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English Football and Hooliganism Masaryk University Brno Faculty of Education Department of English Language and Literature English Football and Hooliganism Diploma Thesis Brno 2012 Supervisor: Written by: Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D. Bc. Petr Konvičný Declaration I hereby declare that I have written this diploma thesis myself and used only the sources listed in the enclosed bibliography. I agree with this diploma thesis being deposited in the Library of the Faculty of Education at the Masaryk University and being made available for academic purposes. …………………………….. Bc. Petr Konvičný 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank to Mgr. Zdeněk Janík, M.A., Ph.D. for his guidance and professional advice on writing the thesis, and to my dear friend Charalampos Anastasiadis for his helpful comments on various aspects of the topic in question. 3 Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 2. English Sport Identity ................................................................................................... 7 2.1. Identity and Sport ................................................................................................... 7 2.2. British and English ................................................................................................. 9 3. Evolution of Football and the Football Association ................................................... 12 3.1. First Attempts ...................................................................................................... 13 3.2. Coming Home ...................................................................................................... 14 3.3. The Football Association and the Present ............................................................ 16 4. The Roots of Hooliganism .......................................................................................... 21 4.1. Hooligans and Hooliganism ................................................................................. 24 4.2. Comprehension of Football Hooliganism ............................................................ 27 4.3. Before the War ..................................................................................................... 31 4.4. Between the Wars ................................................................................................ 32 4.5. The Beginning of the End .................................................................................... 34 5. 'Hooligangs' ................................................................................................................. 37 5.1. The ICF – West Ham United FC ......................................................................... 37 5.2. 'No One Likes Us, We Don't Care' – Millwall FC ............................................... 39 5.3. The Red Army – Manchester United FC ............................................................. 40 5.4. YNWA – Liverpool FC ....................................................................................... 42 6. The Route to Perdition ................................................................................................ 45 6.1. The Kenilworth Road Riot ................................................................................... 46 6.2. Heysel .................................................................................................................. 48 6.3. Hillsborough ........................................................................................................ 52 7. The Way Out ............................................................................................................... 57 7.1. The Terraces Extinction ....................................................................................... 58 7.2. The Power of the Law .......................................................................................... 61 7.3. From Participants to Consumers .......................................................................... 64 8. Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 67 Works Cited .................................................................................................................... 69 4 1. Introduction Football is a phenomenon of the modern age. Bearing in mind the fact that it is the most widespread and also the most popular sport in the world and that it actually originated in England, we can be sure that for a long time its role in this country and its society is not just that of a game. It has become much more than that. Football has grown over the years into something much bigger than the idea of sport itself, which affects lives of many people in England in various ways. This diploma work intends to investigate the rise of this fascinating game from the early beginnings to its today's stage in which football is one of the most important things connected to this country. As a matter of fact, it is the pride of the English, and for many people, the meaning of their life. Alongside with this, the work includes an inquiry into the world of football fans, the well-known hooligans. The role of hooliganism in the English society is more than controversial and has brought many troubles and unfortunate events which just could not be ignored any more. The main aim of the study is to investigate the reasons for a change of the English football environment in which mad crowds of frantic fans were replaced by peaceful (but still loud enough) spectators. This part of the work aims to clarify the principles of being a football fan in general, to search for the beginnings of the football madness, and to depict the rise of the problem of hooliganism. Important events in the history of English football connected to this phenomenon as well as notoriously known fans of particular clubs like West Ham United, Millwall FC, or Liverpool FC will be explored. The work will try to analyze these events and find out the impacts and changes they have brought into the world of football and the whole English society. The main intention of the work is to find and prove the change that has been brought into English football stadiums after the years of cruelty, madness, and injustice. These are the things that had to be eliminated from such an enjoyable environment and replaced by security, respect, and a positive atmosphere. An important thing is to 5 understand what made such changes happen, and that these changes had to happen. One would be almost afraid to think where this could end if the change did not come. The contribution of this work could be seen in an investigation of a particular part of the English society by offering an insight into a topic that has always been notorious but still in some respect hidden and secret. This is supported by the fact that the relationships between hooligans and all kinds of media have never been very positive. This topic is something we should know and talk about. However, the insight into the world of football and hooligans will certainly never be complete, since nobody outside this world will ever see its real face. 6 2. English Sport Identity The question of identity and its role in the world of sport is being dealt with for decades. The way people let drag themselves and their minds into such an environment is astonishing and raises an interesting question: How is this even possible? What makes people lead lives the fundamentals of which are limited only to scores, results, minutes, goals, wins, draws, and losses? What makes them think the whole week just about the weekend's game, behave like an infant after a win and like a desperado after a loss, forget about birthdays, name days, and anniversaries? One of the possible answers is the ability of such people to apply their minds in another world, in the world of sport. They almost split their personalities and let each of them merge with different things. In other words, it is a way of finding a new identity. 2.1. Identity and Sport The word identity plays an important role in nowadays' world. But what does this word for every one of us really mean? People use it very often and claim to search for it all the time. But do they really know what they are searching for? There are many ways of looking at the phenomenon of identity. Mike Storry and Peter Childs describe it in two main ways: on one hand, identity is "partly described by what the state considers to be important about people: their physical characteristics, place of birth and area of employment" (6). On the other hand, for many people this word means something different. They see the essence of their identity in "their emotional life, their aspirations, their sporting or intellectual achievements and so on" (Ibid.). As we can see, the first way of explaining identity is more of a set of facts and information about an individual by which we can assume his or her position and role in society. On the contrary, the other explanation goes more into the emotional part of one's character – the way he or she thinks, acts, and reacts. It seems to be a way of finding something in our lives to which we can stick, believe in, appreciate, and rely on. And this is just what appears to be the main aspect of searching identity in the world of 7 sport – the idea of finding, following, and supporting something we can never possess or experience in our personal life. The fact that people apply themselves actively in the world of sport as supporters
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