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Mitragotri V R 1992.Pdf A SOCIO-CULTURAL HISTORY OF GOA FROM THE BHOJAS TO THE VIJAYANAGARA By V. R. Mitragotri M.A. (History), M.A. (Archaeology), Post Graduate Diploma in Archaeology For the Degree of Ph. D. (History) of the Goa University Under the guidance of Dr. K. M. Mathew Department of History Goa University GOA UNIVERSITY TALEIGAO PLATEAU GOA 403 005. V. R. MITRAGOTRI, M. A., Departthent of History, Taleigao Plateau, Goa University, Goa. STATEMENT BY THE CANDIDATE I hereby state that the thesis for the Ph. D. Degree on " SOCIO - CULTURAL HISTORY OF GOA FROM THE BHOJASTO THE yr VIJAYANAGARA" is my original work and that it has not previously formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or any other similar title. Place: GOA Signature of the Candidate Date : ( V. R. Mitragotri ) Counters]. ned Dr. K. M. athew, M. A. Ph. D. Head of the Department, Department of History, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa. I PREFACE During the sixteen'years from 1977, as an Assistant Superintending Archaeologist in the Directorate of Archives, . Archaeology and Muscum, , I have travelled throughout Goa. Through my work involved in the Directorate, I realised that there is no work exclusively devoted to Socio-Cultural History • of Goa pertaining to Pre-Portuguese period. In Goa sources in epigraphy. are available from c. 400 A.D. Hence the Socio- Cultural History of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara was selected. Dr. K. .M. Mathew of the History Department of • , Goa University accepted me as the student. I am beholden for his constant encouragement and valuable guidance ih completing this work. Words are inadequate to express the gratitude to my guru. Fij thcroks axe. AlLe tO Dr. P. P. Shirodkar, Director of Archives, Archaeology and Museum for providing facilities of research in the Directorate. Reference Library of the Directorate has rich collection of the books pertaining to field of my study. Shri. Aravind Yalagi and his colleagues in the Library have provided the Library facilities. I am thankful to Shri Yalagi and his colleagues. Shri. V. R. Navelkar Deputy Librarian of Goa University and the staff of Goa University has provided excellent Library facilities. To Shri Navelkar and to the Staff of Goa University I am grateful. I have made use of Bombay University Library, Heras Institute Library, Bombay,and Library of Mumbai Marathi Granthalaya to the Staff of all the above mentioned Libraries I am thankful. 'Librarian of Bombay University has supplied me with the xerox copy of Vetala Sahastranama. This felicitated in detail discussion on Vetala in the present work. Teaching faculty of Ancient Indian History and Epigraphy gave me constant encouragement. Dr. Srinivas Padigar of the above department has drawn my attention to important aspects in the field of Iconography and Art. For the above help I am grateful to him and his colleagues. My colleague Shri L. K. Pitre, Keeper of Museum has assisted me in interpreting the text of Vetala Sahastranama to him also I am grateful. Prof. R. P. Gurav Geology department of Dhempe college of Arts and Science, joined me in the study of rock-cut caves of Goa, and interpreted Geological History of cave. For his keen interest in my work and his encouragement I am thankful to him. Dr. Paul Axelrod Anthropology department Rippon college, Wisconsin U S A made arrangements to despatch xerox copies of m The Patityagramanirnaya To Dr. Axelrod also I am grateful. I am grateful to Shri. Nayan Naik and Shri R. N. Naik for the photographs and drawings included in this thesis. Finally, Shri. Savari Muttu introduced me to Shri. Umesh Naik in getting the work on computer. Shri. Umesh Naik has done methodical work in stipulated time. To both of them, my sincere thanks are due. rt V.R. Mitrago ri. List of Photographs 1. Narayan Mulgaon 1B. Narayan Korgaon 2. Padmanabha Kunkalim G S M 3. Head of Buddha (bronze) G S M 4. Buddha Rivona G S 5. ,Buddha Colvale Heras Institute Museum 6. Jaina tirthankar Kothambi 7. Kuber Kothambi G S M 8. Yaksi Kothambi G S M 9. Suparsvanath Jainkot A-B G S M 10. Rasabhanath Sancole G S M 11. Gajalakshmi - Chandor Heras Institute Museum 12. Gajalakshmi - Siroda 13. Gajalakshmi - Nervase 14. Ravalanath Old Goa Museum 15. Vetala from Betalbatim Old Goa Museum 16. Vetala from Sarazora Old Goa Museum 17. Paikdev Assolna 18. Nagadev Durbhat G S M 19. Nagadev Peddem 20. Navanita - Krishna or Kadagolu - Krishna G S M 21. Ananta (Sesasayi) Savai-Vere 22. Visnu Savai-Vere Old Goa Museum 23. Linga from Chandor. Old Goa Museum 24. Sadasiva Old Goa Museum 25. Sadasiva Madgaon Saolsx.GIVO. Modgoon G S M Gs 14 27. Umasahitasiva Kudne Old Goa Museum 28. Ganesa Kudne 29. Ganesa Korgaon. 30. Ganesa Vichundrem 31. Ganesa Verna G S M 32. Ganesa Siroda 33. Kartikeya Korgaon G S M 34. Brahma Colamb G S M 35. Brahma Karmali 36. Surya Kudne Old. Goa Museum 37. Surya Margaon G S M 38. Martand - Bhairav Par - Usgaon G S M 39. Mahishasuramardini Lamgaon 40.A Mahishasuramardini Korgaon 14.0 B M a kiS h qs %.11-0.mar el; hi 1.00v3Moh 41. Mahishasuramardini Vichundrem G S M 42. Mahishasuramardini Surla - Tar 43. Mahishasuramardini depicted in Boat ) Gule-b• 44. Mahishasuramardini depicted in boat Sawarda 45. Saptamatrika Chandor Heras Institute Museum i Borra,a/. 46. , Vaisnavi Chandor Heras Institute Museum GOVT160- • 47. Brahmi G S M 48. Chamunda G S M 49. Hero - Stone Orlim Heras Institute Museum BOV1n6ay. 50. Portrait of Madhava Mantri G S M 51. Nath - Panthi objects from Pilar Cave RIQI" Serni ►lary . 52. Chamunda Vadgaon 53. Aravalcm Caves 54. Thadagcm - Kudne 55. Mahadev Temple Curdi 5G. ROCK - CUE: CA YFS, Khah Cie? ar. 57. 11/414A0E V -1-Epipt....E.,TRMBD I GuRLa. List of Plans Consua Plan 1 Dabosi Plan 2 Sonal Plan 3 Aravalem Plan 4 Mangeshi Plan 5 Narve Cave I Plan 6 Narve Cave II Plan 7 Surla Plan 8 Lamagaon Plan 9 Rivona Plan 10 Diwadi Plan 11 Pilar Plan 12 Khandepar Plan 13 Khandepar Kadalikakaran Plan 14 Ishwarbhat Plan 15 Kodar Plan 16 Curdi Plan 17 Malunguini Plan 19 Curdi Mahadev Temple Plan 20, 21, 22 Tambdi Surla Temple Plan 23 Saptakoteshwar temple Plan 24 of Opa Jaina Temple of Kudne Plan 25 Abbreviations ABOR Anannals of Bhandarkar Oriental. Institute BDC Bulletin of Deccan College DHI Development of Hindu Icons EI Epigraphic India EHI Elements of HIndu Iconography ^ rA s 'coca_ MIA6e-U.'N) IA Indian Antiquaries JBHS. Journal of Bombay Histor. Society ' X JBBRS Journal of Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society JKU Journal of Karnataka University JOR Journal of. Oriental Research MM Mangesh Mahatmya SKH Sahyadri Khand SKP Skand Purana Vts Vetala Sahastranama Vs Verse CONTENTS Page No. Preface List of Photographs List of Plans Abbreviations JL X Introduction 1 28 CHAPTER I Political History 29 46 CHAPTER II Society 47 - 82 CHAPTER III Position of Woman 83 - 100 CHAPTER IV Dress, Ornaments, food, drinks and amusements 101 - 122 CHAPTER V Religion 123 - 174 -CHAPTER VI 1C Female Deities 175 - 199 CHAPTER VII Male Deities 200 - 259 CHAPTER VIII Iconography 260 - 296 CHAPTER IX Sculpture 297 - 309 CHAPTER X Architecture 310 - 357 CHAPTER XI Education learning and Literature 358 - 369 Appendix I. Vetala Sahastranama _L II. Genealogy of Southern Silaharas x III. Genealogy of Goa Kadambas B.ticAi 03M:4\ y .711 — XXIV ,phot-091-Q1DIkS 1 — 1 7 721 1? bans . — 1 3 Introduction Prior to the spread of Aryan Culture to the South territory might have been called as Guva (land of arecanuts) by the early settlers like Gavdas 1 . The Sanskrit word for areca-nuts is guvak and it is obviously a loan-word. Gavdas might have brought areca-nuts to Goa. In the same way Gowhati the capital of Assam has origins in the word guva and a Nellore in Andhra Pradesh has originated from Nellu which means paddy. Usgaon (Ikshugram) is the village where the sugar-cane is grown. 2 Therefore, it is quite likely that guva is the most ancient name of Goa denoting the land of areca- nuts. The native Prakrit speakers called this territory as Goy and it seems this word was current from the ancient period. Goya and Gove are synonyms and both were used. The latter word is found in the inscriptions of Kadambas and Vijayanagara. 3 In Vishnu-Purlina and in Bhishma Parva of Mahabharat references to the Goparastra are found. Sahy;drikhanda also refers to both Gorastra and Gomant. (Konkanamahiltmya) a Marathi work of 17th century which could be called a commentary of SKH has mentioned about Gorastra. A Marathi poet of 17th century of Ankola of Uttar Kannada in his translation on Mahabharat has also used 'the word Goafistra.4 is The capital Gopakapattana, A the modern Goa-Velha. The common denominator in the aforesaid words associated with Goa is go and which means cow in Sanskrit. From this it is evident that after the spread of Aryan Culture to South in around 400 B.C. 6 , it seems guva became Goa and thus came to be associated With cow. However, the antiquity of cow in Goa back to c. 8000 B. P. 6 and cattle were in existence much earlier to the spread of Aryan culture to Goa. Goa was also called Gomant during the ancient period and river Mandovi was called Gomati. Just as origin of India or Hindustan is traced to the river Sindhu or Indus, the origin of Gomant might be traced to river Gomati. 7 A Portuguese writer was of the opinion that Gomant has originated from Goubhat the chief regional deity.
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