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Nativism, Class Conflict, and Urban Reform in Portland, Maine (1840-1923) Thomas R

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Nativism, Class Conflict, and Urban Reform in Portland, Maine (1840-1923) Thomas R The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Fall 12-2018 A "Real Social & Political Revolution": Nativism, Class Conflict, and Urban Reform in Portland, Maine (1840-1923) Thomas R. MacMillan University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Labor History Commons, Political History Commons, Social History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation MacMillan, Thomas R., "A "Real Social & Political Revolution": Nativism, Class Conflict, and Urban Reform in Portland, Maine (1840-1923)" (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2978. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2978 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A “'REAL SOCIAL & POLITICAL REVOLUTION'”: NATIVISM, CLASS CONFLICT, AND URBAN REFORM IN PORTLAND, MAINE (1840-1923) By Thomas Richard MacMillan BA, Clark University, 2009 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in History) The Graduate School The University of Maine December 2018 Advisory Committee: Nathan Godfried, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor of History, Advisor Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor and Graduate Coordinator of History Richard Judd, Emeritus Professor of History A “'Real Social & Political Revolution'”: Nativism, Class Conflict, and Urban Reform in Portland, Maine (1840-1923) By Thomas Richard MacMillan Thesis Advisor: Nathan Godfried An Abstract of the Thesis Presented In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts (in History) December 2018 In 1923, Portland, Maine voters approved passed a ballot measure that jettisoned the nearly century-old Council-Mayor plan in favor of a Council-City Manager form of governance. This dramatic alteration was supported by the Portland Chamber of Commerce and the Ku Klux Klan; it allowed the centralization of political power in the hands of an appointed City Manager and a City Council dominated by business interests. Taking this campaign as its focus, the following study incorporates nativism, class conflict, and urban reform in Portland, Maine with a focus on the period of 1840-1923. It blends ethnic, political, and urban history to analyze several periods of heightened class conflict between the city’s largely Yankee business elites and the workers and ethnic communities which challenged their dominance. Special attention is given to the later portion of the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era (1886-1916) as well as the subsequent backlash (1917-1923). During each crisis, Yankee business leaders maintained their dominant social and economic position by building cross-class alliances through religious and ethnic appeals to Yankee workers and professionals. These alliances proved necessary for business elites in their efforts to overcome challenges posed by radical workers and ethnic communities. One of the favored tools for suppressing increased demands for democracy on the municipal level was municipal charter reform. This study demonstrates that such reforms were aimed at suppressing the threat of radical democracy to preserve ethnocentric capitalist hegemony. The latter portion of this thesis focuses on increased xenophobia during World War I and the first Red Scare, before examining the rise of the Ku Klux Klan (1920-1923). Portland’s Ku Klux Klan was somewhat dissimilar from other incarnations of the Klan; rather than oppose big business and embark on a campaign of terror and violence, it preferred to engage in political struggle, often alongside the Chamber of Commerce. With the Chamber providing the policy and the Klan providing an emotional appeal to drive turnout, the two groups defeated a disorganized opposition to institute a Council-City Manager proposal in Maine’s largest city. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to first thank my committee members, Jacques Ferland, Richard Judd, and especially my advisor Nathan Godfried, for overseeing my research and patiently answering my numerous questions. There are several libraries and library staff that were invaluable to my research. The staff in Special Collections at the Fogler Library at the University of Maine, especially Desiree Butterfield-Nagy, deserves thanks for their tireless assistance. Other libraries and staff provided valuable assistance as well, including William Barry of the Brown Memorial Library at the Maine Historical Society, Abraham Schechter at the Portland Public Library, and Sr. Rita-Mae Bissonnette, RSR of the Portland Roman Catholic Diocese. I would also like to express my sincere appreciation for the historians who assisted in my research, including: Charles Scontras of the University of Maine Bureau of Labor Education, Mark Paul Richard of State University of New York-Plattsburgh, Michael Connolly of St. Joseph’s College, Matthew Barker of the Maine Irish Heritage Center, Patrick Mannion of Memorial University of Newfoundland, and Herb Adams of Southern Maine Community College. Thank you to my classmates in the History Department who helped me through the difficulties of graduate school with kindness and friendship. I want to acknowledge my family and friends, both living and deceased, for their love and support as well as for inspiring my love of my home city. Finally, I need to acknowledge and thank my wife, Melanie Fortin, for providing me with the love, laughter, and support that proved necessary to complete this thesis. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………….ii I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...1 HISTORIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..4 II. INDUSTRIALIZATION, REFORM FROM BELOW, AND REACTION FROM ABOVE (1775-1886)………,……………………………………………………………13 GROWTH AND DIVERSIFICATION….………………………………………15 DISLOCATION AND CONFLICT……………………………………………..19 ECONOMIC CONSOLIDATION……………………………………………….24 EARLY TOURISM……………………………………………………………...25 KNOW-NOTHINGS…………………………………………………………….26 PORTLAND RUM RIOT………………………………………………………..30 IRISH NATIONALISM…………………………………………………………31 LABOR WARS………………………………………………………………….35 GREENBACK-LABOR…………………………………………………………36 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..40 III. NATIVIST PROGRESSIVES, LABOR, AND REFORM (1886-1916)………………..42 ETHNIC PLURALISM………………………………………………………….45 CONSERVATION AND CITY BEAUTIFUL………………………………….46 THE RISE OF JAMES PHINNEY BAXTER…………………………………...50 RAILROAD UNREST…………………………………………………………..53 SUBURBANIZATION AND THE ANNEXATION OF DEERING…………...58 BAXTER, IMMIGRANTS, AND INDUSTRIALIZATION……………………59 iv PORTLAND LONGSHOREMEN’S BENEVOLENT SOCIETY (PLSBS)……62 SOCIALIST PARTY OF MAINE……………………………………………….63 1916 TROLLEY WORKERS STRIKE………………………………………….68 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..70 IV. CONSERVATIVE BACKLASH: WORLD WAR I, IRISH NATIONALISM, AND THE BUSINESSMEN'S CRUSADE (1917-1923)……………………………………………72 TRANSNATIONAL IRISH COMMUNITY……………………………………77 PLSBS STRIKE OF 1921………………………………………………………..84 IMMIGRANTS AND HEALTH………………………………………………...86 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..89 V. CHARTER REFORM, THE KU KLUX KLAN, AND THE 1923 PORTLAND ELECTION…………………………….......…………………………………………….90 CHARTER REFORM…………………………………………………………...92 COUNCIL-MANAGER IN MAINE…………………………………………….96 KU KLUX KLAN………………………………………………………………..99 1923 ELECTIONS……………………………………………………………...108 VI. PORTLAND, THE KLAN, AND THE COUNCIL-MANAGER SYSTEM..........….……………………………………………………………………...122 VOTER TURNOUT……………………………………………………………123 CONSERVATIVISM…………………………………………………………..124 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………127 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………………129 VIII. APPENDIX v A. ITEM A: ELECTION RESULTS (1897-1923)………………………………...136 B. ITEM B: DIRECTORY OF KLAN SUPPORTERS…………………….……………………………………………139 1. DIRECTORY OF KLAN CONT IX. BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR……………………………………………………..143 1 CHAPTER I: Introduction “...in short, the native born white middle class dominates the situation.” - Edward F. Dow and Orren Hormel, City Manager Government in Portland, Maine, 1940.1 "Big capital used the middle class organized in the Klan to do its dirty and lawless work, to form the pickhandle brigades and the citizens' committees and the packed juries but, when it came to material rewards, the Klan had to be satisfied with hollow words of praise, a cheap monkey money which buys nothing in the market." -Hubert Langerock. The Industrial Pioneer, 1924.2 Municipal charter reform in small New England cities rarely made headlines outside of the local press. However, the movement to reform Portland, Maine’s charter and to institute a Council-Manager system in 1923 was not a run of the mill change; the story attracted national press when the Ku Klux Klan emerged as a vital pressure group. The Klan, which had attracted attention since its emergence as a nationally organized force three years earlier, absorbed the attention of readers around the country. Because of this, major newspapers such as the Boston Herald and New York Times sent reporters to Maine’s largest city in 1923 to monitor the campaign. When the votes were counted, the pro-City Manager campaign, which the Klan 1 Edward F. Dow and Orren C. Hormell, “City Manager Government in Portland, Maine," The Maine Bulletin 43, no. 4 (Nov. 1940), p. 79. 2 Hubert Langerock, "Economic Background of the Ku-Klux-Klan," The Industrial Pioneer,
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