Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 393-442 artigo/article Dezembro de 2012 / December 2012
Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation
Edson Guilherme1
1 Universidade Federal do Acre, Museu Universitário, Laboratório de Ornitologia. Campus Universitário - BR 364, Km 04, Distrito industrial, Rio Branco - Acre, Brazil. CEP: 69915-900. E-mail: [email protected].
Received 12 March 2012. Accepted 27 July 2012.
ABSTRACT: The Brazilian state of Acre borders Peru and Bolivia to the west and south, and the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rondônia to the north and east, respectively. The state is located within the lowlands of the western Amazon basin, adjacent to the foothills of the Andes, within a “megadiverse” region of the Brazilian Amazon basin. Despite its diversity, the region is still only poorly known in scientific terms, and is considered to be a priority for future biological surveys. Given this situation, the present study aims to contribute to the scientific knowledge of the avian fauna of southwestern Amazonia, by evaluating the following questions – (a) how many and which bird species occur in the state of Acre?; (b) how are these species distributed within the state?; and (c) what are the priority areas for new ornithological surveys within the state of Acre? My methodological procedures included (a) a wide literature search; (b) two years of field surveys, including observation records and the collection of voucher specimens; (c) map the distribution of avian taxa within the two main interfluvial regions (east and west of the Purus River) of the state; and (d) the identification of contact and possible hybridization zones, based on the distribution of parapatric sister taxa. The literature search and fieldwork resulted in the compilation of 9550 avian records, encompassing 4763 specimens, of which 2457 (51.5%) were collected during the past five years. A total of 667 species were confirmed for the state of Acre, representing 75 families and 23 orders. A total of 64 migratory species were also recorded, of which 46.8% (n=30) are Nearctic migrants, 15 (23.4%) were considered to be intratropical migrants, and 19 (29.6%) were classified as austral migrants. Overall, 41 of the recorded species and subespecies were endemic to the Inambari center of endemism. Of all forest avian taxa present year round in the state, 79% are distributed in both main interfuvial regions, 16% were recorded only in the central-western sub-region (west of the Purus), and 5% only in the eastern sub-region (east of the Purus). At least five pairs of purported sister taxa presented allopatric distributions, whereas 15 had parapatric distribution within the state. Two zones of secondary contact (east and west) were identified, which coincided with two possible hybridization zones. The main conclusions of this study are: (a) the total number of species recorded in the state is high but will probably increase as new surveys are conducted; (b) neither of the state’s major rivers – the Purus and the Juruá – act as physical barriers to the dispersal of most of the resident species found in the state; (c) the zones of secondary contact found do not coincide with the basins of these two major rivers, which supports the idea that factors other than physical barriers to dispersal determine the present distribution of some of the resident bird taxa of Acre; and (d) birds restricted to the white-sand forests (campinas and campinaranas) found only in the western portion of the state, as well as those found only in the dense forests of eastern Acre, constitute together the most threatened elements of the state’s avifauna since no conservation units protect these specific habitats.
KEY-WORDS: Amazonia; areas of endemism; contact zones; hybridization; Purus; white sand forests.
INTRODUCTION by the lack of adequate information on this diversity, which might enable its inclusion in the decision-making The Amazon basin encompasses the largest and processes underpinning strategic planning. However, most diverse tract of continuous tropical rainforest relatively little has been done to compile the existing data found anywhere in the World. Covering more than six and catalog the species that occur in the region, or their million square kilometers in nine countries of northern geographic ranges. South America, the region is home to more than 40,000 Brazil has one of the richest avian faunas in plant species, 427 mammals, 1294 birds, 378 reptiles, South America, with a current total of 1832 species 427 amphibians, and more than 3,000 species of fish, (CBRO 2011). Despite this diversity and the fact that representing around 10% of the planet’s biodiversity ornithological research began in Brazil in the 16th (Mittermeier et al. 2003). Despite this biological century, the first systematic catalog of Brazilian birds was richness, few of the plans proposed for the development only produced in the mid-20th century (Pinto, 1938; of the region have contemplated the effective protection 1944; 1978). The seminal work on the country’s birds of these natural resources. In most cases, this is justified is that of Sick (1985; 1997), which provides detailed 394 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation Edson Guilherme historical, ecological, behavioral, and zoogeographic data less adaptable, are restricted to much more limited on most of the species known to occur in Brazil at the geographic ranges (Stattersfield et al. 1998). time it was published. The principal factors that determine species Regional (state) avifaunal lists are also important distributions and the diversity of species within a given tools for comparative studies of species richness, terrestrial environment, at different scales of analysis, distribution, and conservation status within different include latitude, seasonality, temperature, precipitation, parts of the country. These inventories and their products topography, the size and productivity of the area, may be essential to the definition of effective public geologic history, and the heterogeneity of habitats (Field policies for the protection of natural resources on a et al. 2009; Hillebrand 2004; Rahbeck 2005; Hawkins local scale, that is: within minor political divisions. In et al. 2003; Rahbeck & Graves 2001). In general, the Brazil, systematic inventories of regional avifaunas have colonization of a given region by a species depends on the now been conducted for 18 states (Carlos et al. 2010). availability of ecological space and the lack of geographic Whereas this represents two-thirds of Brazil’s 26 states, barriers to dispersal. However, successful colonization by there was no standardization of approaches or methods, a species depends on its dispersal capacity, and its ability which has hampered comparative studies considerably to compete for the resources available within the target (Carlos et al. 2010). area (Krebs, 2001). In the Amazon basin, the hydrographic network Bird diversity in Brazilian Amazonia appears to play an important role in the distribution patterns of many bird species (Sick 1967; Haffer 1992b). The diversity of birds in lowland Amazonia varies Most areas of endemism are delimited by the courses of considerably among its different regions. In a review of major rivers, such as the Madeira, Tapajós, and Xingu the available data, Haffer (1987; 1990) demonstrated (Cracraft 1985; Silva et al. 2005b). The allopatric that local species richness tends to increase from east to distribution of sister taxa along opposite banks of the west, following the same tendency recorded for other Amazon and other major rivers was first reported by the organisms, such as primates (Voss and Emmons 1996; early explorers, such as Wallace (1852). Other authors, Silva et al. 2005a) and plants (Gentry 1988). Some sites such as Snethlage (1910) concluded that, in addition in western Amazonia, near the foothills of the Andes, may to functioning as barriers to dispersion for some forest- contain more than 500 species. Terborgh et al. (1984) dwelling birds, rivers also serve as corridors for the species recorded 526 species at Cocha Cashu in southeastern that inhabit open savanna enclaves, using the riverbank Peru, for example, whereas Parker et al. (1994) observed vegetation to migrate. Based on results of a collecting trip 575 species at Tambopata, also in southeastern Peru. In conducted along the banks of the Madeira River, Hellmayr Brazil, Whittaker et al. (2002) recorded 548 species in the (1910) observed that some species only occurred on one Alto Juruá Extractivist Reserve in Acre. side of the river, while in other cases, closely related taxa In central and eastern Amazonia, by contrast, the were found on opposite banks. number of species does not exceed 450, even at the best- Despite the effectiveness of Amazonian rivers as documented sites. Borges et al. (2001) recorded 445 zoogeographic barriers, it appears that the color of their species in the Jaú National Park in central Amazonia (in water—which is related to their sediment loads—plays the Brazilian state of Amazonas), for example, whereas an important role in their biogeographic importance Valente (2006) registered only 367 species in the Ferreira (Ayres & Clutton-Brock, 1992; Aleixo 2004). The rivers Pena Scientific Station in Pará, eastern Amazonia. These of the Amazon basin are classified according to their differences appear to be determined mainly by variation origin and the color of their water: rivers that originate in precipitation, topography, and environmental in the Andes region carry large quantities of sediments, heterogeneity (Cohn-Haft et al. 1997; Rahbeck & Graves and are known locally as “whitewater” rivers, due to 2001). their light beige coloration; rivers that originate in the Guianan or Brazilian shields are classified as “blackwater” Zoogeography of Amazonian birds or “clear water” rivers, respectively, due the relative lack of sediments in the water (Junk 1983). The distribution pattern of animals within a given A number of studies have shown that some region is related to local biotic and abiotic factors. This whitewater rivers are less effective barriers to gene flow implies that the occurrence of a species within a given area between populations of vertebrates such as amphibians is related to its capacity to adapt to the local climatic (e.g., (Gascon et al. 2000) birds (Aleixo 2004, Fernandes et temperature and humidity) and ecological conditions, al. 2012), and mammals (Ayres & Clutton-Brock 1992; such as the availability of habitats and feeding resources Patton et al. 1994; Silva et al. 2005a; Peres et al. 1996; (Krebs 2001). Given their capacity to disperse and adapt, Patton & Silva 1998) than are blackwater rivers. One some species become widely distributed, whereas others, explanation for this is that whitewater rivers are highly
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 395 Edson Guilherme meandrous—their courses change constantly, resulting in in the eastern portion of the territory (Vanzolini, 1952; a mosaic of oxbow lakes and islands throughout the basin Pinto & Camargo, 1954), with the subsequent excursion (Toivonem et al. 2007). This process favors the migration exploring the western portion (Novaes, 1957; 1958). or passive dispersal of animals between margins (Ayres Eastern Acre was visited firstly by the private & Clutton-Brock 1992; Silva et al. 2005a; Haffer 2001). collector José Hidasi, in 1968, and then in 1976 by These whitewater rivers include the Purus and Juruá in the Geraldo Pereira da Silva, an employee of the Evandro southwestern Amazon basin, which are two of the major Chagas Institute in Belém. Records of some of the right-bank tributaries of the Solimões (Amazon River). specimens collected during these expeditions can be Whatever the color of their water, however, all the major found in the ornithological literature (Novaes 1978; rivers, such as the Amazon, Tapajós and Negro, tend to be Pierpont & Fitzpatrick 1983; Teixeira et al. 1994; Hidasi less effective as barriers in their headwater reaches, where & Bankovics 1997; Sick 1997). their margins are much closer together (Haffer 1992b; During the 1990s, a number of professional 2001; Hayes & Sewlal 2004). ornithologists visited western Acre, in particular the Serra A common distribution pattern in the Amazon do Divisor National Park and the Alto Juruá Extractivist basin is the occurrence of two or more closely related Reserve. The occurrence of more than 500 local species of taxa within contact zones. These contact zones are often birds was recorded during these expeditions (Whittaker characterized by the parapatric distribution of sister taxa & Oren 1999; Whittaker et al. 2002). within a relatively narrow and well-defined area (Haffer In 2005, I began the research for my doctoral 1987). Parapatric taxa occur in adjacent areas (Haffer dissertation, which was entitled “Bird fauna of the 1992a), which are often delimited by physical or ecological Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and barriers, although in some cases, there is contact, and even conservation”. This project included more than 20 overlap between their geographic ranges (Haffer 1992a; expeditions to poorly-known or unexplored areas within 1997; Aleixo 2007). In some cases, these contact zones the state. The results of this research were presented in my are characterized by intense interspecific competition dissertation (Guilherme 2009) and have been published (Haffer 1986; 1987; 1992a; Price, 2008). One ofthe in a number of papers (Guilherme 2007; Guilherme & direct consequences of this contact is the possibility of Santos 2009; Aleixo & Guilherme 2010; Guilherme & gene flow between neighboring populations, depending Borges 2011; Guilherme & Dantas 2011a). on the genetic similarity of the taxa involved, which may During this same period, Dante Buzzetti carried out lead to hybridization (Haffer 1986; 1997; Price, 2008) a detailed ornithological survey of the Chandless State and the formation of distinct hybrid zones (Haffer 1987). Park (Buzzetti 2008), while Luiz Mestre and Gregory These zones are usually characterized by the coexistence Thom studied the bird communities in areas affected by of pure and hybrid individuals within the same areas fire within the Chico Mendes Extractivist Reserve (Mestre (Aleixo 2007). et al. 2010a). The compilation of the data from all these Contact zones may be either primary or secondary. studies and the description of the distribution patterns of Primary contact zones arise as a consequence of the the bird species in the Brazilian state of Acre constitute differentiation of local populations in response to selection the principal theme of this paper. pressures associated with environmental gradients (Endler 1982), whereas secondary zones are the result of the re- encounter of previously isolated populations, which MATERIAL AND METHODS have differentiated under distinct ecological conditions (Haffer 1997). Haffer (1987, 1997) believed that all Study Area contact zones between Amazonian birds are secondary, resulting from the geographic expansion of sister taxa, The Brazilian state of Acre in located in the which were previously isolated in forest refuges, as a southwestern Amazon basin, bordering Bolivia and Peru consequence of global climate changes. In this case, the to the south and west, and the Brazilian states of Amazonas presence of contact zones may indicate the location of and Rondônia to the north and east, respectively (Figure ancient ecological barriers, which have disappeared over 1). The state covers a total area of 164,221.36 km², which time (Haffer 1987). corresponds to 4.26% of the area of Brazil’s northern region, and 1.92% of the country as a whole (Governo Ornithological research in the Brazilian state of Acre do Acre 2012). Most of the state is located within two adjacent Ornithological research in Acre only began in hydrographic basins, that of the Purus River, in the the 1950s, when two pioneering expeditions were eastern and central portions of the state, and the Juruá, undertaken in what was, at the time, still only a Brazilian in the west (Figure 2). All the watercourses of these two territory rather than a state. The first of these took place basins belong to the hydrographic basin of the Amazon
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 396 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation Edson Guilherme
Figure 1. Location of the Brazilian state of Acre with respect to other neighboring national states and countries.
Figure 2. Location of the two main hydrographic basins within the Brazilian state of Acre, roughly corresponding to the western and eastern sub- regions of the state as adopted here.
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River. The state’s drainage system is well distributed, and uniform canopy with emergent trees and sparse or absent is composed of meandering rivers with short straight undergrowth (Acre 2000). Depending on the edaphic channels that flow over sedimentary rocks mainly in a conditions and topography, the region’s DRFs can be southwest to northeast direction. subdivided into three distinct formations – alluvial, The climate of Acre is hot and humid, with the lowland, and submontane forests (IBGE, 2005). relative humidity of the air ranging from 80% to 90%. Open Rainforest (hereafter ORF): Like the dense As in other parts of the Amazon basin, there are two rainforest, this type of forest is composed of medium main climatic seasons – a dry season, from May to to large trees, but with a predominance of shrubby October, when precipitation decreases substantially, and trees and woody lianas (IBGE, 2005). This type of a rainy season, from November to April, when rainfall habitat is associated with areas of sedimentary rocks of is almost constant (Duarte & Marcarenhas 2007). Plio-Pleistocene origin in lowland Amazonia, which Abrupt cold snaps are common during the dry season. are characterized by undulating hills – the Solimões This phenomenon is known locally as “friagem”, and is Formation – or hilly interfluvia (Acre 2000). The ORF the result of the movement of polar fronts, which are habitats are found throughout most of Acre, on a variety forced northwards by the Atlantic Polar Air Mass, which of geomorphological units, but can be subdivided into advances over the Chaco plain to western Amazonia (Acre two formations – lowland and alluvial – based on edaphic 2000). Annual precipitation ranges from 1600 mm to and topographic criteria (IBGE, 2005). These habitats 2750 mm, with the highest values being recorded in the can also be differentiated into a number of different west of the state, which is closer to the equator, and has forest types, based on the relative dominance of palms, suffered less habitat destruction, while the lowest rainfall bamboos and/or lianas (IBGE 2005; Acre 2000). levels occur in the eastern portion of the state, which is Campinas and Campinaranas: These habitats are less preserved (Cunha & Duarte, 2005). found throughout the Amazon basin, where they grow on Three subtypes of climate can be found in the state, white sandy soils (Anderson 1981; IBGE 2005; Silveira following Köppen’s classification (Duarte 2007). In this 2003), which are extremely nutrient-poor and have a scheme, the climate of the Juruá basin can be assigned highly permeable subsoil (Jirka et al. 2007). Given these to subtype Af3, in which the precipitation in the driest soil characteristics, campinaranas have a relatively thick month is above 60 mm, and the annual total is between layer of superficial roots when compared with other 2000 and 2500 mm (Cunha & Duarte, 2005; Duarte, types of Amazonian vegetation (Jirka et al. 2007; Silveira 2007, 2008). The Purus basin climate is classified asAm3 , 2003). The campinas are characterized by irregular, open in which annual precipitation is the same as Af3, but that vegetation, with undergrowth of reduced stature. These of the driest month is lower, between 30 mm and 60 mm. habitats are made up of relatively dense stands of small, The Acre River basin climate (subtypeAm4 ) is even drier, thin trees, with few emergent trees (Silveira, 2003). In Acre, with annual precipitation of 1500-2000 mm and mean campinaranas are only found in the Juruá basin, mainly rainfall in the driest month (June) of around 30 mm. in the municipalities of Cruzeiro do Sul and Mâncio The mean annual temperature of the state as a whole is Lima. The habitats are normally found in areas drained by approximately 24.5°C, with a maximum of around 32°C blackwater rivers, such as the Bagé and the Machadinho (Acre 2000). (Acre 2000). Silveira (2003) described four distinct types The Ecological-Economic Zoning (EEZ) of the of white-sand vegetation in southwestern Amazonia – open state of Acre (Acre 2000) defined three phyto-ecological shrubby campina, campina dominated by buriti (Mauritia regions – the dense rainforest, open rainforest, and the flexuosa) palms, campina grasslands, and campinarana campinas-campinaranas (white-sand forest) domains. I sensu lato. In addition to the campinaranas located along have adopted this classification to identify the principal the border with the Brazilian state of Amazonas, a small habitats occupied by the different bird species in the area of this vegetation was sampled on the left bank of state (Appendix 1). The principal characteristics of these the Cruzeiro do Vale stream in the municipality of Porto domains are as follows: Walter (Guilherme & Borges 2011). Dense Rainforest (hereafter DRF): This domain is characterized by large trees (20-50 m in height), lianas, Literature search and epiphytes. The distribution of this habitat within the state of Acre is related to that of tertiary and quaternary I derived a preliminary list of birds that occur in sediments in areas with annual precipitation above 2300 Acre from a systematic review of the available literature. mm, and average temperatures of 22° to 23°C (IBGE The first step was to identify and compile all the available 2005). These geomorphological and climatic conditions references to construct a database containing all the prevail primarily in the west of the state, where the records of birds available for the state. For each record, climate is more humid (dry seasons are shorter) than I searched for the following information: 1) the precise the east. The diagnostic feature of this type of forest is a location of the observation and/or specimen collection;
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2) species and, when available, subspecies identification; or a specimen deposited in a museum. For records 3) the observer(s) and/or collector(s) associated with the obtained prior to 1990, I traced localities and their record; 4) the date of the record; and 5) when applicable, respective coordinates in the Ornithological Gazetteer the institution in which the specimen(s) were deposited. of Brazil (Paynter & Taylor 1991). For records obtained I used these data to establish a spreadsheet in Microsoft after 1991, locality information and coordinates were Excel® in which each line represented a record and each retrieved from the techni cal reports, scientific papers, column contained the different types of information and specimen labels. For the expeditions conducted listed above. The next step was to update the scientific by myself between 2005 and 2009 (Guilherme 2009), nomenclature of many records, given that the names of geographic coordinates were obtained directly in the field some general, species and the status of some subspecies with a Garmin 72® GPS receiver. have changed during recent taxonomic reviews. The references I used to compile the preliminary Taxonomy and nomenclature species list for the period between 1950 and 2005 were Pinto & Camargo (1954), Novaes (1957; 1958), Here, I adopt the taxonomy and nomenclature of Whittaker & Oren (1999), Guilherme (2001), the Brazilian Checklist Committee (CBRO 2011). At the Whittaker et al. (2002), and Rasmussen et al. (2005). The present time, this Committee recognizes a total of 1832 subsequent period (since 2005) is covered by my doctoral bird species in Brazil, representing 95 families distributed thesis (Guilherme 2009) and all subsequent publications in 26 orders. The presence of a number of polytypic (Guilherme & Santos 2009; Aleixo & Guilherme 2010; species represented by distinct, parapatrically-distributed Guilherme & Dantas 2011a, Guilherme & Borges 2011, subspecies was recorded in Acre. For the zoogeographic Mestre et al. 2010a). analyses, I treated all subspecies that could be diagnosed and were considered to be allopatric / parapatric as distinct Specimens deposited in natural history museums taxa, following the recommendation of Aleixo (2007). Subspecific identification of species represented by more Based on the references reporting on the than one visibly diagnosable taxon in Acre was initially ornithological expeditions conducted in Acre, I could based on analyses of series of specimens deposited at trace the whereabouts of practically all bird specimens MPEG. Confirmation of descriptions of these subspecies collected in the state. Collections holding bird specimens and their geographic distributions were obtained in Pinto collected in Acre are the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (1978), Isler & Isler (1999), Restall et al. (2006), and del (MPEG), Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Hoyo et al. (1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, Paulo (MZUSP), Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006). (MNRJ), Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (ZUEC/UNICAMP), Louisiana State Species status University Museum of Natural Sciences (LSUMZ), Florida Museum of Natural History (FMNH), and the American I classified the bird species recorded during the Museum of Natural History (AMNH). An additional 34 present study as resident or migrant. I considered species specimens are deposited in the private collection of Prof. to be resident if they breed within the limits of the state José Hidasi (CPJH), in Goiânia, Goiás (Brazil). of Acre. I identified three groups of residents: native The vast majority (ca. 85%) of the bird specimens species (native to the Amazon basin), invaders (native to collected in Acre have been deposited in the Dr. Fernando other South American biomes, and which only entered C. Novaes Collection of the Goeldi Museum in Belém, Acre following anthropogenic modifications of the Brazil, and all of these specimens were examined environment), and introduced species (native to other during the present study. I obtained information on the continents). specimens from all other museums directly from the I inferred a resident status based on gonad size of curators responsible for each collection via electronic mail. species represented by museum specimens as well data Whenever a doubt arose with regard to the identification available in the literature. Some sources, such as Hilty & or locality of a specimen, I contacted the curator once Brown (1986), Ridgely & Tudor (1994; 2009), Stotz et al. again. In these cases, the queries were resolved either (1996), Sick (1997), Schulenberg et al. (2007), and the textually or by photographs. Handbook of the Birds of the World collection provide important information on the reproductive behavior of Localities Amazonian species. Birds classified as migratory are those known to breed outside the Amazon basin. Based on the I established a database for the cataloguing of all definition of Hayes (1995), three groups of migratory the localities in Acre for which at least one avian record birds are found in Acre – Nearctic, intratropical, and is available, that is, at least one record in the literature austral migrants. The Nearctic migrants breed in North
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America and migrate to South America during the boreal Checklist compilation winter. Intratropical migrants breed in the tropics, in the present case, South America, but migrate regularly to The inventory of the bird species that occur in the other areas within the same continent (Jahn et al., 2006; Brazilian state of Acre was compiled based on the criteria Hayes, 1995). This category includes only species that proposed by Carlos et al. (2010), with the records being breed in other biomes – e.g., Cerrado, Pantanal, Chaco grouped in two distinct lists: – and then migrate to the Amazon basin. The austral a) The primary list: all the species with confirmed migrants are the species that breed in southern South occurrence via vouchered documentation America and then migrate northwards during the winter. (specimens, photos or audio recording) in the state of Acre; Zoogeography and identification of contact/ hybridization zones b) The secondary list: species that are reported to occur in the state, but have not been confirmed I tested whether the Purus River represents through observations or specimens, as well as an important barrier and is associated with a major species known to occur in neighboring areas, biogeographic break in the distribution of resident forest which are assumed to occur (“probable birds in Acre by arbitrarily dividing the state into two occurrence”) in Acre, based on their distribution portions (west and east of this river), and calculating the pattern and ecological characteristics. similarity in species composition between these areas. Because of their overall high dispersal capabilities, neither Results migratory species, nor those associated with aquatic habitats (Anatidae, Podicipedidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Ardeidae, Ciconidae, Aramidae, Heliornithidae, Jacanidae, Species richness and composition Sternidae, Rynchopidae, and Alcedinidae), were included in this analysis. I used Microsoft Excel® for the production A total of 9550 bird records were compiled for the and analysis of the matrix. state of Acre. Of these, 4763 are specimens deposited in I based the identification of possible contact zones museums, more than half of which (51.5%, n = 2457) on the selection of all taxa assumed to 1) be sister or were collected during the past five years (Guilherme closely related species within a genus; or 2) represent 2009). Overall, it was possible to confirm the occurrence subspecies grouped under the same polytypic species, of 667 species in the state (Appendix 1), of which that are parapatrically distributed within the state of 17 have two well-differentiated subspecies with an Acre, i.e., represented by adjacent populations within a allopatric or parapatric local distribution (Tables 3 and specific area (Haffer 1997; Aleixo 2007). I identified the 4). The five families with the highest number of species contact zones using the approach of Haffer (1987, 1997), are the Thamnophilidae (61 species), Tyrannidae (61), which first establishes a “core” region of the distribution Thraupidae (41), Accipitridae (29), and Furnariidae (26) of each taxon, and then the overall limits of its range. The which together account for 32.6% of the total number horizontal or vertical position of the contact zone was of species recorded in the state (Appendix 1). The non- defined according to the expansion of the distribution passerines are represented by 300 species, and the of each taxon, that is, with a north/south or east/west passerines, by 367 species. In the case of the passerines, expansion of the geographic range (and vice versa). The 247 species are sub-oscines (Tyranni), while the other general distribution of each taxon estimated based on 120 species are oscines (Passeri). Pinto (1978), Ridgely & Tudor (1994, 2009), InfoNatura The occurrence of most (79.3%, n = 529) ofthe (2007), Schulenberg et al. (2007), and the Handbook of species recorded for Acre has been confirmed by the the Birds of the World series. collection of voucher specimens (Appendix 1). The If specimens were available from a purported majority of these specimens (84.9%, n = 4045) are contact zone, they were analyzed to determine whether deposited at MPEG, and most of the others (11.7%, or not hybrids could be found within the zone. A n = 558) at the MZUSP. The remaining specimens – hybridization zone can be detected through the presence approximately 3.5% – are found in other museums in of hybrid specimens in close proximity to a contact zone. Brazil and abroad (Appendix 1). The identification of potential hybrid specimens was A total of 113 localities were compiled for the avian based on the visual inspection of plumage characteristics taxa of Acre (Guilherme 2009, Figure 3). At six of these and other external morphological characters. However, sites, more than 300 species have been recorded (Figure 3). it is important to note that any inferred hybrid status In the case of 22 species, the data from Acre is tentative and can only be confirmed through represent the only records for Brazil (Appendix 1). The complementary genetic studies. secondary list (Appendix 2) was prepared based on the
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 400 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation Edson Guilherme unconfirmed records of occurrence (41 species) and mistyped, they have been excluded from the list of birds the identification of the species of probable occurrence of Acre presented here (Appendix 2). The cumulative (n = 49) in the state. As Hylophilus pectoralis (Guilherme number of species recorded in the state since the first & Dantas 2011) and Turdus nudigenis (Aleixo & publication in the 1950s until the end of this study is Guilherme 2010) were, respectively, misidentified and shown in Figure 4.
Figure 3. Localities where birds were collected and surveyed in the state of Acre between 1951 and 2011. Dot size corresponds to the number of species recorded at each locality as shown in the legend.
Figure 4. Cumulative number of bird species recorded in Acre between 1951 and 2011.
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The vast majority of the 667 species recorded for the Habitats state – 602 (90,2%) – were classified as residents, whereas five (Bubulcus ibis, Geranoaetus albicaudatus, Caracara Most (77.8%) of the bird species recorded in Acre plancus, Vanellus chilensis, and Athene cunicularia) were are found in the dense or open terra firme rainforest, with considered to be invaders, and another five as introduced palms and/or bamboo (Appendix 1). With the exception species (Columba livia, Passer domesticus, Sicalis flaveola, of a small proportion of species that are restricted to Sporophila maximiliani, and Estrilda astrild; Guilherme bamboo forest (Appendix 1), all other forest species 2000, 2011). The last species has adapted well to the recorded in Acre are associated with forests where palms region (Silva 2004), and all introduced species now are present. Approximately 12.9% of the recorded species reproduce in the wild independently. are associated with aquatic environments, such as várzea A total of 64 migratory species were identified, of swamp forest, riverbank habitats, creeks, reservoirs, lakes, which almost half 46.8% (n = 30) are Nearctic migrants, and the sandy beaches formed by meandering rivers whereas 23.4% (n = 15) are considered to be intratropical during the dry season (Appendix 1). migrants, and 29.6% (n = 19) austral migrants. Two A small, but nevertheless important, proportion of species – Phoenicoparrus jamesi (Guilherme et al. 2005) the species (2.1%) is strictly associated with the vegetation and Heliomaster furcifer – were considered to be vagrants that grows on sandy soils, that is, the campinas and (Appendix 1). campinaranas (Appendix 1). These habitats are located only in the extreme west of the state. Of all bird species associated Endemic species with this type of habitat in Acre, at least nine (Patagioenas speciosa, Polytmus theresiae, Dendrocolaptes certhia Acre is located within the Inambari center of polyzonus, Formicivora grisea, Schiffornis amazona, Neopipo endemism (Haffer 1978; Cracraft 1985; Silva et al. cinamomea, Xenopipo atronitens, Cnemotriccus fuscatus 2005b). Of the 57 taxa listed as endemic to this center duidae, and Tachyphonus phoenicius) can be considered by Cracraft (1985) and the 45 listed by Haffer (1978), to be restricted to these habitats, and at least a further 41 were recorded in Acre (Appendix 1). The species twelve (Crypturellus strigulosus, Topaza pyra, Frederickena Odontophorus stellatus, Phaethornis phillipii, Pteroglossus unduligera, Heterocercus linteatus, Machaeropterus striolatus, beauharnaesii, Simoxenops ucayalae, Hemitriccus Manacus manacus, Hemitriccus minimus, Hemitriccus flammulatus, and Ramphotrigon fuscicauda are not listed griseipectus, Lophotriccus vitiosus, Poecilotriccus latirostris, as endemic in Appendix 1 because subsequent studies (see Ramphotrigon ruficauda, and Attila citriniventris) are del Hoyo 1994, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004; Perlo 2009) partially restricted to them (Guilherme 2009, Guilherme have extended their known ranges beyond the limits of & Borges, 2011, Guilherme & Aleixo, unpubl. data). the Inambari center. However, four species were added to this list, including three more recently described taxa Distribution patterns (Nannopsittaca dachilleae, Thamnophilus divisorius and Cnipodectes superrufus) and one (Hypocnemis subflava) that The majority (79%) of the 667 species of birds found has been raised to full species status. Therefore, currently in Acre occur in both of its sub-regions (separated by the 41 Inambari endemic species are known to occur in Acre Purus River), and hence throughout the state (Appendix (Appendix 1). 1). A further 16% were recorded only in the central- western sub-region of the state (west of the Purus), and Endangered species 5% only in its eastern portion (east of the Purus). None of the species are restricted to the central portion of the None of the native species recorded in the present state - the intermediate region between the Juruá and study is included in the Brazilian list of bird species Purus rivers. threatened with extinction (Machado et al. 2008). On At least five pairs of purported sister taxa were the other hand, Sporophila maximiliani, which was identified with a distribution pattern consistent with introduced into the state by bird fanciers, and is now classic allopatry (Table 1). In all these cases, one or other found naturally in the wild, is the only species listed of each pair of taxa was found in different areas of the as endangered by Machado et al. (2008). However, the state, e.g., Crypturellus undulatus undulatus/yapura and IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Lepidothrix coronata coronata/exquisita. red list includes 10 species resident in Acre in the near A total of 15 sets of parapatric purported sister threatened (NT) category – Harpia harpyja, Morphnus taxa were identified during this study, encompassing guianensis, Primolius couloni, Nannopsittaca dachilleae, 30 taxa, 26 of which are currently treated as subspecies Formicarius rufifrons, Grallaria eludens, Synallaxis cherriei, (Table 2). In most cases, one of the parapatric taxa is Simoxenops ucayalae, Conothraupis speculigera, and Cacicus widely distributed in Acre, whereas the other has a more koepckeae. restricted range (Table 2, Figure 5).
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 402 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation Edson Guilherme
Table 1. Sub-areas in the Brazilian state of Acre inhabited by allopatric pairs of diagnosable purported sister / closely related avian taxa.The Central- Eastern and Central-Western areas roughly correspond to the main river basins in the state and are separated by the Purus River.
Taxon Central-Eastern Central-Western
Crypturellus undulatus undulatus X C. u. yapura X
Threnetes leucurus cervinicauda X T. l. rufigastra X
Myrmothera campanisona minor X M. c. cf. modesta X
Cnemotriccus fuscatus duidae X C. f. cf. beniensis X
Lepidothrix coronata coronata X L. c. exquisita X
Table 2. Sub-areas in the Brazilian state of Acre inhabited by parapatric pairs of diagnosable purported sister / closely related avian taxa. The Central-Eastern and Central-Western areas roughly correspond to the main river basins in the state and are separated by the Purus River.
Taxon Central-Eastern Central-Western
Rupornis magnirostris cf. magnirostris* X X R. m. occiduus X
Brotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera* X X B. c. beniensis X
Thalurania furcata boliviana* X X T. f. cf. jelskii X
Momotus momota simplex X M. m. cf. nattereri* X X
Galbula dea amazonum X G. d. phainopepla X
Capito auratus orosae X C. a. insperatus X X
Pteroglossus castanotis australis X P. c. castanotis* X X
Thamnophilus aethiops juruanus* X X T. a. kapouni* X X
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 403 Edson Guilherme
Taxon Central-Eastern Central-Western
Hypocnemis peruviana* X X Hypocnemis subflava X
Glyphorynchus spirurus castelnaudii* X X G. s. albigularis X
Dendrocincla fuliginosa neglecta X D. f. atrirostris* X X
Dendrocolaptes certhia juruanus* X X D. c. polyzonus X
Xiphorhynchus ocellatus* X X Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo X
Pipra filicauda X Pipra fasciicauda* X X
Arremon taciturnus taciturnus* X X Arremon t. cf. nigrirostris X * Taxon with a wide distribution within the state
Figure 5. Geographic distribution of the parapatric taxa Dendrocincla fuliginosa neglecta and D. f. atrirostris in western Acre and the proposed zone of secondary contact (see text). The arrows point from the core to the periphery of the ranges of the respective taxa.
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 404 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation Edson Guilherme
Contact and hybridization zones According to Cracraft (1985), the geographic ranges of the 57 bird taxa endemic to the southwestern Amazon Two contact zones were identified within the study basin define the limits of the Inambari center. Almost area (Acre) based on the distribution of parapatric taxa three quarters (73.6%) of these endemic taxa have been (Table 2). I have denoted these zones as the (a) western recorded in Acre, with four new species (all described since contact zone and (b) eastern contact zone (Figures 5, 6, 1985) being added to the list subsequently (Appendix 1). and 7). The western contact zone is based on the presence Acre can be considered to be an excellent sample of the of the following sister taxa – Pipra filicauda/P. fasciicauda Inambari center, given that it covers only 12% of its area, (Figure 6), Dendrocincla fuliginosa neglecta/D. f. atrirostris but contains more that 70% of its endemic species. Given (Figure 5), and Pteroglossus castanotis castanotis/P. c. this, Acre is an excellent natural laboratory for the study australis (Guilherme 2009). The eastern zone is defined of historic biogeography. by the occurrence of Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo/ The migratory species were recorded in both of the ocellatus, Hypocnemis subflava/peruviana (Figure 7), and geographic sub-regions (Appendix 1). However, some of Glyphorhynchus spirurus castelnaudii/G. s. albigularis the species arriving from south-central South America (Guilherme 2009). were only observed in eastern Acre (Appendix 1). Austral Two possible hybridization zones were identified and intratropical migrants such as Myiopagis viridicata, within the study area, coinciding with the contact zones. Tyrannus albogularis, Casiornis rufus, and Turdus The western hybridization zone is defined on the basis of amaurochalinus, arrived in the state from the southeast the presence of specimens with intermediate characteristics (e.g., Bolivian Chaco), where they breed (Davis 1993; between Pteroglossus castanotis castanotis/P. c. australis Jahn et al. 2002, Appendix 1). Some migratory species, and Dendrocolaptes certhia juruanus/D. c. polyzonus, in particular tyrannids, tend to occupy the forest edges, whereas the eastern zone is characterized by the presence secondary vegetation, and open areas (Chesser 1997). As of morphologically intermediate specimens between the forest cover of easternmost Acre has been extensively Brotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera/B. c. beniensis and Momotus disturbed, the resulting open and regenerating habitats momota cf. nattereri/M. m. simplex (Guilherme 2009). contribute to an increase in the probability of recording other forest edge species such as Micrococcyx cinereus, Contopus cinereus, and Elaenia flavogaster (Appendix 1). It Discussion seems likely that the occurrence of these species will also be confirmed for the central-western sub-region of the Bird diversity in Acre state as new surveys are carried out in these areas during the migration season. The large number of bird species recorded in the A group of species, previously known only from the Brazilian state of Acre further emphasizes the biological foothills of the Andes and lowlands in Peru and Bolivia, diversity of southwestern Amazonia (Haffer 1990). In was recorded in the central eastern sub-region of Acre. fact, the number of species recorded for Acre – 667 – For some species, such as Picumnus subtilis, Xiphorhynchus represents more than half of the total recorded for the chunchotambo, and Cacicus koepckeae, these records whole of the Amazon basin (Marini & Garcia, 2005; do not represent either migrations or recent shifts in Mittermeier et al. 2003), and if only the fauna of the distribution, but rather, these species are residents that southern basin (south of the Solimões/Amazon channel) had simply not been recorded previously, due to the is considered (Stotz et al. 1996), 74.4% of the species lack of surveys in the area adjacent to the borders with were recorded in Acre. Peru and Bolivia. Other species, such as Conothraupis The avifauna of Acre is composed primarily of speculigera and Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis nevertheless resident species, but also includes migrants and invaders. appear to migrate from the Pacific slope and Andes to the Five of the nine new species added to the list of Brazilian lowlands of Amazonia. birds since 2005 were recorded in Acre (Guilherme et al. Vagrancy also plays a role in the Acre avifauna. 2005, Guilherme & Aleixo 2008, Aleixo et al. 2008, Rego Phoenicoparrus jamesi, which is typical of the salt lakes et al. 2009, Zimmer et al. 2010, CBRO 2011). Another of the Andean altiplano, was observed in Acre on a single species – Cacicus koepckeae – should also be added to this occasion, and was considered to be an accidental visitor list, based on the recent record from the Chandless River by Guilherme et al. (2005). The nearest record of this (Buzetti 2008). Of the 1832 bird species known to occur species is from the Manu National Park in southwestern in Brazil (CBRO, 2011), 22 have been recorded only in Peru, at an altitude of 350 m asl, where it was also Acre (Appendix 1), which testifies to the singularity of considered to be an vagrant (Walker et al. 2006), given this state. Acre is located entirely within the Inambari that this lowland area is equally distant from the natural center of endemism, the largest such area in the lowlands distribution of the species (del Hoyo et al. 1992). Another of the southern Amazon basin (Silva et al. 2005b). species considered to be a vagrant here is Heliomaster
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 405 Edson Guilherme
Figure 6. Geographic distributions of Pipra filicauda and P. fasciicauda according to Natureserve (2007). The arrows point from the core to the periphery of the ranges of the respective species. The red triangles and black dots indicate the parapatric occurrence, respectively, of Pipra filicauda and P. fasciicauda in western Acre.
Figure 7. Geographic distribution of the parapatric species Hypocnemis peruviana and H. subflavain eastern Acre showing the estimated “secondary contact zone”. The arrows point from the core to the periphery of the ranges of the respective species
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 406 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation Edson Guilherme furcifer. The only record of this species for Acre is a single forests, tepuis, and savannas (Santos 2005; Naka specimen (ZUEC – 1565) deposited in the ornithological et al. 2006). collection of zoology museum at UNICAMP (Appendix By contrast, the species richness recorded here for 1). This specimen was found dead on the Campus of the Acre was 25.5% higher than that reported by Remsen Federal University of Acre by herpetologist Adão José and Traylor (1989) for Pando, in Bolivia, although there Cardoso, in February 1988. The species is considered was a similarity of 91.6% between the species lists of to be a vagrant because its known range is restricted to the two territories, which is a result of their geographic southern central South America (del Hoyo et al. 1999). and ecological similarities, including the same habitats Whereas this species might be considered an austral or and similar altitudes (Parker & Remsen 1997; Tobias & intratropical migrant, the date on which the specimen was Seddon 2007). The larger number of species recorded for found (during the austral summer) is inconsistent with Acre may be related to sampling effort, but also the fact this classification. Another possibility is that the species that this state is more than twice the size of its Bolivian is resident in Acre, but is rare and occurs at a low density counterpart (164,221 km2 vs 61,331 km2). in the region. However, the lack of records from northern The number of bird species known to occur in Acre Bolivia, eastern Peru, and other parts of Acre, together more than doubled over the past two decades, which reflects with the single records available from Leticia (southeast the increase in sampling effort during this period(Figure 4). Colombia) and Napo, in northeastern Ecuador (del Hoyo However, whereas the number of species already recorded et al., 1999) reinforce the conclusion that the species is a for the state is substantial, it seems likely that the species sporadic vagrant in the Amazon basin. list will still grow over the next few years. This conclusion Invasive species were concentrated primarily in is partly supported by some of the species that have been the eastern extreme of the state, presumably due to its recorded in neighboring areas, such as southwestern relatively high human population density and greater area Amazonas and the lowlands of Peru and Bolivia, but have of altered habitats. This part of Acre is connected to the yet to be confirmed for Acre (Appendix 2). neighboring state of Rondônia by a major highway along Recent surveys in Acre have recorded a number which many large cattle ranches occur, which explains why of species that were previously known only for the some species, such as Geranoaetus albicaudatus, Caracara Peruvian and Bolivian Amazon basin. The records of plancus, Vanellus chilensis, and Athene cunicularia, began Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo, Pachyramphus xanthogenys, to colonize the state from the east, even though they have Picumnus subtilis, Glyphorhynchus spirurus albigularis, now reached its western portion, towards Cruzeiro do Sul, and Poecilotriccus albifacies presented here were the first as well as areas in the southeast, in the direction of the for Brazil (Guilherme & Aleixo, 2008, Aleixo et al. towns of Brasiléia and Assis Brasil, on the border with 2008, Rego et al. 2009, Guilherme 2009, Zimmer et al. Bolivia and Peru. A similar situation has arisen in the case 2010). Some of these species were previously known only of species that have escaped from captivity, such as Estrilda from the Peruvian and Bolivian Andean region at low to astrild (see Silva 2004), or that have been released into moderate elevations and have only recently been recorded urban environments on purpose, such as Sicalis flaveola in the adjacent lowlands of the Brazilian Amazon basin and Passer domesticus (Guilherme 2000, 2011). These (Guilherme & Aleixo 2008, Aleixo et al. 2008, Rego et al. species were first recorded in the state capital (Rio Branco), 2009, Aleixo & Guilherme 2010, Zimmer et al. 2010). but have since colonized practically all the urban centers One other example is Chrysolampis mosquitus, which was located along the main highways that cross the state. recorded from the upper Purus in 2007 (Guilherme & Few regional ornithological studies are available Dantas 2008, Guilherme & Dantas 2011a); previously, that can be used for systematic comparisons with the this species had been recorded two years earlier in Bolivia inventory presented here, although similar studies have (Tobias & Seddon 2007). been conducted in the Brazilian state of Roraima and Overall, the sum of the confirmed species (Appendix the Bolivian department of Pando. Roraima is the only 1) with those of likely occurrence (Appendix 2) indicates Brazilian state localized within the Amazon basin which a potential count of 757 bird species for the Brazilian state has had its avifauna surveyed systematically – including of Acre. If this prediction is confirmed even partially, Acre historical records – in recent years (Santos 2005; Naka et would have one of the richest avifaunas of any Brazilian al. 2006). Santos (2005) and Naka et al (2006) recorded state, despite its relative reduced area. 741 bird species in Roraima, a total 10.3% higher than what I am reporting here for Acre. There are two main Zoogeography of birds in Acre factors that may account for this difference. One is the fact that Roraima’s area is almost a third (32%) larger Acre resembles a butterfly wing in shape, with a than that of Acre, and the other is the fact that Roraima constriction in the center of two rounded lobes (Figure is a more heterogeneous region, with a number of types 2), with its primary axis in an east-west orientation, of habitat not found in Acre, such as dry and montane rather than north-south. This means that the distribution
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 407 Edson Guilherme of local species is best understood in an east-west, rather within the state is similar to that observed in some bird than a north-south dimension, with the Purus River species (Appendix 1). Some of these palm species are forming the principal division within the state. The Purus also restricted to specific environments, such as plateaus, divides Acre into two main portions, an eastern portion swamps, campinas, and campinaranas. This distribution on its right margin, and western portion to its left margin pattern in Acre may be a reflection of the sedimentary (Figure 2). history of the Marañon–Ucayali–Acre basin, to the west, Of the resident forest taxa in Acre, almost 80% are and the Madre de Dios basin, to the east. In the western widely distributed within the state, being found in both part of the state, relatively ancient formations (e.g., its eastern and western portions. Among other things, this Fm Moa, Rio Azul, Divisor and Cruzeiro do Sul) were reflects the mostly low-lying terrain (except in the western exposed by the uplift of the Andes, and contrast with extreme) and relatively homogeneous habitats found the more recent Cenozoic formations in the east parts throughout most of the state. This low species turnover of the state, e.g., Fm Solimões and Fm Madre de Dios would be expected in the absence of major physical (Milani & Thomaz Filho, 2000, Campbell et al., 2006). barriers, such as rivers or mountains, capable of limiting In western Acre, the topography and variations in the the dispersal of most taxa. However, some taxa only composition of the soil have played an important role in occur in one of the state’s two sub-regions, although this the formation of distinct ecosystems, which may certainly distribution pattern appears not related to the presence help to explain the higher number of species of palms and of the two main rivers that cross the state, the Purus and birds (and probably others groups of organisms) restricted the Juruá. This may be primarily due to the fact that these to western Acre (Lorenzi et al. 2004, Guilherme, 2009). highly meandering rivers arise in lowland Amazonia, and For most of the species restricted to one of the sub- so, taxa can cross them often more easily than they would regions, Acre and the adjacent lowlands of Peru represent rivers whose headwaters are in unsuitable habitat (such as the southwestern extreme of their distribution in the dry country or mountains). Genetic studies of primates Amazon basin. Species such as Thamnomanes saturninus, (Peres et al. 1996), rodents (Patton et al. 1994; Patton and Pipra filicauda (Figure 6), and Dixiphia pipra are widely Silva 1998), birds (Aleixo 2004, Fernandes et al. 2012), distributed in northern Amazonia, ranging south as far and amphibians (Gascon et al. 1998) have all confirmed as the southwestern extreme of the Amazon lowlands that the Juruá is an ineffective zoogeographic barrier for (Ridgely & Tudor, 2009). There are exceptions, however, these groups. such as Thamnophilus divisorius, which is endemic to Other factors may nevertheless influence the western Acre and northeastern Peru. The distribution of distribution of different taxa in southwestern Amazonia, this species is associated with an area of moderate altitude, including interspecific competition, edaphic conditions the submontane forests of the Serra do Divisor range. and habitat characteristics (Tuomisto et al. 1995, 2003; Many of the taxa restricted to the eastern sub-region of Daly & Silveira, 2002; Roig & Martini, 2002; Silveira Acre are associated with bamboo forests (e.g., Picumnus et al. 2002). A closer examination of the geographic subtilis, Cnipodectes superrufus, and Poecilotriccus albifacies) distribution of birds within one of the sub-regions or dense rainforest (e.g., Lepidothrix coronata exquisita). (Appendix 1) reveals that the pattern observed in Acre is Eastern Acre encompasses the greatest concentration of repeated on the Peruvian side of the border. Species such these habitats than the western portion of the state. This as Phlegopsis erythroptera, Thamnomanes saturninus, Attila suggests that habitat-related environmental gradients citriniventris, Pipra filicauda, and Dixiphia pipra have may play a more important role in the distribution of also been recorded only in northeast Peru (Schulenberg the species in eastern Acre than the mere presence of a et al. 2007). Similarly, Poecilotriccus albifacies, Cnipodectes physical barrier such as the Purus River. Other taxa superrufus, and Micrococcyx cinereus, which were only restricted to eastern Acre, such as Crypturellus undulatus found in eastern Acre (Appendix 1), were also found only undulatus, Antrostomus sericocaudatus, and Herpsilochmus in adjacent southeastern Peru (Schulenberg et al. 2007). rufimaginatus, are more widely distributed in the Amazon A similar pattern has also been recorded for palms basin, although this may represent the southwestern (Arecaceae) in Acre. Some species, such as Wettinia extreme of their distribution. augusta, Syagrus smithii, Socratea salazarii, Iriartella stenocarpa, Hyospathe elegans, Dyctyocaryum ptarianum, Allopatric/parapatric ranges Bactris riparia, and Astrocaryum faranae, are found only in the western sub-region of Acre (Lorenzi et al. Whereas five pairs of purported sister taxa appear to 2004). Other species, such as Astrocaryum aculeatum, have an allopatric distribution in Acre (Table 1), it seems Astrocaryum murumuru, and Bactris elegans are restricted likely that further ornithological surveys may confirm to the eastern part of the state (Lorenzi et al. 2004). Even that these taxa are actually parapatric in the state, and that though practically all these species of palm also occur their apparent allopatric distribution is merely a sampling in areas adjacent to Acre, their east-west distribution artifact. A common feature of the taxa considered to be
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 408 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation Edson Guilherme allopatric in this study is the presence of one of the two Solimões (Amazon) basin, whereas the other is distributed forms in each of the two sub-regions of the state (Table eastwards into the southern Amazon basin, as in the case 1), which suggests that they are separated by the Purus, of Pipra filicauda/fasciicauda (Haffer 1997, Figure 6), or which may act as a physical barrier to dispersal. However, even beyond the southern boundaries of Amazonia, such a closer examination of the taxa listed in Table 1 indicates as with Pteroglossus castanotis castanotis/australis (Pinto that it is more likely that pairs such as Crypturellus 1978), and Crypturellus undulatus undulatus/yapura (del undulatus undulatus/yapura may in fact be limited by Hoyo et al. 1992; Pinto 1978). A similar situation is competition. This conclusion is supported by the fact observed in the case of Dendrocincla fuliginosa neglecta/ that these medium-sized birds are capable of flying across atrirostris, in which both forms are found only in the even the largest of Amazonian rivers (Remsen & Parker Amazon basin (del Hoyo et al. 2003). 1983; Ayres & Marigo 1995) and that they attract their A different pattern can be observed in the eastern mates primarily through their vocalizations (Sick, 1997). contact zone, where one of the replacement taxa is widely However, Lepidothrix coronata coronata and L. c. distributed within the Amazon basin, whereas the other exquisita are weak fliers, which tend to be restricted to the is restricted to the foothills of the Andes and neighboring interior of the forest. In this specific case, the Purus and lowland areas. Examples of this pattern include the floodplain (várzea forest) associated with it, which the Xiphorhynchus ocellatus/X. chunchotambo (Guilherme & species tends to avoid, may in fact function as a physical Aleixo 2008), Hypocnemis peruviana/H. subflava (Isler et barrier to dispersal between the two populations. At the al. 2007, Figure 7), and Glyphorynchus s. castelnaudii/G. present time, Lepidothrix c. coronata is known only from s. albigularis. the western sub-region (left margin of the Purus), whereas Haffer (1997) identified two elongated zones of L. c. exquisita is thought to be restricted to the eastern secondary contact in the southwestern Amazon basin, sub-region (right margin). one adjacent to the right bank of the Solimões River Most of the species with two or more purported and the other parallel to the first, but farther south, sister or closely related taxa in Acre have a parapatric crossing the upper Juruá and middle Purus towards the distribution (Table 2), following a general distribution eastern Amazon basin. The contact zone identified here pattern within the state. This pattern is characterized in eastern Acre (Figure 7) is equivalent to the latter of by the wide distribution of one taxon (marked with an these zones in Haffer’s scheme. Whereas at least one of asterisk in Table 2) and a more restricted range for the these contact zones was known to exist in Acre, it was other. There were two exceptions to this general pattern, necessary to identify which of the local taxa corroborated however. In the case of Thamnophilus aethiops juruanus its occurrence, given that Haffer, in contrast with other and T.a. kapouni, both subspecies were recorded in both regions of the Amazon basin, did not identify the taxa the east and the west of the state, whereas both Galbula that supported the proposed contact zone in southwestern dea amazonum and G. d. phainopepla were only found Amazonia. Whereas Haffer identified the taxa that in eastern Acre. This configuration may reflect the configure the contact zones in the regions referred to competition between these pairs of taxa within secondary as the Madeira/Tapajós interfluvium and the Teles Pires contact zones (Haffer 1997; Price 2008). River on the upper Tapajós, the present study focused on It seems possible that the parapatric taxa with a the region of Brazilian Amazonia for which there were restricted distribution within the state represent forms practically no recent ornithological data. Given this that have arrived recently from other regions within the scenario, it was possible not only to confirm the existence Amazon basin (Haffer 1987; 1997). On arriving in aregion, of one of the contact zones in southwestern Amazonia, competition with the sister / closely related taxon likely but also to provide support for the conclusion that these restricts the distribution of the new arrival to a peripheral zones are not related functionally to the configuration of area of the range of its congener / conspecific taxon. the principal rivers that drain the region, i.e., the Purus and Juruá (Haffer 1997). Contact zones Hybridization zones Two principal zones of “secondary contact” were identified on the basis of the distribution of the parapatric The hybridization zones identified in the present taxa within the state of Acre. One is a north-south contact study were characterized by the presence of inferred zone (i.e., “vertical contact zone”) located in the western hybrid specimens, which supposedly resulted from gene part of the state (Figures 5 and 6) whereas the second flow between parapatric purported sister / closely related was a east-west contact zone (i.e., “horizontal contact taxa (Haffer 1986, 1992a; Aleixo 2007; Price 2008). Two zone”) in eastern Acre (Figure 7). The western contact hybridization zones, corresponding to the contact zones, zone is characterized by the meeting of replacement taxa, were identified in the two extremes (eastern and western) one of which is distributed northwards to the northern of the state.
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The hybridization zone of eastern Acre is supported not represented adequately in any of the state’s protected by the observation of transitional forms of the taxa areas, but primarily because some bird species are only Brotogeris cyanoptera cyanoptera/beniensis and Momotus found in these habitats (see Guilherme & Borges 2011). momota simplex/cf. nattereri. The existence of the western The creation of protected areas within the dense rainforest zone was supported only by the taxa Pteroglossus castanotis of easternmost Acre is strongly encouraged due to the castanotis/australis. In this case, the specimen MPEG presence of taxa associated specifically with this type of 26747 from the upper Juruá, which was originally habitat, such as Lepidothrix coronata exquisita. Other taxa classified as P. c. australis by Novaes (1957), presents with similar distributions include Brotogeris cyanoptera plumage traits and external morphology, such as the bill beniensis, Momotus momota simplex, and Hemitriccus color and shape, that appear to be intermediate between minor. These zoogeographic considerations are further P. c. castanotis and P. c. australis. In addition to these two emphasized by the fact that eastern Acre dense lowland taxa, it seems likely that other transitional forms may exist rainforests are within the most densely-populated part between Dendrocolaptes certhia juruanus and polyzonus, of the state, which has suffered high deforestation rates given that they both occur within the same region. As the (Acre 2000). present study did not include the most modern analytical techniques available (e.g., molecular genetics and Priority areas for new ornithological surveys vocalization analyses), the two principal hybridization zones identified here were considered to be “probable” Birds are considered to be the best known and most rather than definitive. Obviously, the confirmation of adequately sampled vertebrate group in the Amazon the status of these zones will depend on the collection of basin. Even so, many areas have yet to be explored by more detailed data, derived from more extensive surveys ornithologists, and represent gaps in our knowledge on using alternative scientific approaches. the region’s avifauna (Oren & Albuquerque 1991). In Haffer (1987, p. 140) presented a map showing Acre, the areas with the best ornithological sampling a wide hybridization zone that begins in the foothills to date are the Alto Juruá Extractivist Reserve and the of the Andes, in northeastern Peru, and extends as far Serra do Divisor National Park, located in the western as the Amazonian lowlands, crossing the upper Juruá part of the state, and the Rio Acre Ecological Station and in Acre, which corresponds exactly to the western Chandless National Park in the eastern sub-region. All hybridization zone identified in the present study. Even other areas are either under-sampled, or have never been though Haffer (1987) did not provide information visited by ornithologists (Figure 3). The primary factor on the taxa supporting his southwestern Amazonian limiting the number of surveys is the logistical difficulties hybridization zone, the parapatric distribution of of visiting these remote areas, which can only be reached taxa such as P. c. castanotis and P. c. australis, and only by river or, in some cases, only by plane. The human Dendrocolaptes certhia juruanus and polyzonus in western population density of these areas is extremely low, and Acre provide some additional evidence for the existence there is very little infrastructure. of this hybridization zone. Given the current situation, the following areas can be considered to be of the highest priority for future Conservation ornithological surveys in the Brazilian state of Acre:
Acre is covered almost entirely by Amazonian Western sub-region rainforest (Acre 2000), although 11% of its original a) Enclaves of campina and campinarana in the forest cover has been lost as a consequence of recent municipalities of Cruzeiro do Sul, Mâncio human activities in the region (Souza et al. 2006). Even Lima, Porto Walter, and Marechal Taumaturgo; so, Acre is still one of the least deforested of Brazilian b) Interfluvium of the Liberdade-Gregório rivers; Amazonian states (Fearnside 1993). One of the principal c) Interfluvium of the Muru-Tarauacá rivers; reasons for this has almost certainly been the creation and consolidation of a wide network of protected areas, which d) Interfluvium of the Envira-Purus rivers; now covers almost half of the state’s territory (Acre 2000). Eastern sub-region The identification of taxa that only occur in habitats that are either under-represented or non-existent in the a) Areas surrounding the town of Santa Rosa do state’s protected areas pointed clearly to two main gaps in Purus, on the Brazil-Peru border; its conservation coverage: the campinas and campinaranas b) Interfluvium of the Caeté-Iaco rivers; of westermost Acre and the dense lowland rainforests of c) Dense rainforests of the municipalities of the extreme eastern portion of the state. Senador Guiomard, Plácido de Castro, and The campinas and campinaranas of western Acre Acrelândia. must be protected not only because these habitats are
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS comments on the validity of P. x. peruanus. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Club, 128(4): 263-267. Alvarez-Alonso, J. & Whitney, B. M. 2003. New distributional Over the past six years, I have dedicated much of records of birds from white-sand forests of the northern Peruvian my time to the compilation of the available data on the Amazon, whit implications for biogeography of northern South occurrence of bird species in the Brazilian state of Acre. America. The Condor, 105: 552-566. Anderson, A. B. 1981. White-sand vegetation of Brazilian Amazônia. None of my efforts would have been sufficient without the Biotropica, 13(3): 199-210. invaluable help and cooperation of the many institutions Ayres, J. M. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. 1992. River boundaries and and people who were crucial to the success of this study. species range size in Amazonian Primates. The American Naturalist, I am especially grateful to the following institutions – the 140(3): 531-537. Ayres, J. M. & Marigo, L. C. 1995. Nota sobre o comportamento Federal University of Acre (UFAC), the Goeldi Museum de um indivíduo de Crypturellus undulatus durante a enchente no (MPEG), the Brazilian National Research Council baixo rio Japurá, Amazonas, Brasil. (Tinamiformes: Tinamidae). (CNPq), and Conservation International–Belém. I am Ararajuba, 3: 70. also eternally grateful to the many scientists, curators, Bates, J. M.; Hackett, S. J. & Goerck, J. M. 1999. High levels of technicians, friends, and field assistants who made this mitochondrial DNA differentiation in two lineages of Antbirds (Drymophila and Hypocnemis). The Auk, 116(4):1093-1106. study possible. In particular, I would like to thank my Borges, S. H.; Cohn-Haft, M.; Carvalhaes, A. M. P.; Henriques, L. doctoral advisor, Dr. José Maria Cardoso da Silva, and M.; Pacheco, J. F. & Whittaker, A. 2001. Birds of Jaú National Dr. Alexandre Aleixo who provided me with essential Park, Brazilian Amazon: Species Check-list, Biogeography and logistic support. I am also grateful to the ornithological Conservation. Ornitologia Neotropical, 12:109‑140. Buzzetti, D. 2008. Plano de Manejo do Parque Estadual Chandless. colleagues whose friendship and enthusiasm for the Avaliação Ecológica Rápida. Relatório do Grupo Aves. SOS Amazon prompted them to participate in my expeditions Amazônia, Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e Recursos to the campinas of the upper Juruá (Dr. Sérgio Henrique Naturais do estado do Acre- SEMA-AC. Borges), the bamboo forests of eastern Acre (Dr. Marcos Campbell, K. E., Frailey, C. D. & Romero-Pittman, L. 2006 The Pérsio Dantas Santos), and the upper Purus river (Sidnei Pan-Amazonian Ucayali Peneplain, late Neogene sedimentation in Amazonia, and the birth of the modern Amazon River system. de Melo Dantas). In addition, I would like to thank Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimate, Palaeoecology, 239, 166–219. the Goeldi Museum taxidermists Manoel Santa Brígida Capparella, A. P. 1988. Genetic variation in Neotropical birds: and José Nilton Santa Brígida, and the assistant curator, Implications for the speciation process. Acta XIX Congressus Fátima Lima, for their support and patience. CNPq Internationalis Ornithologici, Ottawa, Ontario. Carlos, C. J.; Straube, F. C. & Pacheco, J. F. 2010. Conceitos e provided me with important financial resource through definições sobre documentação de registros ornitológicos e critérios a fellowship (2005-2009) and grant 474592/2010-3 para elaboração de listas de aves para os estados brasileiros. Revista (2010-2012). Thomas S. Schulenberg and Daniel F. Lane Brasileira de Ornitologia, 18(4): 355-361. refereed this manuscript and provided useful comments. CBRO. 2011. Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos. Lista Finally, I am grateful to all those people who contributed das aves do Brasil, 10ª Edição. Available in:
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Walker, B.; Stotz, D. F.; Pequeño, T. & Fitzpatrick, J. W. 2006. Birds Whittaker, A. & Oren, D. C. 1999. Important ornithological records of the Manu Biosphere Reserve. Fieldiana (Zoology), 110:23‑49. from the Rio Juruá, western Amazonia, including twelve additions Wallace, A. R. 1852. On the monkeys of the Amazon. Proc. Zool. Soc. to the Brazilian avifauna. Bulletin of the British Ornithological Lond., 20: 107-110. Club, 119:235‑260. Whitney, B. M. & Oren, D. C. 2001a. Primeiro registro de Whittaker, A.; Oren, D. C.; Pacheco, J. F.; Parrini, R. & Minns, J. Nannopsittaca dachilleae no Brasil. Nattereria, 2: 26. C. 2002. Aves registradas na Reserva extrativista do alto Juruá. In: Whitney, B. M. & Oren, D. C. 2001b. Documentação da ocorrência M. C. Cunha e M. B. Almeida (Orgs.): Enciclopédia da Floresta. de Eubucco tucinkae no Brasil. Nattereria, 2: 27. O Alto Juruá: práticas e conhecimentos das populações: 81‑99. Whitney, B. M. & Pacheco, J. F. 2001. Evidência material para a Companhia das Letras, São Paulo. presença de Vireo flavoviridis (Cassin, 1851) no Brasil. Nattereria, Zimmer, K. J.; Whittaker, A.; Guilherme, E. & Martuscelli, P. 2010. 2:36-37. Documented records of white-cheeked Tody-Tyrant Poecilotriccus Whitney, B. M.; Oren, D. C. & Brumfield, R. T. 2004. A new albifacies from Acre, Brazil. Bulletin of the British Ornithological species of Thamnophilus antshrike (Aves: Thamnophilidae) from Club 130(3):255-259. the Serra do Divisor, Acre, Brazil. The Auk, 121(4): 1031-1039.
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 414 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 415 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, UFAC, MZUSP UFAC, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, 6 5, 20 20, 48 20, 48 eferences 5, 20, 48 8, 20, 25 20, 25, 48 20, 26, 48 R 5, 11, 20, 48 2, 5, 19, 20, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 20, 25 , 48 2, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 27, 28, 48 2, 5, 20, 27, 28, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 47, 48 8, 13, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 27, 28 2, 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 5 V V V O O O O V, S V, O, P O, P V, O V, ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, O, S, P V, ix 1 4 nd R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R N e Status App 3 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W A* ndemism A; Inamb. E Distribution/ 2 AF L, R L, R BF, PF BF, AF, PF AF, BF, AF BF, Habitat AR, L, R AR, L, R AR, L, R AR, L, R AF, BF, PF BF, AF, BF, PF, CAM PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, 1 List of the bird species confirmed for the Brazilian state of Acre based on vouchered material (specimens, recordings, and pictures). recordings, material (specimens, vouchered based on Acre Brazilian state of species confirmed for the List of the bird racidae (4) inamidae (12) Tinamus guttatus Tinamus Crypturellus cinereus cinereus Crypturellus Crypturellus bartletti Crypturellus A nhimidae (1) cornuta Anhima A natidae (6) viduata Dendrocygna Pauxi tuberosa tuberosa Pauxi Families and species Families T tao Tinamus Tinamus major Tinamus Crypturellus soui Crypturellus Crypturellus cf. brevirostris cf. brevirostris Crypturellus Dendrocygna autumnalis Dendrocygna brasiliensis Amazonetta Cairina moschata Cairina dominica Nomonyx discors Anas C Ortalis guttata Aburria cumanensis Aburria Crypturellus obsoletus Crypturellus strigulosus Crypturellus Crypturellus undulatus Crypturellus (a) atrocapillus Crypturellus variegatus Crypturellus Penelope jacquacu Penelope
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 416 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 417 Edson Guilherme 7 UFAC MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG nstitution I UFAC, MZUSP UFAC, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, 6 15, 20 20, 48 20, 48 20, 48 eferences 5, 20, 48 13, 20, 48 20, 36, 48 13, 20, 48 R 5, 20, 36, 48 5, 11, 20, 48 5, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 13, 20, 48 2, 11, 20, 36, 48 5, 13, 11, 20, 25, 48 5, 11, 13, 20, 36, 48 2, 11, 13, 19, 20, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 48 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 5 S V O O O S, P O, S O, S O, S O, S O, P O, P O, P O, P O, P ype of O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P V, O, S V, record T 4 I I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Va R, In Status 3 E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ndemism E Distribution/ 2 OA L, R P, AR, L P, AR, L, R AR, L, R AR, L, R Habitat AR, L, R AR, L, R AR, L, R AR, L, R AR, L, R AR, L, R AR, L, R AR, L, R, AF AR, L, R, AF AR, L, R, AF AR, L, R, AF AR, L, R, AF AR, L, R, AF FE, P, OA, AA OA, FE, P, FE, P, OA, AA OA, FE, P, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, 1 dontophoridae (2) iconiidae (3) athartidae (4) Cathartes melambrotus C maguari Ciconia Jabiru mycteria Jabiru americana Mycteria C Cathartes aura Phoenicopteridae (1) Phoenicopteridae Phoenicoparrus jamesi (a) Threskiornithidae (1) Threskiornithidae cayennensis Mesembrinibis Egretta thula Egretta caerulea Egretta Pilherodius pileatus Pilherodius Ardea alba Ardea Nycticorax nycticorax nycticorax Nycticorax Butorides striata Butorides ibis Bubulcus Ardea cocoi Ardea Agamia agami Agamia Cochlearius cochlearius Phalacrocoracidae (1) Phalacrocoracidae brasilianus Phalacrocorax (11) A rdeidae lineatum Trigrisoma A nhingidae (1) anhinga Anhinga Odontophorus gujanensis Podicipedidae (1) Podicipedidae dominicus Tachybaptus Families and species Families O Odontophorus stellatus
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 416 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 417 Edson Guilherme 7 UFAC MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 2, 20 20, 26 20, 48 17, 20 20, 48 eferences 5, 20, 48 5, 20, 48 20, 36, 47 20, 36, 48 20, 36, 48 20, 27, 48 20, 36, 48 R 5, 20, 32, 48 2, 20, 25, 48 5, 19, 20, 48 5, 13, 20, 48 20, 25, 36 48 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 8, 13, 20, 36, 48 5, 20, 24, 25, 48 5, 13, 20, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 5, 2, 8, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48, 36 5 O O O O O O, S O, S O, S O, S V, O V, V, O V, O, P O, P O, P O, P ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P V, O, P V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R N N R, I R, In Status 3 E E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W W W A* ndemism E Distribution/ 2 PF PF FE FE AF L, R FE, P BF, PF BF, BF, PF BF, AF, PF AF, AF, PF AF, FE, OA Habitat BF, PF, P PF, BF, AF, PF, P PF, AF, PF, DF, P DF, PF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, DF, SF DF, BF, BF, PF, SF, P SF, PF, BF, AR, L, R, AF AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, FE, P, OA, AA OA, FE, P, FE, P, OA, AA OA, FE, P, FE, P, OA, AA OA, FE, P, FE, P, AO, AA AO, FE, P, AF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, P SF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, P, OA P, PF, BF, AF, FE, SF, P, AO, AA AO, P, FE, SF, AF, BF, PF, SF, P, OA P, SF, PF, BF, AF, 1 ccipitridae (29) Spizaetus tyrannus Spizaetus Morphnus guianensis Morphnus Harpia harpyja harpyja Harpia Buteo brachyurus Buteo Buteo albonotatus Buteo Buteo swainsoni Buteo Buteo nitidus Buteo Geranoaetus albicaudatus Geranoaetus Rupornis magnirostris Rupornis Percnohierax leucorrhous Percnohierax Leucopternis kuhli albicollis Pseudastur Urubitinga urubitinga Urubitinga Busarellus nigricollis Busarellus Heterospizias meridionalis Heterospizias Accipiter superciliosus Accipiter bicolor Accipiter Geranospiza caerulescens Geranospiza Buteogallus schistaceus Buteogallus Ictinia plumbea Ictinia Rostrhamus sociabilis Rostrhamus hamatus Helicolestes bidentatus Harpagus Elanoides forficatus Elanoides Chondrohierax uncinatus Chondrohierax swainsonii Gampsonyx A Leptodon cayanensis Sarcoramphus papa Sarcoramphus Pandionidae (1) Pandionidae haliaetus Pandion Families and species Families Coragyps atratus
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 418 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 419 Edson Guilherme 7 UFAC UFAC MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG; MZUSP MPEG; MPEG; MZUSP MPEG; MPEG; MZUSP MPEG; MPEG; MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG; 6 20, 48 20, 48 eferences 20, 27, 48 11, 20, 48 20, 25, 48 11, 20, 48 19, 20, 48 17, 20, 48 R 2, 5, 20, 48 5, 20, 25, 48 5, 20, 27, 48 5, 19, 20, 48 13, 20, 25, 48 2, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 11, 13, 17, 20, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 33, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 5 O O O, S O, S O, S O, S O, P V, O V, V, O V, O, V O, O, V O, ype of O, V O, O, S, P V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record V, O, P V, T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R, In Status 3 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A ndemism A; Inamb. E Distribution/ 2 P FE, P FE, P AF, W AF, AF, W AF, AF, W AF, W AF, AF, W AF, AF, W AF, AF, W AF, W AF, AF, W AF, Habitat FE, AF, P FE, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, FE, P, CAM FE, P, AR, L, R, W AR, L, R, AF, AR, L, R AF, AF, AR, L, R AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, PF, DF, SF, P SF, DF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, 1 allidae (9) urypygidae (1) Falco rufigularis Falco A ramidae (1) guarauna Aramus (1) Psophiidae leucoptera Psophia Micrastur ruficollis Micrastur Micrastur gilvicollis Micrastur Micrastur semitorquatus Micrastur Micrastur buckleyi Micrastur R cajanea Aramides Anurolimnas castaneiceps Anurolimnas Laterallus viridis Laterallus fasciatus Laterallus Herpetotheres cachinnans Herpetotheres Micrastur mirandollei Micrastur Laterallus melanophaius Laterallus Laterallus exilis Laterallus Families and species Families melanoleucus Spizaetus Falconidade (11) Falconidade ater Daptrius Ibycter americanus Ibycter Milvago chimachima Milvago E helias Eurypyga Neocrex erythrops Neocrex martinica Porphyrio Gallinula galeata Gallinula Spizaetus ornatus Spizaetus Caracara plancus Caracara Heliornithidae (1) Heliornithidae fulica Heliornis
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 418 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 419 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, 6 20 20 20, 48 20, 48 20, 48 20, 48 20, 48 20, 48 20, 48 eferences 20, 35, 48 17, 20, 48 20, 35, 48 R 5, 11, 20, 48 5, 11, 20, 48 5, 11, 20, 25 20, 25, 35, 48 5, 11, 20, 27, 48 11, 20, 27, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 27, 48 5, 11, 13, 20, 35, 48 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 27, 48 2, 11, 17, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 5 O O O O O O O O O O, S O, S O, P V, O V, O, V O, ype of O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 A R R R R R R R R R R R N N N N N N N N N N N N R, In Status 3 E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W W W W W ndemism E Distribution/ 2 BF BF BF AA W, R W, CAM BF, W BF, W BF, BF, W BF, W BF, BF, W BF, BF, W BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AR BF, BF, AR BF, BF, AR BF, FE, OA Habitat BF, W, R W, BF, BF, W, R W, BF, BF, W, R W, BF, AR, L, R BF, W, R W, BF, BF, W, R W, BF, FE, OA, AA FE, OA, OA, P, AR, L, A P, OA, 1 ynchopidae (1) Patagioenas speciosa Patagioenas Columbia livia C olumbidae (11) Columbina talpacoti Columbina picui pretiosa Claravis R Rhynchops niger Calidris minutilla Calidris bairdii Calidris melanotos Calidris Calidris himantopus Calidris subruficollis Tryngites Phaetusa simplex Phaetusa Phalaropus tricolor Phalaropus (1) Jacanidae jacana Jacana L aridae (1) Leucophaeus atricilla (2) Sternidae superciliaris Sternula Actitis macularius Actitis Tringa solitaria Tringa Tringa flavipes Tringa Tringa melanoleuca Tringa Scolopacidae (11) paraguaiae Gallinago Charadrius collaris Charadrius Families and species Families C haradriidae (4) cayanus Vanellus Vanellus chilensis Vanellus Pluvialis dominica Pluvialis
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 420 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 421 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP MZUSP MZUSP nstitution I MPEG; UFAC MPEG; MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC, UFAC, MPEG, MPEG, UFAC, UFAC, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20, 48 eferences 2, 20, 43 13, 20, 48 20, 36, 48 R 5, 20, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 48 2, 11, 13, 20, 48 2, 11, 19, 20, 48 5, 8, 11, 20, 36, 48 5, 17, 20, 35, 36, 48 2, 20, 25, 27, 28, 48 2, 6, 11, 20, 25, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 48 5, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 6, 13, 20, 25, 30, 41, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 Guilherme and Aleixo, unpub. data unpub. and Aleixo, Guilherme 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 18, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 5 O O V, O V, V, O V, V, O V, ype of O, V O, O, S, P V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W A* ndemism A;Inamb. A; Inamb. A; Inamb. E Distribution/ 2 PF AF AF, SF AF, AF, PF AF, Habitat DF, CAM DF, AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, PF, DF PF, AF, FE, AA, OA AF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, AF, FE, OA, CAM FE, OA, AF, BF, PF, CAM PF, BF, AF, AF, PF, OA, CAM OA, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, FE, CAM, OA, AA FE, CAM, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, PF, SF, OA, CAM OA, SF, PF, AF, FE, BF, PF, OA, CAM OA, PF, FE, BF, FE, AF, PF, DF, SF, AA SF, DF, PF, FE, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, PF, DF, SF, OA, CAM OA, SF, DF, PF, AF, AF, PF, DF, SF, CAM, OA SF, DF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM, AO DF, PF, BF, AF, FE, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM, OA CAM, OA SF, DF, PF, FE, BF, 1 Ara severus Ara Orthopsittaca manilata Primolius couloni Primolius Aratinga leucophthalma Aratinga Brotogeris sanctithomae Brotogeris Patagioenas plumbea Patagioenas Leptotila verreauxi Ara chloropterus Ara Aratinga weddellii Aratinga Pyrrhura roseifrons Pyrrhura rupicola (a) Pyrrhura Forpus modestus Forpus Brotogeris cyanoptera Brotogeris dachilleae (a) Nannopsittaca Touit huetii Touit purpuratus Touit Amazona farinosa Amazona Families and species Families cayennensis Patagioenas subvinacea Patagioenas Leptotila rufaxilla Ara macao Ara Pionites leucogaster Pionites barrabandi Pyrilia ochrocephala Amazona Pionus menstruusPionus amazonica Amazona Geotrygon montana Geotrygon (23) Psittacidae ararauna Ara Amazona festiva Amazona
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 420 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 421 Edson Guilherme 7 UFAC MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20, 48 20, 48 20, 48 20, 36 20, 47 eferences 20, 47, 48 25, 20, 48 R 2, 5, 20, 48 5, 13, 20, 25 2, 5, 13, 20, 48 2, 6, 13, 20, 48 5, 2027, 36, 48 5, 11. 13, 20, 36 5, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 5, 13, 20, 25, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 18, 19, 20, 48 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 5 V V V O O O, S O, S V, O V, ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 A R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R N R, In Status 3 E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W ndemism E Distribution/ 2 PF PF BF P, AA P, AF,PF PF, SF PF, BF, PF BF, AF, BF AF, Habitat PF, CAM PF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, W, AR W, AF, PF, SF, P, AA P, SF, PF, AF, BF, PF, P PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, FE, P, AA, OA AA, OA FE, P, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, FE, AF, W, AR W, FE, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, FE, AF, FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, AA SF, DF, PF, BF, FE, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM, AA SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, 1 pisthocomidae (1) uculidae (12) ytonidae (1) Pulsatrix perspicillata Pulsatrix Strix huhula Strix Glaucidium hardyi Glaucidium Asio clamator Glaucidium brasilianum brasilianum Glaucidium Athene cunicularia Athene Strigidae (11) Strigidae choliba Megascops Lophostrix cristata Strix virgata Strix Nyctibidae (4) Nyctibidae grandis Nyctibius Nyctibius aethereus aethereus Nyctibius Asio stygius T alba Tyto Neomorphus geoffroyi Neomorphus Megascops usta Megascops Coccycua minuta Coccycua Crotophaga major Crotophaga Dromococcyx phasianellus Dromococcyx Tapera naevia Tapera (b) pavoninus Dromococcyx Piaya melanogaster Piaya Crotophaga ani Crotophaga Families and species Families O hoazin Opisthocomus Piaya cayana Piaya C cinereus Micrococcyx Coccyzus erythrophthalmus Coccyzus melacoryphus
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 422 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 423 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP MZUSP MZUSP MZUSP LSUMZ nstitution I MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, AMNH, MPEG, AMNH, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20 2, 20 20, 35 20, 48 20, 48 17, 20 2, 5, 20 eferences 2, 20, 36 5, 11, 20 3, 20, 48 20, 47, 48 17, 19, 20 27, 20, 48 R 2, 5, 20, 35, 48 2, 5, 20, 36, 48 2, 20, 11, 48 5, 20, 25, 35, 47, 48 5, 20, 35, 36, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 27, 48 5, 2, 11, 20, 25, 36, 48 5, 8, 11, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 36, 48 8, 13, 17, 20, 36, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 5 S S S V O O O V, S V, O, S O, S O, S O, S O, P O, P V, O V, V, O V, O, V O, ype of O, V O, O, S, P V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 I A R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 E E E E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W W A* ndemism E Distribution/ 2 SF BF AF AF AF AF, SF AF, AF, PF AF, AF, PF AF, AF, FE AF, FE, BF AF, AR AF, P, AO, R AO, P, Habitat AF, PF, P PF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, AF, PF, CAM PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, AF, AF, PF, DF, SF, P SF, DF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, P, AA P, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, FE, OA, P, CAM, BF P, FE, OA, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, CAM, OA PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, OA OA SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, OA, CAM, AA OA, DF, PF, BF, AF, 1 aprimulgidae (12) podidae (10) rochilidae (25) rochilidae Hydropsalis climacocerca Hydropsalis torquata Hydropsalis Chaetura cinereiventris Chaetura viridipennis Chaetura Hydropsalis parvula Hydropsalis spinicaudus Chaetura egregia Chaetura Hydropsalis nigrescens Hydropsalis albicollis Hydropsalis A zonaris Streptoprocne Chaetura brachyura Chaetura Chaetura meridionalis Chaetura Chordeiles rupestris Chordeiles T hirsutus Glaucis Chordeiles nacunda Chordeiles ocellatus Nyctiphrynus pelagica Chaetura leucurus Threnetes Phaethornis ruber Hydropsalis maculicauda Hydropsalis Antrostomus sericocaudatus Antrostomus Thachornis squamata C semitorquatus Lurocalis cayennensis Panyptila Nyctibius leucopterus Nyctibius Phaethornis hispidus Antrostomus rufus Antrostomus Families and species Families griseus Nyctibius
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 422 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 423 Edson Guilherme 7 ZUEC MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20 8, 20 2, 20 20, 48 20, 48 20, 48 eferences 9, 11, 20 2, 20, 48 8, 20, 48 20, 27, 48 R 2, 20, 25, 48 8, 20, 35, 48 2, 5, 18, 20, 48 5911, 13, 20, 48 11, 20, 25, 35, 48 11, 13, 19, 20, 48 11, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 13, 20, 27, 48 8, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 8, 11, 13, 20, 27, 48 2, 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 35, 48 2, 8, 13, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 Guilherme and Aleixo, unpb. data. unpb. and Aleixo, Guilherme 2, 9, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 25, 35, 36 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 36, 48 2, 5, 13, 18, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 48 5 S S O O O O O O O O, S O, S O, S O, S O, S O, S O, S ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Va Status 3 E E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W W W W W W A* ndemism A; Inamb. E A; Inamb. (a) A; Inamb. Distribution/ 2 PF FE AF AF AF AA CAM AF,PF AF, SF AF, Habitat AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, SF, CAM SF, AF, AF, SF, CAM SF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF,DF BF, AF, AF, AR, L, A, W AR, L, A, AF, AF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, FE, SF, BF, PF, AA PF, BF, FE, SF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, AA, OA, CAM AA, OA, PF, BF, AF, FE, AF, DF, AA, OA, CAM AA, OA, DF, FE, AF, 1 rogonidae (7) rogonidae Hylocharis cyanus (b) Hylocharis Chlorostilbon notatus Chlorostilbon mellisugus Chlorostilbon furcata Thalurania sapphirina Hylocharis Anthracothorax nigricollis Anthracothorax Topaza pyra Topaza Chrysolampis mosquitus theresiae Polytmus Florisuga melivora Florisuga Amazilia lactea Amazilia longirostris Heliomaster T viridis Trogon Chrysuronia oenone aurescens Heliodoxa Amazilia fimbriata Amazilia furcifer Heliomaster amethystina Calliphlox curucui Trogon Trogon violaceus Trogon Trogon collaris Trogon Pharomachrus pavoninus Pharomachrus A lcedinidae (5) Megaceryle torquata Families and species Families Phaethornis philippii Phaethornis bourcieri Phaethornis malaris Campylopterus larginpennis Campylopterus Heliothryx auritus Heliothryx Trogon rufus Trogon Trogon melanurus Trogon
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 424 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 425 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC, UFAC, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20 5, 20 20, 48 38, 20 eferences 2, 13, 20 5, 20, 48 5, 8, 20, 27 R 11, 13, 20, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 48 5, 13, 20, 25, 48 2, 11, 17, 20, 47, 48 2, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48, 2, 11, 20, 27, 28, 47, 48 2, 13, 17, 19, 20, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 20, 25, 35, 48 2, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 8, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 5 O O O O, S O, S O, S O, S O, S V, O V, ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W W W W A* ndemism A; Inamb. A; Inamb. A; Inamb. A; Inamb. A; Inamb. E A; Inamb. (b) A; Inamb. Distribution/ 2 PF AF AF,SF PF, SF PF, BF, DF BF, Habitat AF, CAM AF, FE, CAM AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, PF, SF PF, AF, SF PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, AR, L, A, W AR, L, A, AF, AF, AR, L, A, W AR, L, A, AF, AF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, FE, AF, 1 albulidae (8) Families and species Families Chloroceryle amazona Chloroceryle americana Chloroceryle inda Chloroceryle aenea Nystalus striolatus Nystalus Bucco capensis Bucco Nonnula ruficapilla (b) Nonnula Momotidae (3) Momotidae platyrhynchum Electron Baryphthengus martii G purusianus Galbalcyrhynchus Momotus momota Momotus albogularis Brachygalba tamatia Bucco Malacoptila semicincta Malacoptila Nonnula rubecula Nonnula sclateri (b) Nonnula Monasa nigrifrons Monasa Galbula cyanicollis Galbula cyanescens Galbula macrodactylus Bucco Nothrarcus ordii Nothrarcus Galbula albirostris Galbula tectus Notharchus Monasa morphoeus Monasa Galbula dea Galbula Galbula leucogastra Galbula aureus Jacamerops (15) Bucconidae hyperrhynchus Notharchus
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 424 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 425 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, CPJH MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 eferences 5, 20, 48 11, 20, 37 R 2, 20, 25, 48 2, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 19, 20, 44, 48 2, 5, 8, 20, 35, 48 5, 8, 13, 20, 27, 48 2, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 5, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 11, 17, 20, 35, 48 2, 11, 13, 20, 25, 47 2, 5, 6, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 8, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 56, 8, 11, 20, 25, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 18, 20, 25, 36, 48 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 20, 36, 48 2, 11, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 17, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 5 O O, S O, S ype of O, S, P O, S, P O, S, P V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S, P V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A* A* ndemism A; Inamb. A; Inamb. E A; Inamb. (c) A; Inamb. Distribution/ W; Inamb. (d) Inamb. W; 2 FE BF BF PF, SF PF, AF, PF AF, FE, BF BF, DF BF, Habitat BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, PF, DF PF, AF, AF, BF, DF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, AF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, AF, FE, CAM, OA, P, AA P, FE, CAM, OA, FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, FE, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, FE, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, OA, CAM, AA OA, SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, 1 apitonidae (3) amphastidae (8) Chelidoptera tenebrosa Chelidoptera richardsoni Eubucco Eubucco tucinkae (a) Eubucco R Ramphastos tucanus Ramphastos vitellinus Pteroglossus inscriptus Pteroglossus mariae Pteroglossus Pteroglossus castanotis Pteroglossus C auratus Capito Aulacorhynchus atrogularis (a) atrogularis Aulacorhynchus Selenidera reinwardtii Selenidera Families and species Families (b) flavirostris Monasa Pteroglossus beauharnaesii Pteroglossus Melanerpes cruentatus Melanerpes Veniliornis passerinus Veniliornis Picumnus subtilis (a) Picumnus Veniliornis affinis Veniliornis Celeus flavus Celeus Picidae (18) Picidae aurifrons Picumnus Picumnus rufiventris (b) Picumnus Piculus flavigula Piculus Piculus chrysochlorosPiculus Colaptes punctigula Celeus elegans Celeus Celeus spectabilis (a), (b) Celeus Piculus leucolaemus Piculus Celeus grammicus Celeus Celeus torquatus Celeus Dryocopus lineatus
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 426 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 427 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MNRJ, MPEG, MNRJ, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20, 27 20, 48 20, 48 2, 5, 20 eferences 5, 20, 48 R 2, 5, 20, 48 20, 25, 47, 48 2, 56, 20, 25, 48 5, 11, 20, 27, 48 19, 20, 27, 28, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 13, 19, 20, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 13, 20, 27, 36, 48 2, 511, 13, 19, 20, 25, 36 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 25 5, 8, 11, 18, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 47, 48 2, 5, 13, 17, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 40, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 20, Guilherme & Aleixo unpubl. data & Aleixo 20, Guilherme 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 2, 5, 6, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 5 S O, S V, O V, ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W W W ndemism A; Inamb. A; Inamb. E A; Inamb. (e) A; Inamb. Distribution/ 2 PF AF CAM PF, SF PF, Habitat BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, BF, SF BF, AF, AF, BF, DF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, AF, AF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, CAM PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, FE, OA, CAM, P, AA CAM, P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, 1 Families and species Families rubricollisCampephilus Myrmeciza fortis Myrmeciza Campephilus melanoleucos Campephilus Myrmeciza atrothorax Myrmeciza Myrmeciza melanoceps Myrmeciza goeldii (b) Myrmeciza hyperythra Myrmeciza Neoctantes niger Neoctantes Epinecrophylla haematonota Epinecrophylla Epinecrophylla ornata (b) Epinecrophylla Myrmotherula multostriata Myrmotherula hauxwelli Myrmotherula Thamnophilidae (61) humeralis Terenura stellaris Pygiptila (b) quixensis Microrhopias hemimelaena Myrmeciza Epinecrophylla leucophthalma Epinecrophylla Myrmotherula brachyura Myrmotherula Myrmotherula sclateri Myrmotherula Myrmotherula ignota Myrmotherula Myrmotherula axillaris Myrmotherula Myrmotherula longipennis Myrmotherula Myrmotherula iheringi (b) Myrmotherula Herpsilochmus rufimarginatus Herpsilochmus Myrmotherula menetriesii Myrmotherula Thamnomanes saturninus Thamnomanes schistogynus Dichrozona cincta Dichrozona Formicivora grisea Formicivora Thamnomanes ardesiacus
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 426 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 427 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, LSUMZ, MPEG MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 5, 20 20, 46 20, 48 eferences 19, 20, 48 R 4, 19, 20, 48 20, 25, 36, 48 20, 27, 36, 48 19, 20, 27, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 48 5, 20, 27, 28, 48 2, 20, 27, 35, 48 2, 13, 20, 23, 25 2, 8, 13, 17, 20, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 20, 35, 48 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 47, 48 2, 11, 13, 20, 25, 35, 48 2, 4, 5, 13, 20, 25, 36, 47, 48 2, 5, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 34, 47, 48, 49 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 18, 20, 27, 28, 35, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 5 V, S V, V, P V, ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W ndemism E; Inamb. A; Inamb. A; Inamb. W; Inamb. W; E A; Inamb. (f)A; Inamb. Distribution/ 2 SF PF BF BF BF BF AF AF, SF AF, AF, BF AF, Habitat BF, PF, SF PF, BF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, DF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, FE, OA, CAM, AA FE, OA, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, FE, BF, PF, DF, SF, W SF, DF, PF, FE, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, 1 Phlegopsis nigromaculata Phlegopsis Phlegopsis erythroptera Phlegopsis Gymnopithys salvini Gymnopithys Rhegmatorhina melanosticta Rhegmatorhina Families and species Families Thamnophilus doliatus Thamnophilus schistaceus Cymbilaimus sanctaemariae (b) Cymbilaimus Hypocnemoides maculicauda Hypocnemoides Hylophylax naevius Hylophylax Percnostola lophotes (a), (b) Percnostola Myrmoborus leucophrysMyrmoborus Myrmoborus myotherinus Myrmoborus Cercomacra cinerascens Cercomacra Willisornis poecilinotus Willisornis Thamnophilus murinus Thamnophilus aethiops Thamnophilus divisorius (a) lineatus Cymbilaimus Thamnophilus amazonicus Taraba major Taraba Sclateria naevia Schistocichla schistacea Schistocichla humaythae Hylophylax punctulatus Hylophylax Cercomacra nigrescens Cercomacra Drymophila devillei (b) peruviana Hypocnemis Hypocnemis subflava (a), (b) subflava Hypocnemis Hypocnemis hypoxantha Hypocnemis Frederickena unduligera Frederickena Cercomacra serva Cercomacra Cercomacra manu (b) Cercomacra
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 428 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 429 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 5, 20 8, 20 20, 48 eferences 20, 47, 48 R 2, 20, 47, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 47 2, 5, 17, 20, 48 2, 13, 20, 47, 48 20, 25, 27, 47, 48 2, 5, 19, 20, 25, 48 5, 7, 11, 13, 20, 25 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 48 7, 20, 27, 28, 35, 36 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 2527, 36, 48 2, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 Aleixo & Guilherme unpbl. data. & Guilherme Aleixo 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 5 V V V, O V, ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W A* A* A* ndemism A; Inamb. W; Inamb. W; E Distribution/ 2 PF PF, SF PF, AF, SF AF, BF, PF BF, BF, PF BF, BF, PF BF, BF, PF BF, Habitat BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, BF, PF, CAM PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, 1 rallariidae (3) Xiphorhynchus chunchotambo (a) Xiphorhynchus (b) trochilirostris Campylorhamphus Xiphorhynchus ocellatus Xiphorhynchus Glyphorynchus spirurus elegans Xiphorhynchus Xiphorhynchus obsoletus Xiphorhynchus Xiphorhynchus guttatus Xiphorhynchus Deconychura longicauda Deconychura Sittasomus griseicapillus Sittasomus Certhiasomus stictolaemus Chamaeza nobilis Scleruridae (4) Sclerurus mexicanus Sclerurus rufigularis Sclerurus caudacutus Sclerurus albigularis Dendrocolaptidae (20) Dendrocolaptidae fuliginosa Dendrocincla merula Dendrocincla R hinocryptidae (1) thoracicus Liosceles Formicariidae (4) Formicariidae colma Formicarius Formicarius analis Formicarius rufifrons (a) Formicarius G eludens (a) Grallaria Hylopezus berlepschi Hylopezus Myrmothera campanisona Myrmothera Families and species Families C onopophagidae (2) Conopophaga aurita Conopophaga peruviana
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 428 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 429 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 8, 20 20, 48 20, 48 20, 48 eferences 2, 20, 48 2, 20, 48 2, 20, 36 2, 5, 20, 48 R 2, 13, 20, 25 2, 13, 20, 48 2, 5, 27, 28, 48 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 35, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 36, 48 11, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 27, 48 5, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 13, 20, 25, 29, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 2, 5, 6, 13, 20, 25, 47, 48 2, 8, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 27, 28, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 5 O O V, O V, V, O V, V, O V, V, O V, O, V O, O, V O, ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W ndemism A; Inamb. E Distribution/ 2 BF BF AF AF BF, SF BF, BF, PF BF, AF, PF AF, AF, BF AF, Habitat BF, PF, SF PF, BF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, SF, CAM SF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, DF, AR, L, R DF, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM, AA P, OA, SF, PF, BF, AF, 1 Philydor pyrrhodes Philydor ucayalae (b) Simoxenops Synallaxis rutilans Synallaxis cherriei (b) Synallaxis Philydor erythrocercum Philydor erythropterumPhilydor rufum Philydor albigularis Synallaxis Automolus rufipileatus Automolus Philydor ruficaudatus Philydor Automolus ochrolaemus Automolus infuscatus Automolus Hyloctistes subulatus Hyloctistes melanopezus (b) Automolus Automolus rubiginosus Automolus Anabazenops dorsalis (b) Anabazenops Nasica longirostris Nasica Dendrocolaptes certhia Dendrocolaptes picumnus Dendrocolaptes Furnariidae (26) Furnariidae tenuirostris Xenops Ancistrops strigilatus Ancistrops Families and species Families picus Dendroplex Lepidocolaptes albolineatus Dendrexetastes rufigula Dendrexetastes Xiphocolaptes promeropirhyunchus Hylexetastes stresemanni Hylexetastes Microxenops milleri Microxenops leucopus Furnarius Xenops minutus Xenops Xenops rutilansXenops rikeri Berlepschia
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 430 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 431 Edson Guilherme 7 FU MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, CPJH, MPEG, CPJH, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20 8, 20 20, 48 1, 2, 20 eferences 2, 20, 48 8, 20, 48 20, 27, 48 R 5, 20, 25, 48 5, 20, 35, 48 8, 20, 47, 48 2, 20, 47, 48 5, 20, 25, 48 8, 19, 20, 48 20, 27, 28, 48 11, 20, 25, 48 8, 19, 20, 27, 48 13, 17, 20, 27, 48 2, 5, 19, 20, 25, 48 5, 8, 20, 25, 47, 48 8, 11, 13, 20, 36, 48 17, 20, 25, 36, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 47, 48 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 5 O O, S O, S O, V O, ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W W W W W W ndemism A; Inamb. A; Inamb. E A; Inamb. (h) A; Inamb. Distribution/ W; Inamb. (g) Inamb. W; 2 AF CAM CAM AF, SF AF, AF, SF AF, BF, PF BF, AF, DF AF, Habitat PF, CAM PF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, CAM PF, BF, AF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, 1 ityridae (17) Tityra semifasciata Tityra xanthogenys (a) Pachyramphus T coronatus Onychorhynchus Tityra cayana Tityra Dixiphia pipra Xenopipo atronitens Xenopipo pareola Chiroxiphia Terenotriccus erythrurus Terenotriccus Schiffornis amazona inquisitor Tityra Lepidothrix coronata manacus Manacus pyrocephalus Machaeropterus Laniocera hypopyrrha Laniocera Myiobius barbatus Myiobius atricaudus Myiobius Schiffornis major isabellae Iodopleura Families and species Families gujanensis Synallaxis Cranioleuca gutturata Cranioleuca striolatus Machaeropterus Pipridae (14) Pipridae sulphureiventer Neopelma linteatus Heterocercus Pipra rubrocapilla Pipra (a) chloromeros Pipra Metopothrix aurantiacus Metopothrix Tyranneutes stolzmanni Tyranneutes filicauda Pipra fasciicauda Pipra
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 430 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 431 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20 20, 48 20, 48 20, 48 20, 36 5, 2048 eferences 11, 20, 48 R 2, 20, 25, 48 5, 20, 25, 48 2, 13, 20, 42 2, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 13, 20, 48 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 8, 11, 20, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 35 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 11, 13, 17, 20, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 31 47, 48 2, 5, 8, 13, 18, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 36, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 11, 20, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 2, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 6, 20, Guilherme & Aleixo unpubl. data & Aleixo 6, 20, Guilherme 5 S O O, S O, S V, O V, V, O V, ype of O, V O, O, V O, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T S, O, V, P V, S, O, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W W W W W W ndemism E; Inamb. A; Inamb. W; Inamb. W; E Distribution/ 2 PF BF AF, SF AF, BF, PF BF, BF, PF BF, PF BF, BF, PF BF, Habitat PF, CAM PF, FE, CAM SF, CAM SF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, FE, BF, PF FE, BF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, FE, OA, P, CAM P, FE, OA, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM P, OA, SF, PF, BF, AF, 1 Cephalopterus ornatus sedis (4) Incertae coronatus Platyrinchus platyrhynchos Platyrinchus Piprites chloris Piprites Cotinga cayana Cotinga maynana Querula purpurata Neopipo cinamomea Neopipo (23) R hynchocyclidae Cnipodectes subbrunneus Cnipodectes superrufus (a), (b) Mionectes oleagineus Mionectes Tolmomyias poliocephalus Tolmomyias Tolmomyias flaviventris Tolmomyias Conioptilon mcilhennyi (a) Mionectes amazonus amazonus Mionectes Leptopogon amaurocephalus Corythopis torquatus Rhynchocyclus olivaceus Rhynchocyclus Tolmomyias assimilis Tolmomyias Tolmomyias sulphurescens Tolmomyias Todirostrum maculatum Todirostrum Gymnoderus foetidus Gymnoderus Pachyramphus polychopterus Pachyramphus Pachyramphus castaneus Pachyramphus marginatus Pachyramphus minor Pachyramphus C otingidae (8) vociferans Lipaugus porphyrolaema Porphyrolaema Families and species Families rufus Pachyramphus
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 432 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 433 Edson Guilherme 7 CPJH MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP MZUSP nstitution I CPJH, UFAC MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, CPJH, MPEG, UFAC CPJH, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 5, 20 20, 49 17, 20 20, 48 20, 48 eferences 8, 20, 48 6, 20, 48 6, 20, 48 20, 25, 35 17, 20, 25 20, 36, 48 20, 27, 28 20, 25, 48 20, 27, 48 R 11, 20, 27, 48 3, 8, 13, 20, 25 11, 19, 20, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 27, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 36, 48 5, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 5, 13, 17, 20, 25, 48 8, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 36, 47, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 17, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 5 S O O, S V, O V, V, O V, V, O V, V, O V, V, O V, V, O V, ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 I I A A A A A R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 E E E E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W W ndemism E; Inamb. A; Inamb. E Distribution/ 2 PF BF AF, SF AF, BF, PF BF, BF, PF BF, BF, PF BF, BF, PF BF, BF, PF BF, AF, BF AF, AF, DF AF, Habitat PF, CAM PF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, BF, PF, CAM PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, FE, SF, P, CAM P, FE, SF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, FE, OA, P, CAM P, FE, OA, FE, AO, P, CAM P, FE, AO, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, FE, SF, OA, P, CAM P, OA, FE, SF, FE, PF, OA, P, CAM P, OA, FE, PF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, PF, BF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, BF, PF, AF, PF, OA, P, CAM, AA P, OA, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM P, OA, SF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM, AA P, OA, SF, PF, BF, AF, 1 yrannidae (61) Myiopagis caniceps Myiopagis Legatus leucophaius Attila spadiceus Attila Families and species Families chrysocrotaphum Todirostrum albifacies (a), (b) Poecilotriccus Elaenia flavogaster Elaenia Myiopagis flavivertex Myiopagis Tyrannulus elatus Tyrannulus cinnamomeus Attila citriniventris Attila Phaeomyias murina Phaeomyias bolivianus Attila Myiornis ecaudatus Myiornis Hemitriccus minor Hemitriccus flammulatus (b) Hemitriccus Hemitriccus griseipectus Hemitriccus Elaenia spectabilis Elaenia Camptostoma obsoletum Camptostoma parvirostris Elaenia Myiopagis viridicata Myiopagis Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis Pseudocolopteryx Hemitriccus iohannis Hemitriccus Lophotriccus vitiosus Hemitriccus minimus Hemitriccus latirostris Poecilotriccus Lophotriccus eulophotes (b) Ornithion inerme albiceps Elaenia gaimardii Myiopagis Inezia inornata Inezia T gracilipes Zimmerius
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 432 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 433 Edson Guilherme 7 UFAC MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP MZUSP MZUSP MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, UFAC MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20 11, 20 eferences 20, 47, 48 20, 36, 48 R 5, 27, 20, 35 3, 20, 47, 48 2, 5, 8, 20, 48 2, 5, 20, 36, 48 2, 5, 20, 47, 48 2, 25, 11, 20, 48 5, 13, 20, 25, 48 13, 17, 20, 35, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 35, 48 5, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 35, 48 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 17, 20, 25, 35, 48 2, 5, 10, 18, 20, 25, 47, 48 5, 8, 11, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 14, 20, 25, 36, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 17, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 5 S O O O, S O, S O, S V, O V, ype of O, V O, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, O, V, S V, O, O, S, P V, O, S V, O, S, P V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record O, V, P V, O, T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, O, S, P V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 I I A A R R R A A R A R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R N N Status 3 E E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W ndemism E Distribution/ 2 FE FE FE FE FE, AR FE, OA Habitat AF, PF, SF PF, AF, BF, PF, CAM PF, BF, AF, FE, CAM AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, AF, FE, OA, P, CAM P, FE, OA, FE, AO, P, CAM P, FE, AO, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM P, OA, SF, PF, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, AO, P, CAM, AA P, FE, AO, FE, AO, P, CAM, AA P, FE, AO, AF, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM P, OA, SF, PF, AF, FE, PF, SF, OA, P, CAM P, OA, SF, FE, PF, FE, AO, P, CAM, AA, AR, R P, FE, AO, CAM, AA, AR, R P, FE, AO, 1 Families and species Families Ramphotrigon megacephalum (b) Ramphotrigon ruficauda Ramphotrigon fuscicauda (b) tuberculifer Myiarchus Myiarchus swainsoni Myiarchus Myiarchus ferox Myiarchus Myiarchus tyrannulus Myiarchus Sirystes sibilator sulphuratus Pitangus Rhytipterna simplex Casiornis rufus lictor Philohydor Myiodynastes maculatus Myiodynastes Myiodynastes luteiventris Myiodynastes Tyrannopsis sulphurea Tyrannopsis Megarhynchus pitangua Megarhynchus Myiozetetes cayanensis Myiozetetes similis Myiozetetes granadensis Myiozetetes (a) luteiventris Myiozetetes Tyrannus albogularis Tyrannus melancholicus Tyrannus Tyrannus savana Tyrannus Tyrannus tyrannus Tyrannus aurantioatrocristatus Griseotyrannus Colonia colonus fasciatus Myiophobus Empidonomus varius varius Empidonomus Conopias parvus Sublegatus modestus Sublegatus rubinus Pyrocephalus Conopias trivirgatus
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 434 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 435 Edson Guilherme 7 MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP MZUSP MZUSP MZUSP MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20 20, 36 eferences 5, 20, 48 20, 35, 47 20, 35, 48 20, 25, 48 20, 35, 48 20, 47, 48 20, 25, 48 R 25, 20, 47, 48 25, 20, 47, 48 2, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 8, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 8, 20, 45, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 27, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 19, 20, 27, 28, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 17, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 35, 48 2, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 5 O O O O, S O, S V, O V, V, O V, V, O V, ype of O, S, P V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 A A R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R N N N N N N N R, A R, A Status 3 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W ndemism W; Inamb. W; E Distribution/ 2 FE FE FE FE FE, AR FE, AR FE, AR FE, AR AR, L, A Habitat FE, AR, L BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, FE, AR, L BF, PF, DF PF, BF, FE, OA, AA FE, OA, FE, AR, L, A AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, FE, AR, L , OA AA, AR, L , OA AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, P F, SF, CAM SF, P F, BF, AF, FE, AR, L, A, OA, AA FE, AR, L, A, OA, AA, FE, AR, L, A, OA AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, AA SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, 1 roglodytidae (6) roglodytidae Empidonax alnorum Empidonax Families and species Families albiventer Fluvicola Contopus virens Lathrotriccus euleri Lathrotriccus Contopus cooperi Contopus cinereus Contopus cinereus fluviatilis Muscisaxicola Vireonidae (7) Vireonidae gujanensis Cyclarhis Vireo olivaceus Vireo thoracicus Hylophilus Hylophilus ochraceiceps Hylophilus C orvidae (1) violaceus Cyanocorax Hirundinidae (10) Hirundinidae cyanoleuca Pygochelidon Atticora fasciata Atticora Atticora tibialis Atticora Tachycineta albiventer Tachycineta Riparia riparia Hirundo rusticaHirundo T marginatus Microcerculus Ochthornis littoralis Cnemotriccus fuscatus Vireolanius leucotis Vireolanius Vireo flavoviridis Vireo Hylophilus hypoxanthus Hylophilus Stelgidopteryx ruficollisStelgidopteryx Progne tapera Progne Progne subis Progne Progne chalybea Progne
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 434 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 435 Edson Guilherme 7 UFAC MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, LSUMZ, MPEG MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20 20, 48 20, 29 eferences 5, 20, 48 5, 20, 48 2, 8, 20, 48 R 2, 20, 13, 48 19, 20, 39, 47 2, 5, 11, 20, 48 5, 20, 27, 36, 48 17, 18, 20, 35, 36 8, 17, 18, 20, 25, 48 5, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 13, 20, 27, 28, 35, 48 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48 5, 11, 17, 20, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 48 2, 11, 17, 20, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 18, 19, 20, 27, 30, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 35, 48 Guilherme & Aleixo unpubl. data & Aleixo Guilherme 2, 58, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 5 S O O O, S O, S S, O O, S V, O V, V, O V, V, O V, ype of O, V O, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 I A R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R N N Status 3 E E E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W W ndemism E A; Inamb. (i) A; Inamb. Distribution/ 2 PF PF FE CAM BF, PF BF, AF, PF AF, AF, FE AF, AF, W AF, Habitat AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, FE, AA, OA BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, FE, AF, PF, CAM PF, FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, FE, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, FE, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, FE, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, FE, AF, FE, OA, CAM, AA FE, OA, FE, OA, CAM, AA FE, OA, FE, OA, CAM, AA FE, OA, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, FE, AF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, FE, AF, FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, FE, AF, FE, CAM, OA, CAM, AA FE, CAM, OA, 1 urdidae (8) urdidae Tachyphonus phoenicius Tachyphonus Thlypopsis sordida Nemosia pileata Nemosia Conothraupis speculigera (a) speculigera Conothraupis Pakerthraustes humeralis Pakerthraustes melanoleuca Lamprospiza Ramphocelus nigrogularis Saltator maximus Saltator Saltator coerulescensSaltator Thraupidae (41) grossus Saltator Families and species Families musculus Troglodytes turdinus Campylorhynchus Cantorchilus leucotis Cantorchilus Cyphorhinus arada Cyphorhinus Donacobiidae (1) Donacobiidae atricapilla Donacobius Turdus hauxwelli Turdus albicollis Turdus Turdus sanchezorum Turdus (1) C oerebidae flaveola Coereba Pheugopedius genibarbis Pheugopedius Polioptilidae (2) Polioptilidae Ramphocaenus melanurus Polioptila plumbea Polioptila T Catharus minimus Catharus swainsoni Turdus amaurochalinus Turdus lawrencii Turdus Turdus ignobilis Turdus
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 436 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 437 Edson Guilherme 7 UFAC MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 11, 20 20, 36 eferences 8, 20, 48 8, 20, 48 5, 20, 48 20, 36, 48 R 2, 11, 20, 48 11, 20, 27, 48 13, 19, 20, 48 11, 20, 25, 48 5, 20, 25, 36, 48 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 11, 20, 27, 28, 48 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 48 5, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 20, 25, 27, 28, 36, 48 2, 5, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 5, 8, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 35, 48 2, 11, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 11, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 48 2, 5, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 27, 28, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48 5 V, O V, V, O V, O V, V, O V, ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S, P V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, O, S V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R Status 3 E E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W ndemism W, Inamb. W, E Distribution/ 2 FE AF AF P, OA P, Habitat AF, PF, SF PF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, PF, DF PF, AF, AF, FE, AR AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, FE, AF, PF, SF PF, FE, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, FE, CAM, OA, AA FE, CAM, OA, FE, CAM, OA, AA FE, CAM, OA, AF, BF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, CAM DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, FE, CAM, OA, AA FE, CAM, OA, AF, 1 Lanio luctuosus Lanio cristatus Tangara gyrola Tangara Tangara schrankii Tangara Hemithraupis guira Hemithraupis flavicollis Hemithraupis Conirostrum speciosum Families and species Families Ramphocelus carbo Lanio rufiventer Lanio versicolor Lanio surinamus Lanio penicillatus Tangara mexicana Tangara Cyanerpes nitidus Cyanerpes caeruleus Cyanerpes cyaneus Cyanerpes Chlorophanes spiza Chlorophanes Tangara chilensis Tangara Tangara velia Tangara Tangara callophrys Tangara Tangara xanthogastra Tangara Dacnis cayana Dacnis Tangara episcopus Tangara palmarum Tangara Tangara nigrocincta Tangara leverianus Cissopis Dacnis lineata Dacnis Dacnis flaviventer Dacnis Schistochlamys melanopis gularis Paroaria viridis Tersina
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 436 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 437 Edson Guilherme 7 UFAC MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MZUSP MZUSP nstitution I MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, UFAC MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 20 20 2, 20 20, 47 20, 48 eferences 20, 47, 48 20, 47, 48 20, 36, 48 17, 20, 25 8, 2027, 48 R 16, 20, 21, 48 18, 20, 47, 48 11, 20, 47, 48 2, 5, 8, 19, 20, 48 2, 5, 8, 20, 47, 48 2, 5, 11, 18, 20, 48 2, 5, 11, 17, 20, 35, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 18, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 20, 25, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 20, 25, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 5, 11, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 2, 5, 8, 11, 13, 17, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 35, 36, 48
5 V O O O O O, S ype of V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record V, O, P V, T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 I I I I I R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R N N N Status 3 E A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A W W W W W W ndemism E Distribution/ 2 PF FE FE AF OA BF, PF BF, OA, AA OA, Habitat AF, BF, PF BF, AF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, BF, PF, DF PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, SF PF, BF, AF, FE, OA, P, CAM P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM P, FE, OA, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF DF, PF, BF, AF, FE, OA, CAM, AA FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, FE, OA, P, CAM, AA P, FE, OA, BF, PF, SF, OA, CAM OA, SF, PF, BF, AF, BF, PF, OA, CAM OA, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, OA, CAM OA, PF, BF, AF, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, OA, CAM OA, SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, CAM OA, SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, 1 ardinalidae (3) ardinalidae mberizidae (13) cteridae (16) Families and species Families E aurifrons Ammodramus Sicalis flaveola flaveola Sicalis Volatinia jacarina Volatinia Sporophila schistacea Sporophila Sporophila bouvronides Sporophila Sporophila lineola Sporophila Sporophila caerulescens Sporophila Sporophila luctuosa (a) Sporophila Sporophila castaneiventris Sporophila Sporophila angolensis Sporophila Arremon taciturnus Arremon Tiaris sp. Tiaris cyanoides Cyanoloxia fulvicauda Phaeothlypis Sporophila maximiliani Sporophila (2) Parulidae canadensis Wilsonia I angustifrons Psarocolius Psarocolius viridis Psarocolius decumanus Psarocolius bifasciatus Psarocolius solitarius Procacicus C rubica Habia olivacea Piranga Piranga rubra Piranga Cacicus haemorrhous Cacicus Cacicus oseryiCacicus Cacicus latirostris Cacicus cela Cacicus
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 438 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 439 Edson Guilherme 7 UFAC MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG MPEG nstitution I MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP MPEG, MPEG, MZUSP, UFAC MZUSP, MPEG, 6 5, 20 20, 38 16, 20 eferences 2, 19, 20 R 2, 20, 25, 48 2, 8, 5, 20, 48 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 20, 36, 48 2, 5, 17, 20, 48 2, 5, 11, 20, 25, 48 2, 5, 17, 20, 27, 48 5, 11, 13, 20, 35, 48 2, 11, 20, 25, 27, 48 2, 5, 11, 13, 19, 20, 25, 27, 35, 36, 48 5, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 30, 35, 36 5 O V, O V, ype of O, V O, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, V, O, S V, record T V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, V, O, S, P V, 4 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R, In R, In Status 3 E A A A A A A A A A A A A A ndemism E; Inamb. E Distribution/ 2 AF AA AA AF,PF AF, PF AF, Habitat AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, BF, PF BF, AF, AF, PF, CAM PF, AF, FE, CAM, AA AF, PF, SF, CAM SF, PF, AF, FE, OA, AA, CAM FE, OA, AF, PF, SF, OA, CAM OA, SF, PF, AF, AA, CAM, AA, OA, P AA, CAM, OA, FE, AR, L, OA, CAM FE, AR, L, OA, AF, BF, PF, DF, SF, CAM SF, DF, PF, BF, AF, 1 ndemism is endemic to the Inambari center; lactea bartletii is endemic to the Inambari the subspecies Amazilia Only center; ruficapilla is endemic to the Inambari r. the subspecies Nonnula Only – Species known to occur in Brazil based solely on records from the state of Acre; the state of Acre; from based solely on records to occur in Brazil known – Species of the state Acre. associated with the bamboo forests – Species (a) (b) (a) (b) E strildidae (1) astrild Estrilda Euphonia rufiventris Euphonia Passeridae (1) Passeridae domesticus Passer Euphonia chrysopasta Euphonia Euphonia minuta Euphonia Euphonia xanthogaster Euphonia Euphonia laniirostris Euphonia Icterus cayanensis Icterus Families and species Families koepckeae (a) Cacicus Icterus croconotus croconotus Icterus tanagrinus Lampropsar Molothrus oryzivora Molothrus militaris Sturnella (6) Fringillidae chlorotica Euphonia Molothrus bonariensis Molothrus (2011) C B RO follow and taxonomy and species - Nomenclature Families Habitat E Distribution/ A – Occurs throughout the state of Acre; E – Recorded only in the eastern sub-region (right margin of the Purus River); W – Recorded only in the western sub-region (left margin of the sub-region only in the western W – Recorded River); (right margin of the Purus only in the eastern sub-region E – Recorded the state of Acre; throughout A – Occurs of endemism. area to the Inambari restricted – Species Inamb River); Purus 1 and 2). Tables of the state (see this case, at least one of the subspecies occurs only in sub-regions In than one subspecies in Acre. more by represented * Species 1 2 3 rainforest); PF – Open rainforest with palms; SF – Dense submontane rainforest; DF – Dense rainforest; FE – Forest edge; FE – Forest rainforest; DF – Dense submontane rainforest; with palms; SF – Dense rainforest PF – Open firme rainforest); ( terra forest BF – Bamboo AF – Alluvial open rainforest; FB – Fluvial Wetlands; W – area; AA – Anthropogenic area; – Open OA R – Reservoirs; L Lakes; AR Associated with rivers; CAM – Campinas and campinaranas (white sand forest); beach; P – Pasture.
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 438 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 439 Edson Guilherme et al . (2010b); et al .(2010a); 26: Mestre et al . (2004); 47: Whittaker and Oren (1999); 48: . (1994); 41: Tobias and et Brightsmith al . (2007); (1994); 42: Tobias 41: et al . (1999); 5: Buzzetti (2008); 6: Forrester (1993); 7: Guilherme and Aleixo (2009); 32: Peres (1990); 33: Peres (1996); 34: Pierpont and Fitzpatrick (1983); Fitzpatrick and Pierpont 34: (1996); Peres 33: (1990); Peres 32: (2009); al. et et al . (2009); (2007); and 25: 24: Bierregaard Mestre Mestre (2005); 16: Guilherme (2000); 17: Guilherme (2001); 18: Guilherme (2004); 19: Guilherme (2007); 20: (2007); Guilherme 19: (2004); Guilherme 18: (2001); Guilherme 17: (2000); Guilherme 16: (2005); al. et et al . (2009); 38: Silva (2004); 39: Stotz (1990); Teixeira 40: . (2003); 15: Guilherme Guilherme 15: (2003); al . et et al . (2005); 37: Rego cre specimen(s) of the respective species: specimen(s) of the respective cre et al. (2008); 2: Aleixo and Guilherme (2010); 3: Alvarez-Alonso and Whitney (2003); 4: Bates is endemic to the Inambari center; langsdorffii is endemic to the Inambari reinwardtii the subspecies Selenidera Only center; juruanus aurifrons is endemic to the Inambari the subspecies Picumnus Only center; is endemic to the Inambari iheringi heteroptera the subspecies Myrmotherula Only center; melanosticta purusiana the subspecies Rhegmatorhina is endemic to the Inambari Only center; is endemic to the Inambari barbatus amazonicus the subspecies Myiobius Only center; is endemic to the Inambari exquisita the subspecies Lepidothrix coronata Only center. modulator is endemic to the Inambari arada the subspecies Cyphorhinus Only et al . (2008); 43: Whitney and Oren (2001a); 44: Whitney and Oren (2001b); 45: Whitney and (2001); Pacheco, 46: Whitney (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) eferences: ype of record nstitution housing A R I T Status Guilherme Guilherme (2009); 21: Guilherme (2011); 22: (1997); and Hidasi 23: Bankovics Isler Mestre 31: (1987); Remsen and Parker 30: (1978); Novaes 29: (1958); Novaes 28: (1957); Novaes 27: 35: Pinto and Camargo (1954): 36: Rasmussen Tobias 4 5 6 7 V – Vocalization (from the V MPEG – collection Vocalization or the personal archives of the person responsible for the record – see references); O – Observation, S – specimen; Museum P – Photograph . site ( www.wikiaves.com.br) on the wikiaves available (2008); 8: Guilherme and Borges (2011); 9: Guilherme and Dantas (2008); 10: Guilherme and Aleixo (2011); 11: Guilherme and Dantas, (2011a); 12: Guilherme and Dantas, (2011b); Guilherme 14: 2009; Santos, and Guilherme 13: 1: Aleixo AMNH - American Museum of Natural History; CPJH – Private collection of Prof. José Hidasi (Goiânia); FU - Florida Museum of Natural History; LSUMZ - Louisiana State University University History; LSUMZ - Louisiana State of Natural Museum FU (Goiânia); - Florida Hidasi José collection of Prof. History; CPJH – Private of Natural AMNH - American Museum of Museum Natural Sciences; MNRJ – Nacional Museu do Rio de MPEG Janeiro; – Coleção C. Fernando - Ornitológica Novaes Dr. Emílio Paraense Museu Goeldi; MZUSP – Museu de Zoologia da de Universidade – São UFAC Paulo; Laboratório de Ornitologia da do Federal Universidade Acre, ZUEC – Coleção Ornitológica do de Museu Zoologia da Universidade Paulo. Estadual de Campinas, São . (2002); 49: Zimmer et al . (2010). Whittaker et al . (2002); 49: Zimmer R – Resident, N – Nearctic migrant; In – Invader; Va - Vagrant; I – Intratropical migrant; A – Austral migrant. migrant; A – Austral I – Intratropical Vagrant; - Va – Invader; migrant; In N – Nearctic R – Resident,
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 440 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation Edson Guilherme
Appendix 2
Secondary (hypothetical) list of birds for the Brazilian state of Acre. Includes species for which vouchered records for the state are lacking as well as those recorded from nearby localities in neighboring Brazilian states and countries. Taxonomy and nomenclature follow CBRO (2011).
Family/Species Locality Source Comments
Tinamidae Crypturellus tataupa Acre Aleixo & Whittaker (in litt.) Requires confirmation Anatidae Dendrocygna bicolor Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Neochen jubata Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Cracidae Nothocrax urumutum Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Crax globulosa Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Podicipedidae Podilymbus podiceps Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Ardeidae Zebrilus undulatus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Ixobrychus exilis Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Threskiornithidae Cercibis oxycerca Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Phimosus infuscatus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Platalea ajaja Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Cathartidae Cathartes burrovianus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Vultur gryphus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Accipitridae Circus buffoni Peru, Bolivia Walker et al. 2006; Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrence Accipiter poliogaster Acre Whittaker & Oren 1999 Requires confirmation Accipiter striatus Acre Guilherme 2001 Requires confirmation Falconidae Falco sparverius Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Falco femoralis Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Falco deiroleucus Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Falco peregrinus Peru, Amazonas Walker et al. 2006; Aleixo & Poletto 2006 Probable occurrence Rallidae Aramides calopterus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Amaurolimnas concolor Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Pardirallus nigricans Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Porphyrio flavirostris Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Recurvirostridae Himantopus mexicanus Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Scolopacidae Bartramia longicauda Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Calidris fuscicollis Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Columbidae Geotrygon saphirina Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation 441 Edson Guilherme
Family/Species Locality Source Comments
Psittacidae Deroptyus accipitrinus Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Cuculidae Neomorphus pucheranii Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Nyctibidae Nyctibius bracteatus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Caprimulgidae Hydropsalis leucopyga Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Chordeiles minor Peru, Bolívia Walker et al. 2006; Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrence Trochilidae Phaethornis stuarti Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Lophornis chalybeus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Discosura langsdorffi Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Amazilia versicolor Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Bucconidae Micromonacha lanceolata Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Capitonidae Capito aurovirens Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Thamnophilidae Myrmeciza castanea Peru Alvarez-Alonso & Whitney 2003 Probable occurrence Epinecrophylla erythrura Acre Whitney et al. 1998 (in litt.) Requires confirmation Myrmotherula sunensis Acre Forrester 1993 Requires confirmation Megastictus margaritatus Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Herpsilochmus sp. Amazonas Aleixo 2003 (in litt.) Probable occurrence Sakesphorus sp. Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Hypocnemoides melanopogon Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Dendrocolaptidae Campylorhamphus procurvoides Acre Rasmussen et al. 2005; Whittaker et al. 2002 Requires confirmation Dendroplex kienerii Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Furnariidae Synallaxis cabanisi Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Cranioleuca vulpecula Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrence Cranioleuca vulpina Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Thripophaga fusciceps Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Cotingidae Xipholena punicea Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Rhynchocyclidae Hemitriccus striaticollis Amazonas Poletto & Aleixo 2005 Probable occurrence Poecilotriccus capitalis Acre Rasmussen et al. 2005 Requires confirmation Tyrannidae Elaenia pelzelni Bolívia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrence Elaenia strepera Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Elaenia gigas Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Capsiempis flaveola Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Machetornis rixosa Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Rhytipterna immunda Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrence
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012 442 Birds of the Brazilian state of Acre: diversity, zoogeography, and conservation Edson Guilherme
Family/Species Locality Source Comments
Sublegatus obscurior Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Aurundinicola leucocephala Acre Ridgely & Tudor, 1994 Requires confirmation Knipolegus hudsoni Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrence Satrapa icterophrys Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Vireonidae Hylophilus pectoralis1 Acre Guilherme & Dantas 2011 Excluded Hylophilus semicinereus Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Hirundinidae Tachycineta leucorrhoa Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Progne elegans Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Peru, Bolivia Walker et al. 2006; Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrence Troglodytidae Microcerculus bambla Acre Ridgely & Tudor, 1994 Requires confirmation Odontorchilus sp. Acre Whitney et al. 1998 (in litt.) Requires confirmation Pheugopedius coraya Acre Ridgely & Tudor, 1994 Requires confirmation Cantorchilus griseus Acre Ridgely & Tudor, 1994 Requires confirmation Henicorhina leucosticta Acre Rasmussen et al. 2005 Requires confirmation Polioptilidae Polioptila sp. Amazonas Aleixo & Poletto (in litt.) Probable occurrence Turdidae Catharus fuscescens Acre Ridgely & Tudor 1994 Probable occurrence Turdus nudigenis2 Acre Aleixo & Guilherme 2010 Excluded Thraupidae Tangara cyanicollis Acre Whitney et al. 1998 (in litt.) Requires confirmation Pipraeidea melanonota Acre Ridgely & Tudor 1994 Requires confirmation Dacnis albiventris Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Conirostrum margaritae Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrence Emberizidae Sporophila hypoxantha Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrence Sporophila ruficollis Bolivia Tobias & Seddon 2007 Probable occurrence Sporophila americana Acre Ridgely & Tudor 1994 Probable occurrence Sporophila nigricollis* Acre Ridgely &Tudor 1994 Probable occurrence Parulidae Dendroica striata Acre Ridgely & Tudor 1994 Requires confirmation Oporornis agilis Acre Ridgely & Tudor 1994 Requires confirmation Geothlypis aequinoctialis Acre Forrester, 1993 Requires confirmation Basileuterus culicivorus Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation Icteridae Agelasticus xanthophthalmus Peru Walker et al. 2006 Probable occurrence Fringillidae Chlorophonia cyanea Acre Whittaker et al. 2002, Supplement Requires confirmation
1, 2 - The species Turdus nudigenis and Hylophilus pectoralis were, respectively, mistyped (Aleixo and Guilherme 2010) and misidentified (Guilherme and Dantas 2011), and are thus excluded from the checklist of Acre birds. * Two photographs taken in Tarauacá (in December, 2010) were attributed to Sporophila nigricollis on the Wikiaves site. As I was not sure to determine whether this specimen represents S. nigricollis or Sporophila luctuosa, S. nigricollis was maintained in the secondary list until further documentary evidence is collected.
Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia, 20(4), 2012