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National Historical Museum - Old Parliament Building FOREWORD

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National Historical Museum - Old Parliament Building FOREWORD National Historical Museum - Old Parliament Building FOREWORD Contents The Great War of 1914-1918, an unprecedented event, is a turning point for world history. It was the first truly global conflict and the first to use modern military Foreword . 1 technology to a devastating effect. The Great War . 2 from Europe to the world The influence of the War of 1914-1918 is still The years 2014-2018 mark the centenary of having an impact in society today. The seeds the Great War. Dilemmas and disagreements . 10 of the Second World War can be found here, It is a global anniversary of commemoration, as well as the dissolution of the world’s empires. Greece at war . 20 which prompts us to re-evaluate the strength The war to end all wars definitively trans- of civilization. The brutality and inhumanity The end . 26 formed the face of Europe, laying the foundations on such a scale during the War ushered the Afterword . 28 for a new age. world into a century of excessive and often unreasonable violence. Poppies We came upon a hill blessed with abundant springs. Its flank was scarlet with poppies. A Russian regiment also headed for Guidebook of the temporary exhibition the front had already chosen this spot to rest, and we were commanded to halt there as well. […] “The Great War to end all wars, 1914-1918” We ate together; we talked together for hours, neither group comprehending a jot of the other’s tongue. Yet we understood Old Parliament Building each other perfectly, for love as well as hate is an international December 4, 2017 - November 11, 2018 language. […] When we lined up in fours again and were about to depart, the Russians placed poppies in our rifle-muzzles, transforming our column into a strange kind of religious procession carrying steel candles alight at the tips with the most exultant of flames. […] Such great quantities of love exist in this world! Abundant love, covering the earth like a river that floods tidal plains in springtime. Blossoming love, an entire hillside scarlet with © Historical and Ethnological Society of Greece poppies begging to be picked. And to pick them is so very, National Historical Museum Remembrance cross very easy. All you need to do is bend down. British memorial for the Great War, bearing the image of a poppy flower. Identical ones — Stratis Myrivilis, Life in the Tomb are still in use on graves of the fallen. ISBN: 978-960-6812-73-6 Translated by Peter Bien — — V.N. collection The exhibition does not offer a complete narrative of wartime events. It aims at briefly presenting the sociopolitical experience of the war, especially focusing on Greece. THE GREAT WAR The Great War to end all wars. 1914-1918 from Europe to the world A fragile peace Europe on the eve of war At the dawn of the 20th century, the Great Powers’ policies were strongly British Empire Austria-Hungary imperialistic. The British Empire, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Great Britain was a fully urbanized and The Habsburg Empire was a dual monarchy. Russia and later the Unites States of America and Japan, claimed portions of the industrialized state. The nation’s prosperity The Germanic Austrians had conceded autono- world for themselves. depended entirely upon world trade and my to the Magyars of Hungary, the second most the colonies. Therefore, the primary strategic powerful nation of the empire. The empire The gradual reduction of available territories led to a series of clashes, the first of goal was to maintain maritime supremacy, was made up of multiple ethnicities: Slovaks, which is the Great War. which was now being threatened by German Romanians, Croats, Czechs, Poles, Ruthenians, naval development. Slovenes, Serbs, etc. The massive scale of this war was unexpected, as it happened at a time of intense commercial development and growing financial interdependence. France Germany After France was defeated in the Franco-Prus- In Germany, Kaiser Wilhelm II wielded full sian war of 1870, they ceded the provinces power and the system’s foundation was of Alsace and Lorraine. Intense resentment militarism. War was constantly considered as and the fear of neighbouring Germany, led to a strong possibility, because of the wide- And thus it all began reconciliation with their former adversaries, spread fear of “encirclement” by their enemies. Britain and Russia. Τhis fear was often expressed in national and On June 28, 1914, racial terms, as a need to prevail over their Archduke Franz-Ferdinand, Russia Slavic neighbours. heir to the Habsburg throne of The Russian Tsars were totalitarian rulers of Austria-Hungary, was murdered a still agricultural and semi-feudal society. in Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia. Maintaining military prowess necessitated The murder of Archduke Franz-Ferdinand heavy industry though, which was making His murderer was Gavrilo Princip, a Serbo-Bosnian student and member of the “Black Hand” secret society, which was its first delayed steps. The ideology of related to the Yugoslav nationalist movement. panslavism gave Russia grounds for interfer- By Mimis Antoniadis. ing with the smaller Slavic states of Central and — E.S.-B. collection South-Eastern Europe. Austria-Hungary used the murder as a mo- Russia mobilized to support Serbia and Germany tive for resolving their disputes with Serbia. declared war upon Russia and France. With the support of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Ger- The declarations of war succeeded one another, British caricature map of Europe in 1914 many, they issued an ultimatum which Serbia and soon the European states and their colonies By Walter Emanuel. rejected, and then declared war on July 28. were divided into two opposite camps. — P.S. collection 2 The Great War: From Europe to the world The Great War: From Europe to the world 3 The Great War to end all wars. 1914-1918 Why are we fighting? THE ALLIES Initially, the War was hailed with enthusiasm. It was believed that the force of modern weaponry would make it a short war, like the previous ones. Thousands of young France and Britain had resolved their colonial disputes Europeans enlisted voluntarily, despite the lack of a definite military aim in any with the Entente Cordiale (1904). Russia joined in 1907, official propaganda. after facing defeat by Japan, and the alliance was renamed the Triple Entente. At the outset of the War, Britain, France and Russia agreed not to sign separate peace treaties. From that point on, they are also referred to as the Allies. France was at war to reclaim Alsace and Lorraine from the invader. A world divided Austria-Hungary Russia to protect the rights to escape dissolution. of the Slavic people. THE CENTRAL POWERS Each Great Power entered the War Germany and Austria-Hungary were known with different pretexts. as the Central Powers due to their geographic position Germany fought In Great Britain, between their opponents. The common ethnic German to defend herself conservatives believed identity of their ruling classes and the shared fear of against encirclement, they were fighting to and also for her Kultur, defend the Empire’s global their neighbours were the main factors for the coalition, in contrast to the British interests, while liberals which was also joined by Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire. materialistic Zivilisation considered it a struggle on one side and Slavic of democracy against barbarity on the other. Prussian militarism. 4 The Great War: From Europe to the world The Great War: From Europe to the world 5 The Great War to end all wars. 1914-1918 The Great War to end all wars. 1914-1918 War! Life and Death From the first battles it was clear that this would Often, after long and difficult marches, the Life in the trench German playing cards be a static war. Hidden in trenches, men fought troops would arrive at the front to face an The set portrays flags of the Central Powers Soldiers experienced endless hours of bore- and historical figures of the time. for positions that they would keep with small unbearable situation. They would serve for a dom alternating with times of absolute terror. — NHM – but extremely bloody – advancements, for the week to ten days, hoping to be relieved before next four years. any major attack. At night, they were expected to repair or dig new trenches, note the enemy positions with Survivors would return to the reserve lines for rest and recovery, patrols, gather, recognize and bury some of before being sent back into the trenches. the corpses lying around. Most offensives were initiated at dawn, so everybody needed to be on the alert then. During daylight, they could rest, write to their Making coffee at the front loved ones, tend to their equipment, and try — NHM to eradicate the numerous rats, lice and fleas. Under no circumstance were they allowed to leave the trench. German gas mask Chemical death — I.L. collection In 1915, the Germans tried out a new weapon, a poisonous chlorine gas. The chemicals proved to be very effective, at least in the beginning. Very soon however, Allied troops were equipped with gas masks and also included chemical weapons in their own arsenal. Chemical gases and masks became the characteristic image of the Great War, creating an even more disastrous and inhumane environment. 6 The Great War: From Europe to the world The Great War: From Europe to the world 7 The Great War to end all wars. 1914-1918 The Great War to end all wars. 1914-1918 Modern times Firearms Helmets Aeroplanes Both sides soon realized the huge poten- Helmets were re-issued as standard equipment The Great War was the first one to see a tial of machine guns and heavy cannons.
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