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University Microfilms International Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. GOOD, JANE ELIZABETH STRANGERS IN A STRANGE LANDS FIVE RUSSIAN RADICALS VISIT THE UNITED STATES, 1890-1908. THE AMERICAN U N IV E R S ITY , P H .D ., 1979 International (0 Copyright by JANE ELIZABETH GOOD 1979 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. STRANGERS IN A STRANGE LAND: FIVE RUSSIAN RADICALS VISIT THE UNITED STATES IS90-I908 by Jane Elizabeth Good Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences o f The American U niversity in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree o f Doctor of Philosophy in H istory Signatures of Committee: Chairman (I Dean o f th e College The American U niversity Washington, D.C. 20016 ïfiE MEBICAN UNIVERSITY LIBRA*? (y 2 S ' Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. PREFACE Between 1890 and 1908 scores o f Russian ra d ic a ls v is ite d the United S ta te s . Most came to ra is e money on b eh alf o f the rev o lu tio n aries who were aiming to overthrow the Russian tsar. Others came because they were simply curious to see the land of freedom and democracy. A few came to explain internal Russian developments to Americans. Regardless of the motive for their trips, these radicals were among the first Russians to have the opportunity to view the United States in person. Their experiences in this strange land forced them to confront and rethink their own often vague hopes for Russia’s future. At the same time Americans were given their first close look at Russian revolutionaries. This dissertation analyzes the impressions of the United States as recorded by five visiting Russian radicals who toured the country between 1890 and 1908-- nihilist Sergei M. Stepniak [Kravchinsky] (1851-1895), populist Vladimir G. Korolenko (1853-1921), liberal Paul N. Miliukov (1859- 1943), Socialist Revolutionary Catherine K. Breshkovskaia (1844-1934), and Social Democrat Maxim Gorky (1868-1936). In this study both Russian radicals' views of the United States and American attitudes toward the Russian rev o lu tio n ary movement during th ese eighteen years are investigated. Research for this dissertation was conducted at ten libraries and archives in eight cities: The Library of Congress and the National Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Archives (Washington, D. C.); the New York Public Library and the Russian and East European Archive of Columbia University (New York City); the Boston Public Library (Boston, Massachusettes); Widener Library of Harvard University (Cambridge, Massachusettes); Rocke f e l l e r L ibrary o f Brown U n iv ersity (Providence, Rhode Isla n d ); Regenstein Library of the University of Chicago (Chicago, Illinois); Western Historical Library (Denver, Colorado); and the British Museum Library (London, England). The most useful manuscript col le c tio n s consulted were th e George Kennan Papers, Catherine Breshkov skaia Papers, Sergei Stepniak-Kravchinsky Papers, President's Papers of the University of Chicago, 1889-1925, William Dean Howells P apers, and Thomas Wentworth Higginson Papers. Other in ^ o rta n t primary sources consulted include Soviet editions of the collected works of Gorky and Korolenko; published letters of Stepniak, Korolenko, Breshkovskaia, Miliukov, and Gorky; the creative writings of Korolenko and Gorky; articles written in America by Stepniak, Miliukov, and Gorky; and contemporary accounts from over twenty American newspapers. The transliteration and transcription of Russian names always pose a problem. I have used the Library of Congress system with certain modifications. I have generally omitted the use of the soft sign except when it was desirable to render it using an "i," and I use "y" as the ending of masculine family names in the nominative case. First names usually are rendered in their common English equivalents; Catherine, instead of Ekaterina, Breshkovskaia; Paul, in ste a d o f Pavel, M iliukov; Maxim, in ste a d o f Maksim, Gorky. I have. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. however, retained such well-knovm Russian names as Ivan (not John) and Vasilii (not Basil). The reader should be aware that when quoting from sources I have retained the exact spellings used in the material. Alternative spellings of Miliukov abounding in quotations include Milyukov, Milyoukov, and Milyukoff; Stepniak was sometimes rendered Stepnyak; Breshkovskaia appeared as Breshkovsky and Breshkoovsky; Gorky was somtimes spelled Gorki or Gorkii. Only the name Korolenko seemed to pose no spelling problems to Americans at the turn of the century. Because the action in this study takes place in the West, dates will be given according to the new style (Gregorian calendar) unless indicated by the letters "0. S." (old style) in parentheses after a date. New style dates are twelve days ahead of old style in the nineteenth century and thirteen days ahead in the twentieth century. Birth and death dates are given, when available, after a name has been mentioned for the first time in the text. I would like to express my appreciation to the members of my dissertation committee at The American University, Professors F. Jackson Piotrow (chairman), Robert L. Beisner, and James A. Malloy, Jr., for their helpful comments and encouragement. Richard Stites of Georgetown University and Bonnie G. Buzzell of Brown University offered valuable suggestions about the content and style of several chapters. Allan J. Lichtman and Valerie French of The American University kept me aware of methodological issues. The staff of the Stack and Reader Division of the Library of Congress and the Reference Librarians at The American University aided me in Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. efforts to locate obscure material. Jane Colokathis and Leslie A. Morris of the Regenstein Library answered my questions both in letters and in person. Lev F. Magerovsky, curator of the Archive of Russian and East European History at Columbia University, made special arrangements that allowed me to use the Stepniak-Kravchinsky papers on sh o rt n o tic e . On a personal level I would like to thank Dr. Joseph O'Connor of Wittenberg University for introducing me to Russian history while I was a bew ildered undergraduate. My p a re n ts, W illiam Carl Good, who died before the completion of this project, and Marjorie Hoover Good, should take credit for instilling in me the belief that I can complete any project that I start. And finally, a special thanks is due Alexander Good Malloy, "Sasha," who generously waited until after I had finished the draft of this dissertation to appear on the scene, and then who patiently sat in his swing while his mother labored over the typing of the manuscript. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE................................................................................................................................i l CHAPTER ONE; INTRODUCTION......................... ..................................................... 1 CHAPTER TWO: AMERICAN PERCEPTIONS OF TSARIST RUSSIA, 1890-1908 , 7 Moral Im peratives of American-Russian R elatio n s ........................... 11 Diplomatic Imperatives of American-Russian Relations .... 24 Economic Imperatives of American-Russian

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