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Central Asia Energy-Water Development Program

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Central Asia Energy-Water Development Program Working Regionally for National Shared Prosperity Development Aspirations of Central Asia The Benefits of Smart Management of Natural Resources THE WORLD BANK THE WORLD BANK Central Asia is endowed with water and an abun- Change of Water Availability in Central Asia dance of rich and varied energy resources—hy- Categories of water availability dropower, oil, gas, and coal. These resources can thousand m3/capita/year >1.7 significant 10 1.0-1.7 not significant support increased agricultural production and have 9 8.4 <1.0 shortage 8 the potential to exceed domestic energy demand 7 5.9 Central Asia 6 Europe to supply export markets. 5 4.2 4 3 2.55 2 However, water and energy resources across the 1 years region are highly unbalanced and access to them 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 is uneven. In some cases there is a lack of physical infrastructure and the outdated systems that exist Over the past 40 years, water supply in Central Asia declined from 8.4 Central Asia is a dynamic and geographically diverse scarcity of water resources have strained relations th. m3/person/year to 2.5 th. m3/person/year. By 2030, at the current are unreliable and inefficient. Some communities rate of population growth in Central Asia, this reduction will reach a 3 region enjoying steady economic growth and new among the countries of the region. Climate change cannot meet citizens’ electricity needs during critical value of less than 1.7 th. m /year. And it is still necessary to an- development opportunities. A key element in the and population growth have the potential to strain nually provide an additional 500-700 million m3 of water to sustain the certain times of the year, while others lack population of Central Asia even at very low levels of consumption. continued growth, prosperity, stability, and well-being resources and relations further. adequate water supply. Source: EC IFAS of the population is the smart management of the region’s energy and water resources. The Central Asia Energy-Water Development Program Total Fossil Fuel MTOE Working at the national and regional levels Coal MTOE KAZAKHSTAN (CAEWDP) recognizes that strengthened cooperation Crude Oil MTOE 22,629 Gas MTOE 16,000 to manage water and energy resources 4,080 at the national and regional levels can lead to increased Hydro MTOE 2,549 Although Central Asia is increasingly globalized, can bring: MTOE=million tons of oil equivalent 58 national aspirations, such as food security and reliable incomes, poverty reduction, sustainable development, • Reliable energy supply and reduced energy services, still drive development decisions. The shared prosperity, and political stability across the region. winter energy shortages KYRGYZ REPUBLIC 590 • Higher earnings generated by exporting 5 competition for energy markets and the anticipated 580 and trading energy UZBEKISTAN 5 4,589 266 • Greater agricultural productivity through 2,851 80 1,657 more reliable access to water 32 • Improved water quality and reduced land CHINA degradation TAJIKISTAN 514 THE WORLD BANK • Better adaptation to climate change and 507 2 water/hydrological variability 5 TURKMENISTAN 412 2,698 • Cost-effective infrastructure development 82 68 • Enhanced environment for international 2,549 4 and private investment for both water AFGHANISTAN and energy Source: Energy Supply/Demand balances and Infrastructure Constraints in Central Asia. Asian 2 Development Bank. 2009 3 Water Water Resources in Central Asia Water is a vital but disparate resource across the ba- Melting snow from the high peaks of the Himalayan sin. In the summer, both the Syr Darya and the Amu water tower and precipitation provide the seasonal flows Darya rivers have the potential to provide abundant to the two major rivers that feed the Aral Sea Basin: low-carbon hydropower for the mountainous Kyrgyz the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya. The origins of the Republic and Tajikistan. Downstream, these rivers Syr Darya are the snow-covered slopes of the Tien Shan are vital arteries for livelihoods—providing water for Mountains in Kyrgyz Republic. The Amu Darya originates agriculture and local fisheries, and sustaining envi- from the glaciated northern slopes of the Hindu Kush and ronmental ecosystems, human health, and electricity from Wakhan in the Pamir Highlands in Afghanistan and generation across Central Asia. the Pamirs in Tajikistan. However, the water sector faces many challenges: 50 percent of irrigated lands are affected by salinization and waterlogging as a result of poor irrigation and drainage systems. In Turkmenistan that number is 96 percent, compromising both agricultural productivity and water quality. Improvements to Increase Efficiency THE WORLD BANK National governments are struggling to rehabilitate aging irrigation and drainage infrastructure and implement innovative irrigation technologies to ad- dress these problems and improve food security and resilience to hydrologic variability. Looking ahead, for irrigation, where agriculture on average contrib- population growth and the need for increased agri- utes 11 percent to these economies’ GDP. Proposed cultural production will continue to strain the region’s improvements in irrigation efficiency could begin to water resources, making smart water management alleviate the problem. For example, in Uzbekistan, a both nationally and regionally a key factor for the 1 percent increase in water pumping efficiency would livelihoods of farmers and agriculture. Across Kazakh- result in savings of $10 million per year; and a 10 stan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, over 10 million percent increase in water pumping efficiency would hectares of agricultural land depend on these waters result in regional savings of $188 million per year. 4 Photo to the left and cover © Daniel Korzhonov, Moscow, Russia. 5 WATER RESOURCES OF THE ARAL SEA BASIN Aralsk Lake Balkhash Northern Aral Sea (38) 5 Population (millions) 16.8 Ili GNI per capita (US$) $9,780 K A Z A K H S T A N GDP (billions US$) $203.5 Southern % rural population w/access to an 86% Aral Sea improved water source (2010) seasonal lake Kazakhstan Land area (1,000 sq. km) 2,699 A r a l K u m Muynak KAZ 10 S Population (millions) 5.6 yr Da GNI per capita (US$) $990 r Karakalpakstan 7.9 ya Bishkek Ysik-Kol GDP (billions US$) $6.5 1 % rural population w/access to an 82% Sarygamysh Planned collector Lake K K Y R G Y Z R E P. improved water source (2010) a r a Chirchik- Kyrgyz Republic Land area (1,000 sq. km) 192 B Naryn o Charvak g a z G Ahangaran o Dashoguz 6.5 15 l Tashkent Horezm 4.4 U Z B E K I S T A N 9 UZB 10 KYR 3 Golden Age Lake Population (millions) 8 (under construction) (UZB) (37) GNI per capita (US$) $880 Dashoguz Collector 4 Kara Darya UZB 5.3 Aydar Lake TJK 2 (under construction) 1 GDP (billions US$) $7.6 Lebap 3.9 2 Rivers of Ferghana Valley: 8 % rural population w/access to an 64% UZB 10 Tajikistan improved water source (2010) Za T U R K M E N I S T A N rafs Land area (1,000 sq. km) 140 ha KYR 0.1 n C H I N A Great Turkmen Collector Amu-Bukhara 5.2 Kashkadarya Kafarnigan (under construction) 5.3 0.3 TJK 6.6 1.2 Vakhsh Population (millions) 5.2 Dushanbe T A J I K I S T A N GNI per capita (US$) $5,410 Surhandarya Karshi 4.19 0.6 Panj GDP (billions US$) $35.2 Ashgabat UZB 1.5 Sherabad 1.4 % rural population w/access to an 54% 1.5 Amu Darya improved water source (2010) 0.5 0.2 4 20.2 Turkmenistan Land area (1,000 sq. km) 470 0.9 5.6 Karakum Canal 11 M u 33.3 r g a b Kokcha Average river flow and water intake by canals 3 Population (millions) 29.8 T (km /year) e Rivers of Northern j e Prospective expansion GNI per capita (US$) $1,720 n Afghanistan: 6.1 of irrigation 70 Water discharge GDP (billions US$) $51.1 30 (km3/year) % rural population w/access to an 81% I.R. OF 10 A F G H A N I S T A N 5 Uzbekistan improved water source (2010) IRAN Land area (1,000 sq. km) 425 Kunduz Mountain regions above 2000 metres Kabul Irrigated lands i Rud Source: World Bank 2012 Har 0 250 500 750 1000 km 6 7 © Zoï Environment Network Source: water flow and water use data www.cawater-info.net ab en s h u C d In Energy Updating Infrastructure to Meet Needs Central Asia is rich with diverse energy resources. In needs on a seasonal basis in the most cost-effective Current energy systems are becoming less reliable as The challenges are to maintain and rehabilitate infra- the downstream countries of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and environmentally friendly manner—taking maxi- the Central Asia power system deteriorates. The re- structure, provide new generation infrastructure for and Turkmenistan there are significant reserves of oil, mum advantage of abundant low-cost hydropower gion is trading 90 percent less energy than in the early energy-hungry, growing economies, and explore new gas, and coal. The upstream countries, Tajikistan and in the summer, and having the reliability of thermal 1990s. Although new transmission lines linking north models for energy trade—both within and outside the Kyrgyz Republic, are rich in undeveloped hydropower resources in winter when the cold climate limits hydro- and south in Kazakhstan and Tajikistan improve the five-country community. potential. The diversity of such a mixed energy system power supplies. distribution situation, these plentiful resources do not offers an opportunity to meet all countries’ electricity meet domestic needs and 2 million households across the region are affected by winter heat and power shortages per year.
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