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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO INNOVATING EMPIRE: DOMINATION AND RESISTANCE IN NINETEENTH- CENTURY CHINA AND JAPAN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE BY ALEX HASKINS CHICAGO, ILLINOIS JUNE 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures iii Acknowledgments iv I. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: Imperial Legacies 2 II. ASSESSING THE THREAT OF WESTERN DOMINATION CHAPTER 2: Wei Yuan’s Cartographic Knowledge Production 23 CHAPTER 3: Sakuma Shōzan’s Experimental Knowledge Production 68 III. RESISTANCE THROUGH EMPIRE CHAPTER 4: Wei’s Vision of Territorial Expansion 104 CHAPTER 5: Sakuma’s Vision of Maritime Expansion 147 IV. CONCLUSION CHAPTER 6: Imperial Futures 191 Character Appendix 212 Bibliography 216 ii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of India & Nepal from the Haiguo Tuzhi 47 Figure 2: Map of Africa from the Haiguo Tuzhi 51 Figure 3: Map of North America from the Haiguo Tuzhi 54 Figure 4: Map of South America from the Haiguo Tuzhi 57 Figure 5: Map of Southeast Asia from the Haiguo Tuzhi 62 Figure 6: Aerial and Side Sketches from Sakuma’s Illustrated Book of the Rapid-fire [Dutch] Blunderbluss 92 Figure 7: Underside Sketch from Sakuma’s Illustrated Book of the Rapid-fire [Dutch] Blunderbluss 92 Figure 8: Map of Asia from the Haiguo Tuzhi 117 Figure 9: Yokohama Port Area in 1860 172 Figure 10: Yokohama Area in 2018 [including Shimoda] 172 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 凡事不可自私自利、愛慕虛榮，要心存謙卑，看別人比自己強。各人不要只顧自己的事， 也要為別人的需要著想。（腓立比書 二：三，四 CCB） This academic journey has been a long one and has afforded me many opportunities to reflect on the immense gratitude I have for so many people who have aided me over the years. Words have enormous power to shape the worlds we inhabit and how we make sense of those worlds. I am deeply grateful to my high school Japanese-language sensei, Patricia Powers, who first modeled for me what it means to appreciate Japan for its actual beauty (and not what my otaku fantasies imagined it to be), even while reminding me of the importance of humility in the pursuit of knowledge—indeed, “even monkeys fall from trees”. Similarly, I owe an immense debt to Vyjayanthi Selinger for her rigorous and uncompromising approach to Japanese language at Bowdoin College—her high standards continue to motivate me years later. I am further indebted to my sensei at Nanzan University, Sang-suk Oh seonsaengnim, Hi-sun Kim seonsaengnim, Kim Ji-eun seonsaengnim, Agatha Kim, Fangpei Cai laoshi, Meng Li laoshi, Jun Yang laoshi, Laura Skosey, Donald Harper, Guy Alitto, and my laoshi at ICLP in Taiwan. It is because of you that I am able (however ineptly) to inhabit the worlds of modern and classical East Asia. In that same vein, I would be remiss not to mention the many teachers who have shaped my intellectual journey by developing my command of the (inter)disciplinary languages of political theory and history. Jean Yarbrough and Paul Franco provided my first exposure to the world of political theory and gave me the firmest foundation one can have, while adding their trademark combinations of humor, compassion, and rigor. Harvey Mansfield, Eric Nelson, Robert Gooding- iv Williams, and Lisa Wedeen built on this, stretching me think about political theory texts in new and unfamiliar ways. Thomas Conlan and Henry Laurence first helped me to see the demands that scholarly inquiry into Japanese history and politics requires and Bruce Cumings and Paul Cheney have furthered this with much-needed crash courses in Korean and French history, respectively. Still, it is to my dissertation committee—Jennifer Pitts, Sankar Muthu, Leigh Jenco, and Susan Burns—that I perhaps owe the greatest intellectual debts. Susan has been an incredible support in navigating the difficult linguistic and historical terrain of pre-modern Japanese history. Leigh has been an exemplary model of the type of comparative political theory I hope to do in the future and has been an indispensable source of support in pursuing graduate foreign language study. Sankar has, again and again, refined my ability to see the conceptual and historical stakes of my work—with much need doses of hearty laughs along the way. Jennifer has been a rock in far too many ways to count, from her seeing the potential in me to contribute to political theory in interesting and exciting ways before I even knew what comparative political theory was, to her unwavering support as I wrestled with difficult family circumstances and my own internalized imposter syndrome. She has truly embodied everything a great chair ought. The oft unsung heroes of dissertations, though, are the research librarians and my project has been no exception in this regard. Though they would never know it, I am beyond grateful for Tim Conant, David Cleary, and Emma Hernandez for their companionship and for alerting me to the importance of cultivating lasting relationships with library staff. Further, I am deeply indebted to Ayako Yoshimura, Jiaxun (Benjamin) Wu, and Julie Piacentine for sharing collection directories, finding obscure and difficult-to-find materials, and doing so with grace and cheer. This project would not have been possible without generous funding from several sources. I thank the Division of Social Sciences at the University of Chicago for a generous funding package for the first several years of my doctoral studies. I am also grateful to the U.S. Department of v Education for a year-long fellowship to increase my Chinese language and area studies knowledge and the Mustard Seed Foundation for a year-long fellowship premised on the importance of integrating faith and vocation. I remain deeply appreciative to the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation not only for a final year dissertation write-up grant, but also for early institutional and academic support during my time as an undergraduate. Rosemary Effiom at Bowdoin was the first to believe I could earn a doctorate and I am immensely grateful for her early confidence. I would also like to thank the Social Science Research Council, the American Political Science Association, and the Center for East Asian Studies at the University of Chicago—especially Abbey Newman and her tireless advocacy on my behalf—for providing necessary grants and logistical support along the way. I am a firm believer in the importance of community and when it comes to academic work, this is no exception. Thank you to the faculty and peer participants at the Dissertation Workshop at the American Political Science Association and the East Asia Transregional Histories and Political Theory Workshops at the University of Chicago. I am in your debt for your continued congeniality, comradery, and constructive feedback. It is because you all have labored much with my work over these years that this project stands as it does today. Nevertheless, all errors remain my own. Moreover, I owe debts to many colleagues within the Political Science department: Stephanie Ahrens, Anjali Anand, Gordon Arlen, Arwa Awan, Jasmine Benjamin, Yuna Blajer de la Garza, Marcus Board, Christy Brandly, Margaret Brower, Alysia Carey, Cameron Cook, Scott Cooley, Jordie Davies, Mark Deming, Onursal Erol, Alex Flores, Richard Flores, Jenna Gibson, Mariya Grinberg, Annie Heffernan, Bastian Herre, Isaac Hock, Jenn Jackson, Sana Jaffrey, Chandler James, Sarah Johnson, Joe Karas, Emily Katzenstein, Ibrahim Khan, David Knight, Anthony Lanz, Marcus Lee, Will Levine, Allen Linton, Ramon Lopez, Dan Luban, Emma Mackinnon, Asfandyar Mir, Tejas Parasher, Lucas Pinheiro, Aditi Rajeev, Bob Reamer, Karen Rhone, Ram Sabaratnam, Fahad Sajid, vi Meg Savel, Yubing Sheng, Nazmul Sultan, Calvin Terbeek, John Thomas III, Dilara Üsküp, Kevin Weng, Eric Williams, Yan Xu, Zeyang Yu, and Sarita Zaffini. I have also incurred many debts to colleagues outside of Political Science, including Xavier Ante, Robert Burgos, Jessa Dahl, Madeleine Elfenbein, Alex Jania, Dan Knorr, Carl Kubler, Junhee Lee, Yujie Li, Matthew Lowenstein, Emily Masghati, Lena Mistron, Alex Murphy, Erin Newton, Kyle Pan, Sandra Park, Eilin Pérez, Kyle Peters, Jiakai Sheng, Yuanxie Shi, Spencer Stewart, Niuniu Teo, Ethan Waddell, Brian White, and Yiren Zheng. Further, as I am convinced both that research and teaching exist in a symbiotic relationship and that one stands to learn much from one’s own students, I must also thank my BA thesis students as well as my undergraduates at the University of Chicago over the years for pushing my thinking in fruitful and unexpected ways. It remains true that one learns most when one has to teach. Writing a dissertation requires not only an immense amount of mental and physical strength, but also a great deal of spiritual strength. Early on, I was fortunate to find a spiritual family at Church of the Beloved and I can truly say that everyone has continued to push me to see the gospel in everything I do, including my scholarship. To every past and present pastor, elder, deacon, staff member, ministry leader, small group leader, small group attendee, and friend at Beloved: you have left an indelible mark on my life and have made me more grounded in the Word than I ever could have been without you. I thank God for you. Finally, I owe a great deal of who I am to my biological family. I would not be the man I am today without my mom, Sherry Haskins, and grandma, Joyce Johannsen, sacrificing so much for me. This equally true for the Bailey household, the Brewer/Giles/Huddleston households, John Haskins, and the Davis/Parker households. The meals, prayers, outings, and general all-around support have made it possible for me to not only survive, but thrive, in graduate school. It truly takes a village to raise a child and I hope to pay it forward to those in my care in the future.
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