Korean J. Pl. Taxon. (2011) Vol. 41 No. 3, pp.280-286

Distribution of five rare in

Sung-Won Son*, Byung-Chun Lee, Hyung-Ho Yang, and Ye-Joo Seol Division of Forest Resource Conservation, Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon 487-821, Korea (Received 29 August 2011; Revised 06 September 2011; Accepted 12 September 2011)

ABSTRACT: The natural habitats and distribution of five rare plants were recently discovered in Korea. Salomo- nia oblongifolia DC., which grows in mountain wetlands, was found in Gijang-gun, Busan, Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam- do, and Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do. Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia Fernald, which grows along the coast, was found in Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do, Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do and Buk-gu, Ulsan. Tillaea aquatica L. and aquatica L., which was previously not known to be present in Korea, were discovered in Gijang- gun, Busan for the first time. Apocynum lancifolium Russanov, which has a narrow distribution range in Korea, was also found in Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do, Jung-gu, Incheon, Yeongdeok-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do and Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do. Keywords: Salomonia oblongifolia, Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia, Tillaea aquatica, , Apocynum lancifolium

Since the Protocol of ‘Access to Genetic Resources and information on the geographic distribution range should be used Benefit-Sharing’ was adopted in the 10th Conference of the as an important factor in estimating their genetic diversity (Chang Parties of the Convention on Biology Diversity (CBD), native et al., 1998). Based on this premise, there is a need to obtain plants are considered significant resources for future access and information on the distribution of rare plants and endemic species, benefit sharing. In addition, conservation strategies for rare and whose distributions are limited (Son et al., 2008). However, it is endangered plants must be developed at the national level. difficult to assess the status of certain plants because data on them To develop conservation strategies for rare and endangered cannot be found except in old literature and herbarium specimens. plants, the taxon should be evaluated precisely. But in the past, Of the rare plants in Korea, the habitats of Salomonia the assessment of rare plants was conducted based on the personal oblongifolia DC., Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia Fernald, Tillaea experiences of some experts regarding related plants that were aquatica L., Limosella aquatica L., and Apocynum lancifolium L. found by them frequently (Chang et al., 2001) and information have not been accurately identified and the only information on the taxon in terms of the ecology, distribution and population available on these plants are from illustrated books. In of the related plants could not be collected objectively. The addition, there has been no ecological and taxonomic research International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) claims on these plants. that objective criteria should be established based on scientific Thus, this study was conducted to obtain information on the data to assess endangered plants (IUCN, 2001a) and recommends exact habitats and distribution of these five rare plants, whose the assessment of endangered plants at global scale (Chang et domestic distributions are still largely unknown. In addition, this al., 2001). However, taxon that are currently in danger locally information will be used as basic data for assessing the are only categorized on the regional scale and these data are conservative status of the taxon. used as supplement references for assessing the global scale conservative status of the taxon (IUCN, 2001b; Miller, 2007). Materials and Methods To establish a conservation strategy for rare plants, there should be research on the geographic distributions, population size, and Natural habitat information was collected from previous ecological characteristics of plants. In addition, plants that are literature, specimens and residents (NGO). The natural habitats distributed in limited areas have low levels of genetic diversity survey was conducted from March 2010 to June 2011 based on when compared to species distributed nationally. Therefore, the gathered information. The locations of the habitat were recorded using GPS and a distribution map was established using existing *Author for correspondence: [email protected]

280 Distribution of five rare plants in Korea 281

information on the specimens. The specimen information was Ohba, 1999; Turner et al., 2000). It is classified as “Critically provided by Korea Biodiversity Information System (Nature) Endangered” in the Rare Plant Data Book of Korea (Korea of the Korea Forest Service. The exact location of the habitats National Arboretum, 2008). Although it has not been designated of these rare plants are not mentioned in this paper to protect as a rare plant, it has extremely restricted distribution in limited these plants. areas of (Iwatsuki and Ohba, 1999). In Korea, the only data on this specimen was from old studies (Mt. Baekun, Results and Discussion Gwangyang-si, Jeollanam-do; Jaeun-do, Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do), and the exact habitat of this plants was not known until now. 1. Salomonia oblongifolia DC. (Polygalaceae; In this survey, S. oblongifolia was newly discovered in one Fabales) region of Busan and two regions of Jeollanam-do, which is located Salomonia oblongifolia DC. is an annual herbaceous species on the southern coast (Fig. 1-a). Of the surveyed regions, the Busan that inhabits areas of sunny wetlands (Lee, 1996; Iwatsuki and and Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do were stable and maintained healthy Ohba, 1999). It is distributed in South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, structures, whereas the population in Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do , , the , , the South Sea, decreased (i.e., desiccation because of environmental changes) and along with other subtropical regions (Iwatsuki and (Table 1). All the surveyed regions were forest wetlands, and

Fig. 1. Distribution maps of five rare plants. a. Salomonia oblongifolia; b. Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia; c. Tillaea aquatica; d. Limosella aquatica; e. Apocynum lancifolium.

Korean J. Pl. Taxon, Vol. 41, No. 3 282 Sung-Won Son, Byung-Chun Lee, Hyung-Ho Yang and Ye-Joo Seol

Table 1. Locality of population and general characteristics of investigated region. Taxa Investigated area Extent of habitat (m) Estimated population size Altitude (m) Topography Gijang-gun, Busan 100 × 20 < 3,000 105 Forest wetlands Salomonia oblongifolia Gokseong-gun, Jeollanam-do 10 × 10 ~500 162 Forest wetlands Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do 200 × 100 < 5,000 28 Forest wetlands Yangyang-gun, Gangwon-do 20 × 10 ~500 4 Saline lake Glaux maritima var. Pohang-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 50 × 30 < 1,000 6 Saline lake obtusifolia Buk-gu, Ulsan 70 × 30 < 1,000 29 Saline lake Tillaea aquatica Gijang-gun, Busan 70 × 50 ~300 29 River bank Limosella aquatica Gijang-gun, Busan 70 × 10 ~50 34 River side Samcheok-si, Gangwon-do 50×5 ~500 43 River bank Yeongdeok-gun, 100×3 <1,000 79 River bank Gyeongsangbuk-do Apocynum lancifolium Shinan-gun, Jeollanam-do 100×5 <1,000 16 Road side Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do 70×4 <1,000 6 Road side Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do 10×7 ~500 5 Road side Jung-gu, Incheon 7×4 ~100 10 Road side

S. oblongifolia grew with Molinia japonica Hack., 1993b). G. maritima var. maritima is distributed in central racemosa Wall., and Utricularia bifida L. The natural domestic (e.g., Mongolia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and habitat of S. oblongifolia was geographically isolated among the Uzbekistan), Russia, Europe, North America, and other temperate populations and limited in distribution; thus, it is at great risk of regions in the Northern Hemisphere (Hu and Kelso, 1996). regional extinction in Korea. To preserve S. oblongifolia, an According to previous studies, the plant restrictively grows active ex situ conservation strategy should be established, such along the northern coastal areas in Korea (Lee, 1996; Im et al., as local seed collection and the formation of a conservation center. 1975). However, the exact location of its habitat was not known In addition, regions containing healthy populations should be until now. In addition, it has been classified as “Data Deficient” designated as in situ conservation areas and be protected. in the Rare Plant Data Book of Korea (Korea National Arboretum, 2008). In this survey, we found new habitats in the Gangwon- Morphological features do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Ulsan regions (Fig. 1-b). The new Stem 6−30 cm tall, slender, striate, simple or with ascending habitats usually included saline lakes and were in an area that branches. Leaves alternate, nearly sessile, oblong to elliptic or was predominated by Triglochin maritimum L. The estimated lanceolate, 3−8 mm long, 1.5−3 mm wide. Flowers August to population size at the Gyeongsangbuk-do and Ulsan regions was September, sessile, red-purple, ca. 2 mm long (Satake et al., 1982; 1,000 individuals. In contrast, the estimated size in the Gangwon- Iwatsuki and Ohba, 1999). Fruits reniform, flat, with a few spines do region was less than 500 individuals (Table 1). It is believed on margins, loculicidally dehiscent (Fig. 2-a). that the habitat damage was caused by human trampling and development because all the surveyed habitats were located Observed specimens along a roadside. Thus, it is necessary to inspire the preservation Jeollanam-do, Gwangyang-si, Okryong-myeon, Mt. Baekun, of these habitats through public communication and by establishing 19 Sept. 1989, J.S. Shin s.n. (SNUH); Shinan-gun, Jaeun- an ex situ conservation strategy, such as the collection of myeon, 13 Aug. 1983, W.T. Lee s.n. (KWNU). genetic resources.

2. Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia Fernald Morphological features (Primulaceae; Ericales) Stems erect, 5−20 cm tall, terete, fleshy, glabrous. Leaves Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia Fernald is a perennial species opposite, fleshy, with scattered minute glandular spots, 5−15 mm that usually grows on the coast of a saline lake (Yamazaki, 1993b). long, 1.5−6 mm wide, glabrous on both surfaces, upper surface It is distributed in Korea, Japan, the Kuriles, Kamchatka, Alaska, shining, a raised midrib and 2−3 pairs of obscure lateral nerves and northwestern regions of North America (Oh, 1980; Yamazaki, on lower surface. Flowers June to July, solitary in leaf-axils.

Korean J. Pl. Taxon, Vol. 41, No. 3 Distribution of five rare plants in Korea 283

Fig. 2. Photographs of investigated plants. a. Salomonia oblongifolia; b. Glaux maritima var. obtusifolia; c. Tillaea aquatica; d. Limosella aquatica; e. Apocynum lancifolium.

Pedicel very short, glabrous. Calyx broadly campanulate, 5-cleft some authors (Eggli et al., 1995; Gilbert et al., 2000). However, almost to base; lobes petal-like, white tinged with pink, narrowly on the basis of recent molecular data, this is not valid oblong, ca. 5mm long. Capsule globose, acute at apex, ca. 3mm and should not be recognized (More et al., 2009). Although, in diam, longitudinally dehiscing into 5-valves, with several seeds there are several records of the species in illustrated plant books (Fig. 2-a). G. maritima var. maritima differs from var. obtusifolia and herbarium specimen data (Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do; by having linear or narrowly oblong leaves, obtuse at the apex Jung-gu, Seoul) (Fig. 1-c), the exact location of its habitat and and smaller capsules (Im et al., 1975; Yamazaki, 1993b; Lee, its distribution in Korea have not been reported until now. 1996). Furthermore, it has been classified as “Critically Endangered” 3. Tillaea aquatica L. (Crassulaceae; Saxifragales) in the Rare Plant Data Book of Korea (Korea National Arboretum, Tillaea aquatica L. is an annual species found along river 2008) and as “Near Threatened” in the Red Data Book of Japanese banks that usually grows in wet places within sandy soil. It is Vascular Plants (Ministry of the Environment, Japan, 2007). distributed in Eurasia, northern Africa, and North America The newly identified region in this survey was a river wash (Ohba, 2001; Fu and Ohba, 2001). The genus Tillaea L. comprises that was predominated with Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) about 16 species worldwide (Fu and Ohba, 2001). Adding to Fernald and this region contained more than 500 individuals the taxonomic confusion within Crassula is the uncertain (Table 1). Also, this region was populated with Limosell aquatica phylogenetic placement of the annual aquatic to semi-aquatic L., which is a rare plant of Korea. Because T. aquatica is an annual species that have been recognized as a separate genus, Tillaea, by species found on the river wash and grows in wet places within

Korean J. Pl. Taxon, Vol. 41, No. 3 284 Sung-Won Son, Byung-Chun Lee, Hyung-Ho Yang and Ye-Joo Seol

sandy soil and because it possesses inconspicuous features, it is habitats and its exact distribution range must be surveyed first. difficult to determine the exact distribution pattern of this species In addition, an active ex situ conservation strategy should be and to monitor its population (Ministry of the Environment, established such as seed collection and genetic resource Japan, 2007). Thus, it is necessary to discover new habitats and conservation. the exact distribution range in Korea based on similar growth environments and to enact an ex situ conservation strategy, Morphological features such as seed collection and preservation of genetic resources. Stolons slender, short, rooting from nodes (Fig. 2-d). Leaves membranaceous; slender, 1−4 cm long, glabrous. Flowers Morphological features May to October, solitary in leaf axils. Pedicel 1−3 mm long at Stems sparsely branched from base, 2−5 cm tall (Fig. 2-c). flowering, to 15 mm long at fruiting, glabrous. Capsule broadly Leaves opposite, base connate, linear-lanceolate, 5−8 mm long, ellipsoid, short acute, 2−3 mm long, slightly longer than persistent ca. 1 mm wide, apex acute, spreading to ascending. Flower April calyx. Seeds narrowly ellipsoidal, ca. 0.5 mm long, brown to August, tetramerous, subsessile, solitary in axils of leaves on (Yamazaki, 1993c; Lee, 1996). upper part of stem, without bracts. Calyx green, base connate; lobes ovate, ca. 0.5 mm long. Petals whitish, lanceolate-ovate, Observed specimens ca. 1.5 mm long, apex obtuse, erect at flowering persistent. Seoul, Jung-gu, 13 Jun. 1914, W.T. Lee s.n. (KWNU). Fruit a follicle, often reddish; seeds narrowly oblong, surface with numerous longitudinal obscure ribs (Satake et al., 1982; 5. Apocynum lancifolium Russanov Lee, 1996; Ohba, 2001). (Apocynaceae; Gentianales) Apocynum lancifolium Russanov, which is a perennial in Observed specimens Apocynaceae family, grows in moderately moist bluffs on Seoul, Jung-gu, 13 Jun. 1914, W.T. Lee s.n. (KWNU); seashores and is distributed in China, India, Japan, Mongolia, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Andong-si, 24 Sept. 1972, S.Y. Oh 4654 Pakistan, Russia and the Southwest Asia, while some grows (KNU). naturally around Europe (Yamazaki, 1993a; Li et al., 1995). In Korea, it is considered to be extinct since the only specimen data 4. Limosella aquatica L. (; is from the past (Maepo-eup, Danynag-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do; ) Danyang-eup, Dangyang-gun, Chungcheongbuk-do; Pyeongtaek- Limosella aquatica L. is an annual species that grows along si, Gyeonggi-do) and no other specific information on where muddy lake and river margins, which undergoes extreme it grows is available. Therefore, it has been designated as fluctuation in its population numbers annually (Curtis et al., 1995). “Critically Endangered” in the Rare Plant Data Book of Korea It is distributed throughout temperate zones of the Northern (Korea National Arboretum, 2008). However, there have been and Southern Hemispheres (Lee, 1996; Hong et al., 1998). L. recent reports from various regions that wildflower societies aquatica was first found in Yeongdeungpo, Seoul, therefore it and environmental groups discovered habitats of this species was called ‘deungpopul’ in the Korean language (Lee, 1998). in the coastal areas of Gyeonggi bay. Other than the Gyeonggi-do There is no data or habitat information on L. aquatica except area, which was shown to contain this species in this study, for specimen data (Jung-gu, Seoul). The newly identified habitats of growth have also been reported in Gangwon-do, region in this survey was a river wash in the Busan region Incheon, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Jeollanam-do. Thus, A. (Fig. 1-d). The population size was estimated to be 70 × 10 m lancifolium, which was previously thought to be extinct, is actually with about 50 individuals (Table 1). Also, this region contained distributed nationally (Fig. 1-e). Most of the areas containing the rare plant Tillaea aquatica L. The habitat of L. aquatica this species were nearby farm roads or waysides, and estimated typically involves inundation regions, such as river margins population size at Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do and (Curtis et al., 1985). Thus, its population numbers are very Jeollanam-do was greater than at Gangwon-do, Incheon, and much in flux, and it is difficult to measure its distribution range Siheung-si, Gyeonggi-do (Table 1). Also, it seemed that there and obtained habitat information. For this reason, it is also has been serious damage to the habitat due to artificial disturbances difficult to apply the exact IUCN Red List criteria for this such as weeding or road widening. Therefore, it is necessary to taxon. However, it is classified as “Critically Endangered” in inspire the public to help maintain healthy population of these the Rare Plant Data Book of Korea (Korea National Arboretum, rare plant species through public communication and efforts 2008). To establish conservation strategies for L. aquatica, new to maintain ecological environments in situ are also required. In

Korean J. Pl. Taxon, Vol. 41, No. 3 Distribution of five rare plants in Korea 285

addition, efforts to preserve these species, not only in situ but Wu, Z. Y. and P. H. Raven (eds.), Science Press and Missouri also ex situ, will also be required, by securing gene resources. Botanical Garden, Beijing and Missouri. Pp. 39-189. Im, R. J. and H. S. Kim. 1975. Flora Coreana. Editio Scientiarum Morphological features RPDC, Pyongyang. Pp. 69-70. Stems terete, glabrous, loosely branched, branches arching. IUCN. 2001a. IUCN Red List Categories : Version 3.1. Prepared by Leaves opposite, membranaceous, more or less fleshy. Flowers the IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Swit- June to July. Corolla tubular-campanulate, pale purple (Fig. 2-e). zerland and Cambridge, UK. http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc. Follicles 1 or 2, linear, attenuate-acuminate at apex. Seeds linear, IUCN. 2001b. Draft guidelines for the application of IUCN Red List ca. 3mm long, 0.5mm wide (Yamazaki, 1993a). criteria at National and regional levels. http://www.iucn.org/ themes/ssc. Observed specimens Iwatsuki, K. and H. Ohba. 1999. Polygalaceae. In Flora of Japan, Gyeonggi-do, Pyeongtaek-si, 16 Jun. 1967, T.B. Lee 47642 Vol. IIc. Iwatsuki, K., D. E. Boufford and H. Ohba (eds.), (15 Sheets, SNUA); Chungcheongbuk-do, Danyang-gun, Maepo- Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo. Pp. 55. eup, 6 Jul. 1919, T. Nakai s.n. (KWNU); Danyang-eup, 16. Jul. Korea National Arboretum. 2008. Rare Plants Data Book in Korea. 1919, T. Nakai 11514 (SNU). Korea National Arboretum, Pocheon (in Korean). Lee, T. B. 1980. Illustrated Flora of Korea. Hyangmunsa, Seoul (in Acknowledgements Korean). Lee, W. T. 1996. Lineamenta Florae Korea. Academy Publishing Co., This paper was carried out as part of ‘Infrastructure for Seoul (in Korean). conservation and restoration of rare and endemic plants’ in Li, P., A. J. M. Leeuwenberg and D. J. Middleton. 1995. Apocynaceae. Korea National Arboretum (KNA). Special thanks to Bongsik In Flora of China, Vol. 16. Wu, Z. Y. and P. H. Raven (eds.), Kim, Sabeom Jang, and Seongwon Lee for habitat survey. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden, Beijing and Missouri. Pp. 143-188. Literature Cited Miller, R. M., J. P. Rodriguez, T. Aniskowicz-fowler, C. Bambarad- eniya, R. Boles, M. A. Eaton, U. Gardenfors, V. Keller, S. Molur, Chang, C. S., H. Kim and T. Y. Park. 1998. A reconsideration of S. Walker and C. Pollock. 2007. National threatened species genetic conservation on rare plant species in South Korea. listing based on IUCN criteria and regional guidelines: current Bull. of Seoul Nat’l Univ. Arboretum 18: 22-43. status future perspectives. Conservation Biology 21: 684-696. Chang, C. S., H. Kim and Y. S. Kim. 2001. Reconsideration of rare Ministry of the Environment, Japan. 2007. Threatened Wildlife of and endangered plant species in Korea based on the IUCN Red Japan-Red Data Book 8: Vascular Plants: corrections and additions. List Category. Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 31: 107-142 (in Korean). Japan Wildlife Research Center, Tokyo (in Japanese). Curtis, T. G. F. and J. B. Ryan. 1985. The status and ecology of Mort, M. E., C. P. Randle, P. Burgoyne, G. Smith, E. Jaarsveld and Limosella aquatica L. in Clare (H9) and south-east Galway S. D. Hopper. 2009. Analysis of cpDNA matK sequence data (H15). Ir. Nat. J. 21: 406-407. place Tillaea (Crassulaceae) within Crassula. Plant Syst. Evol. Eggli, U., H. ‘t Hart and R. Nyffeler. 1995. Toward a consensus 283: 211-217. classification of the Crassulaceae. In Evolution and systematics Oh, S. Y. 1980. A review of the family Primulaceae of Korea. of the Crassulaceae. ‘t Hart, H. and U. Eggli (eds.), Backhuys, Research Review of Kyungpook National Univ. 29:379-417. Leiden. Pp. 174-192. Ohba, H. 2001. Crassulaceae. In Flora of Japan, Vol. IIb. Iwatsuki, K., Fu, K. and H. Ohba. 2001. Crassulaceae. In Flora of China, Vol. 8. D. E. Boufford and H. Ohba (eds.), Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo. Pp. 10. Wu, Z.Y. and P.H. Raven (eds.), Science Press and Missouri Satake, Y., J. Ohwi, S. Kitamura, S. Watari and T. Tominari. 1982. Botanical Garden, Beijing and Missouri. Pp. 202-268. Wild Flowers of Japan. Heibonsha, Tokyo (in Japanese). Gilbert, M. G., H. Ohba and K. J. Fu. 2000. New combination in Tillaea Son, H. D., D. H. Kim and H. T. Im. 2008. A short record for the (Crassulaceae). Novon 10: 366-367. distribution of 4 rare plants. Korean J. Pl. Taxon. 38: 565-571 Hong, D., H. Yang, C. Jin and N. H. Holmgren. 1998. Scrophulari- (in Korean). aceae. In Flora of China, Vol. 18. Wu, Z. Y. and P. H. Raven Turner, I. M., F. Xing and R. T. Corlett. 2000. An annotated check- (eds.), Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden, Beijing list of the vascular plants of the South China Sea and its and Missouri. Pp. 1-212. shores. Raffles bulletin of zoology (supplement) 8: 23-116. Hu, C. M. and S. Kelso. 1996. Primulaceae. In Flora of China, Vol. 15. Yamazaki, T. 1993a. Apocynaceae. In Flora of Japan, Vol. IIIa.

Korean J. Pl. Taxon, Vol. 41, No. 3 286 Sung-Won Son, Byung-Chun Lee, Hyung-Ho Yang and Ye-Joo Seol

Iwatsuki, K., T. Yamazaki, D. E. Boufford and H. Ohba (eds.), Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo. Pp. 85-86. Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo. Pp. 164-165. Yamazaki, T. 1993c. Scrophulariaceae. In Flora of Japan, Vol. IIIa. Yamazaki, T. 1993b. Primulaceae. In Flora of Japan, Vol. IIIa. Iwatsuki, K., T. Yamazaki, D. E. Boufford and H. Ohba (eds.), Iwatsuki, K., T. Yamazaki, D. E. Boufford and H. Ohba (eds.), Kodansha Ltd., Tokyo. Pp. 334.

Korean J. Pl. Taxon, Vol. 41, No. 3