REPORT

M-445 | 2015 Suggestions for monitoring of biological effects of ocean acidification A summary of the workshop, September 17th 2015

COLOPHON

Executive institution

Norwegian Institute for Nature Research

Project manager for the contractor Contact person in the Norwegian Environment Agency

Johanna Järnegren Camilla Fossum Pettersen

M-no Year Pages Contract number

445 2015 208 15078176

Publisher The project is funded by

Norwegian Environment Agency Norwegian Environment Agency

Author(s)

Johanna Järnegren

Title – Norwegian and English

Suggestions for monitoring of biological effects of ocean acidification – A summary of the workshop, September 17th 2015.

Summary – sammendrag

This report is a summary of the presentations and discussions on a workshop concerning biological effect indicators of ocean acidification, held on September 17th 2015 by the Norwegian Environment Agency and the Norwegian Polar Institute. The general conclusion is that we do not know enough about the effects that ocean acidification have on the marine life. Although there is still much we need to learn and understand, it was agreed upon a need to start monitoring now. The changes are already occurring and it is possible to refine/change a monitoring plan when more knowledge becomes available. It is also important to monitor the carbonate system variables through the whole water column and it is necessary to learn more about the situation along the coasts and in the fjords. There were suggestions on indicator species, with pteropods and foraminiferans representing the calcifiers and possibly calanus as a non-calcifying species.

4 emneord 4 subject words

Havforsuring, indikator, overvåking Ocean acidification, indicator, monitoring

Front page photo

Johanna Järnegren

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Content

1. Introduction ...... 3 2. Presentations ...... 4 2.1 Invited presentations ...... 4 2.2 Short presentations ...... 7 3. Discussion ...... 8 3.1 General discussion ...... 8 3.2 Specific questions ...... 9

Attachments: 1. Attachment 1

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1. Introduction

In the 2015 letter of allocation from the Ministry of Climate and Environment, the Norwegian Environment Agency were assigned, in collaboration with Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), to suggest indicators for monitoring of biological effects connected to ocean acidification.

The assignment is included as the ninth recommendation to achieve the national environmental goal 1.1 “The ecosystems shall be in a good state and deliver ecosystem services”. The recommendation is stated as followed: “9. In managing marine areas, the Norwegian Environment Agency shall strengthen the knowledge about effects of climatic change and ocean acidification, and environmental implication of new and future economic activity in the maritime zone, such as mineral extraction on the seabed.”

The assignment is further specified under mission 52 in the assignment-list for result-area 1 on nature diversity; “52. Suggestions for biological effect-indicators for ocean acidification in ocean and coastal waters in collaboration with NPI. the Norwegian Environment Agency shall lead the work. The work shall be considered in connection with relevant international work in this area, especially OSPAR.”

In the 2015 letter of allocation from Ministry of Climate and Environment, NPI was assigned as follows: “NPI shall, in collaboration with the Norwegian Environment Agency, work to identify biological effect indicators for ocean acidification in the ocean and on the coast. NPI shall particularly ensure the polar perspective”.

As a first step towards delivering a suggestion on biological effect-monitoring in connection with ocean acidification to the Ministry, the Norwegian Environment Agency and NPI arranged a workshop with the main intention to gather the Norwegian research community to present the current status on studies of biological effect-indicators nationally. The workshop took place September 17th 2015 at the Norwegian Environment Agency in Oslo. This report is a summary of the presentations and the discussions of this workshop.

The main intention of this workshop is to:  Bring up existing knowledge on ocean acidification and biological effects related to ocean acidification  Discuss how we should create an impact indication  Discuss how monitoring of biological impact can be linked to existing monitoring  Identify real suggestions for species or taxonomic groups that may be suitable as impact indicator

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2. Presentations

There were six invited presentations and three shorter presentation. All presentations are included as pdf-files in Attachment 1.

2.1 Invited presentations

Cecilie H. von Quillfeldt – Norwegian Polar institute Dr. von Quillfeldt briefed about existing monitoring and indicator system in Norwegian waters and their background in management plans. The Barents Sea was the first to get an integrated management plan in 2006, which was updated in 2011 and 2015. The Norwegian Sea followed in 2009 and the North Sea/Skagerrak area in 2013.

The integrated management plans opens for an expanded and coordinated management of the activities going on in Norwegian waters as well as monitoring of the environment. The monitoring systems are based on indicators, reference values and thresholds for action. Each area has its own monitoring system designed from its specific conditions related to biology, nature type and level of activity. Ocean acidification was not considered in the first two management plans but in the goals for management of the North Sea and Skagerrak it is mentioned.

The goals of the Government are to increase knowledge on ecosystem interactions, functions and resilience and about impact and cumulative impacts. Although a compelling idea, there are challenges to finding suitable biological indicator for ocean acidification. An indicator should preferably be specific to effects of ocean acidification, it should ideally have good scientific background with sufficient information and data coverage already, even though this might not be achievable in all cases. In addition it should be easy and affordable to collect it and also be used internationally. The suggested indicators have to be specific, measureable, achievable and realistic.

Peter Thor – Norwegian Polar Institute Dr. Thor briefed about biological effects of ocean acidification on different groups of pelagic organisms.

There are two important groups of plankton, calcifiers and non-calcifiers. Of the calcifiers coccolithophores, foraminiferans, mussel- and echinoderm larvae and pteropods have shown measurable negative effects of ocean acidification. The non-calcifiers can also be negatively effected through increased metabolism to maintain chemical balance. There appears to be no or very little effects of ocean acidification on the large copepods (Calanus finmarchicus, C. glacialis) while in the smaller species or stages an increased mortality was found. It is also important to study effects over more than one generation. Pseudocalanus acuspes had a 67% decrease in egg production at exposure to pH 7,54 in the first generation while only 29% decrease in the second generation.

Dr. Thor suggested foraminiferans, pteropods and/or echinoderm larvae as suggested species to use as monitoring organisms for the early warning signals. He also suggested to additionally

4 Suggestions for monitoring of biological effects of ocean acidification | M-445 use a non-calcifying species with ecological importance, such as the copepods. Foraminiferans, coccolithophors and copepods are possible to sample at high frequencies although for the latter species there still is work to be done on determining assessment criteria.

Melissa Chierici – Institute for Marine Research (IMR) Dr. Chierici briefed about the program for ocean acidification and what studies of biological effects that are done through the flagship for ocean acidification at the Fram-center in Tromsø.

The program for ocean acidification measures all the component in the carbonic system, in particular the variables that expresses changes in the state of ocean acidification. The whole water-column is sampled and it is important to design the monitoring to intercept the seasonal variation. The biggest challenge is that ocean CO2 is mostly natural and we are trying to detect a small change in a large background with natural variation. The CO2-system changes with temperature, salinity, mixing of water masses, biological processes and the air- sea relationship of CO2 as well as the process of calcification. To be able to detect uptake of anthropogenic CO2 requires long time series.

Monitoring of the ocean acidification state in Norwegian waters has taken place since 2011. Main part of the work has been carried out by IMR, NIVA and UNI, financed by the Norwegian Environment Agency. Also through the FRAM Flagship for Ocean Acidification has annual field activity taken place in the Arctic Ocean, collecting data since 2011.

Dr. Chierici discussed the usefulness of calcium carbonate saturation () as a parameter used for biological effects of OA, since  shows the chemical solubility “potential” and may not give a full picture of calcifying species that can calcify as long as they get enough food. However, recent studies have shown that in particular aragonite forming organisms seems to suffer at low  and to be directly affected by . Such species are for example the pteropod L. helicina and also foraminifera. For monitoring of effects on cold-water coral reef systems the connection is less clear since living polyps seems to be quite insensitive to low  values. However, the dead part of the reef should dissolve at  values below 1 (under-saturation results in dissolution). This means that aragonite and calcite saturation state (Ω) is an important parameter for OA effects, but Chierici stresses the importance of investigating the full carbonate system, including pH, pCO2 and total dissolved inorganic carbon. This is also what is currently monitored in the OA monitoring project funded by Norwegian Environmental Agency.

Health status of selected coral and sponge ecosystems have been monitored by IMR since 2011 in order to measure ecosystem disturbance. Visual surveys, collection of fauna and chemical parameters have started a time-series, providing a baseline to assess changes. Also a project to assess pteropod shell thickness and composition in different regimes was started in 2012 by a project within the FRAM Ocean acidification flagship.

Chierici and Järnegren contributed to the OSPAR 2015 report from Study Group of Ocean Acidification (SGOA) where it was concluded that the Norwegian Seas have already taken up a large part of the anthropogenic CO2 resulting in decreased saturation state/increased dissolution (Ω). Further CO2-uptake will result in under-saturation within next 100 years. The Barents Sea and the area north of Svalbard are especially vulnerable due to climate change

5 Suggestions for monitoring of biological effects of ocean acidification | M-445 such as increased freshwater, warming, decreased sea ice cover (summer), increased Atlantic water inflow which contains high CO2/low pH/low Ω. All these factors likely contribute to enhance ocean acidification.

Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt - IMR Dr. Agnalt presented biological effects on fish and shellfish in relation to ocean acidification.

Researchers at IMR have studied Atlantic mackerel and early life stages of cod and herring. Neither mackerel or cod showed any negative effects from ocean acidification. The early life history stages of Great scallop showed decreased survival and growth at pH 7,54 and deformities in the larval shell. European lobster showed deformities in the exoskeleton at the larval stage which increased with increasing temperature. Methods to understand what is going on in the exoskeleton using Scanning Electron Microscope and gastroliths are developed as well as behavioural studies.

Ocean acidification will have long-term chronic effects with trade-offs between survival (maintaining physiological homeostasis) and function (growth and reproduction). It is important to recognize that ocean acidification is only one aspect of a global change and the synergistic effects must also be considered.

Johanna Järnegren – Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA) Dr. Järnegren was addressing effects on cold-water corals.

As opposed to general belief, the framework-building key species Lophelia pertusa does not appear to reduce calcification rate under long-term exposure at 2100-scenario. Possibly because it seems to be able to regulate the internal pH at the site of calcification. This process is expected to increase metabolism but studies show that the metabolism/respiration is maintained or reduced. It is likely that the increased energy requirement is met through allocation of resources but it is yet not understood how.

The embryological development rate of L. pertusa gets delayed at a pCO2 of 1000 ppm (pH

7,66). No apparent effect at lower pCO2-levels. Development of new and cost efficient methods to measure effects of ocean acidification is needed. Two new methods were tested on cold-water gorgonians and an evaluation showed that Metabolomics (including NMR and Mass spectrometry) is not a suitable method to measure effects on cold-water corals at the standard protocols that was followed. Hyperspectral Imaging (HI) showed some potential but would need more testing. Measurements of respiration rates showed reduced respiration of Paramuricea placomus at 900 ppm, which follows the same pattern as in L. pertusa.

Cold-water corals are not recommended as indicator species at this stage due to its slow growth, long life length and slow response time. But they are ecologically very important species where we need to understand the effects of ocean acidification and find suitable methods to measure health. It is important to remember that ocean acidification is only one of many stressors affecting our oceans and cannot be considered alone.

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Nina Bednarsek – University of Washington, USA Dr. Bednarsek presented the ongoing monitoring of ocean acidification in Washington state using pteropods as indicator species.

Pteropods are shelled pelagic snails that plays a vital role in epipelagic food webs. It is sensitive to small scale changes in the environment and very abundant in Norwegian waters. Shell dissolution and shell calcification in pteropods closely corresponds to  and carbonate chemistry conditions and the response time is very fast (from days to weeks). At Ω>1,2 there are no visible effects. Between Ω 0,9-1,2 effects are starting to show, while at Ω<0,9 the pteropods are unable to calcify. The methodology for collection, preservation and assessment criteria are already established. Choice of species is important.

Pteropods are ideal biological indicators because: - They respond to small changes in Ω very quickly, making them sensitive - They do not respond to other parameters than ocean acidification, making them specific - The results are reproducible, showing a robust and quantifiable indicator - They provide an early warning signal as well as cumulative responses - In monitoring they are ubiquitous, rapid, cost-effective and easy to use

2.2 Short presentations

Maj Arnberg - International Research Institute Stavanger (IRIS) IRIS has studied effects of ocean acidification in combination with temperature, anthropogenic and natural stressors on shrimps, krill, echinoderm larvae and cold-water coral. All species studied seemed to tolerate ocean acidification quite well compared to the other stressors studied, except L. pertusa. Additive effects of anthropogenic stressors when combined with climatic variables were found, suggesting that acting on local stressors can delay negative impacts on future global drivers.

IRIS suggests three monitoring species/groups for ocean acidification: pteropods, brittle stars and cold-water corals. It is important to include increasing ocean temperature in a monitoring program and perhaps also monitor toxic algae since literature indicates more frequent algal blooms due to climate change. To achieve this goal a network of “fjord lab” observatories are suggested to monitor in situ chemical, physical and biological parameters simultaneously along the coast.

Andrew King – Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) NIVA has an ocean acidification SIS (strategic institute priority area) in 2013-2016 containing six tasks: 1. Development of an autonomous ocean acidification observing capacity 2. Development of a wold-class capacity for ocean acidification studies 3. Understanding the marine carbonate system from remote platforms 4. Scenarios of ocean acidification 5. Effects of ocean acidification an climate change on marine ecosystems 6. Socio-economic aspects of ocean acidification

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Marine systems and biological responses are complex and we lack mechanistic understanding and the ability to predict the effects of ocean acidification on an ecosystem level. Ocean acidification will occur in parallel with climate change and other anthropogenic impacts so how do we delineate the effects of multiple stressors? Ocean acidification and climate change will occur over relatively long temporal scales meaning that observation and experimentation must be couples with modelling.

Ingunn Skjelvan – UNI Research UNI Research has conducted field sampling for several years on the carbonate chemistry at locations along the coast and in fjords. They are also a part of Norwegian Environmental Agency monitoring program. Uni Research also has a strategic institute priority area (SIS) for the period 2015 to 2021 where ocean acidification is an important part.

3. Discussion

3.1 General discussion

There was a general consensus that although there has been research on ocean acidification the past 10 year, we still know very little about the effects on marine life. There are large variation in responses, also in closely related species and we need to understand more about individual species, but also scale up to population and ecosystem levels. Possible adaptation (over one or more generations), effects on the food-web, responses to diseases and effects on the microbial community are areas that we need to study. There is a great need for long time series and to build up archives.

It is important to monitor the carbonate system variables and measure at least two components to calculate the others, through the whole water column. We know more about the situation in the open ocean than we do about the benthos. It is likely much larger variation in the benthos on both short and long timescales. We know very little about the conditions along the coast and in particular in the fjords, although some monitoring is in progress. The fjords are likely to vary more than the open ocean. Methods and equipment for doing this are approaching and it should have priority.

It could perhaps be interesting to investigate at what species/groups that benefits from ocean acidification. Could a “winner” be easier to detect and be suitable as indicators? More information on possible benthic indicators are also needed.

Questions aroused to why it was necessary to have an indicator specific to ocean acidification as there are so many other stressors effecting the organisms. In environmental management and advice, it is important to know if one stressor is more important than others are and it gives the possibility to quantify the pressure. It is important to be able to show the specific effects of ocean acidification in order to influence a reduction in CO2-emission. It also gives an argument to reduce local stressors.

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Even though there is still much we need to learn and understand, there is a need to start monitoring now. The changes are already occurring and it is always possible to refine/change a monitoring plan when more knowledge has become available. There has to be a balance to what is ideal and what is realistic, it should not be too complicated and might need to be done stepwise. Even if some species are chosen it does not exclude others. It has to be economically viable and easy.

In order for monitoring using biological indicators to be efficient it is important to also look at what is being done internationally. By cooperating on which species/groups to monitor the results will be comparable between oceans and provide the bigger picture. OSPAR and ICES would be natural collaborators for Norway and is encouraged by the Ministry of Climate and Environment that Norway takes the lead.

It was agreed upon that we need to start monitoring now but no full consensus was reached on which species to use. Suggestions of species included pteropods, foraminiferans, echinoderm larvae, copepods, adult echinoderms and brittle stars. Of these suggestions, there was a general agreement that the pteropods seems to best fulfil the requirements for the task at this stage. It is already in use in the US and one of the suggested groups in other countries. It is specific to ocean acidification and gives an early warning on the conditions, they are easy to collect and integrate in existing programs. The methodology for collection, preservation and assessment criteria are already established, and it is abundant in Norwegian waters. However, it will most likely not be enough with only one species. Systems are different and it should be considered to also have an indicator species that is not a calcifier, although there are several challenges in this and such an indicator will need to be more clearly examined.

3.2 Specific questions

The Norwegian Environment Agency had before the workshop distributed a suggestion of nine questions to be discussed to the participants. The discussion did not follow these in particular but was more general, although touching upon several of the questions.

1. Is there scientific base for monitoring biological effects of ocean acidification? Yes, for a few species/groups, but most need more research.

2. Are there measurable biological effects that mostly is the result of changes in the carbon chemistry related to ocean acidification, and only less effected by other parameters, as for example temperature of food availability? So far, the pteropods appear to have the most effect-specific reactions of the species/groups discussed. But also foraminiferans show potential, although more research is still needed.

3. In which geographical areas, at which times of the year and on which depths can we expect to find biological effects first? The northern areas are likely to be most affected by ocean acidification. It is likely during the winter/dark period of the year that the effect will be largest and it is the surface layers that will be effected first.

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4. In which habitats can we expect to find biological effects at an early stage? The pelagic or in the benthic? No conclusion.

5. Which types of biological effects are expected to occur first? Likely effects on calcification, but also on physiology and reproduction. The first responses will be on the individual level, but it can be expected to see impact on population level in near future.

6. Which groups of organisms should be monitored with regard to possible biological effects from ocean acidification? Calcifiers are likely to be affected but also non-calcifiers in relation to physiological effects. Pteropods are suggested, as well as foraminiferans, echinoderm larvae and a non-calcifier, possibly copepods. Also adult echinoderms and brittle stars were mentioned.

7. Which biological effects can be expected to predict socio-economic consequences through interactions with the food chain that includes harvestable stocks? Which taxonomical groups can be expected to have biological effects that are suspected to contribute to large changes in the ecosystem? Not discussed.

8. Does it exist already collected material that could be useful to look into? No conclusion.

9. How can we achieve the most cost efficient method of monitoring as possible? Chose species that can be added into already existing monitoring programs and share resources with other countries. But the most cost efficient might not be the most suitable.

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Attachment 1 PDFs of all presentations

Cecilie von Quillfeldt Peter Thor Melissa Chierici Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt Johanna Järnegren Nina Bednarsek Maj Arnberg Andrew King

11 Cecilie H. von Quillfeldt

Ocean acidification workshop

Oslo, 17 September 2015  Background

 Monitoring

 Coupling between monitoring, objectives and measures/action

 Challenges

 Recommendations Photo: H. Strøm  Overall, integrated and comprehensive policy on the marine environment based on an ecosystem approach

 Tools and processes for implementation of ecosystem- based management . oceans . coastal areas . freshwater areas

 Proposals for new policy in areas of major importance for the marine environment

 All Norwegian sea areas covered, but Norwegian part of the Barents Sea as a pilot  Integrated Management plan for the Barents Sea and Lofoten (2006): Follow up – updated early 2011 and then April 2015

 Integrated Management plan for the Norwegian Sea(2009): Follow up – updating at the latest in 2015?

 Integrated Management plan for the North Sea – Skagerrak (2013) Need for comprehensive, ecosystem-based management

The purpose of the Integrated Management Plan of the Barents Sea-Lofoten area is to provide a framework for the sustainable use of natural resources and goods derived from the area and at the same time maintain the structure, functioning and productivity of the ecosystems of the area.

Evaluate conflicting interest Make guidelines for activities

Help achieve consensus Identify gaps in knowledge about the management

Setting the levels for acceptable influence by human Make guidelines for monitoring

Desember 2006

Management by areas Protected areas Framework for petroleum activities September 2007 Establish mandatory lanes for shipping Other geographical regulations

Guidelines for activity Time limitation Volume limitation Equipment restrictions Other demands upon technology  Implemented through existing legislations . 2008 Oceans Resources Act . 1996 Petroleum Act . 2009 Biodiversity Act . 1981 Pollution Act . Etc.

C. von Quillfeldt The management plan builds on a comprehensive set of knowledge, but it also reveals that there are considerable needs for further knowledge.

Seabird distribution

Environmental monitoring & research

Photo: Hallvard Strøm, NPI

Geological mapping Screening of hazardous chemicals  Usefulness of measures in ecosystem approach to management . Law of the Sea Convention . Convention on Biological Diversity . Johannesburg-declaration . Malawi-protocol . UN Agreement on Management of Straddling Fish stocks . Stockholm Convention . OSPAR Convention . EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive . SOLAS – Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea . MARPOL – Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships . STCW – Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keeping for Seafarers . Etc. Haliclystus auricola Foto: B. Gulliksen & E. Svensen  International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES)  North-East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)  Arctic Council (LME, MPA, AOR, OGA, AMSA follow-up, RPA, ABA, CBMP, SWIPA. VACCA. AACA, EA)  EU  Nordic Council  Norwegian-Russian cooperation (environment and fishery)  UN’s International Maritime Organization (IMO) Photo: N. Øien  Other management plans for sea areas  National plan for MPAs  etc The Integrated Management Plans are to be updated on a regular basis.

E.g. the Barents Sea: - First update: spring 2011. - A complete revision of the whole management plan within 2020.

Source: A.H. Hoel The Government

Ministry of Petroleum Ministry of Finance Ministry of Climate and Ministry of Trade, and Energy Environment Industry and Fisheries

Ministry of Local Ministry of Foreign Ministry of Justice and Ministry of Labour and Government and Affairs Public security Social Affairs Modernisation

2 advisory groups: 16 key agencies & research institutions Photo: C.H. von Quillfeldt The plan opens for an expanded and coordinated monitoring of the environment

 Monitoring system based on indicators, reference values and thresholds for action

 Updated knowledge about changes in the state of the environment

 Researchers and authorities can make cross-sectoral assessments and implement necessary measures to improve the environment

R. Barrett The Atlantic puffin (Fratercula State/Pressure/Effect arctica) may be an indicator of the availability of small pelagic fish. Indicator Reference value Action threshold Ocean climate Temperature, salinity and nutrients along fixed Summer and winter averages, last 10 transects years Phytoplankton Timing of spring bloom Average value over last 10 years Zooplankton Zooplankton biomass in the Norwegian Sea Average value over last 10 years

Fish stocks Spawning stock of Norwegian spring-spawning herring Precautionary reference point Estimated spawning stock is below precautionary reference point

Marine mammals Spatial distribution of whale communities Average population numbers for last 10 Unexpected decrease of more than 20 % years + historical data in minke whale population over 5-year period Seabirds Population trend for kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) Average for last 10 years + historical data Population decrease of 20 % or more in 5 years, or deviation of more than 10 % from expected adult survival rate, or failed breeding 5 years in a row Benthic communities and habitats Status of selected vulnerable habitats Status of known habitats Significant change

Vulnerable and endangered species Vulnerable and endangered species and species for Viable population level and historical data Population of selected species is below which Norway has special responsibility on population levels the level considered to be viable

Alien species Records of alien species Historical data Alien species recorded during monitoring or risk of introduction of alien species

Pollutants Atmospheric inputs Natural background level Steady rise in pollutant concentrations continuing for specified number of years, or sudden large rise from one sample to the next in an area Indicator: Spawning stock of Norwegian-Arctic cod Type: (E) State of the ecosystem (I) Impact of human pressure Time series: Based on a time series updated by ICES once a year Ecological quality objective: The stock must be fished in accordance with harvesting rules approved by ICES In use? The environmental quality objective is the same as the Joint Norwegian-Russian Fisheries Commission uses in its management of the cod stock The indicator was proposed by: The Working Group for Fish Stocks and Fisheries, and has been adjusted in response to proposals arising from the Barents Sea Conference on 24-25 May 2005 Other indicators based on Norwegian-Arctic cod: Fishing mortality Stomach content Pollution

 Pressures 1400  Importance Tusen tonn 1200 . Ecology Gytebestand (SSB) for norsk-arktisk torsk . Economic etc. 1000 800 SSB  Description of the indicator Blim 600 . Scientific background Bpa 400 . Available data and future needs 200 . Threshold value? 0 . Effect of management? 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001  Description of the objective  Figure Figure 27 Spawning stock biomass of Norwegian-Arctic cod in 1946 - 2004, with Blim and Bpa (see Box 1 for explanation). Based on data from ICES. Clione limacina Photo: B. Gulliksen  International conventions and agreements  National Norwegian environmental goals  Management plans . Qualitative descriptions/Ecological objectives/Management goals . Quantitative targets used in monitoring etc.  Other measures

Gymnelus retrodorsalis Eumicrotremus spinosus

Photo: B. Gulliksen & E. Svensen Management of the Barents Sea–Lofoten  Strategic/overarching area will ensure that diversity at ecosystem, habitat, species and genetic levels, and the objectives productivity of ecosystems, are maintained. Human activity in the area will not damage . Overriding considerations the structure, functioning, productivity or dynamics of ecosystems (St. meld. nr. 8 (2005-  High-level operational 2006)).

objectives/qualitative A representative network of protected descriptors marine areas will be established in Norwegian waters, at the latest by 2012. This . Management actions will include the southern parts of the Barents ▪ Specific guidelines Sea–Lofoten area. (St. meld. nr.8 (2005-2006)).

. Environmental status Harvested species will be managed within ▪ Desired state of the safe biological limits so that their spawning stocks have good reproductive capacity. environment (St. meld. nr.8 (2005-2006)).  Pollution . Hazardous and radioactive substances (1) . Operational discharges (1) . Litter and environmental damage resulting from waste (1)

 Safe seafood (1)

 Risk of damage due to acute pollution (2)

 Biodiversity . Valuable areas (3) . Species management (5) . Habitat conservation (1)  Biodiversity and ecosystem . Achieving good environmental status (1) . Particularly valuable and vulnerable areas and habitats (1) . Management of habitat types and species (4) . Sustainable harvesting and use (4) . Alien organisms (1)  Value creation, commercial activities and society . Fisheries and seafood (3) . Petroleum activity (2) . Offshore renewable energy (1) . Maritime transport (1)  Pollution, marine litter and the risk of acute pollution . Climate change and ocean acidification (2) . Inputs of nutrients, sediment deposition and organic matter (1) . Pollution (6) . Marine litter (1) . Risk of acute pollution (2)  Goals for management of the North Sea and Skagerrak . When marine ecosystems are used as carbon sinks, the need to maintain biodiversity and natural ecosystem functions will be taken into account.

. The cumulative effects of human activities on habitats and species that are affected by climate change or ocean acidification (e.g. coral reefs) will be minimized, in order to maintain ecosystem functioning as fully as possible.  Climate and ocean acidification . Build up knowledge about the impacts of climate change and ocean acidification, including rising sea temperature and the spread of alien organisms (species or populations that do not occur naturally in the North Sea and Skagerrak), and on the combined effects of ocean acidification interacting with other pressures such as climate change, pollution and other human activities in the area.

. Build up ecosystem resilience to withstand climate change and ocean acidification.

. Build up knowledge about carbon uptake in marine vegetation types. Mål: Undersøke status når det gjelder pH og karbonsystem i norske havområder, få mer kunnskap om naturlige svingninger og geografiske forskjeller, og finne ut hvor fort forsuringen skjer.

Oppstart: 2010

Parametere: pH, uorganisk karbon, alkalinitet, oppløst CO2, næringssalter

Frekvens: Prøvetaking og analyser 1-4 ganger i året. Rapportering hvert år.

Utføres av: Havforskningsinstituttet (HI), Norsk institutt for vannforskning (NIVA) og Uni Research

Source: Miljodirektoratet.no  Increased knowledge . Ecosystems interactions, functions and resilience . Impacts . Cumulative impacts  Research, mapping, monitoring  Wishful thinking??? . Indicators for use in evaluation of environmental quality goals

Kilde: abcnyheter.no E. Paasche B. Gulliksen & E. Svensen B. Gulliksen & E. Svensen Crossaster papposus

Photo: B. Gulliksen & E. Svensen  Formulation of objectives . E.g. possible effects of climate/ocean acidification not considered for all sea areas

 Choice of ”indicators” . Ensure sufficient information and data coverage . Few effect indicators

 Data deficiency . ”Unrealistic”: Genetic diversity in order to evaluate changes of genetic diversity . Increased data collection – better evaluations in the near future

 Descriptive(textual) evaluation and/or quantitative (measurable) targets

 Connection to ongoing national monitoring

 Connection to international processes/reporting requirements Photo:H. Hop  There should be a distinction between strategic/overarching objectives and operational objectives (qualitative and quantitative using indicators), i.e. where are indicators needed? . Specific – Objectives should be clearly defined.

. Measurable – It should be possible to quantify the objectives.

. Achievable –Targets should be achievable in practice.

. Realistic – Defined targets should be achievable in the given time frame.

. Time-bound – A timeline should establish the deadlines for the fulfillment of defined targets. Source: www.mesma.org Ocean acidification workshop

Oslo, 17 September 2015 Effects on pelagic organisms

Peter Thor Norwegian Polar Institute Fram Centre Flagship ”Ocean acidification and ecosystem effects in Northern waters”

FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment Flagship «Ocean Acidification and Ecosystem Effects in Northern Waters» Generality of OA

Wittmann and Pörtner 2013, Nature Climate Change Range of pHs experienced by plankton (at lower lattitudes)

Days

Hofmann et al 2011 Important groups of plankton

• Calcifiers • Imparied calcification (building of CaCO3 skeleton) • Coccolithophores (- arctic) • Foraminiferans • Mussel larvae • Echinoderm larvae • Pteropods • Non-calcifiers • Increased energy expenditure • Diatoms • Dinoflagellates • Copepods Coccolithophores Emiliania huxleyi Gephyrocapsa oceanica

Pre-industrial 280 µatm

Year 2100 750 µatm

Riebesell et al 2000 Coccolithophores Emiliania huxleyi Gephyrocapsa oceanica

Riebesell et al 2000 Foraminiferans

Holocene: 280 µatm CO2 Present day: 365 µatm CO2 Year 2100: 750 µatm CO2

Moy et al 2009 Foraminiferans

Moy et al 2009 Mussel larvae Echinoderm larvae

Sam Dupont pers. comm. Echinoderm larvae

Dupont et al 2010 Pteropods

Lischka et al 2010 Pteropods

Lischka et al 2010 Pteropods

Lischka et al 2010 Important groups of phyto- and zooplankton

• Calcifiers • Impaired calcification (building of CaCO3 skeleton) • Coccolithophores • Foraminiferans • Mussel larvae • Echinoderm larvae • Pteropods • Non-calcifiers • Increased energy expenditure • Diatoms • Dinoflagellates • Copepods Diatoms

• Ocean acidification stimulate diatom growth under low to moderate levels of light • Growth inhibition when combined with excess light • The net effects of ocean acidification on marine primary producers therefore largely dependent on the photobiological conditions

Gao et al 2012, Gau and Campbell 2013 Dinoflagellates and other HAB groups

Fu et al 2014 Copepods

Lewis et al 2013, PNAS Copepods Calanus Oithona

Lewis et al 2013, PNAS Copepods C. Glacialis naupliar development

Bailey et al. in prep Copepods OA studies on C. glacialis

Respiration, body No effect on egg production Weydmann et al. 2012 mass unaffected 7 days Hildebrandt et al. 2014 Hatching delay 2 months Weydmann et al. 2012 9 days

Lower survival Lewis et al. 2014 7 days

No effect larval on development Bailey, Browman, Thor et al. 2 months, 8 stages Copepods

Results from Browman group, IMR Copepods

Pseudocalanus acuspes egg production

3 weeks 1

- 2nd generation

d 67% 29%

1 1

- EPR, eggs ind eggs EPR,

pH: 8.05 7.75 7.54

Thor and Dupont, Global Change Biology 2015 Copepods

Pseudocalanus acuspes egg production

1 -

20

18

Clutch size, eggs ind eggs size, Clutch 16

pH: 8.05 7.75 7.54

Thor and Dupont, Global Change Biology 2015 How to monitor?

• Correlations to carbonate chemistry/pH – Abundances, biomasses, production, ... • Sample traits affected by pH – Morphology, size, ... 1960 - 69 1970 - 79

Coccolithophores 1990 - 99 Beaugrand et2012 al 2000 - 09 1960-69 1970-79 1990-99 2000-09

Beaugrand et al 2012 Who to monitor?

• Canary in the coal mine-species – Forams, pteropods, echinoderm larvae • Ecologically important species – Copepods • Sampling possible at high frequencies – Forams, Coccolithophores, copepods • OA effects easily analysed and interpreted – ?

Havforsuringsovervåking kjemiske og biologiske parametrer

Melissa Chierici (IMR) Innspill fra: Tina Kutti (IMR) and Jan Helge Fosså (IMR) Agneta Fransson (NPI) Chemical change is to monitor the… Marine carbonate system

CO2 (atm)

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + - + 2- CO2+ H2O H2CO3 H + HCO3 H + CO3 Carbonic acid=weak acid bicarbonate=base carbonate=base pH~8 1% 90% 9%

Buffer system that control H+ changes

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 What do you need to monitor changes and drivers of the OA state?

• Baseline data of carbonate system to assess change  at least 2 out of 4 measurable params, calculate ,

pH, pCO2 and more • Study biological, physical and chemical processes that control the variations of OA  need ancillary data such as nutrients and tracers

• Seasonal and interannual studies in the whole water column

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Challenge: Ocean CO2 is mostly natural!

• Not typical pollutant  no clear danger level (no LD50), and varies for different organisms

• ”Background” CO2 levels differ in different regions and seasons • Look for a small change in a large background

• CO2 system changes with T, S, mixing, biological processes and air-sea CO2, calcification

• And uptake of anthropogenic CO2 •  require long time series

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Monitoring OA state in Norwegian waters: 2011- (IMR,UNI, NIVA) Miljødirektoratet Spitsbergen •Water column carbonate system Barentshavet •Surface water pCO2 F-B •Surface water carbonate system

Gimsøy-NV Norskehavet Annual report Data to data bases Stn M Data used in assessments Svinøy Scientific peer-review publications -NV Nordsjøen T-H

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Fram Centre OA Flagship project: Annual field activity for OA studies in the Arctic Ocean (IMR/NPI/NIVA)

A-TWAIN NPI repeat transect annually since 2011

+ + Main observations along a section at 79ºN across Fram Strait – (here focus Annually in Aug/Sep Surface seasonal data is on 2011-2012) Tromsø to Svalbard . NIVA

A-TWAIN: annual N. of Svalbard Hydrography (CTD) •Water samples: AT, CT, nutrients 18O, CDOM +Automated water sampler for seasonal studies (+)

Photo: A. Fransson CaCO3 saturation: , useful parameter?

Production of skeleton and shell is biologically controlled

Calcium carbonate, CaCO3(calcite, aragonite): +energy 2+ - * Ca + 2xHCO3  CaCO3(s) + H2CO3

BUT dissolution of CaCO3 is chemically controlled.

Aragonite is the least stable CaCO3 form  Aragonitic organisms may be particularly sensitive to OA Pteropods, cold water corals…

Ex. Corals, pteropods, phytoplankton 2- 2-  = [CO3 ]sw/ [CO3 ]sat (pressure and temperature)  < 1 undersaturated, dissolution  > 1 supersaturated

Coccolitiforiten Emiliania Huxleyi

M. Chierici, Miljødirektoratet, 17 september 2015 2- How useful is  (= CO3 ) to understand ecosystem effects of OA?

Organisms have several pathways 2- to form CaCO3. Mostly NOT from CO3

A: Intra and extracellular calcification corals - B: Mollusc shell are from 3 sources: 1) HCO3 from sw 2- 2) Metabolic CO2 and 3) tissue CO3 - C: Coralline seaweeds use HCO3 and CaCO3 is precipitated intercellularly, within the outer layer of the crust - D: Coccolithophores also employ HCO3 for intracellular calcification, within the coccolith vesicle The arrow (fl) denotes precipitation ⁄ biomineralization of calcium carbonate within the organism.

Roleda et al., 2012 and references therein

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 However,  is important indicator to monitor chemical change in the ocean as a stressor and in some cases also ecosystem effects

Reef building Cold water Corals (CWC): Long lived, new growth (polyps) are on top of old ”dead” corals The reef makes the foundation for new growth. Likely that new polyps handle OA well if fed well However, <1 waters may dissolve the reef structure  collapse of reef. New growth will be limited to ”spots”

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Ex: Pteropod Limacina helicina

• Large role in Arctic ecosystem • Aragonite forming

• Shown to be vulnerable to low pH, high pCO2, – Calcification decreased 28% (Comeau et al., 2009) – Sensitive to aragonite saturation state ().

– both effect of T and CO2, decreased rate (Comeau et al., 2010). • Life cycle: juveniles and larvae reside in PML during winter when  is lowest Major OA monitoring projects at IMR and FRAM centre projects

Name Ocean region period funding Motivation

Havforsurings NoS, NorWS, 2011-2012 Klif Assess the OA overvåking i BarSea 2013-2016 Miljødir.. state in Norwegian chem Norske farvann- waters ”MOANOR” Fram Centre-OA Arctic, 2011-ongoing KMD •Establish time FLS Svalbard NFD serie in the Arctic chem OASTATE (fjords), •Assess Arctic OA Barents Sea, •OA state in Framstredet exchange waters

Fram Centre-OA Svalbard 2015 KMD •Sample L.helicina Bio FLS fjords For shell thickness chem Pteropod project (MOSJ and composition logistics) FATE/CoralCarb Hola 2011/2015 NFR •Chemistry, biology Bio Røst NFD (T.Kutti) and physics around chem Miljødir CWC and sponge (Chierici) reefs

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Monitoring of coral and sponges • Health status of selected coral and sponge ecosystems assessed using structural and functional indicators • Identify and measure ecosystem disturbance - caused by e.g. bottom trawling, oil exploration, aquaculture, ocean warming and acidification

Lophelia pertusa Geodia barretti

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 IMR Annual ROV surveys since 2011

• Visual surveys: – Sediment cover, proportion live/dead, incidence of disease • Collection of fauna: – Calcification rates - alkalinity anomaly (Lophelia) – Skeleton properties (Lophelia) – Growth – Energy storages (% tissue, total FA) – Respiration & feeding • Bottom water sampling/water column: – AT & CT, salinity & temperature, full water column 2015 – food (bacteria, total organic carbon, nutrients, ammonia), suspended organic and inorganic matter)

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Time series data from long-term monitoring give baseline to assess changes

• Targets 2 key species in sensitive & vulnerable coral reefs and sponge aggregations • Sites revisited every 3-5 years • Establishes a time series with data necessary for assessing impacts of anthropogenic disturbance • Funded by NFD, IMR • >2 million NOK every year • Project lead: Jan Helge Fosså & Tina Kutti Sites surveyed in 2014 & 2015

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 CoralCarb • Miljødirektoratet extra funding 2015

• Aim: Improve understanding on the reponse and adaptation of CWCs ecosystems to warming and OA • Increase knowledge regarding the natural variability in the chemical and physical processes at CWCs ecosystems in Norwegian waters • This is connected to FATE (NFR T. Kutti) for key biological processes

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 cont. CoralCarb

• Water sampling for determination of the full carbonate chemistry at Træna, Sula, Hola reefs • Detailed physical oceanograpy survey of reef sites (currents..) • MAREANO project for bottom water and information on present ecosystems in new areas (eg.Nordland)

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Pteropod shell thickness and composition in different regimes

FRAM + MOSJ (Monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen)

• Project started in 2012. In 2015 project FRAM OA FLS Lead: Agneta Fransson (NPI) • Biological sampling parallell to water sampling for carbonate chemistry, nutrients, physics • Sampling in Rijpfjorden Kongsfjorden, • July, ( January, April-phys-chemical only) • Other Svalbard fjords in collaboration with UNIS initiated in 2015 • Part of international network on Pteropods

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Rijpfjorden July 2012 collection

Station #L.helicina Sample Bottom Ar Ar Depth Depth (m) (m) range

018/R3 40 20 209 2.49 1.54-2.49 In fjord (i.e 021) 026/R4 15 200 124 1.5* 1.54-2.40 Outside fjord 030/R5c 12 80 115 1.57 1.57-2.66

•# of L.helicina decreased from inner to outer fjord • in fjord: upper 20 m at relatively high Ar. Shell ”quality”: MXCT scan

Collaboration with JAMSTEC, Japan K.Kimoto and N. Harada

Shell thickness K.Kimoto, JAMSTEC Shell density/porosity Development?

K.Kimoto, JAMSTEC M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 L. Helicina ”measurements”

• Isotope ratios in shells- Piotr Kuklinski (Poland, UK) – Shell structure and mineral composition related to phys-chem variables • Mineral composition Confocal Raman Laser (Gernot Nehrke, AWI) – Shell composition variability

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Use carbonate system data to project changes at special sites

Final report to OSPAR 2015 from Study Group of Ocean Acidification (SGOA)

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Annex 6: Assess current and projected exposure of CWCs in NE Atlantic

Projected change in  Storegga CWC reef (L.pertusa)

Projected change in pH at Sula CWC reef (L.pertusa)

Olsen, Tjiputra, E. McGovern, M. Wadle, J.Hall-Spencer, M. Chierici, J. Järnegren, M. Roberts Norwegian seas • These seas have already taken up a large part of the

anthropogenic CO2  resulted in decreased saturation state/increased dissolution ().

Further CO2 uptake will result in undersaturation within next 100 years.

• Barents Sea and area north of Svalbard are especially vulnerable due to climate change such as increased freshwater (river, meltwater), warming, decreased sea ice cover (summer), increased Atlantic water inflow which

contains high CO2 /low pH/low   all these factors likely contribute to enhance OA

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 FRAM Science Days 10-11th November 2015, Tromsø “Multi-stressors in the Arctic Marine Ecosystem”

• www.framsenteret.no scroll down to ”news” and follow link to register

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Takk

Cirroteuthis muelleri ”Dumbo” octopus from NW Svalbard (79.40N 7E), 800 meters depth Photo: Vitaly Syomin

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015 Recommendations (personal)

• In Norwegian seas we are doing the minimum amount of necessary observations. Expand seasonality in water column to discern drivers • Continue to monitor changes in Fram Strait: integrated signal of change in the Arctic valuable climate change effects and feedbacks • Lack of coastal and fjord data. Expand. • Increased demand on OAstate information on cold-water corals. Probably also for sponges. Expand monitoring of bottom waters. MAREANO great opportunity • Parallell sampling of indicator species, such as pteropods. ØKOTOKT great opportunity. • Cabled observatories and sensors at CWCs • Use new technology, sensors (pH and pCO2 sensors), satellite and ship, proxies (investigate proxies: AT-S relationship and pCO2 surface waters -> calculate other params

M. Chierici (IMR) Havforsuringsovervåking, Miljødirektoratet, 17 sept 2015

Motivation

• Ocean has taken up 1/3 of human CO2 at a fast rate Caused a shift in carbonate chemistry towards a less basic state (more acidic) This may have implications for the marine ecosystem, likely mainly negative What do we know of effects on fish and shellfish?

Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt Much have been published

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Google scholar searching for “ocean acidification”+“effect”

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Google scholar searching for “ocean acidification” “effect”

4000 Total: 22 551 2 800

3000

2000

1000

0

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Tom Hansen Thomas Torgersen Ellen S. Grefsrud mackerel Ann-Lisbeth Agnalt Great & Icelandic Knut Y. Børsheim mackerel European lobster scallop, European Phytoplankton lobster

Anders Mangor-Jensen Howard Padmini Dalpadado Sissel Andersen Tina Kutti Browman Atlantic cod Krill, Mysids Great scallop & Corals, Calanus, herring, Icelandic scallop sponges cod

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Research activities at IMR

FISH • Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) • Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) • Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus)

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Atlantic mackerel Metabolic capacity

• Adults (approx. 580 gram) • Strong temperature do effect feed intake

• No apparent CO2 effect on feed intake

Daily feed intake (%) 1,2

1 High pCO2

0,8 Control pCO2 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 -0,2

-0,4 Temperature (C) Tom Hansen & T. Torgersen

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Atlantic cod

• Early-life stages (egg, larvae, juveniles) • No effect on mortality rates from egg to juveniles • No effect on growth, survival, blood parameters, acid-base enzyme nor deformities • No effect on swimming performance, foraging behavior, nor growth

Anders Mangor-Jensen, R. Mangor-Jensen T. Harboe, S. Stefansson, G. Totland Howard Browman, A.B. Skiftesvik, Bailey, Bellerby et al.

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Ocean Acidification

Expected to have physiological effects on many marine animals, particularly those with calcium carbonate shells or exoskeletons

Fabry 2008

Uavhjort 12 mars 2015. Ellen, Sam & Ann-Lisbeth. Research activities at IMR

SHELLFISH • Great scallop (Pecten maximus) • Icelandic scallop (Chlamys islandica)

• Krill (Nyctiphanes couchii) • Mysids (Praunus flexosus) • European lobster (Homarus gammarus)

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Great scallop

• Early-life stages • Decreased survival • Decreased growth

50 140 Survival (%) Size (mm) - shell heigth pH 7.94 130 40 pH 7.74 120 30 pH 7.54 110 20 100 10 90

0 80 0 3 6 9 12 15 0 3 6 9 12 15 Days since spawned Days since spawned

Sissel Andersen, E. Grefsrud, T. Harboe

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Deformities in the early larval stages

100 % deformed

80

60

40

20

0 Ambient7,94 7,74 7,54 Sissel Andersen, E. Grefsrud, T. Harboe

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Krill & Nyctiphanes couchii Chamelon shrimp Praunus flexuosus Ca. 5mm • Growth (moulting), activity (swimming), reproduction & survival

• Krill - No effect on intermoult period nor growth - Decreased survival at exposure • Chamelon Shrimp - No effect on survival - Effect on growth (exposed juveniles

moulted less freq) Padmini Dalpadado, A. Mango-Jensen, I. Oppstad, E. Sperfeld & I.Semb Johansen

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 European lobster (Homarus gammarus)

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 European lobster

• No clear size effect of pCO2 (larvae nor juveniles) • Moulting time affected – it took longer time • Deformities found in the exoskeleton in larvae > 42 % deformed at high exposure

10°C 18°C

50 40 30 20

% deformed % 10 0 Ambient Medium High Ambient Medium High

Agnalt, E.S. Grefsrud, E. Farestveit, F. Keulder, M. Larsen, I. Uglenes, G. Thorsheim, L. Fonnes

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektroatet, Oslo 17 september 2015 European lobster

Normal juvenile

• Higher temperature resulted in more deformities • At 14°C - 30% were deformed Deformities in • At 20°C - 85 % were deformed walking legs and claws

Agnalt et al. 2013, Agnalt unpublished

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Moving forward • SEM-what is going on in the exoskeleton? • Behaviour – Can juveniles sense OA and therefore move away? • Gastroliths (calcium storage) – what happens during the moulting cycle (temperatures OA exposure)

Above From the side

Agnalt, E.S. Grefsrud, E. Farestveit, M. Larsen, I. Uglenes, G. Thorsheim, L. Fonnes

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Moving forward

• Chemical analysis of the exoskeleton & gastroliths

Nr 10, old exoskeleton 14ºC, ambient

Ca/Mg = 7.3

New exoskeleton

Ca/Mg = 5.3

Gastroliths

Ca/Mg = 48.0

Agnalt, E.S. Grefsrud, E. Farestveit, M. Larsen, I. Uglenes, G. Thorsheim, L. Fonnes

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Research activities at IMR COPEPODS • Calanus finmarchicus • Calanus glacialis Calanus finmarchicus

PHYTOPLANKTON • Chaetoceros sp. • Rhodomonas sp.

Chaetoceros sp. • Skeletonema sp

Rhodomonas sp.

CORALS & SPONGES Skeletonema sp.

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Effect studies

• Survival / death Early work (adults) • Growth

• Early-life stages • Physiology • Deformities • Multistressors • Adaptations

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Acute vs cronic exposure

• Many studies investigate acute effects of hours to days • These studies missed long-term chronic effects ( > 1 year)

• OA will have long-term chronic effects • Long-term trade-offs between the costs of “surviving” (maintaining physiological homeostasis) and function (growth and reproduction)

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Volcanic CO2 vent sites; a “natural laboratory” to study ocean acidification

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Volcanic CO2 vent sites

• Animals have naturally adapted/acclimatized over generations • There will be “Winners” and “Losers” , effects on ecosystem services • Changes in community structure and biodiversity decreases

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 OA- multistressor

It is important to recognize that OA is only one aspect of global change and that synergistic effects involving other variables in combination with pH must also be considered

• Temperature • Salinity • Hypoxia • Metal contaminants & others • UV radiation • Biotic stressors (competition etc)

An increasing amount of evidence that the combination of stressors pushes the species out of their tolerance limits

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 OA- multistressors

• Fishing pressure – adding to the multistressors? • Greater risk of overfishing? • Do we need to change our fisheries management?

• The ”one size fits all” approach to OA research does not take into account local systems or regional variability (Fitzer et. al 2013)

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektroatet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Open for discussion

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirktoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Carry-over effects

• Transition from a pelagic larval stage to a benthic juvenile stage is crucial (vulnerable to a number of factors) • The susceptibility of juveniles to elevates stress in the benthos can be influence by prior larval experience.

• Such effects have shown to give smaller size at settlement, slower growth & decreased survival

Hettinger et al. 2012, 2013, and references therin

Agnalt - Workshop-Forslag til overvåking av biologiske effekter av CO2; Miljødirektoratet, Oslo 17 september 2015 Cold-water corals and Ocean acidification

JOHANNA JÄRNEGREN NORWEGIAN INSTITUTE FOR NATURE RESEARCH - NINA Cold-water Corals

 Deep, dark and cold – 30-3400 m (200-600 m) – 4-14 °C (6-8 °C) – Salinity 32-38 psu (35-37)

• Slow growth - old

• Azooxanthellate • Predator/omnivore

• Builds reefs or are solitary

• Biological ”hotspot” - A biodiversity equal to tropical coral reefs Cold-water corals and Primnoa resedaeformis associated species

Munidopsis serricornis

Paramuricea placomus

Photo: Kåre Telnes

Lophelia pertusa Anthelia borealis

Deleopecten vitreus Lophelia pertusa

 Does not reduce calcification under long term exposure (1-9 months) at 2100- scenario  May be able to regulate internal pH at the site of calcification

 Expected to increase metabolism  Metabolism/respiration is maintained or reduced  Increased energy requirement met otherwise?

 Reallocation of resources Lophelia pertusa - reproduction

 Spawning occurs in treatments down to pH 7,5 / 1500 ppm (parental colonies exposed for > 6 months)

 Gametogenisis:

 fecundity measurements to be processed

 Oogenesis:

 Development to ciliated larvae delayed with ~12 h at pH 7,66 / 1038 ppm

 No apparent effect at pH 7,85 / 639 ppm (Control pH 8,02 / 409 ppm)

 Pilot study on respiration rates indicates that newly ciliated larvae in 639 ppm has higher respiration than control.

 Only development, not mortality

 More effect is expected in the process of settlement Gorgonians – method development

 6 month experiment  Paramuricea placomus  Primnoa resedaeformis  Anthelia borealis

pH: 7,94 - 7,72 - 7,52

pCO2: ~500 – 900 – 1500 Temperature following natural variation Gorgonians – method development

 Respiration  Reproduction (samples still to be processed)

100um  Hyperspectral Imaging (HI)  Metabolomics

Samples/Scores Plot of spec_array_glogbin

1 0.03 NMR 90 2 70 83 134 3 121 43 66 95% Confidence Level 69 137 76 82 0.02 81 129 16 57 108 133 107 71 60 50 62 122 0.01 91 55 132 128 140 105 143 145 79 142 131 28 30 0 119 58 92 101 6 4 19 95 21 144 104 115 113 75 73 61 130 135 96 118 15 77 120 139 89 74 88 125 80 31 40 3 2 29 117 -0.01 100 59 67 38 146 102 27  Scores PC on 2 (16.06%) 12 52 147 Mass spectrometry 41 124 116 138 36 109 39 141 136 111 148 23 51 35 -0.02 44 24 49 32

-0.03

-0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 Scores on PC 1 (61.94%) % live tissue of whole animal dry weight % live tissue of whole animal fresh weight Fresh weight specific metabolic rate

Dry weight specific metabolic rate Metabolomics – NMR Chemical fingerprint

 A snapshot of the metabolism, e. g. gives information about biologically active compounds

 The different corals have clear differences in the metabolome but within each species we couldn’t detect any effects of the treatments on the metabolites we observed with current NMR- protocol

 We for example observed small alakoid and indole-struktures, like trigonelline, homarine, tryptophan

 Future work can contribute with identification och metabolic markers connected to pH-changes Obvious differences in the metabolom of the three species

Samples/Scores - PCA 7 PCs - spec_array_glogbin

Samples/Scores Plot of spec_array_glogbin 0.025

0.02 78 79 53 Anthelia 80 88 32 0.015 73 28 0.01 Paramuricea 0.005 Anthelia 51 52 92 27 93 10 50 83 74 0 1575 17 43 76 9094 58 40 69 85 44 2 55 91 42 87 63 70 84 -0.005

-0.01

Scores on PC 2 Scores on (17.50%)PC Primnoa -0.015 37 72 81 86 57 1961 -0.02 18 77 65 82 -0.025 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 Scores on PC 1 (37.13%) Paramuricea placomus

Samples/Scores - PCA 5 PCs - spec_array_glogbin BARE Paramuricea

Samples/Scores Plot of spec_array_glogbin 0.015

0.01 26 67 25 4 70 0.005 63 75 87 27 74 48 8 47 42 71 64 83 50 92 69 62 16 39 31 76 0 11 9489 91 49 38 1 13 10 40 45 66 4643 3 41 52 6 44 15 51 -0.005 85 5 93

-0.01

-0.015

-0.02

Scores on PC 2 Scores on (15.28%)PC -0.025

-0.03 18 72 -0.035 -0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 Scores on PC 1 (24.13%) Metabolomics – Mass Spectrometry

Mass spectra (Electrospray ionization) Metabolomics - MS

 Initial PCA of all samples (three species) Hyperspectral Imaging - HI Optical fingerprint HI spectra of the three different corals 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 Anthelia borealis 0,4 Paramuricea placomus

0,3 Primnoa resedaeformis Relative Relative reflectance 0,2 0,1 0 450 500 550 600 650 Wavelength (nm) Hyperspectral Imaging - HI

HI spectra of Primnoa resedaeformis 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 Control start 0,5 Control end 0,4 PH 7.5 0,3

Reative Reative reflectance PH 7.7 0,2 0,1 0 450 500 550 600 650 Wavelength (nm)

No major detectable reflectance spectra changes in Primnoa resedaeformis as a function of time nor pH Hyperspectral Imaging - HI

HI spectra of Paramuricera placomus 1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 Control start 0,5 Control end 0,4 PH 7.5 0,3

Relative Relative reflectance PH 7.7 0,2 0,1 0 450 500 550 600 650 wavelength (nm)

No detectable reflectance spectra changes in Paramuricea placomus as a function of time nor pH Hyperspectral Imaging - HI

Anthelia borealis Control A End 2 Control B 1,8 end 1,6 Control C 1,4 end Control D 1,2 end 1 PH 7.5 A 0,8 end 0,6 PH 7.5 B 0,4 end Relative Relative reflectance 0,2 PH 7.5 C 0 end PH 7.5 D 450 500 550 600 650 end Wavelength (nm) PH 7.7 A end

- Detectable spectral changes only in Anthelia borealis - Change in reflectance spectra shape of Anthelia borealis as a function of time and decrease in PH, indicating degradation of pigments. Summary

Effects

 OA effects the embryological development of L.

pertusa at pCO2 1000 ppm

 OA effects respiration of P. placomus at pCO2 900 ppm Consequences for the population or ecosystem? Methods

 Respiration and reproduction are still valid methods to use

 Metabolomics is at this stage not a useful method

 HI possibly shows potential

 Large variation within species creates challenges, but also hope Suggestions for indicator species?

 Cold-water corals

 Important key species in the deep sea ecosystem

 Long lived, slow growth, long response time

 Lack good method to monitor health Not recommended as indicator species at this stage

Better to look among the other 1290 associated species BUT – Ecologically important species where we need to understand the effects of OA and find suitable methods to monitor health! Ocean acidification is not the only thing effecting our oceans

 Global warming

 Increased temperature

 Stratification

 Change in species composition - food

 Decrease in salinity

 Pollution

 Mechanical disturbance

How will multiple stressors affect the cold-water coral communities? Future work

 Analyze data on the gametogenesis of L. pertusa and gorgonians

 Look at possible changes is spicule structure/amount of P. placomus

 Analyze data from 6 month experiment on Munisopsis serricornis (Squat lobster) looking at effects of OA and temperature combined

 In 2016 we will look at the combined effects of temperature and OA on oogenesis of L. pertusa and also effects on mortality rates Thank you to my colleagues and contributors:

 Sindre Pedersen, NINA/NTNU

 Ragnhild Pettersen, Ecotone/AkvaplanNIVA/NTNU

 Matilde Chauton, SINTEF

 Trond Størseth, SINTEF

 Geir Johnsen, NTNU

 Sandra Brooke, Florida State University, USA

Financial support by Flagship for Ocean Acidification at FRAM – High North Research Center and Norwegian Environment Agency THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! Using pteropods as indicators in for ocean acidification monitoring

From Science to Monitoring: Methodological approach

Nina Bednaršek University of Washington, Washington Ocean Acidification Center

Oslo biomonitoring workshop, September 2015 Global Importance of Pteropods

 Pteropods are shelled pelagic snails and belong to zooplankton group.  Found in all ocean basins mostly in the upper 200 m.  Vital role within epipelagic food webs: high abundance, high grazing rates and important food source for higher trophic levels .  Pteropods contribute 20-42% to global carbonate budget (Bednaršek et al., 2012).  Pteropods in Norwegian waters with high ecological and economic importance; 10-50 times higher abundances that in the other ‘hot’ regions.  Sensitive to small-scale changes in the environment; thus considered an indicator of good health of the ecosystem Pink salmon Cod Herring

Chum salmon

Jellies

Octopus Siphonophores

Amphipod

Sockeye

Sablefish

Puffin Mackerel Whales Auklet Ocean Acidification along the US West Coast

Percentage of upper 100 m Expansion of corrosive waters in the coastal environments 70% corrosive - habitat loss corrosive for pteropod shells. (spatial extent)

WA WA WA

OR OR OR

CA CA CA

Bednarsek et al., Proceedings Bednarto the Royalšek et Society al., in review. B, 2014 Duration and magnitude of exposure to OA

Vancouver Island Exposure of 2 weeks to undersaturated WA

waters favorable

Tracking drifting particles (2 months, upwelling season).

Visualizing the level of duration and magnitude of exposure to OA as

pteropods traveling from North to South. OR corrosive

Exposure 30+ days to undersaturated waters

Hermann, 2015 Bednaršek et al., in review Pteropods as indicators-increased shell dissolution Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification

Shell dissolution closely corresponds to carbonate chemistry conditions Changes in dissolution extent occur on a very short time scale of response, from days to weeks.

A B

More spatially extensive and severe than in the Southern ocean. Dissolution of indicator of past, present and future Pre-industrial level of dissolution only due to upwelling: naturally occurring dissolution (18%)

Significant increase in the current level of dissolution  53% in the coastal regions.

By 2050: ~70% of water column will be undersaturated 70% of pteropods affected by severe dissolution in the coastal regions Quantification of Pteropod Shell Dissolution

1.0 15

0.8 29 28 14 13 0.6 65 6 Off-shore (> 200 m) On-shore, north (< 200 m) 0.4 On-shore, south (< 200 m) 61 37 57 21 69 75 31 0.2 73 87 95

Proportion of individuals with dissolution with individuals of Proportion 0.0

0 20 40 60 80 100 % Undersaturated water  Strong positive relationship between % of undersaturated waters and proportion of dissolved individuals1  ↑ % of undersaturation  reduction in suitable habitat availability pteropod trying to escape corrosive waters2

1Bednaršek et al., 2014; 2Bednarsek and Ohman, 2015 Pteropods as indicators-reduction in calcification Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification

 Epifluorescent dye calcein, incorporation ion the active sites  Rapid screening test of calcification in the in situ conditions  Useful for different pteropod species Pteropods as indicators- reduction in calcification Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification

Shell calcification closely corresponds to carbonate chemistry conditions. Response on a very short time scale, from days to weeks.

1 Ω>1.2 1 3

2 2 0.9<Ω<1.2

3 Ω<0.9 Pteropods as indicators- swimming (dis)abilities Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification Pteropods as indicators- swimming disabilities Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification Pteropods as indicators-reduction in shell thickness Attribution of the observed effects to ocean acidification

Visualization tool of biological response to Ω

)

1

-

kg

250

mol

] (µ ]

-

2

3

[CO 100 150 200 150 100

Threshold for aragonite undersaturation 50

375 500 750 1000 pCO2 (µatm)

Dissolution is affecting individual survival Harmonized Methodology : Collection, Preservation, Species, Attributes • Collection of pteropods in the field 1) Design of the protocol (depth, duration of towing, day/night sampling/mesh size) 2) Targeted sampling approaches (specific site location, capturing carbonate chemistry gradients, trend assessment: changes in dissolution temporally and spatially) 3) Reference Trends,sites for changesdetermining and reference increasing conditionsstress in unimpaired over time, waterbodies cumulative impacts US OA Integrated monitoring: Connecting the dots

Co-location of physical chemical and biological observations, Across gradients (time and space)

Drivers, impacts, anthropogenic CO2 impact  hot spot regions Agreed harmonized Methodology : Collection, Preservation, Species, Attributes

Preservation method for collection: • 90% buffered ethanol to use (prevents dissolution and equally keeps biological structurally stable)

Assessment criteria: 1) Species choice • Polar, most dominant and ecologically important: Limacina helicina (dissolution can be standardized, reproducible) • Sub-polar, increasing in numbers due to ↑ T : Limacina retroversa Agreed harmonized Methodology : Collection, Preservation, Species, Attributes

2) Assessment criteria: Observing parameters (short(er) vs long term trends in attribution to OA ):

• Shell dissolution (extent, different types, how many individuals affected, trend in dissolution increase/severity) • Abundance (long-term) to demonstrate ecological importance Pteropod shell under SEM

Type II

Type III

No dissolution

Johnson and Bednarsek, UW/WOAC Combined use of light microscope and SEM

No dissolution No dissolution Combined use of light microscope and SEM

Type I to II Type I to II Combined use of light microscope and SEM

Type II-III Type II-III Robust equation: reproducible results

100

90 2011 80

70

60

50

40 PERCENT INDIVIUALS WITH DISSOLUTION WITH INDIVIUALS PERCENT 30 2013

20

10

0 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 AVERAGE OMEGA Integrated Monitoring on OA

‒ WA waters ‒ Physical, chemical and bio OA monitoring ‒ Carbon variables ‒ Water quality ‒ Plankton: phytoplankton, microzooplankton, macrozooplankton ‒ pteropods

Map: Greeley; Photos: Vander Giessen & USA Today Pteropods as part of OA Monitoring

• Pteropod shells show signs of dissolution when exposed to corrosive waters • Patterns in time and space help us understand impacts and drivers and early warning responses

La Push, coastal WA Whidbey basin, Puget Sound Photos: Johnson & Bednarsek P136 P4

P381

P12

• Pteropods already show shell dissolution in the natural environment • Strong correlation between intensity of OA and pteropod shell dissolution • Temporal development of dissolution. • Comparable patterns across space and time. Monitoring • Pteropod sampling is part of the integrated monitoring • Part of the zooplankton sampling (additional tow for pteropods - one more ‘layer’ of observations) • Cost-effective and rapid • 3 times per year, cruises (physical+chem+bio) • WA is the 1st state with pteropod monitoring • Considerations of other coastal states and OSPAR • Analyses: shell dissolution and abundances (short- term vs long-term) • Complementing carbon analyses temporal and spatial resolution With focus on Norway-existing monitoring (volume water, gradients, drivers, impacts) With focus on Norwegian waters NW Barents Sea

NW Barents Sea

1) Low saturation state within pteropod habitat 2) Values triggering dissolution (Ω<1.3) 3) Progress of dissolution in time 4) Abundance changes from long-term zooplankton series With focus on NW Barents Sea

The highest abundances1 Depth distribution: 200-300m

Fram Strait

Decline of L. helicina, replacement with L. retroversa2 (energetically less rich)

1: Bednarsek et al., 2012, ESSD 2L Bauerfeind et al., 2013 Implication of Ocean Acidification on Vertical DistributionsPteropods and Shell for Dissolution OA monitoring of Pteropods and Heteropods in the CCE-LTER study area

Pteropod are ideal biological indicator because:

respond to the small changes in Ωar very quickly sensitive  do not respond to other parameters: specific  reproducible results: robust and quantifiable indicator.  provide early warning signal as well as cumulative response  monitoring ubiquitous, rapid, cost-effective, easy-to-use Know what is happening in your backyard- GO MONITOR!

Thank you! Overview of our research on Ocean Acidification & Climate Change: Effect of multiple stressors in the future ocean We try to get an increased understanding of…

The importance of ocean acidification compared to other climate stressors (especially temperature) for changing marine ecosystems

The importance of climate stressors relative to other stressors for changing marine ecosystems

…. both anthropogenic stressors  Pollution It is important to see things in perspective: Oil and Drilling mud (The Combined effects project) Pesticides from aquaculture (The FLUCLIM project)  Invasive species  Habitat destruction  Overexploitation of marine species …. and natural stressors  Predator presence (The OAPPI project)  Low food availability E f f e c t s of O A on C o m b i n e d e f f e c t s of O A E f f e c t s of O A on e a r l y l i f e s t a g e s and add- on s t r e s s o r P r e d a t o r - P r e y Interaction

The Northern shrimp Pandalus borealis Asterias rubens Mytilus edulis Pandalus borealis

Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis Cancer pagurus Strongylocentrotus

Sam+ Dupont droebachiensis experiments

Lophelia pertusa Megan Slower development experiments

Pycnopodia Strongylocentrotus Chris Harley & helianthoides franciscanus Blue mussels Mytilus edulis Vaughan

Meganycthiphanes norvegica

Crossaster papposus Asterias rubens Sam Dupont

Laboratory Laboratory

P a r t n e r s S a m D u p o n t (University of Gothenburg) P a r t n e r s D a n M a y o r (University of Aberdeen) C h r i s H a r l e y (University of British Colombia) Smaller mussels D a g H j e r m a n n (University of Oslo) S a m D u p o n t (University of Gothenburg) …. slower growth P i e r o C a l o s i (Plymouth University) T j a l l i n g J a g e r (VU University Amsterdam) John Spicer (Plymouth University) Nils T. Hagen (University of Nordland) C o m b i n e d e f f e c t s

Effects of ocean warming and ocean acidification on shrimps

Ocean warming Ocean acidification Ocean warming Exp. 1: & acidification

Control +3°C vs pH 7.6 +3°C (pH 8.1, 7°C) pH 7.6

Predicted scenario for 2100+

Pandalus borealis Photos: Tandberg, Ingvarsdottir, Bechmann C o m b i n e d e f f e c t s

Exp. 2:

Effects of ocean warming, ocean acidification and oil on shrimps

Ocean warming Oil spill Ocean warming & acidification 0.5 mg/L oil & acidification for 7 days +3°C pH 7.6 +3°C pH 7.6 + Oil spill Control 0.5 mg/L oil vs for 7 days (pH 8.1, 7°C) Multistress on shrimp larvae

Photo: Tandberg & Arnberg

Utviklingstid Spising Vekst

Saktere Raskere Mindre Mer Mindre Større

pH  = =

°C 

pH  + °C 

Oil

Oil + pH  + °C  ! C o m b i n e d e f f e c t s

The combined effects of ocean acidification and ocean warming on early life stages of Northern Krill (Meganycthiphanes norvegica)

Ocean warming + Ocean acidification

+3°C pH 7.6

Photo by Øystein Paulsen, http://en.wikipedia.org. Krill early life stages, Photo: Maj Arnberg, IRIS - H v a s k j e r m e d k r i l l e n v å r ?

Dagens klima (7°C, pH 8.1) vs Klima i år 2100 (10°C, pH 7.6) K r i l l t i d l i g e livsstadier • Lik klekkesuksess, tidligere klekking • Raskere utvikling mellom larvestadiene • Omtrent lik vekst, litt kortere I klima eksponeringen J u v e n i l e k r i l l • Spiser mindre

Resultatene tyder• på… Skifter skall sjeldnere • Økt Respirasjon - So what?

- Larvene klekker tidligere, utvikler seg raskere og er litt mindre…. Gjør det noe?

- Ja…. Sannsynligvis ikke bra…….

- Timing er viktig! - «Match-Mismatch» - Tipping point? C o m b i n e d e f f e c t s Combined effects of ocean acidification and petroleum- related drilling mud on the cold water coral Lophelia pertusa

Photo: Elisabeth Tønnessen Kontroll sammenlignet med Boreslam Havforsuring Havforsuring + boreslam Genekspresjon: + + + Oppregulering av stressproteiner + + + Mer slimproduserende celler (stress) + + Kalkskjelettet “krymper” + + Aktivitet: Polyppene mer trukket inn

Litt plaget Mye plaget Mest plaget Foto: Erling Erling Foto:Svensen C o m b i n e d e f f e c t s

The green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis The combined effect of ocean acidification and oil spill on sea urchins

• OA: pH 7.6 • Oil: 0.5 mg/L oil, 4 days

• Temperature: 8°C

& Sam Dupont, University of Gothenburg Kråkebollelarvenes sjebne Kontroll vs Olje pH  pH  + Olje Forsøk 1: Oljeeksponering etter 9 dager (4 armet pluteus) Overlevelse ÷ ÷ Vekst ÷ ÷ ÷ ! Spising ÷ ÷ Forsøk 2: Oljeeksponering etter 23 dager (8 armet pluteus) Overlevelse Vekst ÷ ÷ ÷ ! Spising ÷ ÷ Metamorfose (bunnslåing) ÷ ÷ I samarbeid med Sam Dupont For most parameters OA did not affect how the prey responded to predation cues. Except growth of sea urchins where OA caused reduced growth only in the presence of crab. FLUCLIM - Effects of diflubenzuron on Northern shrimps (Pandalus borealis) at ambient and future climate conditions

A m b i e n t Future climate c l i m a t e pH 8.1 Ocean acidification (pH 7.6) and 7C increased temperature (10C) Shrimps Pandalus borealis Diflubezuron A chitin synthesis from medicated fish feed inhibitor

Benzoylurea pesticide

Anti-parasitic drug against salmon lice SURVIVAL for shrimp larvae Mean percent survival for 6 replicate batches of shrimp larvae exposed to DFB at two climate scenarios

100

Ambient Climate Control 80 - 25 %

60 Future Climate Control

- 56 % 40

Ambient Climate + DFB 20 - 82 % Future Climate + DFB Percent survival of shrimp larvae shrimp of survival Percent E x p o s u r e t o D F B o r c l e a n p e l l e t s 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Days post-hatch Main conclusions from our projects:

• All of the species studied at IRIS seemed to tolerate OA quite well, with the exception of cold water corals.

• Temperature seemed to elicits greater effects on shrimps than effects of OA alone.

• For most parameters OA did not affect how the prey responded to predation cues. Except growth of sea urchins where OA caused reduced growth only in the presence of crab.

• Additive effects on animals of both oil and diflubenzuron when these were combined with climatic variables. Suggesting that acting on local stressors can delay the negative impacts of future global drivers. Some suggestions to monitoring biological effects of Ocean acidification by IRIS

• We suggest monitoring of three species sensitive to OA, Pteropods, brittle stars, and cold water corals.

• Monitoring of toxic algae (if more is needed), since literature indicates more frequent harmful algal blooms due to climate change.

• It is important to include temperature in the monitoring program. Particularly to investigate the possibilities of mismatches between phytoplankton and meroplankton. Because of phenological processes such as mortality, reproduction, the onset of spawning and the embryonic and larval development in species may be altered by temperature and OA.

• To achieve this goal, a network of “fjord labs” observatories is suggested to monitor in situ a number of chemical and biological parameters along the Norwegian coast from southern Norway to Svalbard. Each fjord lab observatory could consist of a payload of sensors and biosensors targeting water chemistry (pH, alkalinity, oxygen etc..), water physical conditions (temperature, salinity etc.) and biological impacts on keystone marine taxa (phytoplankton, zooplankton other animals..). The data gathered by these observatories could be easily available on a web portal open to public for information and the managers for forecasting changes arising in the future ocean. Such integrated monitoring approach could enable managers and regulators to make regional assessments of the effects of climate change at the regional scale on the ecosystem and evaluate the consequences for the local society. Tusen takk til…

COMBINED EFFECTS N F R OAPPI FLUCLIM NORKLIMA

PhD student Maj Arnberg HAVKYST Stig Westerlund HAVKYST Ingrid Taban Nadia Arab Elisa Ravagnan Stig Westerlund Thierry Baussant Emily Lyng Anne-Helene Tandberg Stig Westerlund Shaw Bamber Anna Ingvarsdottir Ingrid C. Taban Mark Berry Marianne Nilsen Elisa Ravagnan Elisa Ravagnan Arve Osland Marianne Nilsen Marianne Nilsen Sreerekha S. Ramanand +++ Sreerekha S. Ramanand Renée K. Bechmann Prosjektleder: Renée Bechmann + Prosjektleder Renée K. Bechmann + Prosjektleder Renée K. Bechmann Samarbeidspartnere Sam Dupont Samarbeidspartnere University of Gothenburg Samarbeidspartnere Katherine Langford, Dan Mayor and Kathryn Cook Chris Harley, Megan Vaughan University Jannicke Moe University of Aberdeen of British Columbia Dag Ø. Hjermann Dag Hjermann, NIVA Sam Dupont, University of Gothenburg Piero Calosi, Université du Québec à Piero Calosi & John Spicer Tjalling Jager, VU University Amsterdam Rimouski Plymouth University Nils T. Hagen, Universitetet i Nordland Paul Sear University of Leicester NIVA Ocean Acidification Strategic Institute Initiative (OA-SIS)

OA-SIS Objective: To develop a world class capacity to study ocean acidification, and provide improved understanding of the changes in biogeochemistry and its effects on marine ecosystems. Andrew L. King (interim OA-SIS leader)

w/ Richard Bellerby (OA-SIS leader) & Kai Sørensen (Research manager) Six tasks of OA-SIS (2013-2016)

1) Development of an autonomous ocean acidification observing capacity

- pH (spectrophotometric), pCO2 2- (equilibrator/IR), CO3 (spectrophotometric)

2) Development of a world-class capacity for ocean acidification studies - Lab-based and portable systems for high precision and accuracy total DIC and total alkalinity measurements

3) Understanding the marine carbonate system from remote platforms - FerryBox ship of opportunities, benthic landers, etc. Six tasks of OA-SIS (2013-2016)

4) Scenarios of ocean acidification - Development and coupling of new pelagic and benthic biogeochemical modeling tools

5) Effects of ocean acidification and climate change on marine ecosystems - Lab- and field-based experimental approaches (microscale, mesocosm, single species, natural communities)

6) Socio-economic aspects of ocean acidification - Social and value impacts on ecosystem services (kelp, urchins, fisheries, cold Potential Saccharina water corals, tourism) regrowth between 65-70 deg N: 4.2 Mt C = ~1-3 billion NOK over 50 y OA-SIS ongoing 2015 projects 1) OA-RESPONSE (Ailbhe Macken): Pelagic ecosystems in changing oceans: experimental systems for phytoplankton and zooplankton OA, ocean warming, nutrient/contaminant studies 2) Arctic Regional Seas Ecosystem Change (Philip Wallhead): Development of biogeochemical models including OA and taxa specific responses 3) Ocean Certain (Richard Bellerby): 20 L mesocosm experiments in the Arctic (Kings Bay, Svalbard), June/July 2015; experimental matrix of OA x DOM x grazers; in collaboration with NTNU, UiB, UiT, and others 4) OA-TROPHIC (Andrew King): 40 m3 floating mesocosms in Bergen, Norway, May/June 2015; OA effects on lower trophic levels and trophic transfer efficiency; in collaboration with U. Riebesell (GEOMAR) 5) CoMICS (Emanuele Reggiani): Combined metrology for investigation of carbonate 2- species; autonomous spectrophotometric method for CO3 measurement 6) COAST-ALOA (Richard Bellerby): Coastal ocean acidification from remote platforms;

QC/QA of pCO2 and pH data streams from FerryBox observations

7) Acid Mar (Kai Sørensen): Continued R&D on autonomous equilibrator/IR pCO2 sensor 8) OA-SERVICES (Wenting Chen): Scenarios of ecosystem services for marine and climate management; identify hotspots, key organisms, and tipping points; develop values for present/future ecosystem services and evaluate socioeconomic costs Strategy for monitoring OA effects on ocean biology

Marine systems and biological responses are complex We lack mechanistic understanding and the ability to predict the effects of OA on an ecosystem level

Observe OA will occur in parallel with climate change and other anthropogenic impacts How do we delineate the effects of multiple stressors? At a minimum, changing ocean pH/Ω/pCO2 and temperature…

Experiment OA and climate change will occur over relatively long temporal scales Observations (correlation) and experimentation (causation) must be coupled with modeling Model Suggestions for monitoring of biological effects of ocean acidification | M-445

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