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Influence of a Topographic Gradient on the Occurrence, Abundance and Composition of Nine Species of Palms (Arecaceae) in the Central Amazon

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Influence of a Topographic Gradient on the Occurrence, Abundance and Composition of Nine Species of Palms (Arecaceae) in the Central Amazon Neotropical Biology and Conservation 6(2):124-130, may-august 2011 © by Unisinos - doi: 10.4013/nbc.2011.62.07 Influence of a topographic gradient on the occurrence, abundance and composition of nine species of palms (Arecaceae) in the Central Amazon Influência de um gradiente topográfico nas mudanças na ocorrência, abundância e composição de nove espécies de palmeiras (Arecaceae) na Amazônia Central Stela Valenti Raupp1 [email protected] ABSTRACT The study was conducted at the Adolpho Ducke Forest Reserve. The occurrence and Renato Cintra1 abundance of the adult palms Attalea attaleoides (Barb. Rodr.) W Boer, A. microcarpa [email protected] Mart., Euterpe precatoria Mart., Geonoma aspidiifolia Spruce, Iriartella setigera (Mart.) H. Wendl, Oenocarpus bacaba Mart., O. bataua Mart., O. minor Mart., Socratea exor- rhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl were observed in 40 50 x 50 m plots and the seedlings in two 50 x 2 m plots located inside the 40 plots demarcated to register the adults. The topogra- phical gradient was divided into swamp valley, slope and plateau based on the altitu- des and characteristics of these environments. Occurrence and abundance data were used as dependent variables in the models of Analysis of Variance to verify differences in the topographical gradient. Changes in species composition were evaluated using multivariate analysis of ordination. The distribution and abundance of the seedling and adult phases varied with the topographical gradient. The variation in species compo- sition in different topographic levels probably occurs due to the different responses of the species to the variation in forest heterogeneity, produced by the spatial variation of the structural components of the forest. Key words: palms, Central Amazon, topography, distribution, “Terra Firme” forest. RESUMO O trabalho foi realizado na Reserva Florestal Adolpho Ducke na Amazônia Central. Os dados sobre ocorrência e abundância de adultos das palmeiras Attalea attaleoides (Barb. Rodr.) W Boer, A. microcarpa Mart., Euterpe precatoria Mart., Geonoma aspidii- folia Spruce, Iriartella setigera (Mart.) H. Wendl , Oenocarpus bacaba Mart., O. bataua Mart., O. minor Mart., Socratea exorrhiza (Mart.) H. Wendl foram coletados em 40 parce- las de 50 x 50 m e os de plântulas em duas parcelas de 50 x 2 m localizadas dentro das 40 parcelas utilizadas para os indivíduos adultos. O gradiente topográfico foi categoriza- do em baixio, vertente e platô baseado nas altitudes e características destes ambientes. Os dados de ocorrência e abundância foram usados como variáveis dependentes em modelos de Análise de Variância para verificar diferenças com relação ao gradiente topográfico. As mudanças nas variações na composição das espécies foram avaliadas 1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da usando análise multivariada de ordenação. A distribuição e abundância das palmeiras Amazônia. Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia. Av. André Araújo, 2936, CP 478, nas fases de plântula e adulto variaram com o gradiente topográfico. A variação na com- 69011-970, Manaus, AM, Brasil. posição das espécies nos diferentes níveis topográficos provavelmente ocorre devido a Infl uence of a topographic gradient on the occurrence, abundance and composition of nine species of palms (Arecaceae) diferentes respostas das espécies à variação na heterogeneidade ambiental da floresta, produzida pela variação espacial nos componentes estruturais da floresta. Palavras-chave: palmeiras, Amazônia Central, topografia, distribuição, floresta de terra firme. Introduction studies conducted at Ducke Reserve, ous along the variation of the topo- near Manaus, are about communities graphical gradient (plateau, slope, Studies of changes in population and (Tello, 1997; Zuquim et al. 2007). In valley). Nevertheless, palm spe- community composition are of great the same area, the species composi- cies differ in the capacity to occupy importance to the comprehension of tion of the palm community varied more complex environments and interactions among species and how significantly in relation to environ- some more direct relations are ex- these species are influenced by eco- mental and geographical gradients pected, for example, changes in spe- logical factors, determining the local (Costa et al., 2009). The distribution cies composition with concomitant and regional biodiversity (Ricklefs of populations of more abundant palm changes in soil type or topographical and Schluter, 1993). In the tropical species can be influenced by several gradients. forest, these factors are essential to components of the forest structure, management actions and conserva- like litter quantity, canopy opening, Material and methods tion politics. tree density, soil types, etc (Cintra et Population ecology studies conducted al., 2005). However, in most of these Study area with palms show that this is one of studies, only adults were considered. the most abundant and diverse group This study differs from previous stud- The study was conducted at Adol- of plants in tropical forests (Scariot et ies performed at Ducke Reserve be- pho Ducke Forest Reserve (02°55, al., 1989; Lima-Filho et al., 2002), it cause it evaluates the distribution and 59°59’W), in Terra Firme forest, abundance of palms, including some which is not seasonally inundated by being found in all forest levels and re- less abundant, considering seedling the river flood (Ribeiro et al., 1999). lief types, and exhibiting a wide varie- and adult phases. Furthermore, we Ducke Reserve has a system of regular- ty of growth forms (Kahn and Castro, analyzed the populations at only one ly spaced trails each with an extension 1985). The study of populations can micro basin of the reserve, separating of 8 km in north-south and east-west reveal more clear distribution patterns a priori the potential effect in a spatial directions, separated to each other by 1 in relation to the niche occupied by mesoscale that different micro basins km. The path system forms a grid and species than the more complex studies can produce in palm distribution and cover an area of 64 km2, of which, 12 performed to the community. abundance. km2 correspond to one of the five hy- Palms distribution in Terra Firme for- Since palms are relatively abundant drographic micro basins of the Reserve est has been related to the topography and distributed all over the Reserve, (Barro Branco stream “igarapé”), locat- because it can influence soil patterns, our prediction is that community ed in the northwest region of the reserve hydrology, drainage, and forest archi- composition is relatively homogene- considered in this study (Figure 1). tecture (Kahn, 1986; Moraes, 1996; Vormisto et al., 2004). In the Central Amazon, Kahn and Castro (1985) observed three general types of soil conditions of Terra Firme forest: (i) well-drained soils (plateau), (ii) poor- ly-drained soils (slope), and (iii) wa- ter-logged soils (valley). The authors relate that these three types of envi- ronment were favorable to the devel- opment of typical palm species, with few species common to two types of soils. Palms able to establish in a certain habitat present a more restricted dis- tribution and higher density than rare species (Castilho et al., 1998, De Souza et al., 1999). Most of the Figure 1. Map with the location of Adolfo Ducke Forestal Reserve and the grid with plots location. Neotropical Biology and Conservation 125 Stela Valenti Raupp, Renato Cintra Data collection Statistical Analyses Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to verify differences in seedlings Information on relief was collected Abundance data of seedlings and and adults abundance in relation to the in the field, observing plot location, adults were used as dependent vari- topographical gradient. To use analyses categorized in valley, slope, and pla- ables in Analyzes of variance models of variance ANOVA and MANOVA, teau, based on the altitudes and char- (ANOVA) in order to verify differ- quantitative data were normalized, per- acteristics of these environments ac- ences of palm species abundance in forming first the 0.5 sum, and then the cording to Ribeiro et al. (1999). relation to the relief (valley, slope, and square root of the data. Richness and abundance data of palm plateau). seedlings were collected in June 2007 Changes in composition variation of Results and discussion in two subplots of 50 x 2 m, distant palm species were evaluated using non- twenty meters from each other. All metric multidimensional scaling ordi- The pattern of occurrence and distri- the seedlings found in the subplots nation (NMDS), available in PCORD bution of species found in this study were recorded. The two subplots program (McCune and Mefford, 1979). corroborates results found in the com- were distributed inside each of the From the data matrix (species/plot), munity in general, in the Amazon For- 40 50 X 50 m plots, demarcated for dissimilarity matrices were constructed est (Figures 2 and 3), confirming that the adults survey (see below). Each using the Bray Curtis index. Ordination palms distribution and abundance are group of two subplots was consid- analyses were performed on qualita- related to the topographic gradient ered a sample unity. Seedlings of nine tive (presence / absence) and quanti- (Kahn and Castro, 1985; Kahn, 1987; palm species were sampled: Attalea tative (abundance) matrices of seed- Vormisto et al., 2004). attaleoides (Barb. Rodr.) W Boer, A. lings and adults. The vectors resultant Some of the palms found, like Attalea microcarpa Mart., Euterpe precatoria
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