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Investigating the Adherent Bacterial Community of Cnidarian Zooplankton; Jellyfish As Vectors of Potential Pathogens of the Aquaculture Industry

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Investigating the Adherent Bacterial Community of Cnidarian Zooplankton; Jellyfish As Vectors of Potential Pathogens of the Aquaculture Industry MASTS: Annual Science Meeting 4-6 October 2017 Investigating the adherent bacterial community of Cnidarian zooplankton; Jellyfish as vectors of potential pathogens of the aquaculture industry Morag Clinton1, Anna Kintner2, Andrew Brierley3 and David Ferrier4 1 Scottish Ocean’s Institute, University of St Andrews. – [email protected] 2 3 Pelagic Ecology Research Group, Bute Building, University of St Andrews 4 Evolutionary Developmental Genomics Group, SOI, University of St Andrews Area being submitted to (delete as appropriate): General Science Preferred presentation medium (delete as appropriate): (ii) e-poster format. Are you a student? (Delete as appropriate): Yes The abstract should be submitted to masts@st- et al., 2015; Thomas et al., 2016), capable of hosting andrews.ac.uk, in an editable format, by 16:00 a variety of bacterial species. th Friday 7 July 2017. This research therefore focused on collection and Gelantinous zooplankton of the taxon Cnidaria identification of bacteria adherent to cnidarian (commonly referred to a jellyfish) are pest jellyfish around the coast of Shetland. We sought to organisms of commercial finfish aquaculture answer the question ‘are bacterial species associated (Rodger et al., 2011). Exposure of farmed fish to with disease in Atlantic Salmon production present these jellyfish is known to result in tissue damage within the normal cnidarian microbiome?’ This was within the gills, with consequences including achieved through targeted molecular analysis for impaired respiration, altered osmoregulation and potential pathogens, with isolates identified to even death (Baxter et al., 2011; Mitchell et al., species level. 2012). Recent research investigating an outbreak of Acknowledgements bacterial gill disease in Atlantic Salmon identified the bacterial pathogen Tenacibaculum maritimum That authors would like to acknowledge the both in gill lesions of fish as well as the surface assistance of Marine Harvest in sample collection, as tissue of the jellyfish P. noctiluca that fish had been well as MASTS and BBSRC for project funding. naturally exposed to (Delannoy et al., 2011). This work highlights the potential of these jellyfish to act References as bacterial hosts, and prompts further questions regarding the potential for jellyfish to act as vectors Baxter, E. J., Sturt, M. M., Ruane, N. M., Doyle, T. K., Mcallen, R., Harman, L. and Rodger, H. D. (2011) ‘Gill of bacterial disease, harboring pathogens of Atlantic Damage to Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Caused by the Salmon production within their microbiome. Common Jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) under Experimental Challenge’, PLoS ONE , 6(4), p. e18529. doi: Whilst routine vaccination minimizes outbreaks 10.1371/journal.pone.0018529. bacterial disease in Scottish Aquaculture, bacterial Delannoy, C. M. J., Houghton, J. D. R., Fleming, N. E. C. infection remain an important cause of fish loss, and Ferguson, H. W. (2011) ‘Mauve Stingers (Pelagia particularly in the cleaner species now used in noctiluca) as carriers of the bacterial fish pathogen Atlantic Salmon production (Sudheesh et al., 2012; Tenacibaculum maritimum’, Aquaculture. Elsevier B.V., Jensen et al., 2015; Smage et al., 2016). 311(1–4), pp. 255–257. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2010.11.033. Jensen, S., Samuelsen, O. B., Andersen, K., Torkildsen, The available literature on the microbiome of L., Lambert, C., Choquet, G., Paillard, C. and Bergh, Ø. Cnidarian zooplankton suggests that the surface (2015) ‘Phylogenetic analysis and serotyping of Vibrio microbiome of these organisms is specialized and splendidus-related bacteria isolated from salmon farm distinct from surrounding environmental bacterial cleaner fish’, Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 53, pp. 25– populations (Manzari et al., 2014; Weiland-Brauer 31. doi: 10.3354/dao02938. Mainar et al. Manzari, C., Fosso, B., Marzano, M., Annese, A., Caprioli, R., D’Erchia, A. M., Gissi, C., Intranuovo, M., Picardi, E., Santamaria, M., Scorrano, S., Sgaramella, G., Stabili, L., Piraino, S. and Pesole, G. (2014) ‘The influence of invasive jellyfish blooms on the aquatic microbiome in a coastal lagoon (Varano, SE Italy) detected by an Illumina-based deep sequencing strategy’, Biological Invasions, 17(3), pp. 923–940. doi: 10.1007/s10530-014-0810-2. Mitchell, S. O., Baxter, E. J., Holland, C., Rodger, H. D., Mitchell, S. O., Rodger, Á. H. D., Holland, Á. C. and Baxter, E. J. (2012) ‘Development of a novel histopathological gill scoring protocol for assessment of gill health during a longitudinal study in marine-farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)’, Aquacult Int, 20, pp. 813– 825. doi: 10.1007/s10499-012-9504-x. Rodger, H. D., Murphy, K., Mitchell, S. O. and Henry, L. (2011) ‘Gill disease in marine farmed Atlantic salmon at four farms in Ireland.’, The Veterinary record, p. 668. doi: 10.1136/vr.d3020. Smage, S. B., Frisch, K., Brevik, O. J., Watanabe, K. and Nylund, A. (2016) ‘First isolation, identification and characterisation of Tenacibaculum maritimum in Norway, isolated from diseased farmed sea lice cleaner fish Cyclopterus lumpus L’, Aquaculture. doi: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.06.030. Sudheesh, P. S., Al-Ghabshi, A., Al-Mazrooei, N. and Al- Habsi, S. (2012) ‘Comparative Pathogenomics of Bacteria Causing Infectious Diseases in Fish’, International Journal of Evolutionary Biology. doi: 10.1155/2012/457264. Thomas, T., Moitinho-Silva, L., Lurgi, M., Björk, J. R., Easson, C., Astudillo-García, C., Olson, J. B., Erwin, P. M., López-Legentil, S., Luter, H., Chaves-Fonnegra, A., Costa, R., Schupp, P. J., Steindler, L., Erpenbeck, D., Gilbert, J., Knight, R., Ackermann, G., Victor Lopez, J., Taylor, M. W., Thacker, R. W., Montoya, J. M., Hentschel, U. and Webster, N. S. (2016) ‘Diversity, structure and convergent evolution of the global sponge microbiome’, Nature Communications, 7(11870). doi: 10.1038/ncomms11870. Weiland-Brauer, N., Neulinger, S. C., Pinnow, N., Künzel, S., Baines, J. F. and Schmitz, R. A. (2015) ‘Composition of bacterial communities associated with Aurelia aurita changes with compartment, life stage, and population’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01601-15. MASTS: Annual Science Meeting 4-6 October 2017 Structure of the water column in St Magnus Bay, Shetland, and how this may contribute to the advection of harmful algae Dees, P.1, 2, Dale, A.1, Whyte, C.1, Mouat, B.2 , Edwards, M.3 , Johns, D.3 and Davidson, K.1 1 Scottish Association of Marine Science, Dunbeg, Oban – [email protected] 2 NAFC Marine Centre Port Arthur, Scalloway, Shetland 3 SAHFOS, Citadel Hill, Plymouth Area being submitted to (delete as appropriate): 1) General science session Preferred presentation medium (delete as appropriate): (ii) e-poster format. Are you a student? (Delete as appropriate): Yes Shellfish grown and harvested in an aquaculture abundance and the blooming period of Dinophysis setting is an important industry in the Shetland spp. have increased. Islands in Scotland. Approximately 74% of Scottish mussels are grown in the Shetland Isles. A recent report published by Marine Scotland confirms the Acknowledgements economic importance of farmed mussels; 7,732 tonnes of mussels grown in Scotland were sold during This work received funding from the MASTS 2016. Included in this number are the 5,686 tonnes pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science grown in Shetland and sold for approximately £7.4 and Technology for Scotland) and their support is million, directly supporting 102 jobs. gratefully acknowledged. MASTS is funded by the Scottish Funding Council (grant reference HR09011) One of the largest threats to the Scottish shellfish and contributing institutions. industry, is the presence and unpredictable nature of harmful algal blooms (HABs). Large blooms of the dinoflagellate genus Dinophysis during 2006 and References 2013 affected the shellfish industry in Shetland. This was particularly problematic during 2013 for two Whyte, C., Swan, S., & Davidson, K. (2014). Changing reasons. The bloom was anomalously large, and wind patterns linked to unusually high Dinophysis arrived without much prior warning even though blooms around the Shetland Islands, Scotland. regular monitoring of phytoplankton and toxin levels Harmful Algae, 39, 365–373. was taking place. Analysis has revealed that changes in prevalent wind patterns, rather than in situ growth, Gobler, C. J., Doherty, O. M., Hattenrath-Lehmann, T. K., was the main reason the abundance of Dinophysis Griffith, A. W., Kang, Y., & Litaker, R. W. (2017). spp. around shellfish aquaculture sites increased so Ocean warming since 1982 has expanded the niche of dramatically (Whyte et al., 2014). toxic algal blooms in the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans. Proceedings of the National Academy Using CTD data we will here give an indication of Sciences, 114(19), 4975–4980. of the water structure around Shetland, and how this varies with seasonality. We will also hopefully be able to indicate the direction of cell advection using drifters, procured using a MASTS grant. Using 58 years of plankton abundance data from the continuous plankton recorder, it will be possible to compare HAB species abundance in the open sea around Shetland to cell counts from water samples taken closer to shore. Sea surface temperature data obtained from the Hadley Centre will allow the effects of climate change on HAB species to be modelled and compared to predictions made by Gobler et al (2017), whom have hypothesized that the Effect of two chemical formation. Slickgone NS preferentially
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