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THE ERADICATION of POLIOMYELITIS (Fhe Albert V.• Sabin Lecture)

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Tꢀ EꢁICATION OF POLIOꢂELꢃTIS
ꢄhe Albert ꢀ• Sabin ꢅtuꢆꢇ)

by

Donald Heꢀꢁrson, M.D., M.P.H.

Univꢁrꢂity Diꢂꢃꢄnꢅꢆꢂhꢇ Servꢄcꢊ Professor
ꢁ Johꢈ Hopkins Unꢄꢉꢊꢋꢄꢃy Bꢌlꢃimorꢊꢏ Marylꢌꢀ 21205

Cꢀo de ꢍdroꢎꢏ M.D., M.P.H.

Rꢁgꢄoꢐl Adꢉꢄꢎor

ꢑpaꢀꢒ Progrꢓꢁ on ꢔꢕꢖꢃꢄꢗn
Pꢌn Aꢘrꢄcꢌꢙ Heꢌlth Organꢄzaꢃꢄon
5ꢜ5 23rd Strꢚꢛꢏ N.W.

Waꢂhꢆngꢃon, D.C. ꢜꢝ37

Introducꢉioꢋ

  • The
  • ꢔꢄderstaꢄdꢅꢋg ꢟꢄd ꢔlꢣimꢎꢉe coꢄqueꢤt of poꢚꢅomyeꢚꢅtꢅꢤ waꢤ Aꢀꢁꢂt Sꢎbꢅn'ꢤ ꢀiꢦe-

  • with hiꢤ earꢀieꢤt work
  • ꢀoꢄg preoccupꢎtioꢋ, ꢁꢃiꢄꢄꢅꢄꢃ
  • ꢅn 1931. (Sꢎbiꢋ aꢄd Oꢀiꣁsky, 1936;

  • ꢣhꢎꣁ effoꢂt ꢝꢎꢠ ꢎpꢉꢚy ꢤummarized by Pꢎuꢚ iꢋ hꢅꢤ ꢚꢟꢋdmaꢂk
  • ꣃꢎꢈin, 1965)
  • The mꢎꢃꢺꢊtude of

hiꢤꢣory of polio: "No maꢄ haꢠ eveꢂ ꢆoꢄꢇiꢈuꢉed coꢄtiꢄꢔousꢚy over so maꢄy yeꢟrꢠ - ꢣo ꢠo mꢎꢄy ꢎꢤpeꢆtꢤ of poliomyeꢀiꢉꢅꢤ." (Pꢎꢔlꣂ 1971) Thuꢠ,

ꢤo

mꢔch effecꢉꢅve ꢊꢋꢌꢍmꢎꢉꢅoꢋ - aꢄd ꢏ
ꢎppropriꢎteꢀyꣂ ꢉhiꢠ iꢋꢎugural Sꢎꢈiꢑ lectuꢧe dealꢤ ꢝith poꢚꢊomyeꢀiꢉiꢠ ꢎꢋd iꢉs eꢂꢎdiꢆꢎꢉꢅon.

Poꢀio Vꢎccꢅne Deveꢀopmeꢋꢉ aꢋd Itꢠ ꢐꢑꢒꢓꢔctioꢋ

  • ꢣhe queꢤꣁ foꢂ ꢕꢀio ꢖoꢋꢇoꢀ aꢋd ultimꢎꢉeꢀy erꢎdꢅcꢎꢉioꢋ, ꢠeverꢎꢀ lꢎꢋdmꢟꢧkꢘ deꢗrve
  • In

  • At the oꢔꢣꢠetꢱ pꢧogreꢤꢤ wꢎꢤ coꢄꢉiꢄgeꢋꢉ oꢋ the deveꢀopmeꢋꢉ of ꢎ vꢎꢖꢖine
  • ꢘꢙciꢎꢚ meꢋꢉion.

  • ꢎnd
  • the prodꢮctioꢋ of ꢎ vꢎꢖꢖꢅꢋe, iꢋ ꢛ neceꢤꢤitated the diꢻcover
  • y of ꢋeꢝ meꢣhodꢘ ꢉo ꢜoꢝ

  • quꢎꢺꢉiꢉieꢤ of virꢔꢤ. The breꢎkꢣhrough occꢔꢂred in 1969 ꢝheꢋ Enderꢤ aꢋd hiꢤ
  • ꢀarge

  • ꢤhowed thaꢉ ꢚaꢧge qꢔaꢺꢉꢅꢉieꢤ of polioviruꢠ coꢔꢀd be ꢞoꢝꢋ in ꢎ vaꢧiety of hꢔmaꢑ
  • coꢀꢀeꢎgueꢤ

cꢪꢀꢀ ꢉiꢤꢤꢮe cꢮlꣁureꢤ aꢋd thꢎt the viꢂꢔꢤ coꢮꢀd ꢁ qꢔꢟꢄtiꢣꢟtꢊveꢀy ꢟꢠꢠꢎyꢡ by ꢅtꢻ cytopꢎꢉhic

effect. (Enderꢘꢱ Weꢚler ꢟꢋd Robbiꢋꢤ, 1969)

Prepꢎꢂꢎtion of ꢎꢋ inꢎcꢢvꢎꢣed vꢎꢖꢖꢅꢋe ꢝaꢘ, iꢋ pꢂincipꢴeꣂ ꢎ compꢎꢂꢎꢷively

  • pꢨꢩꢪꢤꢘꢫ In brief, ꢀꢎrge qꢮꢎꢺꢉitieꢤ of virꢮꢘ ꢝeꢯe ꢜoꢬꢭ ꣁhen
  • ꢤꢥꢎighꢉꢦoꢧꢝꢎꢧd
  • pꢮꢯiꢰꢡꢱ

  • inꢎcꢉivꢎꢉꢲ with ꢳꢂmꢎꢴꢊꢋ ꢎꢋd bottꢀꢲꢵ
  • ce ꢉhꢟꢉ ꢣhe viruꢘ hꢎd ꢁen iꢑꢀꢶvꢎꢷꢸ ꢖouꢀd
  • Aꢤꢤuꢂaꢄ

ꢹ demoꢺꢻꢥꢎted by ꢜowth iꢋ ꢣiꢤꢤꢮꢼ cuꢀꢉure. Wiꣁhiꢋ five yearꢤ aſtꢪꢯ the Endeꢂꢘ' ꢽꢪꢕꢾꢿ ꢀarge-ꢤcꢎꢀe fieꢀd ꣀꢎꢀꢠ were ꢟꢀꢧeꢟdy uꢺderwꢎy ꢎnd iꢋ 19S5 ꢉhe ꢊꢋꢎcꣁivꢎꢉꢲꣂ ꢻo-calꢴed ꣃ꣄ vꢎcꢖꢅne ꢝꣅ ꢀiꢖeꢺꢘed ꢳr uꢗ꣆

3

  • Eventually, hꢀ selecꢃed ꢃhrꢀe cꢔndidꢂte ꢈꢃꢖꢂꢅnꢈ, plꢂqꢊꢀ-pu꣍ifiꢀd ꢃhem ꢔnd
  • rꢀꢁꢂꢃedly

  • ꢃꢀꢌtꢀd them for virulꢀncꢀ in mꢚꢨkꢀyꢈ ꢂnd chꢰmpꢔnzꢠꢀꢈ.
  • Smꢂꢝl-ꢈcꢂlꢀ ꢄꢅꢆꢇꢈ ꢅ꣈ ꢉꢊmꢋꢌ

prꢚvꢀd ꢍꢊꢎcꢀꢏꢈꢐꢑ b꣆t ꢃꢚ ꢔꢍꢈꢠꢈꢈ ꢂdꢠqꢊꢔtꢀly ꢒꢃh ꢀtfꢓcꢂcy ꢔꢨd ꢈꢔfety, lꢔrgꢀ-ꢈcꢂꢇꢀ ꢄꢓꢔlꢌ

  • iꢹvꢚlvꢅꢨꢶ
  • hꢕdꢖꢀdꢈ ꢚf ꢃhꢚꢊꢍaꢨdꢈ ꢚf ꢉuꢱꢔn ꢈꢊbjectꢌ werꢀ nꢀeded . Neꢅꢃhꢀr ꣋hꢀ Uꢨiꢃꢀd

  • Sꢃateꢌ nꢚr mꢚsꢃ ꢚf weꢈteꢗ ꢘuꢙꢚꢛ were suitꢔblꢀ ꢈiꢃꢀs.
  • Thꢀ Sꢜꢝꢞ vꢧcciꢹꢀ wꢧs, by thꢀn, i꣈

  • us꣑ ꢂnd ꣆ꢨvꢂccinꢂꢃꢀd ꢈ꣆ꢈꢩꢀpꢃiblꢀ cꢉꢰldꢢꢀn wꢀꢢꢀ cꢚꢱpꢔrꢂꢃivꢀly fꢀw. Dꢀvꢀlꢚpinꢶ
  • widꢀꢈpꢢeꢂd

  • cꢚꢊꢨꢃrꢅeꢈ weꢢꢀ
  • unꢍꢂtꢅꢈfactꢚry ꢟcꢂꢊꢍꢠ ꢚf ꢃꢉꢀ wꢰdꢀꢈpꢢꢀꢔd prꢀvꢔꢑꢀncꢀ ꢚf nꢂꢃurꢔl ꢰnfꢠcꢃiꢚ꣈ ꢂꢃ

  • Eꢂꢍꢃꢀꢡ Euꢢꢚꢣ, hꢚwevꢀr, ꢚffꢀꢯꢀd ꢂ foꢯꢃuiꢃꢚuꢈ ꢚppꢚꢢꢃuniꢃy and, ꢅ꣈ 1956,
  • vꢀꢖy ꢀarly ꢧgꢀꢈ.

Sꢂbꢅn beꢶꢔn ꢂ pꢢꢚd꣆cꢃꢰvꢀ cꢚllꢂbꢚrꢂtiꢚn wꢰꢃꢉ Acꢂdꢀꢱꢅcꢅꢔ꣈ Mikhaꢅl Cꢉuꢱꢚkꢚv, ꢃhꢀ Dꢓrꢀcꢃꢚr

  • ꢚf ꢂ nꢀw Iꢨꢈtiꢃꢊtꢀ ꢤr Pꢚliꢚmyꢀliꢃiꢈ Rꢀꢈꢀaꢯcꢉ i꣈ Mꢚꢌcꢚw.
  • Iꢃ wꢔꢌ ꢂ cꢚllꢂꢥrꢆtiꢚn whicꢉ

  • By ꢃhꢀ ꢀnd ꢚf 1959, ꢱꢚꢢꢀ thꢂ꣈ 15
  • uꢨꢓquꢀly, for thꢀ ꢀ꣍ꢂ, ꢦꢧꢨꢈꢩꢀndꢀd thꢀ Iꢢꢚn Cꢪꢫ

  • ꢺeꢙꢌꢚꢨꣂ in ꢃhe
  • ꢱꢓllꢅꢚꢨs
  • USSR had recꢀived vaccꢅꢹꢀ in fiꢀꢇd ꢬꢅꢧlꢌꢭ (Agꢚl a꣈d Dꢯꢚzdꢚ꣐,

  • 1993) Iꢃ pꢢꢚved tꢚ bꢀ ꢮꢃꢉ ꢀffecꢃive ꢧnd sꢔfꢀ.
  • Baꢍꢀd pꢯꢰꢱꢔꢲly ꢚn ꢃꢉꢀꣂ꣑ Ruꣂꢈꢅaꢹ dꢂꢃꢂ, thꢀ

w꣊ꢈ liꢩꢀnꢈꢀd vꢂccꢅnꢀ foꢢ us꣑ ꢓ꣈ tꢉꢀ Uniꢃꢠd Sꢃꢂtꢀꢈ i꣈ 1962.

A vꢂccꢅ꣈ꢀ wꢉꢰcꢉ cꢚꢊld ꢳ ꢶive꣈ ꢚꢖꢆlly - ꢃꢉe ꢴ such vaꢩcꢓ꣈ꢀ ꢀvꢀr t꣄ ꢳ liꢀnꢵ

  • - ꢚꢁnꢀd new pꢚꢈꢈꢅbilꢅꢃꢅꢀꢈ for lꢔꢯꢶeꢷꢸꢀ ꢅmmꢊꢨizaꢃꢰꢚn. Th꣍ꢚuꢶꢉꢚuꢃ thꢀ
  • 950ꢈ, ꢃꢉꢀꢢꢀ ꢉꢔd
  • l

  • ꢧnd ꢼꢹ ꢚꢃꢉꢀꢖ coꢊꢹꢾꢿꢀꢌ, ꢃꢚ maꣂꢌ ꢩꢧꢱpꢧꣀꣁꣂ usꢿꢹg
  • ꢚꢺꢻsꢼꢃꢅꢚꢽ bꢚꢃh ꢓꢹ ꢃhꢀ UꢭS.
  • ꢳꢀꢹ
  • thꢀ S꣊lk

  • vꢂcꢩꢰ꣈ꢀ. Tꢉꢀ mꢀdiꢩꢂl cꢚꢱmuniꢃy ꢰ꣈ꢍꢰꢍtꢀd ꢚn ꢓnꣅ꣆lꢂtꢅꢚn꣇ ꢳꢓ꣈꣉ ꣊dꢱꢅ꣈ꢅ꣇꣋ꢀr꣌
  • ꣃlꢅ꣄

ꢁ꣍꣎nꢔ꣏ly by ꢂ quꢆlifiꢀd pꢉyꢈicꢅꢔn ꢚꢢ undꢀr ꢉꢅꢈ clꢚꢈꢀ ꢌ꣆ꢁꢢ꣐ꢓꢈꢅꢚn ꢔnd tꢉꢀrꢀ ꢈiꢱply wꢀrꢀ nꢚt ꢀnꢚꢊgꢉ pꢉyꢈꢅcꢅꢔnꢈ ꢚr iꢹtꢀrꢀsꢃ ꢃꢚ ꢁꢢꢱiꢃ ꢔꢹ ꢓntꢀnsꢰvꢀ ꢇꢔrꢶꢀ-ꢈꢩꢂJꢀ ꢀffꢚꢢꢃ. Orꢆl vꢂcci꣈ꢀ ꣋otꢔlly
Lꢅttlꢀ pꢢꢚfꢀꢈꢈꢼꢚnꢆꢇ ꢀxꢁꢢꢃꢅ꣇꣑ waꢈ ꢢꢀquꢅ꣍꣒ ꣋ꢚ assu꣍ꢀ ꢃꢉꢂꢃ ꢃwꢚ drꢚpꢌ ꣄f
꣊ꢇꢃꢀꢢꢀd ꢃꢉꢀ caꢇcꢊluꢌ.

5

  • able
  • ꢒnd prepa꣄ed to play the role of ꢀieꢁtꢂsꢃ, advocꢘte, ꢄliꢅicꢆanꢇ cꢥꢏꢊician ꢈd

epꢦdemꢏoꢥogisꢠ iꢊ trꢉꢊꢋꢌꢍꢊꢎng a concepꢠ iꢊꢅo p꣄actꢆcꢒl ꣄꣫aꢥi꣪y.

Tꣀe Gꢥobal Challenge

  • e widespreꢉd usꢛ of o꣦ꢉ꣎
  • ꢄlꢏovaꢐꢐiꢊe iꢊ ꢰꢽe pꢑmꢒꢓꢔlꢕ ꢖopꢗcꢘl developꢏꢊg

ꢜ rꢝaꢞlꢛd ꢠhaꢠ, unꢰꢔl ꢭhe 1970sꢇ ꢄlio waꢋ coꢙnꢚies ꢄsꢛd ꢠꣀe ꢫlꢠimaꢠe cꢽalleꢊge. It sꢽould
ꢠꢽougꢽꢠ ꢅo ꢜ ꢉꢊ iꢊcoꢁꢟueꢊꢠiꢒꢞ p꣧obꢥem for ꢠhe developing wo꣦ld꣙ (Sabꢏꢊ. 1981) geꢊerꢉllꢕ

  • Mosꢠ sꢙcꢽ coꢙꢊꢡꢏes re꣐o꣧ded
  • few cꢉꢢsꢣ In pꢉ꣧ꢠ, deficꢏe꣋ꢅ repor꣪ꢗng wꢤ resꢄnsꢆbꢥe buꢠ

epidemꢏologists posꢭꢫ꣎atꢛd also ꢠhaꢭ ꢦꢱ ꢠꢽesꢛ ꢐoꢙnꢚꢦes almosꢅ all cꢽiꢥd꣧en ꢧcꢉꢨe iꢁfecꢅꢛd

  • so ꣫ꢘ꣄ly iꢊ life ꣪haꢠ vꢩly a꣎ꢥ develoꢪd ꢏꢨꢨꢫꢬꢭꢕ wiꢮouꢠ pa꣄aꢥꢕsis.
  • Polio ꢦꢨmꢯꢰꢔoꢊ

ꢊoꢭ coꢊsidered ꢠo ꢜ a ꣀꢆgꢽ prꢆo꣦i꣪y aꢊd, ꢔꢱdꢲꢳ ꢉs of 1975,
꣪hꢙ꣌ leꢴ ꢃhaꢊ 5 ꢵrcꢛꢊꢠ of wꢤ

  • cꢽiꢥdreꢊ ꢗꢊ ꢠꢽe .develop꣡ꢊg worꢥd were ꣦eceivꢏng ꢄliovacꢶꢆꢊeꢷ
  • Durꢆng ꢭhe earꢥꢕ l970s꣈

  • ꢽoweverꢇ "lꢉꢨeꢊe꣖s su꣧veys" begꢒ꣑
  • ꢧ cꣁꢊducꢠed, ꢸꢹꢠ ꢗꢊ
  • Iꢊdoꢊesia a꣑d Gꢽaꢊa ꢉꢊd laꢠeꢓ
  • ꢠo

ꢼꢽeꢾ su꣧veys of ꢿꣀꣁꣂl chꢆꢥdreꢊ ꢨ꣫asured ꣪ꢽe p꣣ꢛvꢒle꣑꣐ꢛ of leg

  • ꢺoꢫꢁꢚꢔesꢻ
  • i꣑ oꢠher

  • cꢽꢉ꣄acꢠe꣄isꣅc of rꢛsꢏdꢙal ꢄlꢆo pꢉ꣦aꢞꢕsis.
  • wꢛaꣃess
  • ꣆u꣇rꢔsiꢊgꢞꢕ꣈ ꢠꢽe su꣉eꢕs꣊ wꢽerevꢛꢓ

꣐oꢊducꢠed, revꢛaled raꢠes wꢽꢎcꢽ we꣧e as ꢽꢔgꢽ as iꢊ ꢰhe ꢔ꣋dꢫ꣌꣍ꢏa꣎ꢔ꣏ ꣐oꢙ꣑꣍ꢔes before

  • ꢜ꣐ame avaꢔlable. (Nicꢽolꢉs, K꣄a꣒꣄ꢇ Ofo꣌ꢙ-Ammah ꢈd Belcꢽe, 1977) e
  • va꣐꣐ꢔ꣋e

ꢺoꢨplacꢛꢊcꢕ wiꢠh whicꢽ ꢄlio had ꣓ꢊ view꣔ iꢊ the developiꢊg ꢺꣂu꣑꣕e꣖ w꣗ sꢽaꢠꢠeꢓ꣘꣙

  • B꣚aꢙꢾ of ꢠꣀe꣛ ꣜d꣝꣞gs꣟ orꢘꢥ ꣠l꣡ꣁvꢒꢺꢺ꣡꣢e wꢘs
  • o꣑e of six aꢊꢅigeꢊs sꢛꢥecꢅ꣫d i꣋ 1974

  • ꢠꢽe World Heꢉlth O꣣gꢒ꣤at꣝oꢱ (WHO) to ꣥ ꣡nco꣦ꢄ꣧aꢭ꣘ ꢏ꣑ a ꢊew gꢥobꢉl p꣣og꣣ꢒm ꣨r
  • by

however꣈ wꢽo exp꣣꣫ꢋ꣬ sk꣫pꢠici꣭ a꣮uꢠ ꢭꢽe iꢨꢨꢫni꣩꣪ionꢣ There were mꢘnꢕ꣈

7

health officꢕaꢶs in the Americꢵs appꢶauded the effort buꢡ ꢀw ꢶꢕꢄꢡꢶe hoꢁ ꢂꢃ ꢮoꢜꢒꢝiꢢg a

  • ꢄyꢁ of cꢵmpaꢕgꢒ ꢨꢒ a ꢢoꢢ-ꢡoꢡaꢶꢕꢝaꢋꢨꢵꢒ ꢏꢝaꢡe.
  • sꢨꢮꢕꢶar

  • Coꢜꢶd
  • ꢇ,
  • a ꢢaꢡꢨonwꢕde cꢰꢮpaꢨgꢒ bꢣ coꢢducꢡed ꢕꢒ a
  • couꢅꢆy oꢝꣅeꢃ ꢄhꢵꢢ Cuba aꢒd, if

ꢕꢡ

  • ꢮꢸghꢡ have? Bꢃꢈꢉ sooꢢ pꢃovꢕded aꢒ an꣋wꢓ꣨.
  • whaꢡ effecꢡ
  • As of 1980, ꢊꢋꢌꢍꢎ'ꢏ ꢋꢐuꢑꢒꢓ

pꢃog꣝ꢵꢮ wꢵꢏ

  • aꢔg
  • coꢦerage of ꢶeꢗ꣋ thaꢒ 50%, deꢗpꢕꢡe wꢕdꢖꢗpꢘꢙd
  • ꢦaccꢨꢒꢵꢡꢕoꢢ
  • ꢎeꢦeꢶꢏ of

pꢃograꢮꢏ deꢏꢕꢚed ꢡo educaꢡe aꢅd ꢮotiꢦaꢡe tꣅe ꢛpꢜꢎaꢝꢞoꢟ aꢠuꢡ ꢡhe ꢢꢣꢤ ꢥꢃ ꢦacꢧꢨnaꢩoꢒꢪ

  • ꢊrꢵzꢕꢎꢕꢵꢒ hꢖaꢉtꣅ ꢗꢝaff reꢦertꢣd ꢡo a ꢮꢵꢏs caꢮꢯꢰꢞꢱ ꢗꢆꢰꢡegyꢲ oꢢe which
  • Iꢒ ꢫuꢏꢬaꢡꢕoꢢꢭ
  • ꣚heꢿ

hꢰd ꢁꢘꢳecꢡꢣd dꢴg ꢡꣅe ꢏꢮꢵꢶꢎꢷx eꢃadꢨcaꢡꢨoꢢ campaꢸꢹꢺ ey dꢻꢕded ꢡo oꢘꢾꢵꢢꢕze two ꢒaꢡꢨoꢢꢵꢉ ꢕmꢮꢜꢒꢨzꢵꢡꢨoꢒ dꢰyꢏ each yꢓꢵ꣨. (Rꢨꢗꢕꣴ 1984) Iꢒ 1980, ꢮore thaꢢ 300,000 coꢮꢮuꢢity

  • uꢡꢕꢼꢨꢽꢢꢾ 90꣌000 ꢦaccꢕnaꢡꢨoꢢ poꢗꢡs, ꢦaccꢕnaꢡed ꢏoꢮe 20 ꢮiꢉlꢕoꢢ chꢕꢎdꢃeꢢ uꢒde꣈ 5
  • ꢦoꢼꢜꢒꢡeꢖꢃꢗ꣌

oꢒ each of two Naꢡꢕoꢢꢰꢼ
ꢿeꣀs
ꢄꣅꢕꢏ age
Iꢮꢮꢜnꢨzꢵꢡꢕoꢒ Days. Thꢕꢏ ꢃepꢃeꢏeꢒꢡꢤ aꢠuꢡ 90% of chꢞꢎd꣈eꢢ

  • Aꢢd
  • tꣅꢕ꣋ haꢗ ꣂeꢒ ꢝhe pracꢡꢨce eꢦe꣝y yeaꢃ sꢨꢒꣳeꢪ The ꢃeꢏuꢎꣃ weꢃe

  • ꣁoup.
  • ꢞꢒ

d꣈ꢵꢮaꢡic. Re꣭orted ca꣋ꢣꢏ proꢮptꢼy dꢃoppꢣd ꣄oꢮ ꢮo꣝e ꢄꣅ꣆ 20꣇ ꢁ꣈ yꢣꢵꢃ to ꣉꣇ oꢃ ꢎ꣊꣋꣌ ꢰꢒd ꢮoꢗt of ꢏouꢝꣅe꣍ ꢊ꣎ꢈꢎ ꣏came ꣐ꢎꢨo꣑ꢫ꣒.

  • Meꢵꢒwhꢕꢎe, wꢕꢄh ꢶeaderꢏhꢞp ꣓oꢮ tꣅe Pa꣧ Amerꢸca꣧ Health ꣔g꣕oꢟ (P
  • AHO)꣌

\

ꢯ꣈oꢾ꣎ꢵꢮꢗ ꣖꣈ ꢕ꣗muꢒ꣘꣙꣚ꢕ꣛ꢢ ꢄhr꣛ugh꣛uꢡ ꣚ꣅe Aꢮericꢵs hꢵd pꢃo꣜e꣋sꢕꢦeꢎy ꢕꢮp꣝oꢦꢤꢪ Poꢎio

  • iꢟꣳꢕdeꢒce ꣞ꢎꢶ ꣋teꢰdiꢎꢿ ꢵꢒd,
  • ꣤꣧ 1985, the couꢢ꣟es a꣜꣠ thaꢡ ꢰ hemisphe꣨e-wide eꢃꢰdꢞ꣡꣢oꢟ

  • shouꢶd ꣣ ꢜꢢderꢡꢵkeꢒ wꢕꢡꣅ the objectiꢦe of ꣤ꢒꢡe꣥ꢃꢜp꣦꣧ꢾ ꢷꢶioꢦꢞ꣨꣩ ꣪꣫ꢞo꣧ bꢿ
  • effo꣨t

꣬eceꢮꣂꢃ 1990. (de Quad꣈o꣋ꢭ eꢡ aꢶ.꣌ 1991) This ꣭꣎꣛꣮꣗ b꣈꣛ke ꣰ew ꣯꣛u꣰d iꢒ pubꢎic
ꢕꢢ ꢕꢡs ꢜ꣱ of epꢕdeꢮꢞoꢎogy ꢡo ꢾꢜꢞde sꣲꢰꢡeꢾy ꢵꢒd tꢰꣳ꣦ꣳꢏꣴ ꢕꢢ ꢕꣃ iꢢꢦoꢎꢦeꢮeꢢꢡ of heaꢎtꣅ

9

  • program and to ꢀeꢁꢂꢃ iꢄs findꢇngꢘ
  • ꢄo ꢄhe Inꢄeꢅꢆꢇonal Coꢤꢤiꢘꢘion.

On Sepꢄemꢈꢉ 29,

1994, the Inꢄeꢊaꢄꢇonaꢋ Coꢤꢤiꢘꢘꢇon, ꢌer furtheꢀ deꢍiꢈꢎaꢄionꢏ ꢎeꢁrꢐed finally ꢆo ꢆhe

  • Mꢇniꢘꢄerꢘ
  • "Bꢒd on ꢄhe ꢩꢙpꢀeꢘꢘꢇve
  • of Heaꢍꢆh of ꢑe Pꢜn Aꢙericꢜn H꣆ꢗꢋꢄh Conference:

evidenꢢe ꢘubmꢇꢄꢄed, ꢄhe ICCPE ꢢonꢠꢋudeꢘ thaꢄ wiꢋd ꢓꢋiovirꢔꢕ ꢖꢗnꢘꢙiꢘꢘꢇon hꢜꢘ ꢈen ꢇnꢄerrꢔpꢐed ꢇn ꢄhe Aꢙer꣋ꢠas."

Sꢚꢛꢜꢄeꢝ ꢜꢶd Tꢜcꢐicꢘ in Polio Erꢜdicꢜꢄion

The fiꢀꢘꢆ ꢀeqꢔꢇreꢙenꢄ for

  • eꢀadicꢜꢄꢇon ꢞꢉoꢟ iꢘ ꢜ coꢙꢙꢇtꢙenꢄ ꢹy aꢍꢋ ꢆhe
  • an

ꢢoꢔnꢄꢀꢇeꢘ ꢠonꢠeꢡed both ꢆo ꢔndertake needed efforꢆꢘ in ꢄheꢩr cooꢞerate wꢇꢐh otherꢘ iꢶ ꢢooꢛdinated heꢤꢇꢘphere-wꢇde acꢐiviꢄieꢘ. own counꢖꢇeꢘ ꢜnd ꢄo

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  • Declaration of Rodney X. Sturdivant, Phd

    Declaration of Rodney X. Sturdivant, Phd

    DECLARATION OF RODNEY X. STURDIVANT, PHD. I, Rodney X. Sturdivant, Ph.D., pursuant to § 1-6-105, MCA, hereby declare, under penalty of perjury, the following to be true and correct: 1. I am a resident of San Antonio, Texas. I am 56 years old and am otherwise competent to render this declaration. I am mentally sound and competent to attest to the matters set forth herein. The matters set forth in this Declaration are based upon my own personal knowledge, unless otherwise stated. I have personal knowledge of the matters set forth below, and could and would testify competently to them if called upon to do so. Professional Background 2. I am an Associate Professor of Statistics at Baylor University and director of the Baylor Statistical Collaboration Center. I have been on the Baylor faculty since July, 2020. Prior appointments and professional experiences include Research Biostatistician, Henry M. Jackson Foundation (HJF) supporting the Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences, Professor of Applied Statistics and Director of the M.S. in Applied Statistics and Analytics at Azusa Pacific University, Chair of Biostatistics and Clinical Associate Professor of Biostatistics in the College of Public Health at The Ohio State University and Professor of Applied Statistics and Academy Professor in the Department of Mathematical Sciences, West Point. I hold two M.S. degrees from Stanford, in Operations Research and Statistics, and a Ph.D. in biostatistics from the University of Massachusetts – Amherst. I have taught courses involving advanced statistical methods at four institutions, and worked on collaborative research with researchers in a wide variety of medical and public health settings.