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Course 1: Introduction to Water and Health Programme (Identical to Discussion Page)

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Course 1: Introduction to Water and Health Programme (Identical to Discussion Page) Course 1 Course 1: Introduction to Water and Health Programme (Identical to Discussion Page) How to use the course materials: The material is divided into Concept and Discussion sections. Most Concept pages are accompanied by a Discussion page. The Concept page gives a brief overview of the topic being considered and each Discussion page amplifies that overview into a more detailed review of the topic. The simple analogy is that the Concept pages are what you would see on a PowerPoint or blackboard summary in a lecture and the Discussion page is what the lecturer would say in class about that topic (or would provide in written lecture notes). This means that you can use the Concept pages as a quick review of the topics by progressing through them in order using the Arrow icons at the top of the page (or in any order you want) and looking at the Discussion pages to amplify or remind you of the detailed content. This is very useful for a rapid review of course materials. If you mark the level of understanding you have for each topic (from low to high - red to green) , you can then use these measures of understanding to review only those topics that you need to work on further or had difficulty with on first reading. You may also add notes to any page or highlight materials for later study. For Help with the StudySpace software, see the Help Section on the left-hand menu. To see a PowerPoint Presentation on the StudySpace software used in these Water-Health courses see this link. PowerPoint or PowerPoint Viewer (free from Microsoft) is required and PowerPoint Viewer is included for installation from the CD Any page may contain references to extra materials; either on the CD or as an external web reference (URL) (usually marked as Internet Access Required). You can access the CD material directly but you need an internet connection to access the external references. These extra materials and the external web references are NOT required reading but are there for those who wish to look at certain topics in more detail or who want to go to the original sources of material. The CD references are given to amplify the topics and are usually well worth reading even though we will not normally require any detailed knowledge of their contents for this course. You will also see listings of material such as bibliographies and data sources on the internet. We provide these in an attempt to make the courses more useful to you in your career or studies, but knowledge of them is NOT required. They are there to provide reference materials that might be useful to you. In short, everything you need to know for this series of courses is on the CD,, but you have been given extra materials and internet references to supplementary materials for clarification if file:///F|/Dropbox/WaterHealthNewFinal/Course1/concepts/wh001mo001c001c000TitlePage.html[11/3/2014 5:16:52 PM] Course 1 needed, for later use if it is relevant, or for you to pursue individual topics for your own interest. file:///F|/Dropbox/WaterHealthNewFinal/Course1/concepts/wh001mo001c001c000TitlePage.html[11/3/2014 5:16:52 PM] Water and Health Title Page Water and Health Programme Introduction The Water and Health Programme consists of a number of individual courses addressing the many issues surrounding the relationships between water and the health of people and populations. This first introductory course will present an overview of; Historical background to water and health Current and past issues in water and health The current global perspective on these issues Water Management overview - relationship to health issues A brief introduction to other parts of the Water-Health Programme Other Courses in the Water-Health Programme are: Course 2 - Water-related Impacts on Health - Principles, Methods and Applications Course 3 - Technical Solutions for Water and Health Course 4 - Water Ethics, Governance, Law, Economics and Social Intervention Course 5 - Challenges for WaSH file:///F|/Dropbox/WaterHealthNewFinal/Course1/concepts/wh001mo001c001c001Introduction.html[11/3/2014 5:16:52 PM] Introduction - Overview Historical background to water and health This section will look at the historical background and the role of water and health issues in ancient and more recent civilizations This overview will serve to put water and health issues into a much broader perspective and show how problems have occurred. what effects they have had and how solutions have been evolved over the millennia. We will start with a very broad overview of the history of the Earth and the genesis and role of water in the first few billion years of Earth's history. We will then look at the role of water and health issues on ancient civilizations starting around 10,000 BCE (Before Current Era) and continue until the present day. After a brief look at the water cycle (the hydrologic cycle) we will examine the various uses for water and the global and regional use patterns We will then look at global water issues and then at health issues related to water We finish this first course with an brief overview of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), one of the most commonly used management "systems" around the world that attempts to improve the overall management of water resources. There is a list of resources at the end of this first course that will allow you to access data and information on water-related issues. Much of this information will be supplied but some is only available on the Internet. You will also be given access to an on-line bibliography from UNU-INWEH (Internet Access Required) on Integrated Water Resource Management with more than 3000 searchable references on water-related issues (including water/health topics). This was prepared for the IWRM distance learning programme delivered through the Water Learning Centre (WLC) (Internet Access Required) ions. file:///F|/Dropbox/WaterHealthNewFinal/Course1/concepts/wh001mo001c001c002Course1.html[11/3/2014 5:16:53 PM] Introduction - Water Supplies Historical background to water and health Geologic Time Clock All of the Earth’s evolution expressed as a clock with 12 hours! Notice that: 1. Photosynthesis started around 3.5 billion years ago and led eventually to an oxygen rich atmosphere about 2.3 billion years ago (see the outer purple line for “prokaryotes” that were responsible for photosynthesis) 2. Eurkayotes emerged just over 2 billion years ago followed by multicellular organisms about 1.5 billion years ago 3. Land plants evolved at 450 million years ago allowing land animals to evolve 4. The first vertebrates occurred around 380 millions years ago and dinosaurs existed from 230 to file:///F|/Dropbox/WaterHealthNewFinal/Course1/concepts/wh001mo001c001c003EarlyHistory1Title.html[11/3/2014 5:16:53 PM] Introduction - Water Supplies 65 million years ago 5. First humans at 2 millions years ago (it almost doesn’t show on the clock!) 6. Modern recorded history and civilization only occupies the last 10,000 years (or less than the blink of an eye on the 12 hour clock!) file:///F|/Dropbox/WaterHealthNewFinal/Course1/concepts/wh001mo001c001c003EarlyHistory1Title.html[11/3/2014 5:16:53 PM] Introduction - Water Supplies Historical background to water and health Geologic Time Clock All of the Earth’s evolution expressed as a clock with 12 hours! Notice that: 1. Photosynthesis started around 3.5 billion years ago and led eventually to an oxygen rich atmosphere about 2.3 billion years ago (see the outer purple line for “prokaryotes” that were responsible for photosynthesis) 2. Eurkayotes emerged just over 2 billion years ago followed by multicellular organisms about 1.5 billion years ago 3. Land plants evolved at 450 million years ago allowing land animals to evolve 4. The first vertebrates occurred around 380 millions years ago and dinosaurs existed from 230 to 65 million years ago 5. First humans at 2 millions years ago (it almost doesn’t show on the clock!) 6. Modern recorded history and civilization only occupies the last 10,000 years (or less than the blink of an eye on the 12 hour clock!) file:///F|/Dropbox/WaterHealthNewFinal/Course1/concepts/wh001mo001c001c003History1.html[11/3/2014 5:16:53 PM] Where did the water come from Where did the water come from? Surprisingly, it is not certain how water came to be on the Earth. Some speculate that it could have come: 1. From the nebula dust cloud by the early Earth capturing hydrogen from the nebula that was subsequently oxidized to water through chemical reactions. This theory is somewhat at odds with the ratio of Deuterium to Hydrogen in water and the time scale required for it to occur seems to be too long. 2. From water contained in comets bombarding the early Earth (although their models show this could only have contributed about 10% of the water) 3. By the early Earth accreting water by bombardment with primitive very small planets and asteroids present in the outer asteroid belt. According to some calculations, this could account for sufficient water accumulation during the later stages of Earth's formation file:///F|/Dropbox/WaterHealthNewFinal/Course1/concepts/wh001mo001c001c005SourceofWater.html[11/3/2014 5:16:53 PM] Introduction - The Past Historical background to water and health Early Human Evolution and Migrations In East Africa near the Rift Valley, modern humans evolved about 200,000 years ago. The population rose and fell, and small subsets of the people left to go elsewhere, creating their own groups. Those groups spread, small subsets of the original groups leaving, sometimes returning and rejoining, sometimes leaving again. Africa has a huge range of environments—deserts, coastal regions, pampas, rivers, lakes, and mountains, and it is certain that some of these required human adaptations—behavioral, cultural and physical—to the demands of the various climates.
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