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O Discurso Da Antropofagia Como Estratégia De Construção Da Identidade Cultural Brasileira

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O Discurso Da Antropofagia Como Estratégia De Construção Da Identidade Cultural Brasileira Acta Scientiarum http://www.uem.br/acta ISSN printed: 1983-4675 ISSN on-line: 1983-4683 Doi: 10.4025/actascilangcult.v38i3.31204 O discurso da antropofagia como estratégia de construção da identidade cultural brasileira Weslei Roberto Cândido* e Nelci Alves Coelho Silvestre 1Departamento de Teorias Linguísticas e Literárias, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. 2Departamento de Letras Modernas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brasil. *Autor para correspondencia. E-mail: [email protected] RESUMO. Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão teórica a respeito do termo ‘deglutição’ utilizado por Oswald de Andrade no Manifesto Antropófago (1928). Nesse manifesto, recortamos o conceito de antropofagia, vocábulo que descreve a devoração do Outro no intuito de absorvê-lo, no afã de assimilar as características das estéticas estrangeiras, e que expressa o impacto dos processos colonizadores na formação da identidade brasileira. Partindo da crítica à civilização europeia (colonialista), Oswald de Andrade, nas entrelinhas de seu discurso sobre a antropofagia, dialoga com as atuais discussões acerca da dependência cultural dos países periféricos. Diante desses apontamentos, nosso propósito é traçar um percurso histórico das leituras e apropriações que o termo ‘deglutição’ sofreu ao longo destes 88 anos, na esteira de estudos de críticos consagrados como Candido, Schwarz e Santiago. Palavras-chave: antropofagia; deglutição; identidade cultural. The discourse of cannibalism as a strategy of building Brazilian cultural identity ABSTRACT. This paper presents a theoretical discussion about the term ‘swallowing’ used by Oswald de Andrade in Manifesto Antropófago (1928). In this manifesto we cut the concept of cannibalism, a word that describes the devouring of the Other in order to absorb it, in his eagerness to assimilate the characteristics of foreign aesthetic, which expresses the impact of colonizing processes in the formation of Brazilian identity. Given the criticism towards the European civilization (colonialist), Oswald de Andrade dialogues, between the lines of his speech on anthropophagy, with current discussions of cultural dependency of peripheral countries. Given these notes, our purpose is to trace a historical background of the readings and appropriations that the term ‘swallowing’ has suffered over these 88 years in the researches of renowned critics such as Candido, Schwarz and Santiago. Keywords: anthropophagy. swallowing; cultural identity. Introduction and its (re)appropriation and subversion of the cultural tissue hallowed by elitist culture, inherited One of the most relevant contributions by by Brazilians through colonization and assimilated Oswald de Andrade in Brazilian literature is cultural without any criticism and adopted as a mandatory anthropophagy. In 1928 he launched the stance within the production of literature. Anthropophagy Manifesto and the henceforth usage Anthropophagy would be the solution for the of the term anthropophagy within the Brazilian renewal of the Arts since it would welcome a critical context. In the context of Oswald´s discourse, stance lacking in the literary production of the anthropophagy is a language process by which the Romantics. In fact, the latter was the greatest colonizer´s word is devoured, digested and representative of nationalist literature at the time the subverted. Within the Brazilian scenario, Manifesto was published. “Against the torch- anthropophagic deglutination is a novel way of carrying Indian. The Indian, son of Mary, godson of thinking since it may be a possible solution to the Catharine de´ Medici and son-in-law of Antonio de country´s cultural issues. Mariz” (Andrade, 1975, p. 7). It is Oswald´s stance It must be underscored that anthropophagy in against the culture of the Romantics, mainly against this context is a literary tool which contributes the representation of the Indian depicted by Alencar towards the acknowledgement of Otherness in so far in his novel O guarani (1996). as it foregrounds the devouring of the Other´s In Vira e mexe nacionalismo (2007), Leyla Perrone- culture. It is the deglutination of European culture Moisés returns to the anthropophagy concept as a Acta Scientiarum. Language and Culture Maringá, v. 38, n. 3, p. 243-251, July-Sept., 2016 244 Cândido and Silvestre literary strategy for the appropriation of European Santiago also deals with anthropophagy in his culture as a valid mechanism for the renewal of essay O entre-lugar do discurso latino-americano Latin American culture through an innovatory (Santiago, 2000) representing the violence of the embodiment: colonizing process. The author, however, rebuts and The special strength of a culture is precisely its re-contextualizes the critique of influence and copy. capacity to assimilate without suffering any losses, In Antropofagia, Heloísa Toller Gomes comments The Brazilian modernist Oswald de Andrade that defended a sort of critical and creative receptivity in [...] the important novelty of Oswald de Andrade his proposal for cultural anthropophagy, or rather, consists in transforming the concept of devouring metaphorically the foreign foregrounding anthropophagy – in several of its known or so that we would be strong as the Tupinamba presumable aspects: mystical-ritualistic, punitive, Indians became (literally) when they ate the first metaphysical, vindicatory, nutrient – into a central colonizers in Brazil (Perrone-Moisés, 2007, p. 24). metaphor by which one understands Brazil (Gomes, Oswald´s proposal has a dialectic factor. 2005, p. 47). European culture, the basis of Brazilian culture, is Through the above critiques, a re-analysis of the not discarded. The same principle of violence, anthropophagy concept contributes towards the equivalent to the colonizer´s, occurs when the recovery of Brazilian literature, downgraded and Other´s culture is appropriated. It is actually second-ranked when compared to foreign literature. cultural and anthropophagy is metaphoric. The Current analysis discusses the term ‘deglutination’ anthropophagy ritual is exaggerated, or rather, the restored by Oswald de Andrade and the act is now dressed in religious and pagan traits for appropriation of the term throughout all these years devouring the Other so that they may be assimilated. by the three literary critics Candido, Schwarz and Anthropophagy conceived by Oswald opens the Santiago. doors to all kind of (re)appropriation, (re)utilization and subversion of European culture on the The term ‘anthropophagy’ American continent. Clad in European heritage, The term ‘anthropophagy’ comes from the Brazilian authors should endeavor to reinstate their Greek and was transformed into ‘cannibalism’ in the own culture, abolish the old cultural, religious, 16th century by its transition from the European to literary inheritance by devouring it. The new the American milieu through the similarity between literature will be based on this sort of cannibal feast. Karib → cannibal → Caliban (Greenblatt, 1996). “Against memory, the source of habits. Personal The word denotes the act of eating human flesh, experience is renewed” (Andrade, 1975, p. 7). erroneously associated with the cannibalistic practice Consequently, anthropophagy is a mechanism for which consists in an animal eating another animal of the renewal of Brazilian culture. The keyword is the same species. In fact, the theme has always change. .Retaking the cannibals´ stance is to embarrassed Western people due to their shunning (re)appropriate oneself of Brazilian origins in its of tribal culture. combative stance against the colonial heritage. Anthropophagic rituals exist within the context For the last 88 years, the anthropophagy concept of tribal culture so that the Indigenes would contact was re-discussed with important repercussions on the gods. Anthropophagy is a type of ritualistic Brazilian literary criticism through a dialogue mainly renewal, or rather, an act that, in cultural terms, established between Antonio Candido, Roberto occurs by devouring metaphorically primitive Schwarz and Silviano Santiago. cultures. According to Benedito Nunes, the ritual In his essay Literatura e Subdesenvolvimento (1989), derives from “[...] the libido as an organic and Antonio Candido specifically made an in-depth psychic link between man and earth” (Nunes, 1970, study on the theme of cultural dependence from a p. 33). The pleasure bond with the earth would sociological approach. In Formação da Literatura make possible that cultured people remake their link Brasileira, the author admits Brazilian cultural with Brazil in its most primitive original state which dependence as a determinant factor in Brazilian leads them to devour the Other, the element foreign literature, tagged as ‘a secondary branch’. Further, to their culture, without absorbing it in parts, but Schwarz (2009a) in his essay Nacional por Subtração, incorporating it in its spirituality. re-analyzes Oswald´s ideas in the 1970s and Anthropophagy within the Latin American underlines the importance of Anthropophagy as context is the freeing of oneself from the tag of disruption and revolt, evidencing the country´s inferiority and demonstrates that European culture cultural backwardness, but diagnoses several flaws. undergoes a process of selective absorption: what Acta Scientiarum. Language and Culture Maringá, v. 38, n. 3, p. 243-251, July-Sept., 2016 Cannibalism and Brazilian cultural identity 245 and when it is indispensable to renew
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