His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol of Songkla 1892-1929

CONTENTS Page Welcoming Address to the Honorary Lectures 6 Schedule of the Special Lectures by the Prince Mahidol Awardees 20079 His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol of Songkla 11 The Prince Mahidol Award &oundation 17 ÃÒ§ÇÑÅÊÁà´ç¨à¨ŒÒ¿‡ÒÁËÔ´Å 19 µÃÒÊÒÃÁŹ٠¸Ô ÃÒ§ÇÔ ÅÊÁà´Ñ ¨à¨ç Ò¿Œ ÒÁˇ ´ÅÔ ã¹¾ÃкÃÁÃÒª»¶Ù ÁÀÑ  22 Members of Board of Trustees 29 Previous Prince Mahidol Awardees (1992 - 2006) 31 Prince Mahidol Awardees 200747 Professor Axel Ullrich 48 Professor Basil Stuart Hetzet 50 Dr. Sanduk Ruit 52 List of the Prince Mahidol Awardees Who Already Passed Away 55 Editorial Committee 56

5 WELCOMING ADDRESS TO THE HONORARY LECTURES BY THE 2007 PRINCE MAHIDOL AWARDEES by Teerawat Kulthanant, M.D. Dean and Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery &aculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University Professor Axel Ullrich, Professor Basil Stuart Hetzel, Dr Sanduk Ruit, Distinguished guests, Ladies and Gentlemen. On the behalf of the &aculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, I would like to welcome all of you to honor the 2007 Prince Mahidol Awardees. Professor Axel Ullrich is the Awardee in the field of Medicine; Professor Basil Stuart Hetzel and Dr Sanduk Ruit, in the field of Public Health.

6 The Prince Mahidol Award &oundation was established under the Royal Patronage on January 1st, 1992 to annually recognize individuals or institutions producing significant contributions to the advancement in the fields of medicine, public health and social services, throughout the world. The Award is to commemorate the Centenary of HRH Prince Mahidol of Songkla, the &ather of His Majesty the King, Bhumibol Adulyadej and the &ather of Modern Medicine of Thailand. Thus far, The Prince Mahidol Awards have been conferred to 45 awardees from 21 countries all over the world. &or 2007, 69 nominees from 35 countries were submitted. After careful consideration, the Board of Trustees, presided over by HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, arrived to the decision. The Award in the field of Medicine goes to Professor Axel Ullrich, Director of Molecular Biology at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Germany. He is recognized for his continuing study of molecular mechanisms of cancer and his pioneering work in the concept of ‘targeted cancer therapy’. His discovery of the breast cancer oncogene – the HER2/c-erbB2 gene, allowed further development of monoclonal antibodies to HER2. Subsequently, the humanized forms of the antibodies – Trastuzumab or Herceptin, were produced and have been used successfully in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Since breast cancer is the most common cancer among women around the world, Professor Ullrich’s contribution has therefore opened a new era of targeted cancer therapy not only to breast cancer but also to other types of cancer. The Awards in the field of Public Health go to Professor Basil Stuart Hetzel, Honorary President of the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), Australia and Dr Sanduk Ruit, Medical Director of the Tilganga Eye Center of Kathmandu, Nepal. Professor Basil Stuart Hetzel is recognized for his long and enduring work on the effect of iodine deficiency on the development of fetal central nervous system. He was among the first to show that iodine deficiency during pregnancy could lead to endemic cretinism and mental retardation among affected infants. By providing iodine to women during their reproductive period, such affliction could be readily averted. The International Council of Iodine Deficiency or ICCIDD, were founded by Professor Hetzel. The Council has helped promote comprehensive of iodized salt food industries and livestock sectors in approximately 100 countries. Professor Hetzel’s endeavors have made significant contribution to human population around the world, including Thailand.

7 Dr Sanduk Ruit from Nepal is also the other Awardee in the field of Public Health. Dr Ruit is a pioneer in the development of an effective suture-less cataract operation. Such technique allows rapid operations to be performed for a large number of patients in remote locations. He also collaborated in producing lower cost of high quality intraocular lenses to be used with the suture-less technique. With his mobile eye clinics, not only patients from Nepal and Himalayan regional but also patients from China, India, to Vietnam have benefited from his innovations. Besides, Dr Ruit and his team have trained more than 500 eye surgeons and personnel on such cost-effective and portable eye surgery technique, resulting in more than 35 millions cataract operations around the world. Without any further undue, Ladies and Gentlemen, it is my pleasure to welcome you special lectures from our honorary Prince Mahidol Awardees.

8 The Special Lectures by the Prince Mahidol Awardees 2007 January 29, 2008 At the Rajapattayalai Auditorium Conference Room 4aculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand 1.30 pm Welcome Ceremony 1.35 pm Opening address by Clinical Professor Teerawat Kulthanan Dean of the &aculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital 1.40 pm History and Results of the Prince Mahidol Award 2007 by Clinical Professor Supat Vanichakarn, Secretary General of the Prince Mahidol Award &oundation 1.50 pm Prince Mahidol Awardees 2007 Lecture: Target-specific cancer therapy for breast cancer by Professor Axel Ullrich introduced by Professor Supakorn Rojananin 2.15 pm Prince Mahidol Awardees 2007 Lecture: Towards the Global Elimination of Brain Damage due to Iodine Deficiency by Professor Basil Stuart Hetzel introduced by Assistant Professor Thavatchai Peerapatdit 2.40 pm Prince Mahidol Awardees 2007 Lecture: Preventive Ophthalmology by Dr. Sanduk Ruit introduced by Associate Professor Apichart Singalavanija 3.05 pm Questions and Answers 3.15 pm Closing Ceremony by Clinical Professor Teerawat Kulthanan Dean of the &aculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital 3.30 pm High tea

9

His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol of Songkla 1892-1929 HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE MAHIDOL O4 SONGKLA His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol of Songkla was born on January 1 st, 1892, to Their Majesties King Chulalongkorn and Queen Savang Vadhana. He was brought up in his formative years according to the Royal Thai tradition and ordained as a Buddhist novice like his brothers before receiving his education at Harrow, a renowned Public School in England. He then proceeded to Germany to continue his studies in accordance with the wishes of his father who was a close friend of Emperor William II. Prince Mahidol first attended the Royal Prussian Military Preparatory College at Potsdam which also offered courses on humanities and sciences in addition to military science. This liberal education background as well as self-study and sedulous visits to museums during that period together helped to form the intellectual and philosophical basis of his attitude and personality. Prince Mahidol subsequently attended the Imperial Military Academy at Gross Lichterfelde in Berlin for two more years. He then followed the wishes of His Majesty King Vajiravudh by entering the Nurwik Imperial German Naval Academy at &lensbourg in 1912. In that year, Prince Mahidol was commissioned by His Majesty King Vajiravudh as Lieutenant in the Royal Thai Navy. He was concurrently commissioned as a Lieutenant in the Imperial German Navy. Prince Mahidol completed his naval study but was prevented from joining the Imperial German Navy since he was instructed by His Majesty King Vajiravudh to return to Thailand at the outbreak of the &irst World War. After a year’s service in the Royal Thai Navy, Prince Mahidol resigned, with His Majesty King Vajiravudh’s permission, to pursue a civilian career. This was both the decisive turning point in his personal life and a momentous national event signalling his lasting contributions to the advancement of higher education, especially in the fields of basic sciences, public health, medicine, nursing and medical research. Prince Mahidol had noted, while serving in the Royal Thai Navy, the serious need for improvement in the standard of medical practitioners and public health in Thailand. In undertaking such mission, Prince Mahidol set in motion a whole range of activities in accordance with his conviction that human resources development at the national level was of utmost importance and his belief that improvement of public health constituted an essential factor in national development. One of his primary tasks was to lay a solid foundation for teaching basic sciences which Prince Mahidol pursued through all necessary measures. These included the provision of a considerable sum of his own money as scholarships for six talented students to study physics, chemistry and biology in England. Upon

12 H.R.H. Prince Mahidol with H.R.H. The Princess Mother and his daughter Princess Galyani Vadhana their return, these students formed the core of well-qualified teaching staff in basic sciences which the country had hitherto lacked. Once the teaching of basic sciences was well established, the teaching of other fields of applied sciences was upgraded. Here, Prince Mahidol placed special emphasis on medical education, public health, nursing, and medical research. His initiative and effort produced a most remarkable and lasting impact on the improvement of modern medicine and public health in Thailand such that he was subsequently honoured with the title of “&ather of Modern Medicine and Public Health”. In implementing his plan for institutional development in these areas, Prince Mahidol decided to study public health and medicine himself. Upon leaving the Royal Thai Navy, he proceeded to the United States and enrolled at Harvard University in 1916. In spite of having to shuttle between Harvard for his study and

13 Thailand for his official duties and work as well as his ill health, Prince Mahidol managed to concentrate on his study. He succeeded and received the Certificate of Public Health in 1921, the degree of Doctor of Medicine (cum laude) in 1928 and the honour of Alpha Omega Alpha membership. During the first period of his residence at Harvard, Prince Mahidol also negotiated and concluded, on behalf of the Royal Thai Government, an agreement with the Rockefeller &oundation on assistance for medical and nursing education in Thailand. During his stay in Thailand after receiving his C.P.H. in 1921, Prince Mahidol was appointed Director-General of the University Department, Ministry of Education. In that capacity, he implemented the assistance from the Rockefeller &oundation. He upgraded the teaching of biology, physics and chemistry through curricula development, acquisition of up-to-date equipment, and construction of laboratories and classrooms. To meet these and many other expenses in the expansion of the medical school, Prince Mahidol generously supplemented government budget with his own personal fund, and secured donations from members of the Royal &amily. In implementing his institutional development plan for the improvement of the teaching of basic sciences and pre-medical education, Prince Mahidol mobilized all available resources, including teaching vertebrate anatomy himself. But it was in his capacity as Chairman of the Committee to establish the Siriraj School of Medicine that Prince Mahidol demonstrated his capability and farsightedness as an educational planner, as well as his efficiency as an institutional builder.

Siriraj Hospital during the initial phase

14 After discharging his official duties and working as an educator, Prince Mahidol went back to Harvard and returned home with his well-earned M.D. (cum laude) in 1928. Back again at Siriraj Medical School, he taught preventive and social medicine to final year medical students. However, he was not permitted to serve an internship because of his pre-eminent royal status as a celestial Prince. Thus, to overcome this obstacle and to enable him to personally help the sick and bereaved, Prince Mahidol decided to leave the establishment he loved and had tolled for, to work as a resident doctor at McCormick Hospital, an American missionary hospital in Chiang Mai. Leaving his family behind in Bangkok, Prince Mahidol stayed with Dr. E.C. Cord, Director of McCormick Hospital, and performed operations alongside Dr. Cord. As ever, Prince Mahidol did much more than was required in attending his patients, taking care of needy patients at all hours of the day and night, and even, according to records, donating his own blood for them. &inally, Prince Mahidol was able to accomplish, through his determination and effort, an affirmation of the noble principle of dignity and worthiness of everyone as human being, irrespective of social origin, property, birth or other status. During the last days of his life and still continuing to fulfill his noble and zealous mission, Prince Mahidol took temporary leave to Bangkok in order to attend the funeral of a senior member of the Royal &amily. He never returned. He had been suffering from a severe kidney disease, for which he was once hospitalized

Residence of H.R.H. Prince Mahidol at the McCormick Hospital, Chiang Mai

15 Siriraj Hospital at present while at Harvard, and refraining from disclosing to his family that he only had almost a year to live. The nation mourned a great man’s death at young age of 37 years, 8 months, and 23 days. The resounding message affirming the dignity and the value of life, so forcefully translated into action by Prince Mahidol, was enunciated in 1948 with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. His teaching of the spirit of brotherhood towards all human beings without discrimination of any kind is well-known. Many of his exhortations and pronouncements given to his medical students have been highly respected for their wisdom and their eternal moral values. &or instance: “I do not wish you to be only a doctor, but I also want you to be a human being.” “Real success exists not in learning but in its application for the benefit of mankind.’ Prince Mahidol’s humanistic attitude and idea permeated the lives of his consort, Her Royal Highness The Princess Mother, his eldest daughter Her Royal Highness Princess Galyani Vadhana, his first son His Majesty King Ananda Mahidol, and his youngest son His Majesty the King as well as all members of His Majesty’s family, by motivating each and all of them alike to be selfless, acting on the principle that each of us, without discrimination, has human dignity and worth, ardently devoted to the betterment of health, happiness, and well-being of the sick, the poor and the deprived. In the words of Professor A.G. Ellis, a former Dean of Siriraj Medical School, “Prince Mahidol was born to make the world a better place.”

16 THE PRINCE MAHIDOL AWARD OUNDATION The Prince Mahidol Award &oundation was established on January 1st, 1992 in commemoration of the centenary of the birth of His Royal Highness Prince Mahidol. The &oundation is under Royal Patronage, with Her Royal Highness Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn as the president. The Award Two Prince Mahidol Awards are conferred annually upon individuals or institutions which have demonstrated outstanding and exemplary contributions to the advancement of medicine, public health and human services throughout the world. Each award consists of a medal, a certificate, and the sum of US$ 50,000. Nomination An individual or group of individuals or an institution may be nominated by national medical or health authorities or by individual or group of individuals in non-governmental capacity as candidates for the award. Nominations are submitted to the Secretary General of the Prince Mahidol Award &oundation before May 31st each year. Screening and Selection The Secretary General of the Prince Mahidol Award &oundation transmits all nomination forms to the Chairman of the Panel of Scientific Advisors for initial screening. Once approved by the Panel of Scientific Advisors, the nomination forms are forwarded to the International Award Committee which comprises a number of world-renowned experts in the fields of medicine and public health. Members of this committee are John Evans (Canada), Joshua Lederberg (USA), Nevin Scrimshaw (USA), Visith Sitprija (Thailand), Cesar Milstein (England), Sune Bergstrom (Sweden), Aree Valyasevi (Thailand), Prawase Wasi (Thailand), Natth Bhammarapravati (Thailand), Donald Henderson (USA), V. Ramalingaswami (India), and &rederick C. Robbins (USA). The International Award Committee considers and recommends names of the proposed awardees to the Board of Trustees of the Prince Mahidol Award &oundation for final approval. Award Ceremony The Prince Mahidol Award Ceremony normally takes place in Bangkok in January each year. The ceremony is presided over by His Majesty the King. &or the present year the ceremony is held on January 26th at the Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall within the Grand Palace.

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28 MEMBERS O4 BOARD O4 TRUSTEES 1. H.R.H. PRINCESS MAHA CHAKRI SIRINDHORN PRESIDENT 2. DEAN, &ACULTY O& MEDICINE SIRIRAJ HOSPITAL, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY VICE PRESIDENT 3. SUPAT VANICHAKARN, M.D. SECRETARY GENERAL 4. HIS MAJESTY’S PRINCIPAL PRIVATE SECRETARY 5. MR. LORD CHAMBERLAIN 6. PERMANENT SECRETARY, MINISTRY O& &OREIGN A&&AIRS 7. PERMANENT SECRETARY, MINISTRY O& PUBLIC HEALTH 8. PERMANENT SECRETARY, COMMISSION ON HIGHER EDUCATION 9. PRESIDENT, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY COUNCIL 10. PRESIDENT, CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 11. PRESIDENT, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY 12. PRESIDENT, PRINCE SONGKLANAKHARIN UNIVERSITY 13. DEAN, &ACULTY O& MEDICINE, CHULALONGKORN UNIVERSITY 14. DEAN, &ACULTY O& MEDICINE, RAMATHIBODI HOSPITAL, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY 15. DEAN, &ACULTY O& PUBLIC HEALTH, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY 16. DIRECTOR GENERAL, DEPARTMENT O& IN&ORMATION, MINISTRY O& &OREIGN A&&AIRS 17. DIRECTOR, INTERNATIONAL HEALTH DIVISION, MINISTRY O& PUBLIC HEALTH 18. M.R. KASEM S. KASEMSRI 19. PRAWASE WASI, M.D. 20. PRADIT CHAREONTHAITAWEE, M.D. 21. VISITH SITPRIJA, M.D. 22. VICHARN PANICH, M.D. 23. SRICHITRA BUNNAG, M.D. 24. MR. SAKTHIP KRAIRIKSH 25. PRIVY PURSE O&&ICE GRAND PALACE 26. M.L. ANUPORN KASEMSANT

29

PREVIOUS PRINCE MAHIDOL AWARDEES 1992 - 2006 1992

Sir William Richard Shaboe Doll, United Kingdom Outstanding research on the relations between smoking and disease. Clinical Trial Service Unit, Harkness Building, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, OX2 6 HE, UK

Dr. Chen Minzheng, China &ight against smoking in China 44 Houhai Beiyan, Beijing, 100725, The People’s Republic of China

32 1993

Dr. John B. Stanbury, USA Contribution on iodine deficiency and diseases 43 Circuit Road, Chesnut Hill, Boston, MA 02167, USA

Dr. Ciro de Quadros, Brazil Roles in the eradication of polio from South America Special Program for Vaccines and Immunization, Pan American Health Organization, 525 23rd Street, NW. Washington, D.C. 20016, USA

33 1994

Professor William Trager, USA Outstanding work in the cultivation of Malaria in vitro The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021- 6399 USA

Dr. Ho Wang Lee, Korea Successful isolation of the Hanta virus and the study of etiology of the Hanta viral infection Asean Institute for Life Sciences WHO Collaborating Centre for Virus Reference and Research (Hantaviruses), 388-1, Poongnap-dong, Songpa-ku, Seoul 138-736, Korea

34 1995

*Dr. Egon Diczfalusy, Sweden Work on the use of steroid hormones in controlling the reproductive system Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

*Professor Carl Djerassi, USA Synthesis of the first contraceptive hormone Stanford University, 1101 Green Street #1501, San &rancisco, California 94109-2016, USA

**Professor 4rederick Sai, Ghana Leading role in developing family planning in Ghana and other African nations 18 Sir Arku Korsah Road, Airport Residential Area, Kotaka Airport P.O. Box 9983, Accra, Ghana

**Dr. Nafis Sadik, Pakistan &amily planning policies and improving women’s health and well being United Nations Population &und, 220 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10017, USA

35 1996

*Dr. Prasong Tuchinda, Thailand Contribution towards finding an effective treatment of Dengue Haemorrhagic &ever &aculty of Medicine, Rangsit University Phya-Thai II Hospital, 943 Phaholyothin Rd., Phayathai, Bangkok Thailand 10400

*Dr. Suchitra Nimmannitya, Thailand Contribution towards finding an effective treatment of Dengue Haemorrhagic &ever The Children’s Hospital, Rajvithee Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

Dr. Vincent P. Dole, USA Pioneering work on the rehabilitation of people addicted to morphine and heroin, by using a chemical opium analogue The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10021-6399, USA

36 1997

*Professor Satoshi Omura, Japan Isolation of Streptomyces avermitilis, leading to the discovery of avermectin and Ivermectin The Kitasato Institute 9-1, Shirokane 5-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108, Japan

*Dr. P. Roy Vagelos, USA Role in the discovery of Ivermectin and for the free contribution of ivermectin to treat blindness in Africa and Central America University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1 Crossroads Drive Building A, 3rd floor Bedminster, New Jersey 07921 USA

**Dr. Alfred Sommer, USA Supplementation of Vitamin A, leading to reduced child mortality in Indonesia Dean, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Suite 1041, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2179, USA

**Dr. Guillermo Arroyave, Guatemala Supplementation of Vitamin A, leading to a reduction in child mortality in Guatemala and other Central American countries Nutrition Consultant, 2520 Clairemont Drive No. 113, San Diego, California 92117, USA

37 1998

*Dr. Rene G. 4avaloro, Argentina Pioneering role in the development of coronary artery bypass surgery The Instituto de Cardiologia & Cirugia Cardiovascular, &undac ion &avaloro, Buenos Aires, 1078 B.A., Argentina

*Dr. Harvey D. White, New Zealand Non-invasive thrombolytic treatment of the coronary artery of the heart Cardiology Department Green Lane Hospital 1 Crossroads Drive Private Bag 92 189, Auckland 1030, New Zealand

**Professor Kennedy 4. Shortridge, Australia Rapid identification and understanding of the biology of the influenza virus H5N1, with an outbreak of influenza in children in Hong Kong Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pathology Building, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong

**Dr. Margaret Chen, Hong Kong Leadership in the control of the outbreak of H5N1 Influenza in Hong Kong Department of Health, 21st &loor, Wu Chung House, 213 Queen’s Road, East Wan ChaL, Hong Kong

38 1999

Dr. R. Palmer Beasley, USA Recognised contribution of the understanding of the pathogenesis of the HBV infection - a major viral infection of the liver, in hundreds of million of people in different parts of the world The University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center, School of Public Health, 1200 Herman Pressler Street, P.O. Box 20186, Houston, Texas, USA 77225

**Dr. Adetokunbo O. Lucas, Nigeria In recognition of outstanding research, leading to the improvement of health in tropical countries 17 Acacia Road, Norbury, London SW16 5PP, UK

**Dr. Tore Godal, Norway &or his strong commitment and selfless dedication to a special programme for research and training in tropical disease, which became the embodiment for the hopes and survival of millions of people in tropical areas World Health Organization, EGB/RMB, 20 Avenue Appia, Geneva 27, Switzerland 1211

39 2000

Dr. Ernesto Pollitt, Peru The first to demonstrate the effect of even sub-clinical iron deficiency on the cognitive performance of young children Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine & Program of International Nutrition, University of California, Davis 95616, USA

Dr. David J.P. Barker, United Kingdom Showed that people who have a low birth weight or who were thin or stunted at birth, have a high rate of coronary disease and related disorders of strokes, diabetes and hypertension in adult life MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Southamton General Hospital, Southamton SO16 6YD, UK

Sir Richard Peto, United Kingdom His work persuaded doctors to use tamoxifen in the treatment of breast cancer. His work also influenced national policies against tobacco by demonstrating its harmful effects in China and many other countries Imperial Cancer Research &und’s Cancer Trials Unit, Oxford Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Radcliff Infermary UK

Sir Iain Geoffrey Chalmers, United Kingdom &ounder of Cochrane Collaboration that aims to help people by preparing, maintaining and promoting the accessibility of systematic review of health care intervention UK Cochrane Centre, NHS Research and Development Program Middle Way, Oxford OX27LG, UK

40 2001

Sir David John Weatherall, United Kingdom A pioneering researcher on Thalassaemias in molecular genetics, haematology, pathology and clinical medicine. His laboratory and clinical findings contribute to the treatment of thalassaemic patients and antenatal diagnosis of the disease. Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DS United Kingdom

**Professor Lam Sai Kit, Malaysia His discovery of a new virus “Nipah” from pigs, which caused illnesses in people, led to an effective means to control the disease. Department of Medical Microbiology, &aculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

**Dr. Barry Marshall, Australia The first to discover a new type of bacteria called “Helicobacter pylori” which can cause severe gastritis and gastric/duodenal ulcer. His findings have changed the treatment in peptic ulcer from the consumption of antacid, H1 receptor or radical gastric surgery, to a short highly effective course of antibiotics. University of Western Australia, Australia

41 2002

Professor Thomas E. Starzl, USA He is recongnized for his pioneer work in organ transplantation which includes kidney, liver, pancreas, small intestine, heart and lung. His researches have contributed to the development of novel techniques in immunosuppressive drugs, organ procurement, organ preservation, tissue matching, surgical technique, and team work in organ transplantation. Dr. Starzl is also the first to perform liver transplantation. In summary, Dr. Starzl’s overall accomplishments and specific achievements in organ transplantation have resulted in a sustained national and worldwide improvement of personalhealth services. Professor of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, USA Sir Roy Calne, United Kingdom He is considered as one of the pioneers of organ transplantation. His work in clinical science of transplantation has made important contributions to the development of immunosuppressive drugs and the use of Cyclosporins A since 1970. The development of immunosuppression to prevent organ allograft rejection has allowed the widespread use of transplantation as a therapy for end stage organ failure. Today over 30,000 transplants are performed each year. Emeritus Professor of Surgery, Cambridge University, and Professor of Surgery, National University of Singapore, UK Dr. Maurice R. Hilleman, USA He is considered a leading scientist in vaccinology. He has pioneered 36 licensed vaccines including Japanese encephalitis B, measles, mumps, rubella, combined MMR, purified poliovaccine, varicella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B. Most importantly, these vaccines have been effective in preventing diseases in young children. The measle vaccine has reduced the death rate in children from 8 million to 1 million. In all, Dr. Hilleman’s pioneering work has saved the lives of over 2 million patients annually. Director of Merck Institute of Vaccinology and Adjunct Professor of pediatrics, Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania, USA Dr. P. Helena M kel , 4inland Her most importantä workä is related to Hemophilus Influenza type BHib conjugated vaccine to prevent invasive disease in young children. The Hib conjugated vaccine has been used in the national infant immunization program in the USA, Canada, and several European countries, in each of them nearly eliminating meningitis, and is now being extended to children in developing countries. The annual number of deaths preventable through global inclusion of Hib vaccine in infant immunization programs has been estimated at approximately 300,000. Dr. M kel has also developed a vaccine for pneumonia using the Pneumococcus pneumoniaä ä potentially reducing 1.1-1.4 million deaths annually. Research Professor Emerita, National Public Health Institute of &inland, &inland

42 2003

Professor Herbert L. Needleman, USA He has made significant contributions to the understanding and prevention of childhood lead poisoning. Through a series of epidemiologic studies, Professor Needleman found that even in the low dose exposure, lead can cause irreversible damage to the brain and nervous system of children with resultant lifelong loss of intelligence, alteration of behavior and impairment of health. Professor of psychiatry and pediatrics at the University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, USA.

China Cooperative Research Group on Qinghaosu and Its Derivatives as Antimalarials The research group studied Qinghausu and its derivatives – the chemical structure, the synthesis, pharmacology, toxicology and clinical studies. The drug was found to be effective on P. vivax and the P. falciparum malaria, especially P. falciparum malaria which is resistant to the chloroquine drug. Thus, discovery of qinghaosu is of significance since it serves as a new drug for treatment of the P. /alciparum malaria. Since its discovery, the qinghaosu has saved millions of malaria patients worldwide.

43 2004

Professor Norman Sartorius, M.D., Ph.D. (Germany) He is an eminent figure in the field of international mental health. He has been instrumental in bringing science to mental health by establishing the first internationally-agreed upon classification of mental disorders that can be applied in both the developed and developing countries. With the establishment of a firm basis for diagnosis using applicable, reliable and crosscultural criteria and instruments, it has become possible to develop programs for the delivery of appropriate care for patients with mental disorders. Professor of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Switzerland and former Director of the Division of Mental Health of the World Health Organization.

Professor Jonathan M. Samet, M.D. (USA.) He is the world’s leading environmental epidemiologist especially on the health effects of air quality. He plays a major role in the interpretation and policy formation in the areas related to the impacts of both indoor and outdoor air pollution, airborne particulate matters, tobacco smoking and occupational health effects on workers. Professor and Chairman of the Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.

44 2005 Professor Eugene Goldwasser Discovery and purification of erythropoietin which is an effective therapy for severe anemia in kidney failure and cancer patients worldwide. Emeritus Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, USA.

Professor Harald zur Hausen His research on human papillomaviruses (HPV) initiating the hypothesis that HPV causes cervical cancer leading to further research and development of vaccines against cervical cancer. Emeritus Professor, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.

45 2006 Professor Stanley George Schultz His researches on sodium absorption by mammalian small intestine and epithelial transport lead to important basis for discovery of Oral Rehydration Therapy. Professor in the Medical Sciences, &ondren &amily Chair in Cellular signaling, Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Texas, USA Dr. David R Nalin Development of international formula for oral rehydration solution (ORS), to be used instead of intravenous fluid for the treatment of patients with severe cholera. &ormer WHO consultant and Director of the Vaccine Scientific Affairs, Merck & Co. Inc. West Point, PA, USA and Dr. Dilip Mahalanabis Conducting the first definitive field trial of the oral rehydration therapy leading to the development of Global Programme of Diarrhreal Diseases Control of the WHO and UNICE&. Pediatrician with subspecialty in Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, a staff member of WHO. Dr. Richard Alan Cash Successfully applying the oral rehydration solution in the treatment of severe diarrhea which is an important basis for further development of the Oral Rehydration Therapy worldwide. Senior Lecturer on the International Health, Department of Population and International Health and the Director of the Programme on Ethical Issues in International Health Research, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. * Receiving Medicine Award together ** Receiving Public Health Award together

46 PRINCE MAHIDOL AWARDEES 2007 Professor Axel Ullrich. Professor Basil Stuart Hetzel, Dr. Sanduk Ruit, Professor Axel Ullrich, Director of Molecular Biology at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Germany. Professor Axel Ullrich has played a leading role in the study of molecular mechanisms of cancer and pioneering the concept of ‘targeted cancer therapy’. Consequently, the development of drugs that act specifically at the targeted areas offers better efficacy in killing cancer cells while doing less harm to normal cells and, therefore, reducing the side effect of cancer treatment.

48 Professor Ullrich discovered and evaluated the biological and clinical significance of a breast oncogene called HER2/c-erbB2 and found that patients with this type of cancer experience critical and rapidly-spreading tumors. His laboratory then developed several monoclonal antibodies against HER2, one of which was subsequently humanized and developed into Herceptin (Trastuzumab) as a therapeutic for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Patients with HER2-type cancer have responded very well to the treatment. In 2005, results of a multi-center trial (HERA) demonstrated a major benefit for HER2 positive breast cancer patients in adjuvant therapy preventing tumor recurrence. The strategy of genomics-based, target-driven drug development by Professor Ullrich became a model for targeted therapy of other cancers. Professor Ullrich has received awards and honors from many countries throughout the world. He also has over 500 publications printed in many leading international journals. According to Science Watch (Vol.14, No.5, 2003), Professor Ullrich ranks internationally at position 9 of most cited scientists during 1983-2002 period with 58,395 citations. He is the most cited German and 3rd ranked European scientist during this period. Based on h (Hirsch Index) -index rating (Sept. 2005), Professor Ullrich has an h of 120 which ranks him at position 10 in life sciences internationally and position 1 in Germany. Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women around the world. Over 1.2 million people are diagnosed with breast cancer each year and more than 500,000 die from this cancer. Professor Ullrich’s contribution in the field of targeted cancer therapy has therefore opened a new era for all cancer treatment methods. It has inspired subsequent development of therapeutics for other types of cancers and has benefited lives of millions of people around the world.

49 Professor Basil Stuart Hetzel, Honorary President of the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), Australia Professor Hetzel is a world leading scientist who has extensively studied the adverse effect of iodine deficiency upon human health, particularly upon the development of the human brain. He is also a key figure in the global campaign against iodine deficiency disorders.

50 Between 1976 and 1985, Professor Hetzel and his team demonstrated the effect of iodine deficiency on brain development and the central nervous system. He showed that severe iodine deficiency can lead to maternal and fetal hypothyroidism which cause endemic cretinism and mental retardation. His studies also proved that the IQ of children who have resided in areas with iodine deficiency decreased by 13.5 points in comparison to the IQ of children in areas without iodine deficiency. This serious illness can be prevented by providing iodine to women during the reproductive period before conception. Professor Hetzel has an extensive list of scientific publications. He is also author, editor or co-editor of many textbooks. He is author of “The story of iodine deficiency: a challenge in international nutrition” (1989), which has been translated into &rench, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese and Russian. Professor Hetzel founded and became the first executive director of the International Council for Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD). The purpose of the ICCIDD is to promote prevention of iodine deficiency disorders through education at all levels, to furnish consultative help wherever needed and to act as a central information resource. Through its network of regional coordinators it maintains surveillance of regional problems, activities and results, and seeks to promote prevention programs. &rom 1990-2000, due to Professor Hetzel’s endeavors, the number of countries with salt iodization programs rose from 46 to 93, iodized salt became available in over 2/3 of households in countries where iodine deficiency disorders was endemic, and 20 countries achieved “universal salt iodization”. Professor Hetzel’s proactive initiatives have involved the UN, UNICE&, WHO, World Bank and the ICCIDD. The Council has helped promote the comprehensive use of iodized salt in the consumption goods, food industries, and livestock sectors. This work has affected more than 2 billion people around the world. Professor Hetzel’s work led to the popular use of the term “Iodine Deficiency Disorders” and increased the awareness of the harmful effects of iodine deficiency. Professor Hetzel’s endeavors against the iodine deficiency have made a significant contribution to the proper development of human population around the world, including Thailand.

51 Dr. Sanduk Ruit, Medical Director of Tilganga Eye Centre, Kathmandu, Nepal Dr. Sanduk Ruit introduced and further developed an effective suture-less operation technique that allows rapid operations to be performed for a large number of patients in remote locations. He has also played a leadership role in the manufacturing of inexpensive high-quality intraocular lenses for this operation, costing 50 times less than lenses imported from other countries.

52 Working in Nepal, Dr. Ruit established eye centers as well as mobile eye clinics for treating patients with cataract in Nepal and the Himalayan region, which later extended to other countries including China, India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Vietnam and North Korea. As director of the Tilganga Eye Center, Dr. Ruit established the model of a multi-tiered pricing structure for its eye care services. The concept is the full fee paying patients subsidize the poor. As a result, 45% of patients pay 120 USD for full service, 25% pay less and the rest receive free cataract surgery. &urthermore, Dr. Ruit and his team have trained more than 500 eye surgeons and healthcare personnel from both developed and developing countries in Asia, North America, Europe, and Australia on this cost-effective and portable technique of eye surgery, resulting in more than 35 millions cataract operations around the world. Dr. Ruit conducted many researches to provide a solid evidence-base for treatment and prevention initiatives. He received awards and honors from both domestic and international organizations. As an ophthalmologist in a developing country, Dr. Sanduk Ruit is internationally recognized for his tireless work in restoring the eye sights of millions of cataract patients in poor countries through safe, effective and economical surgery. His comprehensive cataract treatment, extending from operational method, medical equipment, to public health service, has benefited millions of lives throughout the world.

53

List of the Prince Mahidol Awardees Who Already Passed Away

1. Sir William Richard Shaboe Doll, the awardee of 1992 2. Dr. William Trager, the awardee of 1994 3. Dr. Maurice R. Hilleman, the awardee of 2002 4. Dr.Chen Minzhang, the awardee of 1992 5. Dr.Rene G. &avaloro, the awardee of 1998

55 Editorial Committee

Professor Supat Vanichakarn Consultant Professor Achra Sumboonnanonda Committee Associate Professor Doctor Angkana Chaiprasert Committee Associate Professor Manee Rattanachaiyanont Committee Professor Wanicha Chuenkongkaew Committee Doctor Gulapar Srisawasdi Committee

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56