorax 1.58; length of abdomen female – III. 1.71; length of 5 segments of leg I 3.16. Female. Length of Yllenus knappi Wesołowska et van Harten cephalothorax 1.80; length of abdomen 1.96; length of 5 segments of leg I 3.18. Yllenus knappi Wesołowska et van Harten, 1994: 78–81, Figs 159–160. Seasonal appearance of adult specimens. Males – Remarks. Distribution – Yemen. Seasonal appearance of IV, XI; females – IV, V, VI, VII, X. female – III.

719 722

721

725 720

723 724

Figures 719–725. Complementary drawings. (719–722) Aelurillus nabataeus sp. nov., palpal organ ventrally (719), tibial apophysis laterally (720). (721–722). Related species from Tadjikistan, Evarcha nenilini (paratypes), male, tip of embolus (721), female, internal structure of epigynum (722). (723–725) Variation in external appearance in Mogrus neglectus (white abdomen with three brown narrow stripes) is not correlated with differences in structure of epigynum: epigynum (723), internal structure of epigynum ventrally (724), connection of sclerotized spermathecae with copulatory channel and openings (725) (Israel, Sayeret Shaked). 176 J. PRÓSZYŃSKI

728 726 727 729

732

731

733

736

730

734

737 735 741

738

740 739

Figures 726–741. Complementary drawings. (726–728) Phlegra palestinensis (holotype), palpal organ, ventral view (note narrowness of bulbus, as well as shape of embolus) (726), retrolaterally (note broad space between apophyses) (727), and prolaterally (note thickness of embolus) (728). (729–735) Male Pellenes nigociliatus, abdominal pattern (729), palpal organ ventrally (730), laterally (731), tibial apophysis dorsally (732), tip of embolus seen under high power (733). (734–735) Related species from Uzbekistan, Pellens sytchevskayae (holotype) – basis of embolus ventrally (734), and diagonally antero-ventrally (735) . (736–737). Plexippus tectonicus sp. nov., epigynum (736), and its internal structure (737). (738–741) Pseudicius pseudocourtauldi (male holotype from Armenia), tibial apophysis in anterior (738), latero-posterior (739), and posterior views (740), as well as internal structure of epigynum of female paratype – right spermatheca and channel, ventral view (741). SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 177

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Received: December 15, 2001 Accepted: September 20, 2002 SALTICIDAE (ARANEAE) OF THE LEVANT 181