UDC: 572. 02X22) Title: Insula: internat'ional journal of isl.

cat. no: 2il&37 Date: 27 Feb 201i Subscription no l Note: 1l' IZ^Q^Q

International Journal of Island Affairs

DO

^ ^ lî i International Journal of island Affairs

ISSN1021-0814 Year 16 No l f:/^ October 2007 ^

Editorial Board

Editer: Fier Giovanni d'Ayala Native Caper - Island ofSalina (Sicily). Editorial Assistant: Photo by Francescolanneiïo Mohamed-Nizar LARABI 11 for i l "d An Scientifîc Advisory Committee: Prof. Godfrey Baldacchino, Canada to sup Prof. Salvino Busutil, Malta Prof. Hiroshi Kakazu, Japon Prof. Nicolas Margaris, Greece Prof. Patrick Nunn, Fidji Dr. Henrique Pinto da Costa, Sao Tome e Principe

Bibliothèque Publishedby 1NSULA, thé International Scientif'icCouncil for IslandDevelopment, with thé supportof UNESCO.

Articlespublished in this journal do not necessarilyreïïect thé opinions of INSULA or of UNESCO.

Material appearing in this journal cannot be reproduced Thousand years-old olive tree - without thé prior permission of thé Editer. Archeological site of Gortys - Island of Crète. Photo by Gaëlle Mirronet Library 1NSULA, thé International Journal of Island Affairs, is distributed free to INSULA's individual and institutional E-mail: [email protected] members.For subscriptions and information, pleasewrite to: Tel.:+33 (0)1 45 68 03 56/60 7,'Placede Fontenoy 75007 Paris, France INSU LA C/0 UNESCO l, rue Miollis 75732 Pzris cedex, France Tel:+33 145. 68. 49. 01. Fax: +33 l 45. 68. 58. 04. E-mail: [email protected]

1,' 1r irî^'î ÏJ^ For More information our website and our forum are Lfr'l available: Bibliothèque/Library www. insula. org http://insula.aceboard.com FUTU-EO ES ANDS 7 placede Fontenoy 75352PARiS 07 SP - FRANCE Contente

EDITOMAL

By Pier Giovannid'Ayala Secretary Général DOSSIER: Islands Genetic Resources

Collectingagro-biodiversity onisland of Crète byG. Laghetti, D.Pignone. S.Cifarelli, K.Hammer, andM. Skoula 19 GeneticResources in théIsland ofCorsica stiïl présent in thé Mediterranean islands. ïyB^S.'BuWtta. S.'CifarelU, Th.Gladys, K.Hammer andG. Laghetti . sland's natural resources hâve obviously Mediterranean countries such as France, representeda récurrent thème for our journal. Let's Italy and Greece hâve contributed to create Safeguardingagro-biodiversity ofthree lonian Greekislands: 24 Lefkada,Ithaca, and Kefalonia recaU thé September 2001 issue exploring among germoplasmbanks, where to maintain alive thèse w most valuable resources. ÏyK.'Hammer,G.Laghetti. D.Pignone, E.Psarra andS. Samaras othersthé peculiar features of théisland of Socotrain a- thé Indian Océan.Thé double February/September Crète, thé Greek lonian Islands, Sardinia 37 l Geneticérosion on thé Pacifie Island ofMungiki (Solomon Islands) 2004 issue on "Island Biodiversities-Sustaining Life and Corsica are thé Mediterranean shores addressed ByThomas Walkenhorst andKarl Hammer in Vulnérable Ecosystems"edited in collaboration at first. with thé UN secrétariat on thé Convention on Still concerning this geographical area, a PlantGenetic Resources forrestoring fertUity heavymétal poUuted soils Biological Diversificaty, thé September2005 issue paper concerningthé plant geneticresources for of 40 in thé SardinianGeominerary Park on "Biotechnologies,Biodiversity and Culture". restoringfertility of heavymétal polluted soUsin Thé point of vîew adopted by thé Authors of Sardinia seems us to indicate new directions for ByVera Safronova. AndreiBelimov, Simona Vzrdis,Filippo Wis, Mario Deroma andSimonetta BuWtta thèseissues was doubtlessinfluenced by a général further island debates,where mining and industrial pessimistic feeling suggestedby avaiïable data on activities take place. GeneticErosion, conservation and utilization ofwild tomatoes from thé 42 thé statusand trends ofisland's biological diversity, Genetic érosion will be also shortly Galapagos Islands in particular on altération of islands habitat, of addressed in South Pacifie, thé Solomon Islands, ByJaime Prohens, José M. Blanca and Fernando Nuez world importance. A richness counterbalanced by and Galapagoswith its wild tomatoes. its fragility. Finally good old coconutsare not forgotten ISLANDERSATWORK Natural living resourcesare neverthelessat and an innovative proposai is put forward. Isolated thé origm ofgoods and servicesthat support économie isletscan become crop gènebanks, allowing selecting "Isletssave Coconuts" from an old polynesian practke tothé new concept ofa crop development.Threats to island environment hâve varieties and improving quality and characteristics 47 of coconut plantations. gènebank located on smaU islands direct and indirect conséquenceson their entire readers, ByRoland Bourdeix, T.Bambridge andS. Larme social and économie fabric. You hâve certainly noticed, dear We suggest hère to explore further thé thé importance attributed by thé authors of thé CULTUREAND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE interaction factors linking together bio-resources, présentissue to cultureand traditional knowledge. traditional héritage, with thé opening of potential An interesting blend indeed of good scientific 58 observation and timeless know how. Cultureas thé 4th PiUarof SustainableDevelopment developmentand market opportunities. Thé authors who contribute to this Thé éditer feels therefore justified to conclude thé By Keith Nurse issue are addressing specifically this sensitive présentissue with an enlighteningpaper: "Culture 71 thème conformity natural biodiversity with agro- as thé 4th pillar of Sustainable Development". BOOK REVIEW biodiversity.A sortof specularinterface among frwo A reminder of thé conclusions of thé Mauritius equally important élémentsofisland development. International Meeting for thé Small Island 72 In doing so,they focuson évidencesor dangerof Developing States(January 2005). INSULA'S PAGE genetic érosion especiallyfor autochthonouscrops 73 UNESCO 'S PAGE Aknowledgements

l wish to expresshère insula's gratitude to Dr. SimonettaBullitta and Dr. GaetanoLaghetti for their collaborationin preparin^ that issue.

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDÂFFAIRS which increases productivity. Farmers seek to increase their control over thé labour process in order to compensatefor loss 7 ^ ofcontrol over thé marketingof products.In thé peasantfamily / r^, farm, mostlabour is providedby . members.Thé pafaiarchal f A"-^' family structure of society sets thé context for an increasingly discriminatorygender division of labourin farming.Men dominate appraisal, évaluation and two airports with numerous mechanizedproduction and thé safeguardofautochthonous crop international flights during thé managementof thé marketing geneticresources still présentin tourist season, in addition to coopératives. Women are By G. Laghetti,D. Pignone,S. Cifarelli thé Mediterranean islands and an effective Systemof sealiiiks increasingly burdened with K. Hammer and M. Skoula represents thé extension of a with thé Greek mainland and agriculturaland domestic manual l î/1 similar joint activity regarding thé major islands. Exporters work and remain excluded C/3 thé collection of crop genetic of agricultural products use from thé coopératives and l resources from thé small Italian air freight with an increasing other community institutions, islands of agricultural interest frequency; therefore, Cretan despite new laws prescribing (Hammer and Laghetti 2006). résidents hâve found ways to equality (Stratigaki 1988). lt» Summary Crète (560, 000 considerablyovercome distance Thé flora of Crète is inhabitantsin 1997)is thé largest from thé mainland, and to extraordinarilyrich and unique l n initial collecting mission largeareas. Thé main changes (Solanumnigmm L. ). island in thé Greekarchipelago improveaccess to majordomestic because of its early isolation Due to thé geneticérosion l in Crète (Greece)was carried in thé landscapehâve involved a (8,340 km2, 44% of which are and international markets. from thé other Aegean areas, risk, more économie resources out in September2005 within gréâtexpansion of thé area under of agricultural land), and thé Rural-urban migration producing a more markedly shouldbe targetedto thé local l thé Framework of a joint olives,and an increasein natural soufhemmostrégion of Europe.It has become a worldwide feature differentiated biosphère (Strid trees and bushes. genebanks;this scientific choice contains diversified terrains century;détails and i projectbefrween thé 'Istitutodi with of thé twentieth 1972). Thé geological s GeneticaVégétale' (IGV) of During this preliminary mightcertainly help to maintam high mountains and deep gorges, aboutfhe mral populationchange climatic history of this rugged alive thé local agricultural CNR, Bari, Italy, thé University expédition90 valuable landraces along with valleys and coastal in Crètewere reportedby Shay island has résultée in a gréât traditions and germplasm. of Kassel, Germany, and thé were collected belonging to plains.In total, mountainsco ver and Beattie (1993) while Kousis range of différent plant habitats Key words:agricultural participationof thé 'Park for 39 taxa of puises, vegetables, 49% of thé land area and another and Apostolopoulos (1996) and remarkable plant diversity, thé Préservation of Flora & cereals, forages, industrial, biodiversity, collecting, crop 28% is semi-mountainous. Thé analysedmore specifîcally thé with a high degreeofendemism, Fauna', Technical University spiceand condimentplants. In geneticérosion, Mediterranean main city, Irakleio, is thé fourth transformation from a peasant nearly 10% of thé total flora islands, Crète of Crète, Greece, aimed at général a strong crop genetic largest in Greeceeven though, to a contemporary commumty (Strid 1993,Chilton andTurland safeguardingautochthonous crop érosion was observed but, most of thé population lives in via tourism development 2007,Fielding and Turland 2005) geneticresources still présentin in some areas (e.g. Lassithi Introduction very small towns and villages. e.g. Cyclamencreticum Hildebr. Mediterranean islands. Crète plateau)this phenomenonwas Crète island is quite (Affre and Thompson 1997), An initial collecting islandis quiteisolated from thé less sévère. Nowadays in Crète isolated from thé mainland and Cretan flora and EbenuscreticaL. (Vlahos 1996) mission was carried out in Crète mainland, and it has developed manyvegetables are cultivated at has developed an economy végétation an evergreen sub-shrub with (Greece)September 2005. This an economybased primarily on industrial scalebased on modem in primarily based on tourism potential for use in commercial missionis thé fourth of a project tourismand agriculture. A strong varieties but several landraces (e.g. it contains thé worldwide floriculture (Lydaki et al., 2000), betweenthe 'Istituto di Genetica dépopulationof thé mountain are still présent.Together with importantarchaeological site of Medicago strasseri Greuter Végétale'(IGV) CNR, Bari, range led to thé dismission traditional Cretanvegetables as of Knossos)and agriculture.This In Heraklion, one of thé et al. (Turland et al., 1993, of thé traditional land uses in celery,chicory, melon, cucumber, Italy, and thé University of occurrence bas led, on thé one agriculturally most advanced Gonzalez Andres et al., 1999, Kassel. Germany, started in thé uplands, with conséquent okra, fennel,grape hyacinth and hand, to a relative autonomy régionsofGreece, modemization Sobrino et al., 2000), Platanus 2002 with an explorationand intensification of agriculture eggplant,uncommon greens were of its régional market, and, on is mediatedby both agricultural orientalis L. var. cretica Dode collectingmission Maltese in thé lowlands, involving thé observéein manylocal markets: in thé thé other, promptedan early coopératives,which reinforce thé (Nikolakaki and Hajaje 2001), archipelago(Laghetti et al. 2004, developmentoftree monoculture, e.g. amaranth(Amaranthus sp. ), searchfor policies to overcome state's control of thé market, and Petromarulapinnata (L. ) A. DC. Bullitta et al., 2005). Thé main use of chemical fertilizers, common purslane (Portulaca isolation.As a result, Crètehas thé intensive use of machinery, aimsofthis join projectare thé irrigation and spraying over oleraceaL. ), or black nightshade

INTERNATIONALJOIIRNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS intolérantperennial herbs and livestockgrazing (Siebert 2004). which grow spontaneouslyon Cupressussempervirens covers shrubsadapted to grazingand Kyriakakisetal., (1999) A full list of ail plant species Agro-biodiversityin Crète (1738taxa) recorded for Crète, a limited number of suitable a prédominantplace at high browsing. Traditional farming, studiedthé seasonalgrowth of altitudeson Crètewhere Cedrus with briefanalysisoftheir status, coastal sites, now facing Vavilov'sdescription. ofhis plant grazingand forestry are declining forageproduction in relation to habitat and chorological data pressurefor touristdevelopment. spp.,Pinus nigra Arnold and thé collecting expéditions over 5 on Crète. Woodlands and intensive altitudeinrangelands of western Juniperusspp. are wasreported by Turlandet al., Similar, but less menacing, high altitude continents considered Crète olive monoculturehâve replaced Crète and its implication to Bêta completelyabsent (Quezel 1979)^ (1993).After this work further is thé threat for wild too (Vavilov 1997).Evolution diverse land use mosaics and sustained animal production Palms are widespread new taxa growing on Crète maritimaL. coastalpopulations. of thé population indicates containless biological diversity concluding that combining thé from as early as thé Minoan and its islets were found out, Excellent studies on a 47% and a 36% decrease than traditional agroecoystems. low andhigh zones would provide thé formation, évolution and period,on thé Aegean islands of e.g. Silène fabaria (L.) Sm. in thé number of inhabitants Thé conservation of a 10-monthgrazing period for Kalymnos,Nisyros, Symi and, (Melzheimerand Ulrich 1994), ecologyof thé Cretanlandscape in thé mountainous and hilly Mediterranean floristic diversity sustained animal production. Jahn and especially,Crète. Thé philosopher 1976 an Australian Allium platakisii Tzanoud. & were carried out by communities, respectively, as nécessitâtes understanding In Schônfelder(1995),Rackhamand and naturalist Theophrastuswas team carried exploration Kypriotakis(Tzanoudakis and opposedto an 8.7% increasein disturbance régimes and may out an s (1972). thé first to describe thé présence mission in Crète aimed to Qf2 Kypriotakis1993), and Scilla Moody(1996), Greuter théplain communitiesfi-om l 951 require maintaining thé land palms Crète ancient talosii Tzanoud.& Kypriotakis Forestry has limited of in in to 1991. This dépopulation of use practices and mosaics collect local genetic resources times. In 1967 thé botanist W. g (Tzanoudakisand Kypriotakis importance as an économie thé mountain area has led to thé associated with traditional of clovers and medics (Francis Greuter describedamong them 1998).Most wild speciesof activity, even though land dismission of thé traditional land cultivation practices and and Katznelson1977) followed a distinct species, naming it wide distribution are not facing classified as forest occupies usesin thé uplands,and, at thé livestockgrazing (Siebert 2004). in 1977 by a USA's team for Phoenix theophrasti Greuter. immédiatethreat of More than 20.9% of thé whole area.On thé sametime, to thé intensification Thé biological diversity Trifolium spp. (Smith et al., l Commonlynamed Theophrastus 100 endémieplant speciesare contrary,forest genetic resources of agriculturein thé lowlands, intraditionalagroecosystems and 1978). Trifolium subterraneum Crète are very important and palm(also called Cretan palm), présenton thé Lefka Ori massif, of involving developmentof tree potentialdiversity loss associated L. and T. brachycalycinum l this species endémie thé anarea of considérableecological rich, thanks to wide variation is to monoculture, use of artificial with land usechange in uplands L. were common, especially altitude as as relief Eastern Mediterranean. Thé significance,where 30 plants are in well in fertilizers,irrigation and spraying was recently investigated by on grazed sites. Medicago onlyCrète palm grave is found l consideredas rare and threatened andtopography. Seeds of Pinus aver large areas(18. 8% of thé Siebert (2004). Eight différent polymoqïha L. was ubiquitous. l at Vai (Fig. l). Severallegends with extinction accordingto thé halepensisMill. and P. brutia total area is cultivated land). agroecosystemswere observée, During their mission in several l hâve beenwoven to explain thé Wl "Red Data Book of Rare and Ten.growing on Crèteshowed On thé other hand 1.8% of including: chestnutstands, old Mediterranean areas, they présence palm grove, Threatened Plants of Greece" better résistance to water sta-ess of this thé area is residential, with olive graves,maquis, phrygana, found that M. truncatula Gaertn. and, in any case, there are 0/ogiatzakisand Griffiths 2000). as those from other origin massive commercial tourist intensivelycropped parcels, rock thrived mainly in Crète and archaeologicalfmdings, such as genetic érosion or extinction. (Calamassiet al., 1980).Remote development, leading to ail walls and hedges,woodlands, Southem Greece and tended to ancient coins and vases,which There are however certain natural forests of Cupressus kinds ofintmsive and discordant and intensive olive graves. grow with T. brachycalycinum prove thé continumg présence catégoriesfor which thé threat sempervirensL. var. horizontalis buildings. Livestock grazing Eighty-threenative plant species only, as did M. rigidula (L.) ofpalms at Crètesince antiquity. is critical and thé threat of (Miller) Aiton présenton Crète is a dominant activity on ail were recorded in traditional extinction is a reality. Such hâve very différent wood wildlands (57.6% are classified agroecosystems,thé majonty propertiesand stmctural features Fig.l. Tliefamous palm grave at Vai.Thé area of which were shade intolérant species are for example thé lookits nainelïom thé palin tree. 'Vai' is Ihelocal as rangelands)including forest as those from Rhodes and Samos wild tulips of Crète (Tulipa word Ibr tlie branchof'thc palmtree and -Vayics' or (Ispikoudis et al., 1993). perennial herbs and shrubs cretica Boiss. & Heldr. and T. islands (Paraskevopoulou -Vayiones'are thé words for thé Irees themselves. adaptedto grazingand browsing. Branchesof thépalin are still uscdto weavethé Thé biological diversity saxatilis Sieber ex Sprengel) and Paraskevopoulou 1990). crossesdistributed al churchon PalmSunday. in traditionalagroecosystems and Traditional farming, grazing potentialdiversity loss associated and forestry are declining on with land usechange in uplands Crète. Woodlands and intensive was recently investigated by olive monoculturehâve replacée Siebert (2004). Eight différent diverse land use mosaics and agroecosystemswere observed, containless biological diversity including: chestnutstands, old than traditional agroecoystems. olive graves,maquis, phrygana, Thé conservation of intensively cropped parcels, Mediterranean floristic diversity e rock walls and hedges, nécessitâtes understanding woodlands, and intensive olive disturbance régimes and may graves. Eighty-three native require maintaining thé land plant specieswere recordedin use practices and mosaics traditional agroecosystems,thé associated with traditional majority of which were shade cultivation practices and

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS During thé présent observed;recently Hammer et al. thé distributional range on Ail. and M. orbicularis (L.) common ones. Considérable pinene,sakinene and gamma- mission several aromatic (2005) reported thé cultivation Crète revealed that both thé terpinene. Citral content is Bartal..T. pallidumWaldst. & différence in fruit set among plants were observedin thé of another species of this morphological and chemical thé cultivais was shown be higher.Rootstocks such as Citms Kit. was widespreadand ofiten a to wild, e.g. Lavandula stoechas genus (i.e. Calamintha nepeta variation form a west-east volkamerianaTen. & Pasq.and pioneerspecies, and T. cherleri L. relatedto their self-fertility and L. ssp. stoechas;thé essential (L. ) Savi) and its évolution directed cline (Karousou and C. macrophyllaWester mcrease was dominantin heavily-grazed cross-pollination requirements oil composition and variation toward a gardenplant in Italy. Kokkini 1997). Thé authors frost résistanceand résistance to areas. Lupinus spp. were rare. (Androulakis and Loupassaki of this taxon were analysée hâvesuggested that S. pomifera gummosis.Citrons are m demand About thé agricultural sector, 1990).Thé susceptibility offi^iits by Skoula et al. (1996) who Karousou et al., (1998a) can be distinguished from S. use high-qualitypréserves. ca.70% of thé incomeis derived of40 olive varieties collected in for in found out that inflorescences hâve studied thé distribution fruticosa on thé basis of its During thé présent fi-om arboriculture,particularly Crète,to femalesofDacus oleae produced larger amounts of Salvia pomifera L. subsp. essentialoil composition. Récent explorationdifférent landraces of olives and vines (Kosseris and was testedby Neuenschwander of essential oil than leaves. pomifera (Cretan sage) studieshâve shown a high degree carob(Ceratonia siliqua L. ) were Clutton 1968).Arable farming, et al., (1985). Thé important populations on Crète. Their of variability in quantity and observed,some ofthem showed marketgardening and animal rôle of Aphytis chilensisin thé In many family gardens essential oil content varied composition of essential oils théhighest percentage of pollen § husbandrytake secondplace. biological control of olive's thé cultivation of mint (Mentha fi-om 2. 1 to 4.2% and thé main amongdifférent clonesofSalvia Crete(Skoulaetal,1999a, 2000); l trees (Castanea sativa TREE CROPS and Neuenschwander (1980). several areas of Crète, too. analysedthé essentialoil content at Chania a large germplasm Mill. ) are traditionally grown Thé citron (Citrus Kokkini et al. (1997) studying and compositionof S. fruticosa collection of S. finticosais stored. ta and harvested in Crète with medica L.) was introducedinto Cretanpopulations ofthis wild Mill. (Greeksage) plants growmg ai"l thé cultivars 'Early Maronia' thé Mediterranean basin from mint came to thé conclusion wild in 20 localities scatteredon Collecting methods and 'Lianokastana' among thé Crète is an island with typical southemAsia in thé 4th century that thé quantitative variation Crète (Karousouet al., 1998b). BC. is grownon anindustrial most common.Nour Eldin et al. l Mediterranean climate: high It in thé pattern of essential Théresults revealed a significant Thé sampling methods n (1995)hâve studied thé effects températuresand lack ofrainfall scale in Italy, Puerto-Rico and oil composition followed a variation in thé essential oil and exploration stratégies of storageconditions on quality during summerare thé most Crète (Huet 1986). Corsican NW-SE direction on Crète. content(ranging fi-om 1. 1to 5.1%) were thé same reportée ofnuts from thèsetwo cultivars. ! productionhas fallen after being and in thé contents of thé four by Laghetti et al. 2004. importantfactors determming Thé warm climate of l productivity tree crops. importantin fhe19th century; thé main components:eucalyptol, »s of Crète allows thé growing of In Crète at least 40 fruit rind is thick and thé juice Exploring thé massif of alpha-thujoneand beta-thujone Results and discussion sometropical plants, too. Twelve varieties of olives (Olea europea content low. Fruits of Cretan Levka On (westernCrète), thé and camphor.Thé analysesof mango (Mangifera indica L.) arecultivated. 'Koroneiki' citron usually hâve an acid endémie wild aromatic plant thé variation in morphological A total of 90 accessions L. cultivars were grown m and 'Mastoidis' are thé two pulp, similar to that of lemon, ) Calamintha cretica (L. ) Lam. features and essential oil content was collectée from 35 greenhouses,under net cover and mostimportant oil cvsin Crète reallydifférent from thosefrom (Karousou et al., 1996) was of 34 populationsfrom ail over collecting sites (table l; Fig3). outdoorswith goodyield results (Psyllakis 1975), 'Amfissis', Corsica,which hâve a sweetnon- 'Kalamata', 'Kalokairida', acidpulp. Citronessential oil is (Lionakis and Loxou 1997). similar to that oflemon but with A large bananaplantation was 'Koutsourelia', 'Megaritiki' and N différent proportions of beta- observéein thé Vai area(Fig. 2). 'Thiaki' areamong thé othermost 0 W £ Fig. 2. Thé bananaplantation obser ' in th V rea. je'oo'

C re ta n se a

CHANIA

REfHYMNO .^ Dragonada KLIO 9 imcmiaSpugl» % 2és< Epi'ftcpï 0 Kàkaves Mafia . AsSlia/wsKffossds *12 8 prevef Psiloritis asjthl 24» 0 Venetaio Agios ^DiU Nikolao '^, ^&?' 2148 A^a"L^ 35'OB" Kofini -123DA lerapeira 0 a Gavdos

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS Thé22 samplesofcereals were common beau (named: industrial scale based on modem varieties, but several landraces Tablel. Numberof accessionscollected consist of 20 cultivated taxa. 'asprokoli', 'babachias', notes are présent. Thirty-nine Crop No Five samplesof old landraces 'gassamà'), four broad beau still ofbarley (Hordeumvulgare L.) (Vicia faba L.) both var. major accessionsof local vegetables 3 white, dark seeds Avena sativa werecollected including one two- and var. minor, two asparagus were collected(Table l). Seven Avena. . l rowedtype. This is an important beans (Vigna unguiculata (L.) landracesofonion (Allium cepa 5 one two-rowed Hordeunvul are cereal on Crète and thé most Walp. cv.-gr. sesquipedalis), L.), characterised by a gréât l wild Hordeun bulbosum ancientpopulations were found one of 'papula' (probablyVicia variation in bulb size, shape, Lolium s . l weed narbonensisL. ), one chickpea, and colour, were collected. l on Lassithi plateau,famous for Secale céréale its traditional wind mills. Seeds one lentil and one hyacinth Together with other 3 Triticum aestivum ofwild barleywere also collected beau (Lablab purpureus (L.) traditional Cretan vegetables, 5 one awnless Triticum durum Sweet)used as an omamental ascelery, pepper, chicory (wild 2 (Tablel); geneticand ecological Zeama s interactions between thé wild plantbut, occasionally, also as a and cultivated), watermelon, Cereals 22 H. vulgare subsp.spontaneum puise.Unfortunately it wasnot melon, cucumber, okra l (K. Koch) Asch, & Graebn. possibleto take seedsof lupin (Abelmoschusesculentus (L.) Cicer arietinum l l l plants and cultivated barley (Lupinus albus L.), however Moench),fennel (used mainly Lablab ur ureus forms from Crète hâve been they will be shippedlater to thé for top leaves), tomato, grape Lens culinaris l » IGV from thé farmers cited in hyacinth (Muscari comosum Phaseolusvul aris studiedby Giles and Bengtsson 4 thé'acknowledgements'section.(L. ) Mill. and eggplant, k Vicia faba major, minor (1988). Four variable samples ), Vicia narbonensis l of oats (locally called 'tai' and Lupin cultivation in Crète is uncommon vegetables were 2 cv- ses il edalis Vi naun uiculata 'malitichi'), two traditionallocal traditional and also its wild observedin manylocal markets: l Pul e 18 varieties ofmaize and a rare rye progenitor(thé subsp.graecus e.g. amaranth(Amaranthus sp. ), were found. Three accessions of (Boiss. et Sprun.) Franco et commonpurslane (Portulaca CB Abelmoschus escule itus 2 bread wheat and five of durum P. Silva) grows on this island oleraceaL. ), black nightshade l 2 wild Alliumam elo rasum wheat (one awnless)among thé (Alamanou and Doxastakis (SolanumNigrum L.) (Fig4). s 7 smalland white bu DS,big redbulbs, s Allium cepa most common landraces still 1995) together with other small red bulbs Fig. 4. Uncommon vcgctablcs sold in species e.g. pilosus grown on Crète were sampled. wild L. a typical local markct at Chania: (A) amaranth (Amarauthus sp.), (B) black 4 'blito' L. (Cléments et al., 1996). Amaranthus spp. nightsliadc (Solanum nignun L. ) and (C) Among thé 18 landraces Nowadaysin Crètemany A ium raveolens l common piirslanc (Portulacaolcracca L.). of puises gathered, eight vegetables are cultivated at Ça sicum anuum 2 3 wild, cultivars "-?y7 Cichorium in bus B wild Cichoriums inosum l Citrullus lanatus Cucumis mélo 3 l Cucumis sativus l wild Daucus carota ( Foeniculumvulgare 2 one used for top leaves L co ersicon esculentum 5 Muscari comosum l Ra hanusra hanistrum l Solanum melongena l semi-wild Solanum ni rum l V etables 39

Ocimum basilicum one subsp. minimum ^y Ori anum dictamnus l Ori anum ma 'orana 2 Sil bum marianum 4 wild 2 wild (glabroussiliques Sinapis sp. rcr 11 Total 90

13

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS Eleven accessions for thé threatenedspecies are also rheumatism and toothache soups stews. were sampled,e. g. wild radish Amaranth in ancient Greece suitablealso for and other uses were also sampled. certain unique aromatic and whereas leafand flower infusions (Raphanusraphanistrum L. ), was sacredto EphesianArtemis, Occasionally this species are On Crète several native médicinal plants of thé island areused against cold and diarrhoea cultivated(Turland et al., 1993). wild carrot, two variable wild todaysome types used as leaf speciesof oregano(Origanum (Sideritis L. spp. or 'Greek (Skoula et al., 1997). Due to Black nightshade, populationsof broadleafwild vegetables are very common spp.) grow,and natural hybrids mountainTea' (Fig. 6), Origanum local market request and laws although being reported as leek(Allium ampeloprasumL.) in Cretan gardens (Fig. 5). (e.g. 0. x minoanumand 0. x dictamnusL., etc.). In relation prohibiting collection from thé (Tablel). ThéA. ampeloprasum According to our investigations poisonous,especially immature intercedens) often occur; their to their utilization Origanum wild, both speciesare cultivated fmits and older whole plants, complexon Crète was evaluated and interviews, thé types chemicalcomposition has been dictamnusand 0. vulgaresubsp. for commercial exploitation. von Bothmer (1975), cultivated (see also Chilton basa long historyof médicinal by hirtum are thé most important One accession of thé who also described thé A. analysedby Skoulaet al. (l999b) and Turland 1997) and sold in usage,dating back to ancient and Novak et al. (2000). In Origanumspecies in Crète.Local famous Cretan dictamon Greece. Thé level of poisonous bourgeaui Rech. fil. subsp. marketplaces(called 'blito') are Crèteoregano is oftenharvested traditionaltherapists suggest thé (Origanum dictamnus L.) creticum Bothmer, a tetraploid bothforms offhe wildAmaranfhus compoundsgreatly varies with also from thé wild and, for infusion of 0. dictamnus leaves was sampled (Table l). Two environmentalconditions, plant subspeciesendémie to Crète. retroflexux selectedfor a better this reason, thèse populations and flowers for treating several accessions of sweet marjoram Some wild populations taste, and a domesticated âgeand plant part ingested. are under a sévère threat of disorders, and for essential oil (Origanum majorana L.) In Crète this plant is largely of Brassica cretica Lam. were species(Pignone et al., 2007). geneticérosion (Padulosi 1997), extraction(Harvala et al., 1987). were collected from farmers' distributed in thé wild, and observéegrowing on calcareous l Common purslane is a since thé overexploitation of 0. vulgare subsp.hirtum is thé gardens,where this species is s steep cliffs inaccessibleto weedtraditionally eaten as a leaf its leaves are sometimes natural stands of limited size most commonly used spice usually cultivated; cultivation § goats.They were not gathered vegetable Crèteas well asin gathered and used as pot in thé island, its essentialoils on larger extensionsas a field in because thé Greek Gène endangerstheir geneticstability other Mediterranean countnes. herbs (Turland et al., 1993), being recommended against crop is very rare in thé area. !» Bank in Thessaloniki holds (Stavropoulos 1996). Among Thé commercial plants hâve similarly to what observéein l VI a germplasmcollection of B. 1-ig.6. Thc tamous -Grcck mountain tca' (Sidcritis crctica Boiss., indicated bya black arrow) sold m a shop ofChania. Thé dricd leavcs and a slightly sour and salty taste WesternAfrica(Facciolla 1990). cretica with 43 wild accessions llowcnngtops arc iiscd lo makcan aromatic tca which lias tlicrapcutic propcrtics (IConiaitis etal., 1985). 9 and can be used raw in salads, To increase IGV's sampledfrom thé Péloponnèse cooked like spinach, and, due wild relatives collection, andCrète (Stavropoulos 1993). l to their mucilaginous quality, occasionally,some populations (: l

lai

^-a1

15

INTERNATIONALJOUKNAL 0F ISLANDÂFFAIRS to trace changes in thé last Two landraces of basil of agriculturein thé last few décades,and plan means of (Ocimum basilicum L.) were decades,however,allfhisdiversity has becomethreatened, mainly maintainingthem in thé future. collected, one of which (i. e. Land tenure is very 0. basilicum subsp. minimum as a conséquenceof tourism, complexin Crète.Ail wildlands (L.) Danert) is traditionally urbanisation, and introduction covered by woody végétation used as both a condiment ofexotic plants.Moreover, from areconsidérée to be forestlands and mosquito repellent. 1981 to 1991 there was a 71% belonging NationalEstate. Twouncommon glabrous increase in thé livestock mass; to thé UnderForest Law 998/79 wild populationsof mustard overstocking,together with free anduncontrolledgrazing, as well fheycan be used for firewood and l (Sinapissp. ) togetherwith four Vl timberproduction, hunting and wild accessionsof thé blessed as fréquentpastoral wildfires, livestockgrazing, but no change milk thistle (Silybum mananum resulted in sévère dégradation l to otheruses, such as agriculture (L.) Gaertner),amédicinal plant (Ispikoudis et al., 1993). and residentialland, is allowed. used also as a vegetable,were Claimingforest land asprivate collected in thé Venerato area. Thémost heavily affected l. habitatsare thé coastalSystems, citizen is difficult because it requiresstrong ownership titles f^: Conclusions and future and thé area of Western Crète l offersa perfectexample of this that most peupledo not hold. l- perspectives dégradationprocess (Tzatzanis As a result, forest law et al., 2003). A researchproject is constantly violated because ls of thé high demand for Crète has a very long aiming at identifying and releasingforest land to satisfy lUt history ofhuman intervention m characterizing landscapes in farmless peasants and thé thé natural environmentwhich western Crète, which are of spécialvalue and threatenedtourist development business. résultéein physicaland cultural This conversion diversity,exemplified by a large by current development, of wildlands to farms, olive was proposedby Groveand areas has a considérable Crète hâve been discussed on, small seed samples will varietyoflandscapes (Atherden orchards, and residential andHall 1999).With thé décline Rackham(1993) in thé attempt impact on thé landscape. by Ispikoudis et al. (1999). be available for distribution Agricultural lands, on thé In conclusion this to thé scientific community. contrary, are privately owned preliminary collecting mission Acknowledgments but thélégislation related to their shouldbe followedby otherones conversion to residential areas to complète thé investigation is not very strict, resulting in a already started; in fact several Thé financial support majorlosses of productivearable traditional landraces,due to time of CNR Project AG.P02.005 lands. On thé other hand, large shortage, were not gathered. "Management and valuation irrigation projectsare replacing Additional data and of plant genetic resources" thé traditional polycultures détails about thé présent is gratefully acknowledged. with intensive, herbicide- and collecting mission are reported We wish also to express fertilizer-based monocultures in thé exploration logs, a spécial gratitude to thé Park (Papanastasis 1993). It is stored and available at IGV. for thé Préservation of Flora eoncluded that management & Fauna, Technical University of Crète, Chania, Crète and stratégies to maintain thé Availability ofgermplasm diversity of Cretan landscapes to its researchers for their should also include changesin scientific and organismg support. thé existing législation on land Thé material collected is Thé drs. Vlasakis tenureanduse. Thé implications goingto be stored in thégenebank Carillaos and Babif, local of grassland management ofBari for fiirther classification agronomists,were our main local for woody-plant community and characterisation. After seed guides;thanks to their gréâthelp distribution and consequently increase, a duplicate will be it was possibleto obtain a good for landscapestructure and givento thé GreekGène Bank understandingof localagriculture species diversity on western of Thermi-Thessaloniki. Later and many old accessions. cimumbasil

17

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS and technologies for tural pathology horticyl Gaetano Références commodities:récent advances. Ait OubahouA. LAGHETTI, -^ .. - -, andE10tmaniM.(eds.),Procc.Int.Symp,Agadir, Agronomistand Senior Researcher By S. Bullitta, S. Cifarelli, Th. Gladys, K. Hammer Morocco,16-21 January 1994; pp. 196-201. c/o 'Plant Genetics Institute' ot PapanastasisV.P. and Misbah D., and G. Laghetti Alexandrakis V. and C.N. member ot 1998.EfFects oflivestock grazing on productivity R., Bari, Italy, NeuenschwanderP.,1980. Thé rôle ofAphytis ^ f-^ , ^M of kermèsoak silvopastoralSystem in thé thé Editorial Board ot"thé journal chilensis (Hym.: Aphelinidae), a parasite ^s't-^ PsiloritesMountain of Crète(Greece). Annales de Genetic Resources and Crop Simonetta BULLITTA, Senior Researcher c/o thé National Research ofAspidiotusnerii (Hom.: Diapsididae)on RechercheForestière au Maroc., no. 31:51-65. 25(1):61-71.la Evolution (GRACE). Council Institute ISPAAM/Mediterranean Pasture Section of Sassari, olive in Crète.Entomophaga, Rackham and Moody Giles B. E. and Bengtsson 0. 1996, Cretan émail:gaetano. [email protected] Italy. Adviserof thé ManagementCouncil of thé Asinara Island B.C.. 1988. Variation in anther size J.. Thé Making of thé Landscape.Manchester University Press. National Park (l), vice-chairman of thé Genetic Resources Section in wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. Sfakiotakis E. M., 1978. H A M Association Research Breeding). spontaneum).Hereditas, 108(2):199-205. Karl MER, of Eucarpia(European for on Plant Grave A. T. and Rackham Germination in vitro of carob (Ceratonia Professorof Agrobiodiversityc/o émail: Simonetta. Bullitta@cspm. ss.cnr.it siliqua L.) pollen. Zeitschrift fur 0.. 1993. Threatened landscapes in University of Kassel, Institute ot thé Mediterranean:Examples from Crète. Pflanzenphysiologie, 89(5):443-447. ShayC. and BeattieA., 1993. Crop Science,Witzenhausen, LandscapeUrban Plami., vol. 24(1-4):279-292. HammerK., Laghetti G. and K. Ruralpopulation change in Crète.Journal of Germany, éditer in chief ot Interdisciplinary XXIV(1):99-119. Pistrick.,2005. Calamintha nepeta (L. ) Savi History, thé scientific journal Genetic Summary Siebert S.F., 2004. Traditional andMicromeria thymifolia (Scop. ) Fritsch Resources and Crop Evolution cultivated in Italy. Genetic Resources Agricultureand thé Conservation ofBiological (GRACE),former chairmanof n order enhancethé and Crop Evolution, 52(2):215-219^DwersityinCrète, Greece. International Journal J to "Hammer, K. and Laghetti of AgriculturalSustainability, 2:109-117 thé Genetic ResourcesSection ot safeguardofautochthonous crop Skoula M., Abidi C. and G.. 2006. Small Agricultural Islands and Eucarpia (EuropeanAssociation Kokkalou 1996.Essential variation geneticresources still présent Plant OeneticResources - Le piccole isole E., oil Lavandula stoechasL. ssp. stoechas for Researchon Plant Breeding). rurali italiane.IGV-CNR (éd. ), Bari, Italy. of in Mediterranean islands, a growingwild in Crète(Greece). Biochemical IspikoudisI.,KakourosP.,Arianoutsou sériesof explorationswas made, l 05 M.andPapanastasisV. P.,1999. Effects ofpastoral Systematicsand Ecology, 24(3):255-260. Pignone D, member Skoula M., Gotsiou P., 05 activitieson woody-plant community distribution of thé CNR - Institute ot firstly, for thé collection of Naxakis G. and Johnson C.B., 1999. A andlandscape diversity in western Crète. Procc. Plant Genetics, Bari, Italy. chemosystematicinvestigation on thémono- cropgenetic resources fi-om thé l of théInternational occasional symposium of andsesquiterpenoids in thé genus Origanum Italian small islands and, later théEuropean Grassland Fédération 'Grasslands S., member andwoody plants in Europe',Thessaloniki, (Labiatae).Phytochemistry, 52(4):649-657. Cifarelli Turland N. J., Chilton L. and on, from other Mediterranean Greece,27-29 May, 1999,pp. 287-291. of thé CNR - Institute of PressJ. R., 1993.Flora of thé CretanArea: KarousouR., Vokou D. andKokkini Plant Genetics, Bari, Italy. islands. Corsica was explored l AnnotatedChecklist & Atlas. Thé Natural S.. 1998.Distribution and essential oils of two times andnumerous valuable History Muséum,HMSO, London (éd. ). Salviapomifera subsp. pomifera (Labiatae) on Vavilov, N. I., 1997. Five théisland of Crète(S Greece).Biochemical Skoula M., member of landraces were collected continents. International Plant Genetic l Systematicsand Ecology, 26(8):889-897. thé Park for thé Préservation belonging to several species Kokkini S., Karousou R. and ResourcesInstitute (Ed. ), Rome,Italy. 198pp. von Bothmer R., 1975. Thé of Flora & Fauna, Technical LanarasT., 1997. Essentialoils with 1,2- of puises, vegetables,cereals, Allium ampeloprasum complex on Universityof Crète,Chania, Crète. epoxy-p-menthanederivatives from Mentha Crète. Mitteilungen der Botanischen forages,spices and condiments. spicataplants growing across thé island E o'f Crète.Botanica Acta, 110(2):184-189.StaatssammlungMunchen, 12:267-288. Nevertheless, thé progressive Kousis M. and Apostolopoulos genetic érosionof crop genetic l Y.. 1996.Tourism and thé family in a rural Cretan community. In: Thé sociology resources was perfectly évident of tourism: theoretical and empirical from thé abandoned orchards investigations.Apostolopoulos Y- et al- (eds.); Routledge,London, UK, pp. 219-232. around ail thé villages that we KyriakakisS. D., PapanastasisV.P. visitedand it is siu-elyan essential andEtienneM.,1999. Seasonalgrowthof forage need thé establishment ofa local productionin relation to altitudein rangelands ofwestern Crète and its implication tosustained genebankto help to maintain animalproduction. In:Procc. of thé9th meeting of théMediterranean Sub-Network of thé FAO- alive thé local agricultural CMEAMInter-Regional Coopérative Researeh traditions and resources.A strong andDevelopmentNetworkonPasturesandFodder Crops,organizedby FAO,CIHEAM, Umversidad crop genetic érosion was in fact deExtremadura, Junta de Extremaduraand observed in thé whole Corsica INIA,Badajoz (Spain), 26-29 November 1997. and was more sévère in thé CahiersOptions Méditerranéennes, 39:151-155. it Laghetti, G., A. Scicluna- southempart of thé région, as it Spiteri,E. Attard, P. Perrino, S. Cifarelli and K. Hammer. 2004. Collecting crop genetic is clearlyévident by considering ;''-^.'<- resourcesin thé Mediterraneanagricultural that thé total number of local islands: thé Maltese Archipelago. Plant GeneticResources Newsletter, 139:12-17. landraces we could find was <.".. Neuenschwan.der P., Michelakis 128 and only 12.5 % belonged S., HollowayP. andBerchtold W., 1985. to Southem Corsica. Factorsaffecting thé susceptibilityof fruits of différentolive varietiesto attackby Dacus Key words: Agricultural oleae(Gmel. ) (Dipt.,Tephritidae). Zeitschrift fiir AngewandteEntomologie, 100(2):174-188. biodiversity, Corsica, crops NourEldin S.,Gerasopoulos D. and genetic érosion. Metzidakisl.,1995. Efifectsofstorage conditions onchestnut quality. In: Postharvestphysiology, L 19

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS (Gamisans& Marzocchi, 1996) Introduction arepart of thé RégionalPark, created in 1971 and including while only few attempts were 138 municipal communities made to study and find out vernacular names of utilised Théexploratory missions (ParcNaturel Régional de la plants(Pellet Pellet,2002) on small Italian islands lasted Corse, 2003; http://www.parc- & naturel-corse.com). There are or to check thé régional eightyears and thé results can be flora of cultivated plants. seenin anotherarticle reported also 6 natural réserves and Corsican agriculture is withmore détails by Hammer and protectedlittoral areas.Coasts cover 1,047 about characterisedbyadualitybetween Laghetti(2006) in fheréférences. km with animalhusbandry areas situated After thé collectingexplorations 300 km of beaches.Thé local in mountain areas and plain on thé Italian small islands in végétationcan be dividedinto 1994-2002 and on Malta in threegroups, forest, matorrals areas,essentially in thé eastem coast, where perennial crops 2004, giving thé opportumty (mainly Cistusspp. formations are dominant (http://agreste. to find interesting crop genetic and Genistaat higher altitudes) and herbaceous communities; agriculture. gouv.fr/region_ resources(Laghetti et al., 1996, 5/corse 145/index. html). 1998,1999a,1999b,2001,2002, thé local flora includesça. 2, 380 Agricultural exploitationsare 2003a,2003b,2004,2005)and indigenousplants species and based on extensive animal supportingthé authors' idea that sub-species)and489 xenophytes, breeding characterised by small islands representthé last ofwhich 174 hâve naturalised, moving to summer pastures refugesfor landraces and are also 190are subspontaneous and 125 considered adventives in thé central areas, olive and richer in crop genetic resources are to be chestnut trees, and, especially than other mainland areas (EPIDEMIEresearch project, see in thé eastemplain, vegetables (Hammeret al., 2001;Laghetti Jeanmonod,1987). Thé «Projet and fruit treesplantations and et al. 2003a),thé autochthonous Flore de Corse» coordinated by thé Botanical Gardenof vineyardsfor wine making. crop geneticresources still . Vlliurn cepa Genèvestudies thé wild flora and Accordingto théCorsican présentin thé Mediterranean island of Corsica were végétationin détail(http://www. AgriculturalStatistics (Agreste cjb.unige.ch/fdc/fdcl.html). Corse, 2006), thé Corslcan explored(Bullitta et al.,2005). surface equals to 316,000 ha, people.Theterraced lands and thé thé Corsican areas we visited. Corsica thé fourth Thé wild and thé endémie surfacearea covers 872,000 ha is forestscover 35% of thérégional remains ofcultivated fmit crops We collected plant materials plants of thé RégionalPark and thé agriculturallyutilised largestMediterranean island. invaded by weeds are a clear from farmers or from home of Corsica are well studied territory, thé agriculturally About351, 000hectares ofland utilised surface is 35% and sign of thé decreaseoccurrlng gardenskept by elderly peuple thé uncultivated territory is in thé agricultural activities and from abandoned orchards. 16%. On a total of 273,000 during thé last décades.This Passportdata were recordedat inhabitants, only 6,460 are assumptionwas confirmed by ail each collection site, also using employéein agriculture,fishery thé villagers interviewedduring data from a hand-held GPS and forestry activities, while our expéditions.Unfortunately a System.Additional information 80% of thé population are fùrther confirmation to thé fact on Corsican agriculture was devoted to tertiary activities; thatmany of thé cultivatedcrops obtained through interviews (http://agreste.agriculture.gouv. originatedin thé Mediterranean to local specialists from thé fr/IMG/pdf/R9406CO l .pdf). area that was rich in ancient ICALPE in Corte, thé Régional Suchsituation explains thé crop local varieties, now mostly Park of Corsica in Ajaccio, thé genetic érosion that was found disappeared because of thé AssociationJardins de Cap Corse during our explorations.Almost progressivegenetic érosion due in Santa Severa-Luri, from "Les ail siteswhere we collectedcrop to thé spreadoffewer cultivated aromatiquesde l'Ile de Beauté" genetic resources were located crop speciesand varieties and in Sortes de Fermccio and from m small orchards,close to tiny thé increase of abandoned local growers. Thé sampling villages peculiar of thé Corsica agricultural areas,while strong methods and exploration inhabitants' distribution. Some urbanisation,commonly thé third stratégies are described orchards were abandoned and causeofcrop geneticérosion, was elsewhere(Hammer et al.,1997, someothers were mn by elderiy not as évident as thé other two in 1999; Laghetti et al., 1996).

21 fa INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS 3% vs 5%, thé agriculturally ResourcesNewsletter 143: 27-34 + cover Sardinia ,Italy and its islands,1998. Plant Genetic Resources Newsletter 120: 30-36. Menthapulegium arejust some puises,62 vegetables, 27other photoand short description inside coverpage). Results and discussion utilised surfaces were 92.000 Gamisans, J., Marzocchi, Laghetti, G., Perrino, P., Olita, of thé Corsican aromatic species accessionsincluded spices and ha vs 218.00 ha, respectivelyin J.F., 1996. La Flore endémique de la G. & Hammer, K., 2001. Multicrop condimentsand wild relativesof Accessionsofvegetables, cultivated by Mr Rogliano. South and North Corsica.This Corse. Edisud, Aix en Provence. collecting expéditions in Aeolian Our two collections of cultivatedspecies. Oats are thé Hammer, K., Laghetti, G. & archipelago (Italy). Plant Genetic followed by puises, cereals, trend easily explainsthé loss of PerrinoP.,2001. Thé small Italian agricultural Resources Newsletter, 128: 26-34. cropgenetie resources, made in mostfi-equent cereal accessions m forages islands- refuges for plant genetic resources? Laghetti,G., Perrino,P., Cifarelli, spicesand condiments, puises cropgenetic resources due to thé thé northem and in thé southem thé collection.Among thé S., Spahillari,M. & Hammer,K., 2002. and ornamentalswere found, decreasein agriculturalsurfaces Eucarpia Symposium,Genetic Resources accessions,Phaseolus vulgaris Section,16-20 May 200 l, Poznan,Poland. Collecting of landracesand wild relatives a 128 accessions, part of thé country, make for total of and particularly thé abandon W. Swiecicki,B. NaganowskaandB. Wolko of cultivatedplants in Ponzianeislands évident thé différence among is thémost fréquent. Among thé belongingto 43 généra. Arelevant of agriculturalactivities. Thé (eds),Institute of PlantGenetics, Polish and Tuscan archipelago, Italy. Plant thétwo geographicalareas in thé vegetables,thé mostnumerous Academyof Sciences,Poznan, pp. 22-32. Genetic Resources Newsletter, 131: 28-34. aspect is thé strong genetic organization of a Corsican number of accessionsbelonged Hammer, K., Laghetti, G. Laghetti, G., Perrino, P., landraces préservationof suchresources. érosion of cereal genebankmight be helpful in & Perrino, P., 1997. Proposai to make Cifarelli, S. and Hammer, K., 2003a. While during thé northern to thé species Lycopersicon which seem to be completely order to reduce this trend. Thé thé island of Linosa (Italy) as a centre Collecting landraces and wild relatives collection 112 accessions were esculentum and Allium cepa. for on-farm conservation of plant in Tremiti islands, Italy. Plant Genetic disappearedin southemCorsica cropgenetic resources collected Thé value of thé collection for genetic resources.Genetic Resources Resources Newsletter 133:1-7. while a few relies can be found gathered,thé southem collection in Corsicaduring ourtwo différent and Crop Evolution, 44: 127-135. LaghettiG., PerrinoR, Cifarelli S., resultedin thé fmding ofonly 16 contrastingcrops genetic érosion in thé northempart of thérégion. prospections,are storedin thé Hammer, K., Laghetti, G. Bullitta S., HammerK., 2003b.Collecting accessions.A commonfeature of is high, consideringthé trend & Perrino P., 1999. A checklist of thé plant geneticresources in Italy, 2001.Plant ThéLeguminosae family genebanksof Gaterslebenand both collections are thé higher of most part of thé currently cultivatedplants ofUstica (Italy). Genetic Genetic Resoiu-cesNewsletter 136: 23-30. was thé most représentéewith Bari, andafter multiplication can Laghetti,G., A. Scicluna-Spiteri, accessions thé cultivated species m many ResourcesandCrop Evolution, 46:95-106. number of for be made available for Corsican Hammer K. and Laghetti G.. E. Attard, P. Perrino, S. Cifarelli and K. eightdifférent généra and it was Mediterranean areas,which is also thé richest with respect speciesPhaseolus vulgaris, peoplewilling to reintroduce 2006. Small Agricultural Islands and Hammer. 2004. Collecting crop genetic thé increasing cultivation of Plant GeneticResources- le piccole isole resourcesin thé Mediterraneanagricultural accessionscollected. Lycopersiconesculentum and of thé 25 them into their cropping areas. rurali italiane. IGV-CNR (éd.). Bari-Italy. islands: thé Maltese Archipelago. Plant Allium cepa,showing that those introduced modem cultivars. A remarkable initiative Thé richness in Laghetti,G., HammerK. and Genetic Resources Newsletter 139:12-17. regardingCap Corse traditional specieswere probably among thé Références Perrino P., 1996. Plant genetic resources Laghetti, G., Sonnante, G., mosttraditionallycultivated crops biodiversity of thé wild in Pantelleria and Pélagie archipelago, Cifarelli, S. and Hammer, K., 2005. cropsconservation is that of Italy: collecting and conservationof Explorationand collecting expédition on thé northem and southem part speciesof Corsicatestify Madame Seguy mnning «Les in localcrop germplasm. FAO/IBPGR Plant Cheradiislands (southem Italy), 2004.Plant bettersafeguard action towards Jardins Traditionnels du Cap ofCorsica. Another aspectto be Agreste. La statistique Genetic Resources Newsletter 108:17-25. Genetic Resources Newsletter 143: 24-26. natural environments than ParcNaturel Régional de la Corse, Corse» in Santa Severa-Luri pointedout is théstrong genetic agricole.Corse du Sud.Mémento 2004. Laghetti, G., Hammer, K., agricultural environments. Campagne2003. Direction Départementale Olita, G. & Perrino, P., 1998. Crop 2003; http://www.parc-naturel-corse.com where she multiplied local érosion of cereal landraces Pellet, H. & Pellet, S., Thé limited number de l'Agriculture et de la Foret. genetic resourcesfrom Ustica island seem be completely 2002. Arbe, Fiori, Funghi - Plantes vegetablelandraces (onions, which to AgresteHaute Corse. La statistique (Italy): collectingand safeguarding. Plant of crop genetic resources agricole.Mémento agricole 2004. Campagne Genetic Resources Newsletter 116:12-17. Savoureuses de Corse. Albiana. beans, peas, broad beans, disappearedin southemCorsica 2003. Direction Départementale de Laghetti,G.,Pemno,P.&Hammer, «Projet Flore de Corse» while a few relies remain m found in Corsica oblige to eggplants,peppers) and old l'Agriculture et dela Foret.Décembre 2004. K., 1999a.Collecting landraces and wild Botanical Garden of Genève coord. actions conservation fruit varieties mainly pears, thé northem part of thé région. urgent of Bullitta, S., Cifarelli, S., Gladis, relativesin Neapolitanislands, Italy. Plant (http://www.cjb.unige.ch/fdc/fdcl.html). Corsica is well known of local crop germplasm. Th., Hammer, K., Laghetti, G., 2005. GeneticResources Newsletter, 119:14-18. apples,figs, peaches,cherries Collecting crop genetic resourcesin thé LaghettiG., PerrinoP., Cifarelli for thé biodiversity of its wild S.. Bullitta S., Hammer K., 1999b. andplums (Bullitta et al., 2005). Conclusions Mediterraneanagricultural islands: Corsica Another remarkable species.Gamisans aadMarzocchi (Part l - Northem Corsica).Plant Genetic Collecting crop genetic resources in initiative is that ofMr. Stéphane (1996)report 314 endémie and subendemic entities in Corsica: Crop genetic érosion is Rogliano,a specialistofaromatic widespreadin Corsicabut, this flora of Corsica, who set up an 156species, 98 subspecies,42 phenomenonis more sévère m enterprise ("Les aromatiques varietiesand 18 hybrids, included thé southempart of thé island. de l'Ile de Beauté") located at in 160généra and 50 families; Sortes de Fermccio, close to among which thé richest in Agricultural activities and employéesof Southand North Portovecchio,where a collection entities are Asteraceae (65), Corsicaare quite différentand of aromatic is multiplied. Mr Poaceae(20), Caryophyllaceae accordingto thé agricultural Roglianoisstrongly convinced of (18), Plumbaginaceaeand statisticsofAgreste Corse, based théimportance ofreintroducing Scrophulariaceae(17). Thé on thé inventories of Corsican thé use of thèseplants formerly différent cultures related to thé agriculture made in 2003, largelyutilised by thé people many dominationsalong thé thé employedin agricultural of thé island. Thymus herba- history of thé island should activitieswere 1870vs 4l 50,thé barona locally named "erba hâvebrought a richnessin crops percentageoflanduse devotedto barone",Teucrium marum "erba and agriculturaltraditions. At agriculturewas 23% vs 47%, thé ghjattina",Calamintha nepeta "a présent,among thé only 128crop percentageofpeople employed nepita", Helichrysumitalicum geneticresources we collected linifolia agricultural activities was menthapulcgium "a muredda", Menta requiemi, in Corsica, 14 were cereals,25 in

23

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS 7 ^ r diversity is analogous to thé and Ohta 1991, IBPGR 1981, ' -'J 69.7% by FEOGAand thé rest by théNational Programme of wild one, due to diversenatural Zamaniset al., 1992).Therefore, s^ Public Investments. This project habitats, intense trading with GGB presently stores a good intends to thé création of a neighbouringand remote lands collection of cereals, but is Plant Gène Bank with suitable since ancient times, massive rather poor in other speciesof facilities (building, modem populations movements, etc. agriculturalinterest, particularly laboratories, etc.) in Thermi, in vegetables, fruit trees, Thessaloniki (Subprojects I, Thé existence of a aromaticplants and omamentals II and IV) as well as to thé favourable natural environment (Stavropoulos 1996.) Récent collection of ail thé remain for thé cultivation of a broad expéditions organized in thé "SaPyeiç OTOV îiriyai^iô yia TTIVieàKr|, By K. Hammer,G. Laghetti,D. Pignone,E. Psarraand S. Sam; spectrumofspecies in conjunction framework of thé new National va svy&ow.va'vai p-aKpuço ôpô^oç, genetic material in Greece. This task has been entrusted to with anagricultural System based Program "Establishment of a ys^àTOÇyvooeiç." Psarra E, member of thé Greek Gène GGB in orderto exécutea large on subsistence,that was thé raie new National Plant Gène Bank", Bank. Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece number ofexploratorymissions in thé early 20th century,has led Measure 6. 3/Action B in thé "As you set out for Ithaka around Greece(Subproject III, to maintain thé cultivation of a OperationalProgramme of Rural Pignone D, member of thé CISR - large numberof landraces,well Development-Reconstruction hope your road is a long one, Institute of Plant Genetics, Bari, Italy under thé supervision of thé full of adventure,full of discovery." N.AG.RE.F.). Thé total budget adaptedto thé local conditions of Countryside 2000-2006 Konstantinos Kavafi SamarasS, memberof thé GreekGène Bank. of thé project is 2.42 millions and human préférences.Thèse (3rd Cohésion Fund Support) Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece and it ends on 31-12-2008. local varieties include both in 2004 - 2006 throughout généraoriginated or diversified almost ail Greecehâve yielded can another 4,000 accessions of For LaghettiG. andHammer K. références GENERAL AGRO- in Greece (e.g. Cicer, Lens, Summary be find page 18 Vicia, Pisum, Lupinus, Brassica, thé most important crops and BIODIVERSITY STATUS Lactuca,Cichorium, Bêta, Olea, wild relatives of Greece, in IN GREECE Ficus,Vitis), andgénéra of more particular cereals,forage crops and University Kassel.Thé firstcollectingmissioninfhree in some areas (e.g. thé lonian of récent introduction, which hâve and puises, vegetables. Most main aim of this project is thé this germplasm currently out ofsevenGreek lonian islands islands), several valuable afterwardsadapted to thé local of is safeguardofautochthonous crop under multiplication and (Lefkada,Ithaca and Kefalonia) landracesare still présent and Today's agriculture in conditions (e.g. Malus, Pyms, characterization - évaluation. was carried out in September used by local communities. geneticresources still présent Greece is an intensive, market Prunus, Triticum, Hordeum, in Mediterranean islands. This With thé shift to a modem 2006 within thé framework Key words: agricultural oriented, compétitive sector Secale,Phaseolus, Lycopersicon, activity representsthé extension agriculture, Greece suffered a of an agreementamong thé biodiversity, collecting, of thé economy,aimed at both Solanum, Capsicum).Approx. of a similar research, already dramatic loss of its fa-aditional Institute of Plant Geneticsof thé crop genetic érosion, thé domestic and thé global 4,400 seed samples of local concluded,considering thé crop varieties are conserved in thé agricultural germplasm,which CNR, Bari (Italy), théUniversity Lefkada, Ithaca, Kefalonia. market.Export offarmproducts was displaced by modem of Kassel (Germany) and thé germplasmgrown in thé minor hâve been thé backbone of thé GGB, plus someminor spécifie Italian islands agricultural Greek Gène Bank of Thermi- Introduction of national economy in thé past ex situ seed or field collections. varieties produced by local interest(Hammer and Laghetti breedersor imported from thé Thessaloniki(Greece), targeted and an important source of In this collection germplasmof 2006).In Greecea newNational abroad. Genetic érosion was at safeguardingautochthonous A collecting mission foreign currency.Although thé cereals (730), tobacco (488), Programwas initiated 2003 particularly intenseand rapid in crop geneticresources still was carried out in thé islands of in contribution of agriculture to cotton (305), puises (932), by thé Directorateof Physical forages, grapevine (567) and cereals,since local germplasm présentin Mediterraneanislands. Lefkada, Ithaca and Kefalonia thé gross national product and Planning and Environmental Pmnus(142) particulariywell cultivatedtoday hardly accounts A strong genetic érosion was (lonian Greece)in September experts has dropped to less than is Protection of thé Ministry of for 1-2% of thé total allocated recorded for vegetables and 2006 within thé framework of 13% in thé latest years,certain represented(Stavropoulos1996). Rural Developmentand Food, acreage. analogous, but cerealslanà-aces, while légumes, anagreement among thé Institute crops and agricultural products Early collections in Greece, An as thé Compétent Body for funded PAO and IBPGR les dramatic, trend is now forages,spices and other crops of Plant Genetics of thé CNR still maintain their leading by were less affected. Dunng (IGV), Bari, Italy, thé University thé protectionof agricultural position as sources of income (now Bioversity International), becomingévident for vegetable this mission, 148 landraces of Kassel, Germany, and thé biodiversity and thé GGB, (e.g. tobacco, cotton, olives were targetedon FAO priority crops,where local landracesare titled "Establishmentof a new rapidly being displaced latest were collected, belonging to Greek Gène Bank (GGB) of andolive oil, fmits, vegetables) species (Galanopoulou and in National Plant Gène Bank", or as essential raw materials Skorda1981). expéditions years,even firom home gardens. 68 taxa of puises,vegetables, Thermi-Thessaloniki, Greece. Later Measure 6.3/Action B in thé Traditional varieties of many cereals, forages and spices. This mission is thé fifth one for thé domestic processing were theoretically multicrop OperationalProgramme Rural tree crops (e.g. olive, apples, NowadaysGreek agricultureis of a project started in 2002 of industry(e. g. textiles,cigarettes, ones (e.g. Cortessi 1986, Reid cheny,apricots, pears, nuts) and an intensive, market oriented, with thé exploration of thé Development-Reconstruction sugar,wines, juices, sofitdrinks) et al., 1989, Vaitsis et al., of Countryside2000-2006 (3rd grapevinestill endiire,however, compétitive économie activity, Maltese archipelago (Laghetti (Stavropoulos 1996). Thé 2000) mostly focused on wild Support). This thé number ofvarieties used on aimed at both thé domestic and et al. 2004,Bullitta et al., 2005) Cohésion Fund wealth in cultivatedgermplasm and cultivated cereals (Furuta projectis beingco-funded with thé globalmarket; nevertheless, jointly conductedbetween IGV

25

INTERNATIONALIDURNAL . OF ISLAND AFFAIRS and new born Greek State. Mountain. However, a significant a largescale has been substantially receiveprotection. Other clonally During thé SecondWorld reduced. Thé main reason for propagatedgennplasm ismaintained part of Greek biodiversity is War, thé islands suffered from thé field collectionsat Greek scientific alreadyindirectly protected within this geneticérosion bas been thé in Italian and Germanoccupation. In archaeologicalsites (e. g. Brassica unquestionablesuperiority thé institutions (e.g.: thé Pomology théAugustof 1953,a sériesofsti-ong of oleraceaL. ssp. cretica (Lam.) modemvarieties overfheirti-aditional Institute stores Prunus spp., thé earthquakesbrought gréât damages Gladiset K. Hammerin thécastles counterparts,their suitability to GrapevineInstitute and GGB hâve to thé lonian Islands, destroying of Kythiraand Limnos or at thé intensefarming Systems and their Vitis germplasm, thé Institute thé majority of thé buildings. acropolisof Lindos, Hordeum confonnityto marketrequirements. of SubtropicalCrops and Olive deal with Olea germplasm,etc. ). spontaneumK. Koch at Knossos, EX SITU CONSERVATION Aegilopsssp. and Colchicum ssp. ACTIVITIES IN SITU CONSERVATION at théAeges acropolis), national ISLAND 0F LEFKADA growncould be protected through glory andpower around 1000 BC, ACTIVITIES parks,river estuaries or wetlands. Thé main Greek authority a system on farm conservationwhen thé kingdom of Ithaca was A large réservoirof biodiversity of responsiblefor théimplementation basedon national or international constitutedby ail thélonian Islands Accordingto théPrésident Decree is alsoprésent in thé régionof of thé ex situ conservationof plant supportso that both thé endangered anda part of thé coastofAcamania, 80/1990, a Joint Décisions by théHoly Mountain (Agion Gros), geneticresources isthé Greek Gène local landraces and thé associated in thémainland ofGreece; thé island Thé island ofLefkada, also Ministers Agriculture and wherenearly 95% of théterritory is Bank, in collaborationwith thé thé of traditional agricultural Systems of Kefalonia is thought to owe its called Lefkas, is thé fourth largest Environment should indicate coveredby intactnatural ecosystems CollaboratingCrop Plant Institutes and landscapesare rescuedfrom nameto Kephalos,thé first king of island of thé lonian Islands, after with high speciesrichness, and a of thé country.Besides national areasfor in.situ protectionofwild thé imminent threat of extinction. thé area in thé Palaeolithic times. Zakynfhos,Kefalonia and Coriù. Its wealth ofold traditional varieties is responsibilityfor Greekcultivated relative of crop species, where In thèseareas thé protectionof During thé Classical name is due to thé white ('leukos' conservation of diversity and grownin scatteredsmall agricultural and wild species,thé GGB was traditional Systemsand landraces period,thé lonianshomed several in Greek) rocks that characterize natural be plots.In thé courseof numerous assignéeby IPBGRin 1981thé their évolution would could be further enhanced by independentcity states,which, thé southern part of thé island, explorationmissions aver thé last responsibilityforthé conservation of guaranteed;this Décisionbas not combining it with parallel support laterjoined oneof thé gréâtleagues thé Cape of Lefkata. Thé name 20 years,thé GGB has identified EastemMediterranean germplasm beenissued yet. However, a number schemesfor ecologicalagriculture, organizedby Corinth,Athens and of Lefkada was first given to thé spécifieareas rich in wild genetic of grapevine,cotton, sugarbeet of pilot activitiesare planned for Sparta.After a periodof wars,thé main town and then extended to thé resources,and bas proposed them given thé strong affinity of and tobacco . It also stores a thé years 2007-2008under thé ecologicalto traditionalagriculture. Romans took control of thé région entire island. It bas an area of 303 framework Program for in situ protection.Thèse areas small quota foreign germplasm of thé National in 187 BC. In thé 4th centuryAD, km2, a coastline of 117 kilomètres "Establishment a new National representonly a small sample of thé (i.e. Bêta maritimafrom other of thé lonian islands became part and a population of about 22,000 existingecogeographic and genetic OVERVIEW 0F LOCAL Mediterranean countnes, some Plant Gène Bank", Measaire of thé Byzantine Empire. Thé inhabitants; it is separatedfrom diversity Greek terntory. BACKGROUND accessions ofZea and Gossypium, 6.3/Action B in thé Operational in thé lonian Islands, was taken by thé thé coasts of Akarnania in thé When a detailed survey of thé etc.). In considération of thé Programmeof RuralDevelopment- Normans in 1185 and Angevins mainland, by a narrow lane of Reconstruction Countryside countrywill be completed,a much high diversificationof thé Greek of in thé 13th century.At thé end of land and by a floating bridge 50 largernumber of promisingareas agriculture,theactivity focused 2000-2006(3rd CohésionFund Sevenislands are présent thé 13th century they cameunder m long. Thé weather is typically could be identifiedand proposed on those crops (cereals, cotton, Support).Thé current phase focuses in thé lonian sea and are therefore Sicilian rule in 1294, and were Mediterranean, characterised forprotection (Stavropoulos 1996). forage crops,puises, grapevme, attention on thé in situ protection called Eptanissa (seven islands) in governedby thé Orsini family by hot and sunny summers and of Triticum boeoticum Boiss. and tobacco) of relevant interest to ON FARM CONSERVATION Greek. Thé islands of this group until 1331. Around 1480 they were mild winters with high rainfalls. nationaleconomy and possessmg a Aegilopsspeltoides Tausch in area ACTIVITIES are: Kefalonia, Corfu, Lefkada, conqueredby théTurks who mled Thermalwinds get really strongin of villageMesti ofEvros Préfecture them until thé end of 17th century. someparts of thé island,for which longlasting tradition of successfùl Thé GGB bas identified Ithaca, Zakynthos, Kythira and breedingactivity. Importantfield wherethey were discovered for thé Paxi. Thé présentmission dealt with Thé islandsbecame then reigned by reason thé island is famous among andproposed protectioncertain collectionsofaromatic and médicinal first time in Greeceby thé GGB; of for three out of thèse islands, namely thé Venetians, whose domination thé windsurfers and kite surfers. T. boeoticum thé area village areaswhere ù-aditional agricultural plantsare held at théAgricultural in of Lefkada, Ithaka, and Kefalonia. ended in 1797 when thé lonian Thé level of humidity is high Systems survive, resisting ResearchCentre departments of Anabra (near Thermopyles)of still Théhistory of thèseislands Islandsbecame part of France.This even during thé summertime. An thé pressure of modem times. Makedonia and Thraki, where Phtiotis County; of forage species is largely in coimnon, especially wasa periodofprosperity and gréât importantcharacteristic ofLefkada's Bêta Thèse areas where a significant many endangeredspecies (e. g. in Evros estuary; and of in modem times. They were agriculftiralimprovements. In 1810 environment is its wide biodiversity. numberofold localvarieties are still Sideritis spp., Origanum spp.) nana Boiss. & Heldr. in Olympus inhabited since prehistoric times. thé lonian Islands were occupied Agriculturalbuildings, such Thé Corinthians first colonized by théEnglish. During thé English as dozens of watermills, thé olive thé islandof Lefkadaduring thé domination thé Greek language presses,threshing floors, thé simple 7th century BC, built thé town of becameofficiai, new network of stone-built houses and thé unique Lefkas and started thé constmction roads were built and thé town's domed stone dens are évidence of thécanal that séparâtes Lefkada water supply was organiséeand of thé importance of farming on improved. Thé English Protection thé island. Agriculture had been fromthé mainland around 650 BC, of thé lonian Islands ended in for centuries thé most important turning Lefkada into an island; 1864, when a treaty was signed occupationofLefkada's inhabitants, first colonizedby théMycenaeans, proclaimingthé unificationof thé thé activity which ensured their whohâve left significanttraces, thé lonian Islandswith thé independent survival. Thé cultivation of olive islandof Ithacaknew its greatest

27

INTERNATIONALIOURNAL . OP ISLAND AFFAIRS which are 'Robola' (dry white information about thé fauna and GPS System and information sésameseeds and honey) sweets, one of thé reasonswhy young (e.g. 'Asprolia', 'Prevezana' wine),'Mavrodafiu'(sweet, thick flora of Kefalonia and Ithaca. fi-om thé farmers. In addition to peopleremain, maintaining thé cvs) is thé most profitable on thé 'ladopitta' (oil pie) and thé anddark red wine) and 'Muscat' thé datarecorded directly by thé 'ladokouloura' (oil rolls). populationstable. Agriculture théplains, and viniculture on thé (sweetwhite wine). Kephalonian collecting team, further infor- is quite limited and a large COLLECTING highlands,activities practiced wmes aremade ofmany vaneties mation on local agriculture was percentageofpeople is sailorby METHODS from ancient times. Many wnters grapes.Thé grapesused for obtained from specialists and tradition. of like Plinythé senior (23-79 BC) ITHACA thé 'Robola' wine are thé most Thé main sources of thé through severalinterviews with and thé Athenaios Naukratios famous and must be cultivated collectedseed samples were far- thé growers.Further détails on (160-250BC), thé writer of in spécifieareas of thé island, mers' storesandtheirfields, and, thé samplingmethods and explo- famous "Deipnosophistai", report on Ithaca is in order to be attributed thé in few cases,also from seedsand ration strategyused are reported worldwide for being thé KEFALONIA thé famous wine of Lefkada. officiai appellation of origins. fi-uits sellers. At each collecting elsewhere (Hammer and Lag- homeland thé Homer's Other profitable activities, are of In thé Natural History Muséum site, and for each sample, a hetti 2006, Hammer et al., 1997, stockbreeding, fishing, trade and hero Odysseus,known also as thé island is possible to passportdata sheetwas filled Laghetti et al., 1996, 2004). Kefalonia, also known of it crafiting.Lefkada also produces Ulysses.This island is separated find precious and interesting in, using data from a hand-held as Cephallenia, Kefallinia, a large variety of agricultural from Kefalonia by a narrow 3 kilomètres canal. east Kefallonia, is thé largest of productssuch as thymehoney, wide Thé thé lonian Islands in western in DraganoandAthani, liqueurs coastof thé island is harsh and like 'rozoli', 'mint', 'rosé', steep,contrasting with thé west Greece. It is a mountainous coast verdant and soft, island with dense végétation, virgin oliveoil, andwines. Wine which is long sandy beaches, small makingis mostlybased on thé gentlysloping down to thélonian varieties 'Vardea', 'Laorkos' Sea.Thé interior of thé island is traditional villages, several corfu and 'Vertzami' (in Italian quitemountainous, covered with Venetiancastles, and a National [kerkyra] Park for thé protection of thé 'Marzemino'); this latter one olive trees,vineyards and forests IPIROS fauna and flora. is very rareand considered one ofpine and cypress. Thé island ofKefalonia is of thé best varieties of Greece. Ithaca is thé second veryfertile and offers a variety of It wasprobably brought by thé smallest inhabited island of excellent agricultural products. paxi Venetians in thé 17th century, thé Eptanissa group, covenng Cheese,olives andwines are thé and it is cultivated in thé towns an area of about 95 square of Sfakiotes, Karya, Apollon kilomètres, with a maximum island'sspecialities. In général, thé food in Kefalonia is similar and Ellomenosin thé range200 length of approximatively29 to thé one on thé other lonian ENTRAI to 700 m a.s.l. 'Vertzami' is km, width of about 6.5 km and Islands but small variations lefkada late-ripeningvariety, extremely a coastlinemeasuring 100 km. -IELIAS can be noticed as well as local high in anthocyanins,which Long and narrow in shape, specialitiesproper island. preferslower élévations (below thé island is almost divided to thé Théfood specialities ofKefalonia 500 m a.s.l.) where it can npen into halves by thé deep bay of are thé 'bourbourelia(a soupof enough to produce wines of Molos. Thé island's capital is mixed beans),excellent hare or deepextract and fùll body.Other Vathysince Venetian times. Thé kinds of thé Lefkaditian wines populationof Ithacastabilized rabbit stew, 'riganada' (bread slices oregano) and fine are 'Giomatari', 'Black sweet', after 1985 to 3,000 inhabitants, with potatosoup. island peloponriÊSS 'Keropati', 'White' and soft but decreased to 2,500 during eggand Thé Kefalonia is also a candy and mild 'Lagkero'. A local thé 1990's.Today, a number of of paradise.Its mostfamous pastnes coopérativeis thé soleproducer new résidents,coming from ail kefalonia of bottled wine on thé Island. around Greece, because they are thé 'mandoles' (toasted almonds),thé 'confetto'(baked Some of thé agriculturerelated hâvelands in héritageand search gourmetfoods of thé islandof for a morenatural-quality way of quince),anise biscuits, 'barboule' (caramelisedalmonds), 'nougat', traditional dishes made from life, and from abroadincreased PELOPONNESE thé local variety "faki Eglouvis" thépopulation which stands now 'pastelli'(a thick andhard sweet ïakynthos made of caramelised sésame kythirâ (Eglouvislentils)', (thé 'salami' at around 3,700 inhabitants. [zante] source seeds)and thé 'amygthalopita' (sausage),thé 'soumada' (a local Thé main local of refrestonentfrom bitter ahnonds), income is tourism, even though (almondcake). Kefalonia is very famousfor its excellentwine and thé 'mandolata'(nougat) and fhe thé island has not been spoiled Fig.l. Geographicalposition of thégroup of théEptanissa islands. Thé collecting sites on Lefkada,Kefalonia hasthree appellationsoforigin anc!Ithaca are indicated by a red circle. 'pasteli' (mixture of caramel, yet by masstourism. This is

29

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS RE one of which locally named seedswith endlesscare (Fig. 2). SULTS AND As a matter offact some DISCUSSION 'psarra',one chickpea with white seeds,one lentil and one pea. old landracesof commonbeau withred testa (called 'barbouni'), A total of 148 samples Today in Lefkada were collected from 37 sites manyvegetables are cultivated tomato (e.g. 'karambola': a semiflat type introduced in (Tablel, Fig.l). Samplesofwild at industrial scale but some 1940 from Mesolonghi) and cardoon(Cynara cardunculus landracesare still présent and thé typical red amaranth'blito L. var. sylvestris Lam.) were 15 of them were collected as a also collected fi-om thé lonian bottle gourd(Lagenaria sicerana kalliergomeno' (Amaranthus mainland during thé journey (Molina) Standl.), thé cabbage cruentusL. ) werecollected from to reach thé islands due 'frio' (Brassica oleracea L.), a priest store(Fig. 3). During thé mission also a sampleof thé to thé interest of IGV team three samplesof garlic (Allium redroot amaranth 'blito trahy' in wild artichoke resources sativum L.) variable in colour (Amaranthusretroflexus L.) (Pignoneand Monti 2005). and shape of thé bulbs, one endive (Cichorium endivia L.), wassampled; more détails about this Greek traditional neglected LEFKADA a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) togetherwith onesample of thé crop is reported in Pignone et al. (2007). three sites, as Fourty-four accessions wild relative 'prickly lettuce' In were collected, of which 9 (L. serriola L.), one of wild manyinteresting accessions of cultivated artichoke (Cynara cereals,9 légumes,15 vegetables radish (Raphanusraphanistmm cardunculusL. var.sativa Moris) and 11 ofother crops(Table l). L.) and one of wild beet(Bêta Thé 9 samplesofcereals vulgaris L. subsp.vulgaris). weregathered, characterized by 'blitô trahy' consist of one wild relative Thé churches and thé some wild traits, as thé présence Sfkada. Leaves of prickleson stemsand leaves (Dasypyrumvillosum (L.) P. monasteriesprovided support to (Fig.4). Thisoccurrence might Candargy)and five cultivated thé Greek and Christian culture be due to thé fact that in this Eleven accessionsof plants for 3 légumes, 27 vegetablesand with frwofmits per axil), a white taxa: oat, bread wheat (with an of thé island during thé difficult areathis crop is traditionally other uses were also gathered, 7 of other crops (Table l). eggplant (Solanum melongena old type with reddish seeds), years of thé Tourkokratia among which four accessionsof Two old landraces of L.), two populations of chard durum wheat and maize. (Turkishdomination). Stilltoday, propagatedby seedsinstead dummwheat(called 'mavragagli' (Bêtavulgaris L. var.cicla L. s.l.) manymonasteries are présent on of végétativepropagation; thé aromatic plants: sweetmarjoram Amongthé 9 lanà-acesof cultivated for their leaves with Lefkada and we could ascertain resulting characterségrégation, (Origanummajorana L. ) andthé and 'xilocastro') were collected puises,two werecommon beau, traditional bush basil (Ocimum togetherwith a localtype ofmaize variable stemcolour (white and two broad beau (Vicia faba L. that some old priests (refer to might produce thé variation observed in thé artichoke plots. basilicum L. subsp. minimum reportéeto be droughtrésistant. red) showingintrogression with var. faba named 'eptakukia'), thé 'acknowledgments'chapter) (L. ) Danert), bearing small, Among thé légumes collected semi-wild beets (Hammer et al two grasspeas (Lathyms sp.) safeguardancient traditional narrow leaves with a sweeter, thé traditional grasspea 'psarra' 1987), a population of which lesspungent smell fhan thé large- and thé so called 'microcucchia' was also sampled,a cultivated leaf types.Two wild vegetables field beau (Vicia faba L. var. lettuce ('Romana' type) and frequentlyused by local people minor (Peterm. em. Harz) its wild relative 'willow-leaf were collected: marine fennel Rothm.) worry to be mentioned. lettuce' (Lactuca saligna L.), a (Crithmummaritimum L. ) and a rare accession of black mustard docktype (Rumexsp. ), probably A strong genetic érosion (Brassica nigra (L.) Koch in escapedfrom former cultivation wasdetected for local vegetables Rôhling) that local people use andnaturalized. A sampleof thé but some landraces were found, for its leaves, both fresh and médicinal plant white henbane as thé tomatoes 'voidocardia', cooked,even though this plant (Hyoscyamusalbus L. ) andthree 'greza' (rosy and ribbed fi-uits, is more commonly cultivated populationsofpasture plants were with prickles on calyx) and for its seeds, used as a spice. sampledfrom théwild (Tablel). 'pandarosa' (very small fmits), Among thé other cropsreported thé typical local cucumber in Table l, thé most important Ithaca (Cucumissativus L. ) with long are a relie accession of flax fruits, an old variety of Italian (LinumusitatissimumL. convar. Forty accessionswere squash(Cucurbita pepo L. ) very usitatissimum)together with a Letkada. Ptg.2. Thé gentle priest Dimitrio Savino (thé ïïrst on left) proudly still collectedof which 3 cereals, productive(ça. 40 fi-uitsper plant, sample of its wild progenitor [fromleft to right Dr.Samaras S. and Dr. Psarra E.]

31

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS Tablel. Numberof accessionscoUected in 2006 Species Greek lonian islands Greek Total Lefkada Kefalonia Ithaca mainland Avenab zantînaK. Koch l l l Dasypyrumvillosum (L. ) P l* Candar Hordeumvul are L. l Triticum aestivumL. 3 Triticum durum +aestivum l Triticum durumDesf. 2 4 Zea m 5 L. 13

Cicer arietinum L. l l Lath rus s . 2 6 Lensculinaris Medik. l 2 Phaseolus vulvaris L. 2 2 Pisum sativum L. l Vicia abaL. vaî. aba 2 5 l Vicia faba L. var. minor eterm. em. Harz Rothm. Vigna unguiculata subsp. ses ui edalis (L.^ Verdc. Vigna unguiculata(L. ) Walp. subs . un iculata Puises 29

Allium am el rasum L. l l Alliumce e L. l l Fig.4. An interestingplant of cultivatedartichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. sativa Moris) showing some Allium istulosum L. l l wiîdtraits, as thé présence ofprickles on stems, leaves [insetA] and head [inset B|. Allium sativum L. l 4 Amaranthus cruentus L. 2 l 4 cultivation, was found on thé were sampled. Amaranthus rétro exus L. l 1+2 5 (L. usitatissimum subsp. 2 sides of a countayroad, but no Among thé vegetables A ium raveolens L. 2 angustifolium(Huds. ) Thell.), l l other landraces of cereals could collected on Kefalonia, tomato Bêta maritima L. and a wild population of Bêta vul ans L. 4 2+1 8 be collected. showed thé widest variation calamint (Calamintha nepeta Brassica nigra (L.) Koch in 2 l 3 from a phenotypic point of (L. ) Savi) used at Ithaca as Three populations of Rôhlin view. Some oftomato landraces condiment. Recently, it bas grasspea, also hère locally called Brassica oîeracea L. l 2 been described that in some 'psarra',characterizedby round, still cultivated, as thé so called Brassica râpa L. em. Metzg. l l Mediterraneanareas this plant lightor dark seeds, were sampled; 'comidori' (a variable pointed ss . ra a l concentrate) Brassicas . l is undergoing a domestication curiously thé flowers of one typeused to prépare Ça sicum baccatum L. l l of this accession are also used and 'pomodori'(a flat 'Roma' process,that might still involve Cichorium endivia L. 2 3 salad. local type), were introduced by introgressionfrom wild plants for A typical small Cichorium in bus L. l l Venetians ça. 300 years ago; as a surrounding thé cultivation lentil ('fachi molùs') together Cîchorium l l matter offact those names are of area (Hammer et al., 2005). with two high yield landracesof Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) 2 2 broadbeans (V. fabaL. var.faba) Italian linguistic root (pomidori Matsumara & Nakai weregathered; according to local or pomodori in Italian). Cucumis mélo L. 3 3 l l 2 Kefalonia farmers,one type of thèsebroad Sorne other uncommon Cucumissativus L. l l beansis broomrape(Orobanche local varieties of tomato Cucurbita maxima Duch. ex were found as thé 'coriatico Lam. spp.) résistant.From a family Cucurbita epoL. 2 seariufeliatosma', thé 'gresa' Fifty-nine accessions gardenan old varietyofcowpea Cynara cardunculusL. var. 6 werecollected, ofwhich l cereal, (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (characterizedby big finits with sativa Moris somesplittings on fruits, and 8 légumes,42 vegetablesand 11 subsp.unguiculata) and one of Cynaracardunculus L. var. l ofother crops(Table l). asparagusbeau (V. unguiculata very high flower fertility), a type î IvestrisLam. Daucuscarota L. 2 Only one accessionof a subsp.sesquipedalis (L. ) Verdc.), with a very irregular shape,an six-rowed barley, escapedfrom mainly utilized for greenpods, old round shapedvariety, used 33

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS number of accessions of basil l cultivatèd for roots and leaves, one accession of 'Italian tumip Foeniculum vul are Mill. l thé curly lettuce'maruli sgurô' broccoli' (Brassicarâpa L. em. (Ocimum basilicum L. ) was Lactucasali no L. 3 (Lactucasativa L. ), frwosamples Metzg. ssp.râpa) and two very collected; this gennplasm was Lactuca sativa L. 2 hot black mustard (Brassica very variable for leaf colour Lactuca serriola L. l ofred carrots(Daucus carota L. ), Lagenariasiceraria (Molina) thé cauliflower 'mapà'(Brassica nigra (L.) Koch in Rôhling). In (green,red), size (small, médium Standl. 13 oleracea L. var. botrytis L.), fîve family gardens, an equal and large) and shape(see Fig. 6). L co ersicon esculentum Mill. l Ra hanus ra hanistrum L. l Ra hanus sativus ï.. l Solanum mélo na L. l Sonchus s . 89 ' . etables 15 l Astra alus s . l Calaminthane eta L. Savi l Cardamine s . l Crîthmum maritimum L. l H ose amus albus L. l 8 l omoea s . ^ 1+1 2 0) Linum usitatissimum L. l Médico o truncatula Gaertn. l 4 l 5 l Ocimum basilicum L. l 3 Ocimum basilicum subsp. l l ft> minimum L. ) Danert 3 Ori anum ma 'orana L. 3 2 2 l Ori anum vul re L. l Ornitho us s . l l l Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) l N m. l l- Pim inella anisum L. l lilil l Rumex s . l s Solanum seudocapsicumL. l 0 Solanum villosum Mill. l Trigonella balansae Boiss. & l Reuter Fig.5 (above). uncommontype oftomato characterized seedpre-germination [inset]collected 11 11 29 An by in thé fruit For e i. ir s and on Kefalonia. 'otal Fig. 6. (bellow)An high morphologicalvariation was observed for basilas this rare variety tbund out on Kefa- lonia.

for stuffed tomatoes,and very parsley (Petroselinumcrispum (Thunb.) Matsumara& Nakai) 'carputi' with dark bark, five tasty if fried when still green; (Mill.) Nym. called'maidanô') of summer squash (Cucurbita also very particular was an and celery (Apium graveolens maxima Duch. ex Lam. called orangetomato characterized L., named'selino', with small 'fragkalokyfo'), cucumber, by seed pre-germination in leaves and much aroma) were zucchino, radish (Raphanus thé fruit, which is not much collected. Three local melons sativusL., a small and red type appreciatedbylocal farmers and (Cucumismélo L.) were also called 'cochinogu') and thé undergoing rapid élimination sampled:thé 'smimeco', a type from cultivation (Fig. 5). with verysmall fi-uits, yellowish ornamental (more rarely also eatenfor its hot taste) 'bishops Two samples of onion rind andgreenish pulp, not good crown' (Capsicum baccatum (Allium cepaL. ), with large, for storage, and thé 'cassada , flat and white bulbs, and garlic with a yellow-greenrind and L.), were collected in thé southern part of thé island. (Allium sativum L.), named white-greenishpulp, usually In other sites doser to thé 'rischianico' andreported as mst sown in March and harvested sea, followingaccessions were résistant,were collected in thé in August,that is traditionally thé north of thé island togetherwith loppedto stimulateto production sampled:thé wild fennel 'marafô (Foeniculumvulgare Mill. ), threetypical 'blito' (Amaranthusof an higher number of fruits. cmentus L. and A. retroflexus Two accessions of thé thé wild beet (Bêta mantima L.), 4 beets(Bêta vulgaris L.) L.). Three accessionsof local water melon (Citmllus lanatus

35

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS multiplicationsmall seed samples Italy. Kulturpflanze,35:389-399. Among other aromatic crops IBPGR, 1981. Wheat traditionally usedon Kefalonia, ofthis germplasmwill be ready collecting 1978-80.Plant-Genetic- S ûtfîh oneaccession ofanise (Pimpinella for distribution to scientists. Resources-Newsletter.No. 46, 8-14. China Su».-. « S f a anisumL. ) andtwo oforiganum Laghetti, G., Hammer K. ene t 1 e Y (Origanumvulgare L., cultivated ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and Perrino P., 1996. Plant genetic resourcesin Pantelleria and Pélagie /-"^^... /^k startingfrom wild plants)were -". / . *'* archipelago,Italy: collectingand Erosion on thé gathered.A sampleof théforage conservationof local crop gemiplasm. and model légume Medicago We wish to express a FAO/IBPGR Plant Genetic tmncatula Gaertn. was also spécial gratitude to thé kind Resources Newsletter, 108:17-25. Pacifie Island collectée, becausein thé latest priestDimitrio Savino(80 years Laghetti, G-, Scicluna- old) who proudly continuesto Spiteri A., Attard E., PerrinoP., yearsthé IGV is dedicating a Cifarelli S. and HammerK., 2004. use in his old patch traditional of Mungiki/ spécialsection ofits germplasm Collecting crop genetic resources m collection to thé model landraces of many crops. théMediterranean agricultural islands: thé MalteseArchipelago.Plant Genetic plants (Mamca et al., 2006). S olom o n în dî an Zéaland^? Sottlh Pacifie Oeaan Resources Newsletter, 139:12-17. 0 ce a During thé mission, REFERENCES " ra n ^ ig.l Solomonislands map Maruca, G., Laghetti, G., y when thé occasion arose, also Sonnante,G., Pignone, D., Losavio, Islands somefa-aditional médicinal plants F. and Monti L., 2006. Collection, were collected as thé typical Bullitta, S., Cifarelli S., characterization and DNA storage Bv Thomas Walkenhorst and Karl Hammer, University ofKassel, Department Gladis Th., Hammer K.. and Laghetti of Arabidopsisthaliana (L. ) Heynh. climbing 'aurogna'(still under ofAgrobiodiversity,D-37213 Witzenhausen, Germany G., 2005. Collecting crop genetic (Brassicaceae)ecotypes collected Abstract classification),whose red fhiits resources in thé Mediterranean e-mail: [email protected] are used 'to clean thé blood'. in Italy. Procc. of thé 50° S.I.G.A. agriculturalislands: Corsica (Part l Congress,Ischia,10-14September2006. - Corsica). Plant Genetic northem Pignone D., Laghetti, G., Resources Newsletter, 143:27-34. ^~. survey, was carried out on since thé isolation of thé Raynorand Fownes, 1991 ; Misa CONCLUSIONS Hammer,K., Psarra,E. and Samaras, Cortessi, H.A., 1986. Final S., 2007."Blito" (Amaranthusspp. ): thé small island of Mungiki island was broken. and Vargo, 1995).No studiesat report of a multi-crop collecting a Greek traditional neglected crop. (Solomon Islands),to estimate Keywords: genetic ail were carried out to collect mission in Greece. Plant Genetic In: Proc. of thé 18thEucarpia Genetic In conclusion, in thèse thé extent of crop diversity érosion, Mungiki, Pacifie information on genetic érosion, Resources Newsletter, No. 65:42. Resource Section Meeting, 23-26 first three lonian Greek islands 1991. and genetic érosion in island, Solomon islands. although Wells and Eldridge Furuta,Y. andOhta, S., May2007, Piestany, Slovak Republic. (2001)state their conclusions visited, it was found that many Field research of wheat, barley and PignoneD. and Monti L., thé South Pacifie Région. in their wild relatives in southem Italy Introduction of a Plant Genetic Resources crops are today cultivated at 2005. Studies on CWR at thé Institute To gain thé necessary and Greece,1990. Procc. of thé 22nd an industrial scale,but several of Plant Genetics.First International data, 40 farms were studiedby conférence in thé south pacifie WheatGenetics Symposium ofJapan, valuable landraces are still Conférence on Crop Wild Relative mapping aswell asby formai and Despite thé général "that geneticdiversity in fanners Nara,Japan, 15-16 December 1990. Conservation and Use, Agngento informai interviews on thé "feeling" ofloss ofcrop diversity fields is slowly, in some cases présentand used by localpeople. Galanopoulou, S. and 14-17 September 2005, p.83. there is still a lack évidence After this collecting mission Skorda, E.A., 1981. Thé national Reid, R-, Konopka, J., topic. For 12 key species thé of rapidly being lost due to thé another one should be carried out programmeof Greece.Plant Genetic Perret,P. M. and Guarino,L., 1989. infraspecific variability was (FAO, 1997) and assessment breakdown ofù-aditional farming Resources Newsletter. No. 46: 25-26. onCorfu, Kythira, Zakynthos and Foragegermplasm resources for thé estimatedand compared with data for genetic érosion (Hammer practices." In literature genetic Hammer,K.., Laghetti G. and Mediterraneanand adjacent arid/semi- Paxi complètethé investigation. from a previous investigation. et al., 1996; Guarino, 1999). érosion is mainly connectedto to Perrino P., 1997. Proposai to make arid areas.Proceedings of thé XVI Despitethé comparatively Thisis particularly true for green révolution measures, as Additional data and thé island ofLinosa (Italy) as a centre InternationalGrassland Congress, 4-11 intensification of agriculture détails about thé présent for on-farm conservation of plant October1989, Nice,France,pp.289-290. high crop diversity still existing minor cropssuch as yam and taro. collectingmission are reported geneticresources. Genetic Resources Stavropoulos, N., 1996. on Mungiki, for ail key speciesa Moreover, whole régions are and thé supplementation of and Crop Evolution, 44:127-135. Greece:country report tp thé PAO genetic érosion up to 80% was underrepresented:In thé South old landracesby modem high in théexploration registers stored Hammer K., Laghetti G. international technical conférence détectable. Additionally thé - as yielding varieties.Whether this and available c/o IGV and GGB. and Pistrick. K., 2005. Calamintha Pacifie région classified on plant geneticresources. Leipzig, overallinfraspecifîc diversity was a secondarycenter for several set of causes serves a good nepeta (L.) Savi and Micromeria Germany, 17-23 June 1996. decreasing 8 outof9 traditional AVAILABILITY 0F thymifolia(Scop. ) Fritschcultivated Vaitsis,T., Veronesi,F. and in neglected crops such as yam explanationfor geneticérosion in crops, whereas number GERMPLASM in Italy. Genetic Resources and Rosellini, D., 2000. Collectingand thé of and taro, but as well for poor countriesfar awayfi-om thé Crop Evolution, 52(2):215-219. breedingMedicago perennial species crop varieties of more recently major crops like sweet potato, "beaten track" of international Hammer, K. and Laghetti in Greece. Procc. of thé XIII Eucarpia introduced species increased. cassava and banana (Ford- interest has to be discussed. Thé material collected is Islands G., 2006.Small Agricultural Medicagospp. Group Meeting, Pemgia, and Plant Genetic Resources ThelossofdiversityismostLloyd and Jackson, 1986) - being stored at thé Greek Gène Italy,13-16 September 1999, pp. 19-27. Materials and methods probablyrelated to a decreasingno more than 5 islands were Bank of Thermi-Thessaloniki, - Le piccole isole rurali italiane. Zamanis,A., Efthymiadis,P., IGV-CNR (éd. ), Bari, Italy. niches, a (16 and duplicatedat thé IGV of Stavropoulos,N.and Samaras, S.,1992. number of cultural examinedfor their cropdiversity Mungiki is small Hammer Perrino P. K., Firstreport on occurrenceofAegilops while thé geneticérosion is due (Tedder and Tedder, 1974; km2) andremote island, located Bari, for further classification and PignoneD., 1987. Collection ventricosa Tausch in Greece.Wheat to a higher"variety turnover" Christiansen, 1976; Kirch, 1978; ça. ll°South and 159° East in and characterisation. After its of plant geneticresoiu-ces in South

37

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS of thé old varieties(see Tablel). diversity among crops is most Res. Crop Evol. 43, 329 -336. thé SouthPacifie (Fig. l-map). It In spite of thé common probablydue to cultural érosion, Kirch P. V. 1978. is aPolynesian inhabited elevated belief, genetic érosion on leavingthé Mungikians with a less Indigeneous agriculture on atoll, belonging politically Mungiki was neither due sophisticatedculture. Thé new Uvea (Western Polynesia). to thé usually Melanesian to thé intensification and "easier" culture is offering less Economie Botany 32, 157-181. inhabited Solomon Islands. commercializationof agriculture "cultural niches", and therefore Misa M. andVargoA. M. Between thé lOth of - agriculture is still solely less spacefor certain varieties. 1995. "Indigenous Agroforestry Septemberand thé 22nd of for subsistence - nor due to in American Samoa". Land October 2004, 40 farms and thé introduction of industrial Références Grant TechnicalReport No. 30, gardenshâve been chosensemi "improved" varieties.Instead, Pago Pago (American Samoa). randomized and investigated thé varietiesfound on Mungiki AO, 1997.Thé stateof thé world's Raynor W. C. for their récent crop diversity. in thé 1960th were mainly plant geneticresources for food and Fownes J. H. 1991. Whenever possible, ail farm replacéeby landracesfrom thé and agriculture. PAO, Rome. Indigenous agroforestry compartments(forest garden surroundingislands, with spécial Ford-Lloyd B. and on Pohnpei. l. Plant species ("ummanga") (Fig. 2), home emphasisto thé Honiaran (thé Jackson M. 1986. Plant Genetic and cultivars. Agroforestry gardenand monocropped fields) capitalof thé SolomonIslands) Resources - an introduction to Systems 16, 139-157. hâve been mapped together market. Moreover not only fheir conservation anduse. Edward TedderM.M. andTedder with thé farmer. Additional Fig.2 Mungikian"Unmangan" ("furest garden"). An Unmanga contains mainly thé traditional varieties but also Arnold Publisher, London. J.L. 1974.Yams-a description of informations on species and traditional crops van, banana and tari). thé non traditional ones were Guarino L. 1999. their Cultivation on Gualdecanal varietiesgrown, obtained m were frequentlyreplaced, underlinmg Approaches to measuring in thé Solomon Islands. formai and informai interviews. speciesshowed thé traditional high réductionin D. alata.Thé genetic érosion. Proc. Techn. South Pacifie Commission, "triumvirate" of Polynesian non traditional crops in contrast that geneticérosion on Mungiki Spécial emphasiswas given to can better be explainedby thé Meeting Method PAO World Nouema (New Caledonia). crops: Yam (in particular showedthé oppositetrend and 12 key species,for which thé breakdown of its isolation due Information and Early Waming Walkenhorst T. Dioscorea alata), taro (in increasedin variety numbers. infraspecific variability was to regular air service.This lead SystemPGR. Prague, pp. 26-28. 2005. Crop diversity and documented. Thé results were particularColocasia esculenta) Despite that, ail crop to an mcreasing vanety turnover Hammer K., Knùpffer genetic érosion on thé South compared a previous and banana(Musa sp.) (Fig.2). species- including thé non fmally with and in tum to decreasingaverage H, Xhuveli andPerrino P. 1996. Pacifie Island of Mungiki Only one non-traditional crop traditional ones- were suffermg study carried out in 1965/66 survival timesl of single crop Estimating genetic érosion in sweetpotato (Ipomoeabatatas) fi-omgeneticérosion, loosinghigh by SofusChristiansen (1976). varieties. Thé reduced overall landraces-two case studies. Gen. - showed similar varietal amountsof thé varieties formerly planted. Thé highest losses Results and discussion diversity(Table l). ). Théoverall diversityofalmost ail traditional showedD.alata, D. pentaphylla and Colocasia esculenta. One In total 60 specieshâve crops (with thé exceptionof No. Of Dioscorea nummularia) speciesalone - D. Esculenta Number Varieties been documented in ail farm Number of %of - was loosing less than 50% of found in compartmentstogether. Thé decreased, with particularly varieties in Varieties Species Varieties 1960, 1965/66 missing highestdiversity among thé farm in 2004 missing in compartmentsshowed thé home Fig3. Uiversity in Mungikian banana flovvers 2004 gardenwith an averagenumber Dioscorea Alata 48 20 39 82 of 17 taxa (speciesand varieties D. Esculenta 12 9 3 25 of thé key species),mainly due D.Mummularia 6 9 3 50 to speciesrichness in fmits and D. Bulbifera 10 3 7 70 5 1 4 80 nuts.Thé speciesrichness of thé D.Pentaphylla Musa Sp. 22 15 15 68 forestgarden was comparatively Ipomoea Batatas* 6 9 12 5 (55 90) low,concentratmg onbanana and Colocasia Esculenta 23 12 18 78 spe- thé différent yam and taro Alocasia Macrorrhiza 5 2 3 60 des, but dueto a high infi-aspeci- Abelmoschus 7 fie diversity,thé averagenumber Manihot* of taxa was still high with 11 Cocos Nucifera 9 5 6 67 taxa in an average ummanga. Manihot Esculenta* 2 4 1 50 Thé averagenumber of taxa in ail fields together was only 3. Thé highest infraspeci- Table l : Changesin crop diversity on Mungiki Island between 1965/66and 2004 fie variability among thé key

39

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS of both strains. Uninoculated otherspecies examined from thé Références plantswere used as control. Iglesias mine région. Although Strains of thé root nodule thé level ofHMs accumulation in Belimov A. A., Hontzeas N., Safronova bacteriautilised for inoculation thépot experimentwas not high, V.I., Dodd I. C., Demchinskaya S.V., Piluzza G., Bullitta S., Davies W. J. !lant Genetic îesources for restoring thé mixed inoculation resulted of each specieswere isolated and Glick B. R. 2005. Cadmium tole- from thé nodules of plants in a signifîcant increasing of rant root growth-promoting bacteria growing in thé Iglesias mine thé HMs uptake by plants. of thé rhizoplane of Indian mustard fertility of thé heavymétal polluted soils (Brassica juncea (L. ) Czern). Soil région.Plant growth-promoting Biol. & Biochem. 37, 241-250. rhizobacterial (PGPR) strain Acknowledgments Safi-onovaV., Bullitta S., Piluzza in thé Sardinian Geominerary Park 5C2 having high tolérance to G. and Belimov A. 2004. Development of symbiotic Systemsbetween pasture heavymetals (HMs) alsoused légumes and soil microbes for res- for thé inoculation of plants, Thanks are due to IGEA toring fertility of polluted and arid was previously isolated by spa and Mr Claudio Carta soils. ProceedingsXVII Eucarpia Gene- rai Meeting, Tulln, Austria, p. 504 Bv: Vera Sat'ronova, member of Thé All-Russia Research Institute for Belimov et al. (2005) from a fi-om Iglesias for collaboration. Agricultural Microbiology , Saint Petersburg, Russia. waste area of thé same location Andrei Belimov,member of Thé All-Russia ResearchInstitute forAgricultural and identifiée as Variovorax Microbiology , Saint Petersburg, Russia. paradoxus by thé 316 Simona Virdis, member of thé National ResearchCouncil (CNR) - ISPAAM détermination of 16S rRNA Lotus edulis Lotusornithopoid es sez.Sassari, V?ia E. De Nicola l, 07100 Sassari,Italy. gèneséquences. After 6 weeks, e Filippo Virdis, memberof Dipartimentodi Economiae SistemiArborei, Univ. Sassari, Via E. De Nicola l, Sassari, Italy. plants were harvested from e B+R B+R/C e B+R B+R/C l Mario Deroma,member of Dipartimento Ingegneriadel Territorio, Sez. pots, thé root nodules counted DryWeight(g) 1.29 2.67* 2.07 0.95 1.55* 1.63 Geopedologia,Via E. De Nicola l, Sassari,Italy e-mail: bullitta@cspm. and thé dry weights of roots l ss. cnr. it and shoots were recorded. Uptake Simonetta Bullitta, member of thé National Research Council (CNR) Thé content ofnutrient éléments ISPAAM sez.Sassari, Via E. De Nicola l, 07100Sassari, Italy. pg/plant and heavy metals (Na, K, Ça, l Mn 73.4 224* 3.05 83 212* 2.55 Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Pb) Abstract Zn 48.3 109* 2.25 41.3 94.6* 2.29 s in thé roots and shoots samples "> (0. 1. 5 - 0 g) was detenninedby Cd 4.4 10.1* 2.28 6.7 10.5* 1.51 l t was shown that thé edulis, L. ornithopodioides, microorganisms(Plant Growth using thé Perkin Elmer Analyst ni Pb 33.4 76.2* 2.28 117 174 1.48 increasing of roots and shoots Scorpiumsmuricatus, Asû-agalus Promoting Rhizobacteria). 100/300 atomic absorption l biomass of Lotus edulis and hamosus (Leguminosae) and Thé content and uptake levels spectrometer. Total amounts Tablel. Effectsof inoculationwith rhizobial and PGPR strains on growth and HM natural Oryzopsis miliacea (Poaceae), of différent nutrient éléments l L. ornithopodioides of éléments accumulated by uptakeof 6-weekplants. populations from Iglesias (SW originated from thé Iglesias and HMs by thé plants as well thé plants growing in each Sardinia)mine area, causedby mine région (SW Sardinia), as thé effect of inoculation with pot were also calculated. simultaneous treatment with were previously screened for rhizobial strains and Variovorax rhizobial and plant growth their tolérance to thé heavy paradoxusPGPR strainson thé Results and discussion promotingrhizobacteria (PGPR) metals (HMs) cadmium, zinc plant growth parameterswere strains, résultée in significant and lead, by using hydroponics studiedin a pot experimentwith Therewas no effect of thé increasingof thé heavy metals culture (Safronovaet al., 2004). minewaste fi-om fhe Iglesias area. bacterialtreatment on thé growth (HMs) uptake by plants. Such On thé basisof thé hydroponics of M. ciliaris plants, while ail Materials and methods approachcould be appliedto thé experiment results, thé most typesof inoculation increasedthé use of native leguminous species tolérant leguminous species biomassofboth Lotus species , for phytoremediationpurposes. M. ciliaris, L. edulis and L. Seedsof Iglesias plant althoughstatistically significant Key words: heavy omithopodioides were chosen populations of thé species différenceswere observée only metals, Lotus edulis. Lotus in order to set up an experiment M. ciliaris, L. edulis and L. in thé caseofmixed inoculation ornithopodioides, Medicago aimed at verifying thé potential ornithopodioides were sown (Tab. l), resulting in thé ciliaris, mine waste. of suchspecies for restoringthé in plastic pots containing l enhancementof thé HMs uptake fertility of HMs-polluted mine kg soil from thé Iglesias mine levels.On thé basis ofprevious Introduction wastes through thé development area.Three types of inoculation hydroponicsexperiments, thé of efficient and tolérant were used: l) spécifie root threeleguminous species resulted Naturalpopulations of thé associations between légume nodule bacterial strain, 2) thémost HMs tolérant among thé Lotus speciesMedicago ciliaris, Lotus plants andbénéficiai soil PGPR PGPR strain 5C2, 3) mixture

4l INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS that some populations had concentration (SSC) is found underthé spécifieenvironmental enetic Erosion, onservation and disappeared,probably because in thé f. minor (14.3%) and in and ecological conditions of of prédation by introduced thé 'short' (10.4%) types. Thé thé Galapagos Islands has herbivores (mainly goats and weedy L. esculentum'Gai cer' résultée in thé acquisition of Utilization of Wild Tomatoesfrom thé donkeys) and by disturbance had a SSC of 6.9%, much lower some spécifie characteristics, of thé environmentby humans. thanthat of thé morphologically like orangefmits, yellow-green alâpagosIslands Populationsin théislands where similar L. pimpinellifolium foliage, minute seed size and thèse herbivores are présent (8.6%) and quite similar to that exceptional seed dormancy ofL. esculentumvar. cerasifomie et Bv Jaime Prohens,José M. Blanca and FernandoNuez, Instituto para consistedofvery few individuals (Mackinneyet al., 1954;Rick la Conservaciôny Mejora de la AgrodiversidadValenciana, Universidad andonly couldbe foundin places (6.3%). AU thèse results show al., 1963).WithinL. cheesmaniï, Politécnicade Valencia, Camino de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain e-mail: inaccessible to thèse animais. that L. cheesmanii contains Rick (1971) considered [email protected] Thé molecular (AFLP) considérable morphological two forms with différent characterization of thé différent and molecular variation that can morphology: thé so-called typesof L. cheesmaniishows be of interest to breeders. Thé typicalform andthé forma minor. ls\s'f\nta that thé f. minor, despitebeing implementation of ex situ and This latter form is more widespread than thé in situ conservation stratégies, characterized by thé three- 'short' type containsmuch less is necessaryfor preservingthèse to four-pinnately compound "îsla âenove-sa diversity.A comparisonbetween invaluable genetic resources. leavesand only growsin coastal thé diversity of thé materials Key words: AFLPs, habitats (Rick, 1983). Two ialapagos Islands [Ecuador] types without formai taxonomic ..^' collectedduring 1954-1972and genetic resources, L. fcauatoi those collected in 2000 shows cheesmanii, L. esculentum, désignation but of clear interest fcciiador lOOO ii-n/62a mis that thé materials collected in L. pimpinellifolium. to breeders,and which hâve been x~l thé former period containmore labelled L. cheesmanii 'short' molecular diversity than those Introduction and L. cheesmanii'long', hâve l si a Bartoleme collected in thé latter, indicating been recognized within thé Isla Seymour that somegenetic érosion might Lycopersiconcheesmanii typical form (Nuezet al., 2004). ileaa lortLiaa NBCira hâveexisted. Thé morphological Riley is an endemism of thé Their names stand for characterization shows that Galapagos Islands and is thé thé short and long internodes there is considérablevariability only wild tomatothat is naturally that they présent. Thé 'short' among thé L. cheesmanii types found outside mainland South type usually thrives near thé for traits of agronomieinterest. America. Evolution of L. coast, while thé 'long' type thé 'uerSo At this respect, thé cheesmanii in isolation from grows inland. In anotherstudy, quen'zo greatest mean soluble solids other speciesof thé genus and Darwin et al. (2003) on thé basis isla Torcuga

l si a Isla Espanola punta Suare.z

Absfa-act

from thé continent, which ycopersiconcheesmanii habitat hâve been described.Thé is a wild tomato endémie to typical 'short' and minor types morphologically resemblant thé Galapagos Islands that thrive in coastal habitats and to L. pimpinellifolium, but molecularly similar to L. representsan important source differ in thé leaf morphology, of variation for thé genetic which is three- to fourpinnately esculentum,and which hâve been labelledL. esculentum'Gal cer', improvement of cultivated compoundin thé f. minorThe exist in thé inhabitedislands. A tomato (L. esculentum).Three 'long' form grows inland and survey locationswhere L. typesof L. cheesmanii(typical has longer internodes than of cheesmaniihad beencollected 'short',typical 'long', andminor) thé 'short' and minor types. 1954-1972indicated differingin thémorphology and Naturalized introduced tomatoes during

43

INTERNATIONALIOURNAL . 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS of thé différent morphology of toléranceto somepathogens, like by herbivores. Seeds of some thé typical and minor forms, Altemaria altemata or Tomato accessions collected by us in splitted L. cheesmaniiinto two yellow leafcurl vims (TYLCV) 2000(OLP codes)and by Rick et species:Solanum cheesmaniae has been found in accessions al. during thé period 1954-1972 (L. Riley) Fosberg (syn. L. of this species (Cassai and St. (LA codes) were germinated and cheesmanii)and S. galapagense Clair, 1994; Picô et al, 1996). characterizedmorphologically S. Darwin & Peralta (syn. L. and molecularly in Valencia, cheesmaniif. minor). As most Also, some forms of Spain. Materials studied breedersand germplasmbanks L. cheesmanii are sources of correspond to 4 accessionsof use thé L. cheesmanii names, toléranceto salinity anddrought L. cheesmanii 'short' (GLP- for thé purpose of clarity, hère (Rush and Epstein, 1981). In 57, GLP-65, LA-1401 and LA we will follow thé conventional additionto nativeL. cheesmanii, 3124), 3 ofL. cheesmanii'long' nomenclature (Nuez et al., cultivated and weedy L. (GLP-27, LA-0521 and LA- 2004). Biological invasions esculentum Mill. exist in some 1449), 9 of L. cheesmanii f. hâve had a dramatic impact islands. During thé last years minor (GLP-34, GLP-35, GLP-

on thé flora and fauna of thé an invasive weedy red-fmited 39, GLP-44, GLP-54, LA0317, Lycoper". csculcntum Galapagos (Jackson, 1994). form oftomato morphologically LA0483, LA0532 andLAI 508), resemblingL. pimpinellifolium 7 to L. esculentum 'Gai cer' Results and discussion of Bartolomé and Sombrero polymorphic loci (49.2% more) Ferai goatsand donkeys (Jusl.) Mill., but molecularly (GLP-12, GLP-14, GLP-17, Chino, where there are no than accessions collectedbetween are exerting a gréât pressure similar to L. esculentum and GLP-18, GLP-20, GLP-24 and introduced herbivores. Incontrast 1954 and 1972 indicating that on many plant species and arc which we hâve denominated GLP-30) and 3 to L. esculentum Out of thé 17 areas in to thé otherpopulations, in thèse some genetic érosion might competingwith otherherbivores L. esculentum'Gai cer' (Nuez Mill. var. cerasiforme (GLP-26, which wild L. cheesmanii had cases,they were constitutedby hâve existed. Nonetheless, like fhegiant tortoises, which seem et al., 2004) has been found LA2857, LAS 123). Controls beenreported during thé 1954- young and vigorous individuals not ail thé genetic diversity to play a rôle in thédispersai ofL. in thé islands (Darwin et al., included 8 accessions of thé 1972period, living populations growing in lava flow crevices. found in thé 2000 collections cheesmanii (Rick and Bowman, 2003; Nuez et al., 2003, 2004). sisterspecies L. pimpinellifolium were found in 9 of them (3 In thé iiihabited island of Santa was included in thé collections SB 1961). In addition, disturbance (Jusl.) Mill. from thé mainland in Santa Cruz, 2 in Santiago, Cruz, huge populations of L. of 1954-1972 (Figure l). l of thé natural environment (ECU-417, ECU-440, ECU- ^~ 2 in Bartolomé, l in Baltra, esculentum 'Gai cer', in many Regardingcharacteristics by humans may also affect Materials and methods 443, ECU-591, ECU-597, and l in Corona del Diablo). cases formed by hundreds of interest for tomato breeding, s populations of L. cheesmanii. ECU- 604, ECU-655, ECU- l In most casespopulations of individuals were found in L. cheesmanii f. minor and 660, ECU-927, ECU-951 and l- were composée of very few environments disturbed by thé 'short' type hâve short Therefore, studies on During 2000 we made a PE-14) and one accessionof thé individualsand in somecases by humans, like road margins or internodes. Despite luxuriant l thé potential factorsinvolved in trip to thé GalapagosIslands in cultivatedL. esculentum(NE-l). one isolatedplant. In particular dumping areas.AFLP analyses growth in thé greenhouse,L. l genetic érosion will be ofinterest order to survey thé populations Morphological in thé large islands, where ferai show that, despitethé restricted cheesmaniiplants do not flower l for thé conservation of thèse of wild tomatoes. We visited characterizationwas performed ai goats or donkeys exist, plants distribution of L. cheesmanii, under thé short days conditions genetic resources. Regarding 17 areas corresponding to using thé International Plant areonly able to grow in places, it has a considérable genetic of thé winter of Valencia thé potential for L. cheesmanii thé Islands of Santa Cruz (7), Genetic Resources Institute like cliffs, out of thé reach of diversity (HT=0. 051) when (latitude 40°N). for tomato breeding, hybrids Santiago (3), Bartolomé (2), (IPGRI) descriptors list for thèseherbivores. In manycases, comparedwith thé mainlandL. Thé stigma exsertion between L. cheesmanii and Baltra (l), Corona del Diablo tomato (IPGRI, 1996). thèseplants are very old (for pimpmellifolium (HT=0.071), of L. cheesmanii is smaller cultivated tomato are fertile, (l), Pinzôn(l), Râbida(l), Santa Molecular characterization was surethat they are severalyears which has a much greater than thé rest of materials, which bas favoured thé use of Fé (l), where L. cheesmanii had performed with AFLPs using old) and hâve a poor condition. geographical distribution. On which probably leads to a this speciesfortomato breeding. been collected between 1954 and four combinations of primers. Populations were not thé contrary, thé weedy L. fundamentally autogamous L. cheesmanii has been used in 1972 accordingto thé passport DNA fragmentswere separated foundin areaswhere introduced esculentum 'Gai cer' has a very reproductivebiology. Fruits of thé development of materials information of accessions in an ABI Prism 310 genetic herbivorescould rcach thé plants. low diversity(HT=0. 014).When L. cheesmanii,and in particular with enhanced sugar and b- stored at thé Tomato Genetics analyzer, and thé resulting L. cheesmanii populations comparing thé diversity of thé those of forma minor and thé carotène contents (Poysa, 1993; Resource Center (TGRC). fragments scored as binary situated in places where thé différent L. cheesmanii fonns, 'short' type hâve a very small Stommel,2001), and in breeding addition,we explored traits (l=present, 0=absent). In environment had been disturbed thé most diverse is thé 'short' fmit (asa meansmaller than 0.5 processing tomatoes with other areas in search of Détails procédure used of thé by humanscould not be located form (HT=0.060), followed by g), while L. esculentum 'Gai jointlesspedicel, a trait confenred populations of wild tomatoes. can be consultée elsewhere despite exhaustive searches. thé 'long' form (HT=0.031) and cer' and L. pimpinellifolium by thé j-2 gèneprésent in some Observations were made on thé (Nuez et al., 2004). Genetic Thélargest L. cheesmaniï by thé formaminor (HT=0.028). hâve greater fruits (as a mean L. cheesmanii accessions. size of populations, âge of thé diversity was estimated using Populations(>50 plants each) Thé accessions ofL. cheesmanii weighing more than 1g). In Furthermore, résistance or plantsand évidence prédation of thé Nei's total diversity (HT). were found on thé small islands collected in 2000 had more comparison,L. esculentumvar.

45 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS cerasifonnehas a much greater conservation ex situ and in Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70, 3321-3323. Nuez F., Prohens J. and Blanca J.M. « Islets Save Coconuts » mean fruit weight (Table l). situ should be implemented. 2003. Caracterizacion de tomates silvestres de las Within L. cheesmanii, there Islas Galapagos.Actas de Horticultura 39, 114-116. are accessions with SSC values Acknowledgements NuezF.,ProhensJ.andBlancaJ.M. 2004. Relationships,origin, anddiversity of Galapagos From an old Polynesian practice to thé muchgreater thaa those found in tomatoes: implications for thé conservation ofnatural populations.Am. J. Bot. 91, 86-99. L. esculentum(including thé 'Gai We are grateful to Parque Picô B., Diez M. J. and Nuez F. 1996. Nacional Galapagos, Dr. Rafaël A. cer' form) or L. pimpinellifolium. Viral diseasescausing thé greatest économie fosses new concept of a crop gène bank Morales, and Dr. Pascual Fernândez de It is also remarkable that to thé tomatocrop. H. Thétomato yellow leafcurl Côrdova for their assistance during vims(TyLCV)-areview. Sci.Hort.67,151-196. important différences for SSC thé field studies in Galapagos Islands. Poysa V. 1993. Use of located on smallest islands. Lycopersiconcheesmanii and L. chmielewskii are found among accessions to increase dry matter content of tomato of L. cheesmanii (Table 2). Références fruit. Can. J. Plant Sci. 73, 273-279. Rick C.M. 1963. Biosystematic Despite sharing thé same studies on Galapagos tomatoes. Occ. By RolandBourdeix, T. Bambridgeand S. Lan-ue habitat, accessions of forma Papers Calif. Acad. Sci. 44, 59-77. Rick C.M. 1971. Lycopersicon SSC values Cassai T. and St. Clair D.A. 1994. minor hâve higher Mill. In: Wiggins I.L. and Porter D.M. (eds), Inheritanceof résistanceto blackmold(Altemaria than those of thé 'short' type. Flora of thé GalapagosIslands, University of ./ altemata(Fr. ) Keissler)in two interspecific StanfordPress,Stanford, Califomia, pp. 468-471. esculentum 'Long' type accessions,which hybrids of tomato (Lycopersicon Rick C.M. 1983. Genetic variation w. thrive a différent, less arid, x L. cheesmaniif. typicum). Theor.Appl. and évolution of Galapagos tomatoes. In: is in Genêt. 88, 581-588. SSC BowmanI. R., BersonM. andLevitonA. E. (eds), habitat hâve thé lowest Darwin S.C., Knapp S. and Peralta l Pattemsof évolution in Galapagosorganisms, I. E. 2003. Taxonomy of tomatoes in thé values this species. American Association for thé Advancement of lt» within Galapagos Islands: native and introduced Science,San Francisco, California, pp. 97-106. s. Conservation of speciesof Solanumsection Lycopersicon Rick C. M. and Bowman Galapagostomatoes is of gréât (Solanaceae). Syst. Biodiv. l, 29-53. I. R. 1961. Galapagos tomatoes and IPGRI. 1996.Descriptors fortomato tortoises. Evolution 15, 407-417. i interestfor tomatobreeding. Thé (Lycopersiconspp. ). IPGRI, Rome, Italy. Rush D. W. and Epstein Jackson M. H. 1994. variation for traits of agronomie E. 1981. Breeding and selecting for crop Galapagos:a natural history. University of tolérance by thé incorporation of wild Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. interestshows that an important germplasm into a domesticated tomato. J. variation exists among thé MackinneyG.,Rick C.M. andjenkins Am. Soc. Hort. Soi. 106, 669-670. J.A.1954.Carotenoiddi£FerencesinLycopersicon: Stommel J. R. 2001. USDA différent Galapagosmaterials. hybridsofan unusualrace ofL. pimpinellifolium. 97L63, 97L66 and 97L97: tomato Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 40. 695-699. At this respect, évidence exists breeding lines with high fruit beta- Nei M. 1973. Analysis of gène carotène content. HortScience 36. 387-388. of genetic érosion in thé wild diversity in subdivided populations. Proc. populations and stratégies for L. e. Gai Traits L. c. short L. c. Ion L. c. minor ce r L. e. ceras. L.e.es. L. im .

Number of 4 3 9 7 3 1 11 accessions Summary Orange- Fruit Orange Orange Red Red Red Red colour green A ncient Polynesiansused inhabited islands, with only one are consideredas a key factor Leaflets No No Yes No No No No empirically numerous small variety per islet. Thèse projects in shapingsustainable develop- dissection islands to create and conserve combine multidisciplinary mentstratégies for islandrégions Flowering: No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes their coconut varieties. Thé scientific research and (Zedan, 2004). Thé common short da s geographicalremotenessof thèse immédiate applications which denominators of island ecosys- Internode 3.34±0. 48 5. 18±0. 58 2.96±0. 38 6.21 ±0. 43 6.08±0. 83 7.94 6.38±0. 49 islandsensured thé reproductive canbe measuredby quantitative tems are their uniqueness, their len th cm isolation needed for breeding indicators, satisfying urgent high level of specializationand Style coconut palms. According to needsexpressed by thé citizens. thé high susceptibility to natural exsertion 0. 18±0. 09 0.23±0. 13 0.33±0. 15 1.39±0. 30 1.12±0. 57 0 1.13±0. 21 mm this practice,Cirad (thé French This type of gènebank could be andhuman-relatedhazards. Thé Agricultural ResearchCentre for extendedtoofherplants, cultivated geographicalcircumstances and Fruit 0.43±0. 12 0.77±0. 19 0.35±0. 03 1.03±0. 15 5.41±1. 50 97. 46 1. 07±0. 07 wei ht InternationalDevelopment) has or not, and to other archipelagos. their distancefrom thémainland SSC "Brix 10.37±0. 88 7.52±0. 95 14.29±0. 52 6.93±0. 75 6.30±1. 16 5.3 8.56±0. 48 recently submittedprojects for are identifiée!as thé root causes settmgupgène banks oftraditional Introduction of uniqueevolutionary dynamics, coconut varieties in French which hâve made island biota Table l : Main characteristics of thé Galapagos tomatoes L. cheesmanii "short" Polynesia and thé Maldives. particularly fragile (SCDB, (L.c.short),L. cheesmanii"long" (L.c.long), L. cheesmanii"f. minor" (L.c. minor), L. Esculentum"Gai cer" (L.e. Gai cer) and L. esculentumvar. cerasiforme(L. e.ceras.) Thèsegène banks will be setup Since thé Barbados Conférence 2004), but also highly productive and of thé controlsL. esculentum(L. e.es.) and L. pimpinellifolium (L. pimp.). For thé on numerousislets near larger in 1994, biodiversity resources in term ofbiodiversity: because quantitative traits studied values represent thé mean ± standart error

47 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIB.S oftheir géographieremoteness, other seedsfrom one îsland to involvescientificstudiesinvarious thé coconut palm . Coconut where différent dialects are collectée fi-om différent locations which ensures a reproductive another.Then, by combiningthat fîelds of research: territorial varieties, which hâve been spoken are named Niuafo'ou in - Rennell Island and sent to insulation of thé organisms ancestral method with thé récent management, anthropology, passeddown from génération (New coconut) and Niua other countries. Thé Rennell living there,islands are hometo progress made in biological ecology,genetics, reproductive to générationof islanders, are Toputapu (Sacred coconut). IslandTall cultivar (RIT) is now an extraordinaryhigh proportion and social sciences, a rational biology,post-harvest technology. now under threat from thé Another place famous conservedinatleast11 germplasm o/ endémie species and crop strategy for thé conservation Projects were submitted to set globalizationof trade,cultural for its coconuts is Rennell, a conservation centres, national varietiesperunit of surfacearea. of genetic resources and up gène banks of traditional levelling, industrialization high volcanic island located and international. RIT is involved associatedtraditional knowledge coconut vaneties on numerous and changes in agriculture. in - thé Solomon archipelago, as parental material in many could be implemented. islets located near larger and Teuira Henry indicated with an areaof 660 sq. km. Its coconutbreeding programmes . Thé geographical inhabited islands in French thé existence of particularly two main features are a volcanic MA. Foale, who visited remotenessof thésmallest islands Cirad (thé French Polynesia and thé Republic enormous coconuts on thé lake, now registeredas a world - Rennell Island in 1964 and canbe usedas a gréâtadvantage Agricultural Research Centre of Maldives. One variety will island of Niu-Fou (now known héritage, and its Polynesian discoveredthis variety,said that in théstratégies for conservation for International Development) be planted on each islet. Thé asNiuafo'ou). Thé name itselfof population, when other Solomon thé tme-to-type Rennell, with and breedingofperennial crops. is now promoting research geographicalremoteness of thé this island means «New coconut». Islands are mainly populated big and pointed fmits, is found This article shows that this idea projects aiming at integrating islets-will ensure thé reproductive Niuafo'ou is a tiny island with Melanesians.Except thé only around thé volcanic lake was alreadyapplieda long time small islands,with areasofless însulation needed for true to in thé Tonga group, with an area small island of Bellona, also on thé eastempart of thé island. ago, in an empirical manner,by than 5 hectares, in stratégies type breedingand conservation of52 sq.km. Thé distanceto thé populated with Polynesians, Thé access fi-om thé coast to thé thé ancientPolynesian mariners of conservation of terrestrial o/ thé coconut varieties. nearest island is 200 km. It is a thé distance from Rennell to volcanic lake is very diffîcult. transporting coconut and agrobiodiversity.Thèse projects very active volcano with steep thé nearest island is 170 km. One needs- climbing a rocky slopesdown to thé sea floor . Thé finits of thé variety known track with a steepslope, across There is no safe anchoragefor as Rennell Island Tall (RIT) a forestswarming with endémie I/ A lesson from ancient boats.Thé repeatedemptions of are amongthé biggestcoconuts species of poisoning snakes (and some contemporary) thé volcano (1867, 1886, 1912, in thé world. Thé fruit shape (Laticauda sp.). But in other 1929, 1935-36, 1943, 1946, is quite variable, from oblong places, such as thé coastal area, Polynesians 1985) caused thé destmction of to pear shaped. Some of thé there is a mix between thé Rennell many plantations and villages. fi-uits hâve a long nipple at thé IslandTall andthé ordinarytype, Before 1000 AD, thé Following thé emption of 1946, bottom, which is very spécifie known as thé Solomon Island Polynesians had settled in Niua-fo'ou was evacuated and to thé RIT. Thé fruits hâve a Tall, which has smaller oblong centralPolynesia (Tahiti and - thé govemment authorized thé good composition with a high fruits (Bourdeix et al., 2005). Society Islands), - Marquesas, retum of thé islanders only in content ofsolid albumen and free Hawaii and Easter Island 1958.Thé two islandsin Tonga water. Numerous seednuts were (Orliac, 2000). Since that time, thé coconut palms becamean intégral part of thé Polynesian way of life. Thé Polynesians hâve patiently bred coconut \ palms adapted to différent uses, notably by successively plantingtheir coconutpalms on new islands. They contributed to thé création of numerous varieties, with spectacular morphological diversity. Thé oldest description of coconut varieties in French Polynesia can be found in thé book «Ancient Tahiti» by Teuira Henry, published in 1928 from data collected by her grandfather in 1840. That publication mentions 16 différent varieties or fonns of

49 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS Thé «Niu 'utongau » coconut varicty can products.Thé Polynesians hâve later date, «sibling islets» will exclusively, grown along thé be t'ound in quantity on thé small coral islet and it becamepossible to create been informed by thé média be expandedfrom thé variety coasts.It is plantedup to a height of Onoiki t and via thé traditional circuits one thousand métrés above of'Tonaa new varieties. Then, by taking conservatory.Seednuts fi-om one of seednuts from those isolated aboutthé existenceof thévariety of thé islets will be plantedon a sealevel. Someof théplants can islets, thé ancient Polynesians conservatory.They know that new islet, thereby safeguarding live for morethan a century.Thé were able to reproduce, in an by taking nuts from thoseislets, varietal conservation. New économielife spanis estimated empirical but stablemanner, thé they will obtain seednutsthat plants,such as varieties ofNono at fifty years. Some much older coconutvarieties they had created. will reproduce true-to-type or Noni, or thé spécial woods coconutpalms are still covered seedlingsof thédesiredvarieties. used to make pirogue rudders, with nuts. Thé coconut palm II/A prospective vision for In fact, once geographically will eventually be planted on grows even in marginal coastal a new gène bank isolated on an islet, thé coconut thé sameislands and integrated conditions, tolerating drought palms of a given variety only into thé coconut gène bank. andpoor soils.It is very résilient, Let us imagine that this reproduce with each other. Thé islets become, or couvert able to withstandtyphoons and Sorne private or public «places 1500 m project of coconut gène bank back to ofbiodiversity» flooding. Small coral islets l l J has been completed for a few owners of islets choose to spécifie to Polynesianculture. often continue to exist mainly ta years in french harvestseeàiuts, set up niirseries becausethé palms' fibrous root As far as coconut varieties Its taste resembles that ofcoconut Polynesia.Let us imagine fiflty and sell their seedlings.Other III/ More about thé coconut Systemsprevent coastal érosion. i»î are concemed, Niuafo'ou and heart. Once thé fmits are ripe, very small islands, extending owners offer thé population palm There are two main s. Rennell are thé most famous thé husk fibres are white and fi-om thé Society Islands to thé free access to thé islets to types of coconut palms, thé islands in thé Pacifie région. particularly slender.There exist Tuamotu and thé Marquesas. procureseednut supplies. Some tall- and thé dwarves. Thé tall i Similarities between thèse two variousnames and various types, Each islet now houses befrween seednuts are even stolen, and Cocos nucifera L. is a can grow at a rate of more than islands are hudge. They are both in which husk characteristics 20 and 200 coconut palms, newly thé act of robbing even confers tropicalpalm propagated only by 50 cm annually when young very isolatedsmall islands,at a are more or less accentuated. planted as part of thé project. occasionallysocial standing . seed.It belongsto théArecaceae and blossomat 6-10 yearswith distance of 170-200 km from Those varieties hâve yet to be Ail those islets are near Touristsare often visiting some family (formerly Palmaceae) an économie life span of 60- thé nearest big island ; both scientifically described.Thé «Niu to a larger,inhabitée island. Most of thèse islands in thé framework of thé monocotyledons under 70 years. Thé dwarves make are characterizedby a sériesof 'utongau » coconut variety can of thèse islets are uninhabited, of ecotourism programmes. thé sub-family cocoidaewhich up less than 5% of thé world insulation factors: difficult access be found in quantity only on thé but there are exceptions. Sorne A simple organization, whose includes27 généra and 600 species coconut population, but they by boat,steep slopes to climb for small coral islet ofOnoiki in thé islets areinhabited occasionally, stmcture is yet to be defîned, (Teulatet al., 2000).It is thé sole can be found ail aver thé inter- reaching thé place where thé Ha'apai group. Tongians are still others house permanent tourist coordinatesactivities of thé gène species of thé genus Cocos. tropical zone. Apart fi-om their coconutpahns are growing, risks sometimestaking seedlingsfrom installations.Some islets belong bank and supplies information This palm exists usually shortheight, most of thé linked to high volcanic activity that islet, which is so small that to private owners; others belong to a georeferenced database on fhroughoutthé humid intertropical dwarves show a combination or endémie poisoning snakes. it doesnot appearon mostmaps. to thé territorial community. thé conservée varieties. At a zone. It is mostly, though not One can cite a quite Varions observations A single coconut variety has différent example of a famous made since thé turn of thé been planted on each of thé «coeonut » island. In thé 2000's, century also show thé same islets. In ail, 20 to 30 varieties we visited numerous Pacifie tendency. Thé most remote are spreadin that way over thé 50 islands in thé framework of islands are often those where islets. For example, at least two surveysorganized by Bioversity coconutdiversity has best been islets house varieties with tender, International(formerly IPGRI). conserved (Labouisse and sweet husk, another frwo house ^ L. M. Fili and T.H. Hoponoa, Bourdeix, 2003). Polynesians those varieties with enormous, from thé Ministry of Agriculture hâveempirically used numerous elongated fmits used to make andForestry of Tonga,told us ofa small islands to conserve and rope, another two are preserving traditionalcoconutvariety called breed their coconut varieties. thé «Oviri» green variety used «Niu 'utongau ». This variety Thé geographical remoteness in traditional medicine, frwo are belongsto rareforms ofcoconut, of thé islets has ensured thé plantedwith thé homedcoconut highly threatened, and known as reproductive isolation of thé palm, etc. Thèse are mostly « Sweethusk ». In most coconut, coconut palms necessary for ancient Polynesian varieties. this husk is harsh and not edible. variety fixation. Once planted However, a few new varieties But sometimes, thé whole husk in a limitée number on a may also be integrated into of thé young fi-uit is sweetand remote island, coconut palms thé gène bank, if they are of can be chewedlike sugarcane. only crossed with each other use for diversifying coconut

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS of common characteristics: multipliedby a veryhigh factor, 1928) were gradually diluted autogamic préférence (talls probably around 80 to 100. in thé mass of coconut palms are allogamic), small size of On thé coral soils of French selected and used solely for organs, precocity, and rapid Polynesia,coconut plantations copra production. Successive émission of inflorescences. were set up at thé end of thé cyclones, particularly in thé dwarves can grow at a rate of centuryand then partly renewed 1980s, also severely affected 15 to 30 cm annually, hâve a afterthé sévèrecyclones in 1903 thé coconut groves (Dupon, productive life span of 30-40 and 1906. On thé high islands, 1987). At thé présent time, it yearsbut usually startflowering inlandvalley plantationswere set can be estimated that thé number in thé third year. Because of up after World War I. On atolls, of coconut palms in French thé last two characteristics, thé planting technique in most Polynesiawas more thanhalved thé dwar^es play an important casesconsistée in cutting down between1930 and 2005. Many of rôle in genetic improvement ail végétation,most probably thé remainingcoconut palms are programs. Nowadays, coconut includingthé few coconutpalms too old andhâve stopped bearing. palms play an important rôle alreadyprésent., leaving it to Thé International Coconut in thé culture, environment, dry out,then buming everything Genetic Resources Network agriculture and tourism in thé before planting coconut palms (COGENT) has been coor- tropical Pacifie islands.Coconuts from another island. Such dinating thé collection, des- are now grown in about 12.2 intensive coconut cultivation cription and conservation of million ha worldwide. Thé Asia harmed thé biodiversity of coconutvarieties during thé last as Pacifie région accountsfor 88% endémiespecies (Dupon, 1987). 15 years. COGENT is a global l of this area. In 2005, 86% of Overthé same period, thé researchnetwork organizedby l thé world's coconutproduction Polynesianpopulation decreased Bioversity International and s. came from thé Asia Pacifie substantially,leading to a loss gathering38 coconutproducing l région, with thé remaining of traditional knowledge. countries. To provide double s- and 11% from thé Americas Thé abrupt socio-economic security conserved germ- for CIRAD has helped COGENT levels threaten thé permanent first database will describe thé 4% from Africa (Coconut changesthat affectedPolynesia plasm national gène banks in to develop numerousresearch loss of important diversity. small islands with an area of Statistical Yearbook, 2005). in thé twentieth century and to promote effective access méthodologies : varietal less than 5 hectares in French Thécoconut is popularly subsequentlyexacerbated that and safegermplasm movement, identificationtechniques using Polynesia and thé Maldives. known as thé 'Tree ofLife'. Ail loss of traditional knowledge. thé COGENT Steering Com- standardizedmorphological IV/ Froman ancient practice Thé second database will deal of its parts are usefùl; thé stem As regardsthé coconutpalm, thé mittee decided to establish a descriptors (IPGRI, 1995); to a modem gène bank. with thé description thé is traditionally used for timber; varietiesthat had been patiently multi-site International Coconut of molecularmarker analysis kits coconut varieties located in thèse thé leavesfor thatchroofing and selectedover thousands ofyears Genebank(ICG) in 1995, con- (Lebrun et al., 2001; 2003); countries. Thèse two databases handicrafts; thé sap from thé by thé Polynesians (Henry, sisting of régional genebanks . création and development will gather geographical, spatheis processedinto vinegar, thé International Coconut of How can a rational ecological,agronomie, genetic, wine and sugar;thé kemel is used Genetic Resources Database strategy be developed for anthropologicaland social data. as source oil and cream, and of . h: and other dedicated software thé conservation of genetic canbe convertedby dessication ; and thé publication of resources by combining an mto copra,a stableproduct sold cataloguesof coconutvarieties ancestral Polynesian practice on thé internationalmarket; thé IV/1. Territorialmanagement (Bourdeix et al., 2005). thé récent progress studies husk serves as source of fibre with made in biological and social for various uses;and thé water sciences ? Implementation of inside thé nut for beverage, Although considérable such researchprojects requires As far aswe know,such a wine and vinegar. Thé coconut workhas been achieved during scientific studies in various shells can be bumed or made gennplasmbank- bas never been ^ thépast 20 years, safeguarding fields of research: territorial mto charcoal and handicrafts. set up on small islets, satellites andcharacterizing important management, anthropology, of a larger inhabited island. From 1870 to 1930, germplasm, especially thé ecology,genetics and technology, Thought needs be given to following thé developmentof to traditionalvarieties, remain a alongwith effectivecoordination thé type management and thé internationalcopra market, of Pressing need. This is made between those disciplines. administrationto be set in place thé number coconutpalms of moreurgent with thé impactof For thèse purposes, two planted in Pacifie islands was for thé variety conservatory, climatechange, where rising sea databaseswill be set up. Thé to ensure its longevity.

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS 53 In FrenchPolynesia, thé germplasmwill be, in itself, a distinguishingbetween «formai» IV/ 4. Reproductive biology consists m compiling what is to encourage thé endémie and conservation conservatoryis to be integrated crucial subject of experiment. and «informai» totally neglects known about thé différent uses végétation,replanting other islets into a complex Systemof joint Thé nature of thé agreements thé fact that thé «informai» madeof thé coconutpalm. For with clearly identified coconut ownershipthat variesdepending proposéeto théowners will vary network is itself structuredby Knowledgeon thé mode instance, according to Hinano varieties? Thé studies will thus on thé island groups, which according to various levels of thé social organization. One of reproductionofcoconutpalms Murphy , a handicraftsman focus on thé identification of thé wasdeduced fi-om observing thé bas been in place since légal and social formalization. may assumethat thé structuring on Moorea makes jewellery sustainableislets for thé gène overlap between thé mâle and beginning of thé 19th century. Gradually, thé performance of genetic diversity and its dis- with black pearls and coconut bank project, thé promotion femalephases inflorescences That Systemof joint ownership, of thèse varions interactive tribution dépendsnot only on of husk fibres. Thé handicraftsman of thé coconut palms as a which backs up an effective approaches,in tenus of success thé type of plant reproduction (Rognon, 1976). Coconuts of had noticed that most coconut mean to fight against coastal social organization, is not or failiire, will be integratedinto and sélectivepractices, but also thé tall type are preferentially palmsgave irregular fibres, with érosion, and inventories of thé allogamousbut show a certain acknowledged by officiai law thé databases.Thé analysiswill on thé social distinctions that barbs, but in one zone of thé végétationand cropping Systems. 2002). degreeof selfmg, which varies (BambridgeandNeufifer., then make it possibleto specify Polynesiansestablish between islandofMoorea, somecoconut During thé set-upphase, Maldives, a basic distinction dependingon numerousfactors. In thé interactive methods which themselves,based partly on thé palms(fewer than one in ten) thé new coconutpalms will be is drawn, for administrative Under thé project, questions were most effective. We plan same genetic sources that each gave a perfectly smooth fibre. plantedin areplacement process relative to thé size of coconut purposes, between thé 200 to intégrale at least 50 islets cultivâtes(Leclerc et al., 2006). Those différences in fibre will underold coconutpalms, unless palm populations, thé number 'inhabitedislands'wifhpermanent into each country gène bank. betechnologically characterized. thélatter are planted at too high ofmother-palmsneeded to make settlementand thé remaining 900 IV/ 3. Genetic resour- Depending on thé results, a a density.Thé old coconutswill up a population conserved on an 'uninhabited islands', mostly ces of thé coconut palm décision will be taken whether only be removedgradually at covered by coconut trees, and IV/ 2 .Anthropology islet,and thé control ofinbreeding or not to add thé smooth- thé end of thé project, once ss leasedout by thé govemment. Thé last inventory of dueto possiblecrossing befrween fibre palmsto thé gènebank. thé new palms hâve grown. 'Varuvaa' was thé traditional coconut varieties in French sibs, will be determined in iai & form of lease, thé amount of Although there is abun- Polynesia dates back to thé termsof conservationbiology. TV/6. Ecology, geography, IV/ 7. Linking conservation which is based on thé number dant anthropological literature 1950s (Millaud, 1954). As far and marine érosion. of genetic resources and l s- of coconut palms growing in on insularity,no studyhas focu- aswe know, suchinventory was IV/ 5. Post-harvest ecotourism thé island (MOFAMR, 2006). sed specifically on what we never conducted in thé Maldi- technologies and markets As ah-eadymentioned, intensive In environmental,cultural For each country, a list call "insularity within insula- ves islands. There is no coco- coconut growing bas been and tourism terms, coconut of 150 «candidate islets» will be rity". It is a matter of studying nut germplasm bank in French In thisfield, théresearch question harmful to thé biodiversityof palms are an intégral part of is as follows: Can thé ancient drawn up. Islets will be chosen thé perceptions, representa- Polynesia and in Maldives. endémie species.How should thé myth andidentity of island coconut varieties be used to that are already planted with tions, practices and right of New inventories are thé current réduction in coconut tropicalcountries. Although they coconutpalms, located less than diversifyproducts in thé coconut accessof islanderswith regard required, along with an analy- planting areas be managed? areubiquitous in thé landscape, supply chain and to increase 5 km from a larger inhabited to small motu or islets, which sis of coconut diversity, using In some cases, should coconut more needs to be made ofthem island and which are, through are generally uninhabited and modem scientific techniques its profitability? Along with palms be completely banished for cultural and ecotourism their geographical position, satellites of a larger inhabitée such as standardizedagro-mor- anthropologists,thé first action from certain small islands, relatively protected from island.As alreadyimplemented phological descriptors(IPGRI, cyclones and marine érosion. In elsewherein Polynesia(Guiot, 1995) and DNA molecular order to maximize thé chances 1998, 2000 and 2003), thé marker analyses(Lebrun et al., of success,a rangeof situations field work will includesurveys 2001; 2003).Field surveys,con- will be adopted.About half of among thé islanders, and obser- ducted with thé collaboration of those islets would be located vations. Représentations linked anthropologistsand community in thé territorial community; to thé functioning of insular contacts,will make it possible a quarter would be located ecosystemswill be documented. to locate coconut varieties of in tounst structures and thé Thé second subject for interest. In consultation with thé remainderon agricultural land. anthropologicalresearch invol- différent stakeholders,a deci- Discussions held will then be ves coconut seednut networks. sion will be takenregarding thé with thé owners and leaseholders Many studies conducted in tro- choice of varieties to be added of thé islets, be they public or pical countrieson food crop seed to thé gène bank. A catalogue private, to involve stakeholders exchangeshighlight that more of Polynesiancoconut varieties as much as possiblein thé gène than 80% of seeds corne from will be publishedalong thé lines bankproject. Thé way in which thé informai nefrwork(Heisey, of thé book "Coconut,a guideto researchers will interact with 1990;Almekinders et al., 1994, traditional and improved varie- thé owners ofislets and coconut 2000). But thé typology usedin ties" (Bourdeix et al., 2005).

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS 55 purposes. coconut palms are Conclusion work in close interaction with it. Island, are also involved in thé Murphy, Lalith Perera,Taraina Pinson, tic diversityof cultivatedtropical plants. Hamon S., Seguin M., Perrier X., Glasz- currently confined to a rôle of Two researchs projects POLYMOTUproject. Through EriindaP.Rillo, Alexia Prades,André Roihau, André Rouzière, Fabrice mannJ. C. Eds.Montpellier, Cirad. 359 p. creatingan atmosphère,whereas We therefore propose bringing related to thé création ofcoconut thé "Te mana 0 te moana" Lebmn,P., L. Baudouin,.,Konan, Sagnard,and Georges-TotiTeikiehu- J.L., BarkerH. A., Aldam C., HerrânA. and theyought to bemore efifectively back into fashion a traditional gène banks located on small association, thé BeachComber Upoko; and SomchaiWatanayothin. E. Ritter,2001. Construction of a linkage illustrating thé specificities islands hâve been recently SA Company and thé Marlon mapof théRennell Island Tall coconut type practiceof théancient Polynesians, Références insular culture. Thé stake Brandofamily agreed to replant (Cocosnucifera L. ) andQTL analysisfor of which consistedin planting each submittedby CIRAD to various yield characters.Genome 44, pp. 962-970. small emblematic Almekinders, C. J. M., and W. De is however to make so that coconut variety separately on French Researchagencies. Thé four motuof thé Leclerc C., Joly H., SagnardF., traditional Boef,2000. «Institutional perspectives on parti- CoppensG. et R. Bourdeix,2006. Reproduire international tourism does not fîrst one, known asPOLYMOTU, atoll ofTetiaroa with cipatory approaches to use and conservation of small islands.By combiningthat desplantes, reproduire une société. Dyna- Polynesiancoconut varieties. A agrobiodiversity,» in Participatoryapproaches disintegratethé local identities, ancestralpractice with thé récent plans thé création ofsuch a gène miquesbiologiques et socialesdes systèmes to thé conservationand useof plant genetic d'échanges.Texte d'un projet « Action de bank on 50 islets of French budgetwill be devotedby thé resources. IPGRI, pp. 22-26. Rome, Italie. guarantors of sustainability progress made in biological recherchethématique programmée » accepté Areza-UbaldoMaria BuenaB., Rillo (Magnan, 2005). In such a and social sciences, we Polynesia. Thé smaller second associationto this activity. In parle Ciraden 2006. Document interne. 15 p. will ErlindaP. and Cueto Cristeta A. 2003.Applica- considered Maldives, local researchersand MagnanA.,2005, Tourisme, dévelop- context, thé coconut developa rationalstrategy for thé Project, named COCODIV tion of thé improvedembryo culture protocol pementet dynamique territoriale dans l'archipel thé Coconut Research Institute for commercialproduction of Makapunosee- in its cultural dimension, could conservationofgenetic resources studies thé feasability of such desMaldives età l'île Maurice. Thèse de doctorat, dlings.Pilipp. J .Sci.,vol. 132,no l, pp. 1-11. of Sri Lanka will be associatedto Géographie,Université deMontpellier ffl, 460p. help to confer to tropical island and associated traditional a gène bank in thé Maldives. Bambridge, T. et P. Neuffer., MillaudR., 1954.Coconut varieties m 2002. Pluralismeculturel et juridique : le tourism a spécifie identity. Thé knowledge. Thé development Up to now,research teams théCOCODIV research project. FrenchPolynesia. SPC Quart. Bull., 9, pp. 35-37. foncier en Polynésie française. Hermès MOFAMR. 2006. Agricultural are Thé fîrst phase of this n°32-33.Collection CNRS,pp. 307-315. topicsofthis studywill bemainly project and scientific studies involved in thèse projects du DevelopmentMaster Plan of Maldives(2006 Bourdeix R., Konan J.L. et Y.P. to quantify thé ecotouristic required will be undertaken mainly French. Four Polynesian Project,iffully implementedonly - 2020).Volumes l and II. Ministryof Fis- N'Cho.,2005. Coconut : a guideto traditional heries,Agriculture and Marine Resources, FrenchPolynesia - including potential of thé coconut palm, jointly. This will makeit possible NGO's, thé Agricultural school in andimproved varieties. Editions Diversiflora, Mâle, Maldives. Available on Internet at: islands - Montpellier,France. 94 p. Partiallyavailable sa and to involve tourism industry andtheAtitia CentreofBerkeley thé plantation of will http://www.fishagri.gov.mv/home.php?cat=agri3 B to rapidly passon researchresults on Internet:http://diversiflora. blogspot.com requires duration of 5 years. Orliac M. 2000. Polynésienset p- in coconut conservation. to thé local islands society and to University, both in Moorea Cedo, MA, E.V. De Guzman and Océanautes,le peuplementde l'Océanie. t

INTERNATIONALJOUKNAL 0F ISLANUAFFAIRS 57 in thé différentcontexts to which (WCED) that was largely définitionshâve been conferred it is being appliedthat should responsiblefor providing thé on thé concept of sustainable bethé central concem" (Jacobs ulture as thé Fourth Pillar ofSustainable normative-conceptual bridge development.However, thé most 1994: 241). This is done with betweenenvironmental concems a spécifie focus on thé issues popularlyemployed définition, and development outcomes provided by thé Brundtland Development for SmallIsland Developing (Langhelle 1999: 145). States because thé Report(WCED1987), argues, (SIDS) of Sustainabledevelopment was pnority thèse countries hâve 'sustainabledevelopment is fiirtherlegitimised following thé developmentthat meets thé given to thé conceptof culture United Nations Conférenceon needsof thé présentwithout m sustainabledevelopment . Environmentand Development compromising thé ability of heldin Rio deJaneiro, Brazil in future générations to meet 1992(known as Earth Summit); their own needs". Another SustainableDevelopment thé United Nations Conférence often-quoted définition of in Global and Historical onSustainable Development held sustainabledevelopment is thé By Keith Nurse 1993; Summit Context in and thé World oneprovided by Caringfor thé Senior Lecturer at thé for SustainableDevelopment Earth:"improving thé quality Institute of International whichwas held in Johannesburgof humanlife while living Sustainabledevelopment Thèse conférences Relations in 2002. capacity enteredthedevelopmentdiscourse within thé carrying facilitatedthé globalizationof of supporting ecosystems" University of" thé West in thé early 1970s.Thé 1972UN théconcept and thé establishment idies (citedby Munro,1995, p. 29). StockholmConférence on thé an international consensus 0 of Amongthé multiplicity HumanEnvironment may be on thé concept of sustainable Trinidad and Tobago of définitionsand interprétations i arguedto bethé first international keith@cablenett. net developmentby théformulation there is a général view that 3 conférencethat broughtthé of such action plans and identifies ecological and à Keith Nurseat thé Mauritius InternationalMeeting (10-14 January 2005) conceptof sustainabilityto thé guidelinessuch as thé Brundtland environmental factors as thé international arena. However. Report and Agenda 21. limitingfactor on development. there is a général consensus l Owing to what At thé core of thèse views is in thé literature that it was thé 0 Meadowcroft(2000) describes thénotion "inter-temporal 1987 World Commission on ofan l as thé "sweepingnature of this conflict ofinterest" betweenthé à Environmentand Development ideationalconstmct", avariety of developmentpracticesofprésent s Introduction ll r ~ % . . he area of culture has achievableif there is harmony (Williams 1983). From this grown in salience in global and alignment between thé perspective even thé construct developmentissues on account objectives of cultural diversity of sustainable development of thé rising share of cultural and that of social equity, needsto be interrogatedbecause goods, services and intellectual environmental responsibility particular conceptions of thé property in world trade as well as and économie viability. globalsocial order are prioritized thé threats to cultural diversities Thé aim of this paper in its vanous interprétations. and identities associated with is to elaborate on thé notion of Thé paper therefore contemporary globalization. culture as thé fourth pillar of examines both thé "culture of Also there is increasing sustainabledevelopment along sustainable development' in awarenessthat thé protection and with thé social, économie and tenns of how it has evolved as promotionofcultural diversityis enviroiimental dimensions. Thé a global agenda and how thé vital to universalhuman rights, key promise of thé paper is cultural arena can be facilitated fundamentalfreedoms along that culture is more than just by thé construct of sustainable with securing ecological and thé manifestations of culture, development. In this way geneticdiversity. This standpoint for example, 'thé arts', and thé paper opérâtes from thé is premised on thé view that should be viewed instead as methodologicalstandpoint that Mumbai ar sustainabledevelopment is only thé 'whole social order' "it is thémeaning ofsustainability

INTERNAIIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS 59 générationsand thé perceived extent that their re-generative productsrather than rights, and needsand capabilitiesof fiiture ability is compromised. (d) conventional générations (Langhelle 1999: économies' inability to assess 133). Critical to this agendais Social sustainability endogenous capacity for cultural, institutional, political thé requirementof compromise relates to thé maintenance between 'needs' and 'wants', of political and community and ecological recovery. hence thé idea of limitations values. Social values and norms, As such thé addition of placed on thé development beinglargely intangible, relate process in order to sustain or to thé "ethics, value Systems, sustainabilityto thé development improve thé balance between language, éducation, work équationis reflectiveof a shift homo-centric and nature-centred attitudes, class Systems" and away from thé narrow concems mainstream économies and development(Galtung1996:129). so on, that influence societal of relations. Social sustainability modernization théories that Sustainabledevelopment also speaksto thé satisfaction emphasizeéconomie growth to hastraditionally been focused on ofbasic human needs within thé thé disregardof other concems clothing, such as thé relationship between an environmentalism framework societysuch as food, Ellis Island (aerialview) thatgives priority to théissue of and shelter. Thé sustainability thé ecology, inter- and intra- ? ecologicaldégradation. One can of social needs and values generationalequity, and social safelyargue that environmentalalludesto thé quality of growth justice (Langhelle 1999). 3 concems are thé comerstone of that occurs in thé economy. This is very much reflected in &s sustainabledevelopment. Until Equity in thé distribution of how sustainable development l rccently,sustainable development resourcesis intégral to social became part of thé critique Culture and Sustainable was viewed solely through thé sustainability.According to thé of neo-liberal development Development l lens of thé environmentalist Brundtland Report (WCED models that came to dominate but as thé concepthas matured, 1987: 54) "économie and thé development discourse in l 1970s 1980s Thé area of culture is 13)points out in his bookentitled this paperail four définitionsare increasing emphasishas been social developmentshould thé late and early often narrowly defined and "Culture", there are at least four useful andcritical. For example, placed on its interconnectionto be mutually reinforcing". (Haque 1999). In this sensé 0 thus made irrelevant to thé contestée définitions of culture: when discussing sustainable social and économie dimensions thé sustainable development i. wider developmentdebate. For developmentit is critical to move of development (Kadekodi Thé main concern paradigmshould be viewedas l not a stand alone constmct but example, in one of thé only l. A developed beyondtalking about préservation % 1992). Indeed, contemporary and criticism emanating publications that makes thé state mind - as in a person mainstream notions of from advocates and theorists partof thégrowth of newsocial of of 'thé arts', "héritage" and linkage between culture and ofculhire', 'a culturedperson'; 'cultural identities' to also sustainabledevelopmentportray of sustainable development movements and thé rising wave sustainable development thé 2. Thé processesof include thé broad civilizational it as a tri-dimensional concept hâve been that économie of discontent with conventional focus "addressed thé social and this development- asin 'cultural notion embodied in culture as conceptions of development development theory and featuring thé interface between économie opportunities and interests', are dominant and that they practice(Cohen and Rai 2000). 'cultural activities'; a 'whole way of life' because environment, économie, requirements to mainstream 3. Thé means and social sustainability are particularly problematic it informs thé underlying There also thé view investmentsin cultural héritage of thèse processes - as in belief Systems, worldviews, 2001). in relation to sustainable is (Bell, 2003; OECD and thé living arts" (Serageldin culture as 'thé arts' and development. For example, that mainstream notions of epistemologiesand cosmologies and Martin-Brown 1999:ix). It 'humane intellectual works'; that shapeinternational relations Thé économie dimension Gottlieb (1996: 27) arguesthat sustainable development co- is on this basis that Jon Hawkes 4. And, lastly, as well as human interaction of sustainable development some of thé core problems are: opt rather than challenge,for (2006: l) argues, "thé tacit (a) thé failure of example,neo-liberal économie as 'a whole way of life', 'a with thé environment. (économiesustainability) rcflects, acceptance of thé arts and signifying System' through according to Munro (1995), positivist économiesto msure hegemonybecause it shares a héritageversion of culture 'has which a social order is From this standpoint it thé need to strike thé balance thatthé sprcad ofbenefits reaches similar foundational premise marginalized thé concept of communicated, reproduced, useful also engage between thé costs and benefits those most in need of them; as hégémonie development is to with culture and denied theorists experienced and explored. définitions l and 2. Under thé of économieactivity, within thé (b) its failure to approaches in that it still and practitioners an extremely latter, thé notion of cultural confines of thé carrying capacity factor ecological costs (e.g. prioritizescapital accumulation, effective tool. '" What Hawkes Most usageof thé word activities,such as 'agri-culture', of thé environment. Economie thé costs of depleting stock for example, concepts like is alluding to is that there are culture relate to définitions 3 and which is oneof thé earliestusage progressshould not be madeat resources) into social debts; growth and efficiency remain several interprétations of thé 4. Often thé frwo are conflated of thé word culture, also relates thé expenseofintergenerational (e) thé view that part of thé sustainable word "culture". Indeed, as and made indistinguishable. to thé sustainabledevelopment equity. Therefore, resources social welfare embodies development discourse. (Lele RaymondWilliams (1983: 11 - However, for thé purpose of issue in that some agricultural should not be exploited to thé 1991;Haque 1999). So although

61 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS example,according to Galtung and is often funded in accord is a welcomeddevelopment and Worid'sdeeEerfDiamond practicesare deemed to be more (1996: 131),when most people bearing rocks found with thé agendaof multilatéral, explainswhy culture is being eco-friendly than others on think aboutdevelopment they are under Malaifa Island, consideredas a key élémentof Solomon Archipelago account of culturally informed bilatéral,non-govemmental and thé sustainable development principally operatingwith oneor (origiaatingup to 6701an pattems(e. g. integratedfarming philanthropiedonor agencies from belowtfaeEaiffi'ssurftce.) framework. Culture should be both of thé following thèses: versusslash andbum agriculture). thé developedcountries. This is viewednot just asan additional And thosewho seethemselves as viewed as problematicbecause (A) Development = beingmore enlightenedon thé it créâtes new dependencies pillarofsustainable development Western development for thé developing world and along with environmental, sustainable development issue Modernization, and raises concerns about whose économieand social objectives mayview 'others'as being less (B) Development=Growth= agendais being served. One because peuples' identities, 'cultured'which hasimplications Economiegrowth = GNPgrowth. for thé environmentalist social analyst,for example,argues that: signifyingSystems, cosmologies and epistemic frameworks movement and how it mobilizes. Galtung is correct, then in shapehow thé environment is If Thèse examples are given to "Global spite of ail thé various théories environmentalism and its viewed and lived in. Culture illustrate how pervasive thé that abound, at thé core, deve- supportivescience corne to be shapes what we mean by conceptof culture is and how it lopment in theory and practice, development and détermines impactsannotions andpractices seenas at leastpartly thé product is still about thé émulation of ofparticular,Westem-dominated how people act in thé world. of sustainable development. thé WesternEuropean Road to cultural traditions and relations of Development(Addo 1996). In power.Thé imposition global This perspectiveon thé Thé other key thing of practice developmentestablis- g to note is that when it cornes orthodoxies and analysis over incorporation of culture into hes a hierarchy of knowledge l différent environmental values sustainabledevelopment présents 3 to sustainable development and a demonstration/emulation and notions of sustainability a challengebecause both words, not ail cultures are equal, effect that suggests that thé thé goal of development 2003). Thé key point being l can infringe not only on local 'culture' and 'development', some cultures are more equal "leaders" know what is best for demandsan increasein energy made hère is that sustainable livelihoods,but also on cultural are complex in usage and than others, depending on thé thé "followers" and that ail that is consumption in developing developmentis intricatelylinked à historical context. freedom,in a deeplydecivilizing interprétation. For instance, political and required of thé "followers" is to countries(a presumptionwhich to thé geocultural construct 0 process(Leach 1998: 103)." RaymondWilliams (1981:87) At one end of thé sustainable applythé formula ofdevelopment is also expressedin thé United of development (Wallerstein argues,"Culture is oneof thétwo developmentdiscourse western faithfully (Aseneiro 1985). Nations Framework Convention 1991). Thé possibilities for an l Thé above quotation or threemost complicated words science is viewed either as thé on Climate Change)." ecologically sustainablefuture encouragesus to viewfhe msertion in théEnglish language". He does cause or thé solution to thé How does this relate to dépend on how "production l of culture into sustainable not indicate what are thé other problem.At thé other end of sustainable development? As When one examines cultures" and "consumption development more than two mostcomplicated words but l thé spectrum, traditional or from indicated earlier, thé main aim thé contemporary development cultures" are altered and adapt % an additive framework. In this basedupon his commentsabout localized, particularly non- of sustainable development context there is much admiration to thé changing ecological, sensé,culture is notjust a fourth development it would suggest westernknowledge is eitherseen is to strike a balance between for thé économie successes of socio-politicaland technological that it is a good contenderto top as 'backward' and problematic pillar to be integratedinto thé competing and conflicting China, India, South Korea and context. For example, Haque well-settled notion ofsustainable thé list. He therefore cautionsthat or romanticized as 'sacred interests, intra and inter- Taiwan which togetheraccount (1999: 202) argues that development. Alternatively, wisdom' and therefore valued generational.Inthis regard,global for almosthalfofhumanity and sustainable development is it is a basis for interrogatmg "What is often thé for its future value. So that inequality and thé development aver 70% of manufacturing "threatened by thé dominant thé meaning and practice of unexamined idea ofdevelopment whenwe speakof thépromotion discourse are at thé forefront of value-added from thé South. mode of developmentthinking sustainable development at its can Umit and confusevirtually of cultural identities, cultural thé ecologicalproblem because A critical concem is that many that emphasizes a growth- any generalizing description pluralism,cultural industries and epistemiccore so that culture of thé uneven growth and thé developing countries are busy orientée industrialization". He doesnotbecomejust a palliative. of thé current world économie geoculturesas key élémentsof émulationefifect that it générâtes. trying to catch-up with thèse also hastens to add that "related to order, and it is in analysis of thé fourth pillar of sustainable Thé following quote from countriesand it raisesthé question this profit-drivenproduction and thé real practicessubsumed by development it refers to Culture as thé Fourth but Langhelle(1999:137) illustrâtes whether thé achievements of growth, therc is also thé diffusion developmentthat more spécifie a need to redress thé global Central Pillar of Sustainable thé nature of thé dilemma: thèse countries can be emulated of consumerist values and life- récognitionsare necessaryand imbalance in thé cultural arena. Development (i. e. is it attainable) by other styles". As Banuri (1990: 83) possible(Williams 1976:104)." " If thé poor nations developingcountries andwhether argues,thé implications of this What needs to be were to consume thé same this is indeed a désirable goal approachto developmentis that: As thé concept of Thékey point beingmade hère underscored is that sustainable amount of fossil fuels as thé given what we know about thé sustainabledevelopment has isthat thé conceptual framework development as practised in rich nations, this would likely level of économie despoliation " While it providesfor a maturedit basopened up thé useddétermines what we see and thé developingworld is largely result in an ecologicaldisaster. and social debt that has corne tremendous(perhaps temporary?) debateforfurtherreflection.This how we act in thé world. For informed by Western notions At thé same time, however, with thèse trends (Nurse increasein thé ability to control

63 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS

ThéBarbados Conférence sought on such nations, destroying and hybrid sites for identity nature, it is also thé causeof a is rooted in thé spécifie values that breaksout of progressivist, to 'customise' thé concept of not only thé "ecological sub- formation, and global inter- myriad of problems including and institutions of this culture). universalistic and dependency- sustainabledevelopment that was System",but fùrther diminishing connectivity from pre-colonial lossofmeaning in peuples'lives, . Self-reliance creating development popularisedby théEarth Summit, thé économieand social viability timesto thé contemporaryphase increasein aliénation and anxiety, (eachcommunity relies primarily thinking and promûtes self- to thé unique circumstances of thèse nations, for example, of globalization. SIDS are thé creepingdisenfranchisement, an onits ownstrength and resources). reliance, social justice and of SIDS. Consequently, this through thé impact of tsunamis most inter-penetrated societies, unprecedentedrationalization Socialjustice (fhe ecological balance. This view Conférence was thé platform and hurricanes. When this especially in relation to global of violence, and destruction developmenteffort should give accords with thé maxim that: against which a Programme situation is combined with thé média, tourism, migration, of thé environment." priority to thosemost in need). of Action was developed as a contemporary shift towards dependence. Ec ologi e al " Thé countries of thé trade and aid Most guide for SIDS to overcomethé libéralisée trading régimes integrated Such critiques call balance (thé resources of thé Third World that hâve a real SIDS hâve been spécifievukierabilities thathinder underthé aegis thé WTO and for an alternative framework biosphèreare utilized in full option to choose indigenous of into global processessince thé their sustainabledevelopment thé érosion of préférencesthé expansionof European-centred for sustainable development. awarenessof thé potential of rather than Western solutions (Briguglio 2006). Ten years économie and social viability of capitalism and are characterized Thé argument in this paper is local ecosystemsas well as thé to their problemsare thosewith on, in Mauritius, a review of SIDS is further compromised. as mono-cultural économies that culture must be placed globaland local limits imposée accessto a strongcultural héritage thé progressmade by SIDS in and societies.In so many ways as thé central pillar and fully on présentand future générations (Fribergand Hettne 1985:220)." sustainabledevelopment ensued. What thé abovesuggests much of thé vulnerabilities of integrated into that of thé (Fribergand Hettne 1985: 220). n is that for SIDS, économie and SIDS are a function of thé ways e other pillars of thé economy, Culture and Sustainable Among developing social vulnerability is not just in which they are positioned in thé social and thé ecological. This framework for Developmentin SIDS 3 countries, thé Small Island a function of small size and thé global political economy Thus, it is proposée that an sustainable development is Developing States (SIDS) are environmental limitations it also and not basedpurely on some l alternative approach to of particular importance for 0- considered to face a far more relates to thé mode of insertion sustainable development developing countries and International consensus inhérent set of géographieand formidablechallenge in realising of thèse économies into thé environmental conditions. prioritize thé following values: especially SIDS. By putting on thé unique circumstances culture at thé centre of thé facingSIDS andtheir sustainable sustainable development global political economy.SIDS CuItur a l sustainable development development was achieved in (UNECLAC 2000). By virtue hâveextremely high commodity SIDS, thé Cultural l of their small size, SIDS are spécialisation of trade, such ». identity (thé social unit of paradigmthis framework allows 1994followingthe UnitedNations Industries and Sustainable constrained mainly by factors spécialisation usually being in development is a culturally for greaterdiversity in policy Conférence on thé Sustainable Development such as high limitations on thé export of low-value-added defined community and thé choice.In effect,what is proposed Development of Small Island natural, human, and technical raw materials and commodities, l developmentofthis community is a non-deterministic approach Developing Statesin Barbados l resourcebases thus compounding which hâve declining tenus of Thé cultural sectorplays % thé challengesof high degrees trade and fetch low (and volatile) a dual rôle in that it is an arena of économie vulnerability, priéesm global markets.Tourism, for identity formation and an geographical isolation and which is thé major service économie sector with growth extrême susceptibility to expert, also suffers from low potential, including its rôle as a environmentalchange. Thé extent levels of local value-added and key driver of thé new digital and (, of économie and environmental high levels of extemal control. intellectual property economy. -ffi f^>-^ yTlijf^ vuhierabilitythat is characteristic Combined with thé commodity Thé arts sector and thé cultural ^ ^L. . ^^! ^4- . of SIDS forms thé principal and service spécialisation of industriesare well recognizedas "''"FIF^TRaw to l*i^»st a ^ ^ft^J'. impediment on thé sustainable experts, is thé géographie meansofartistic expressionand *., e s/ï development of thèse nations concentration of markets, symbolsof nationaland régional , .^ w '^- . ' '^ ^^î,,,t,i, ifal^fetoîid y (Bassand Dalal-Clayton2006). compétition among SIDS for identity. They describethé rôle ^ ^ ",. ' yt OI/Kt^. ^t^^ to thèsemarkets and thé dependence ofcultural entrepreneursand arts Thé economy of most on imported necessities and enterprises,for-profit as well as Ê'^;-,^. UI»^?8!î"; : sri Mr ^^St^ SIDS (e.g. tourism) dépends manufacturedproducts to sustain not-for-profit in thé production, m^ w^^ ^ tt-3ri; on thé exploitation of their thé society (Streeton 1993). distribution and consumption bio-systems, such as fisheries of film, télévision, books, ..aïKy^'y. w-1 and coral reefs. SIDS are also Thèse conditions are not music, théâtre, dance, visual highly susceptible to thé effects inhérent;they hâve emerged firom arts, masquerade, multimédia, of climate change such as a a particular socio-economic and animation and so on. Thé culhiral rising sea level. Hence, natural politico-cultural context. SIDS sector is not just a commercial disasters and environmental hâve long served as "cultural arena, it is an aesthetic and dégradation hâve a dual effect crossroads" and/or plural social space where spiritual from thé 19th century (Barbados)

65 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLAND AFFAIRS values, psychic meaning and groupofSIDS, specifîcallythose world economy.B est estimâtes Figurel: PillarsofSustainable Development bodily pleasuresare displayed, that are known to hâve some value thé sector at 7 per cent enactedand represented.From export capabilities. Countries of thé world's gross domestic thé perspective ofSIDS cultural like Jamaica and Barbados from product and forecastare put at production is an important area thé Caribbean and Fiji in thé 10 per cent growth per annum for investment and a means of Pacifie or Mauritius in thé Indian (UNCTAD 2004) This growth bolstering cultural identity. It Océan are known for their arts is accountedfor by rapid techno- SOCIAL JUSTICE also aids thé diversification effort and cultural industries but still ECOLOGICAL économie change in products, I. Empowerment BALANCE in mono-cultural économies that hâve a trade déficit. Part of thé disfaibution& marketing(e. g. e- 2. Participation are overly reliant on a narrow explanation is that thé table books,iTunes, Amazon.com);thé 3. Social Mobility 1. Natural base traditional and non- 4. Social Cohésion Resource of has data only for merchandise increasing commercialization of 5. Institutional Management traditionalexperts CNurse 2002). trade and does not include trade intellectualproperty, particularly Development 2. Biodiversity in services, royalties eamings copyright; thé shift towards a 3. Carrying In several SIDS thé and eamingsfrom cultural and Capacity post-industrial economywhere 4. Ecosystem culturalindustry sector is making festival tourism where thèse Personal,recreational and audio- an increased contribution to économiesare able to générale visual serviceshâve expanded n GDP, expertsand employment. some earnings. It is also that as a share of thé economy; s An analysisof thé participation in most SIDS thé capacity to thé strong cross-promotional 5 of SIDS in thé global cultural document and measure thé linkageswith sectorslike tourism economyshows that most operate économie flows and experts (e.g. festival tourism); and &l CULTURALIDENTITY with a large trade imbalance, thé is largely underdeveloped. thé convergenceof média, thé ï 1. Cultural Identities exceptionbeing Singapore.Thé increasingconcentration of large 2. Tangible & following table providesexport In économie terms thé firms and thé expansivegrowth Intangible and import data on cultural cultural industries sector is one of of thé digital economy(e. g. thé f Héritage merchandise trade for a selected thé fastestgrowing sectors thé Internet and ecommerce) that l 3. Cultural Industries of 4. Cultural Pluralism 5. Geocultures î Table l: Cultural Industries Experts and Imports, Merchandise Trade, Selected Countries, 2002 l %

Fi'i Jamaica Mauritus Sin a ore POPULATION 257000* 773000** 2528000** 1127000* 2987000* EXPORTS rtJS$000's): l. Henrage icods 3.3 17.6 10,8 3,685.5 2. Books 169.4 123.8 64.5 3,406. 90 349,859.5 l S.Newspa rs & Periodicals 292.5 13.1 141.6 171.9 35,934.4 4. Other Printed Matter 166.4 16.7 12.5 626.1 7,554.5 5. Recorded Média 49.1 66.4 166.4 947.7 1,552, 343.9 6. Visual Arts 220.4 168.9 97.5 934.4 10,167.7 7. Audio visual Média 0.1 3.9 0 73.5 41,443.9 SELF-RELIANCE Total Experts In Core 901.3 410.4 482.5 6,171.4 2,000, 989.4 Cultural Goods 1 Balanced Growth IMPORTS (USSOOO's): 2. Fairtrade l. Héritage Goods 9.5 0.5 0.3 7.3 4,885.9 3. Equity 2. Books 7,479.1 3,219.6 38,202.0 8,209.9 199,171.7 4. Symmetric S.Newspapers & Periodicals 1,891.7 38.1 98.9 2,890.9 26,641.1 coopération 4. Other Printed Matter 878.3 365.2 1,350.0 405.1 18,801.3 5. Recorded Média 4,135.9 1,182.4 11,338.3 2,544.2 170,562.1 6. Visual Arts 1,582.3 559.4 1,485.5 1,090.5 41,989.7 7. Audiovisual Média 816.4 1,105.1 238.2 655.9 177,462.7 Total TmportsOf Core 16,793.2 6,470.4 52,713.2 15,803.70 639,514.6 Culturnl Goods BALANCE -15,891.90 -6,060.00 -52,230.70 -9,632.30 131,474. 80

Notes: Population data is for thé following years, 1995* and 1996**. Source: UNESCO, International Flow of Selected Cultural Goods and Services, 1994 - 2003. UNESCO Institute for Statistics. htt ://www. uis. unesco. or accessed 02/03/2006.

67 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLAND AFFAIR.S concems:traditional knowledge largedistances to globalmarkets forreconstmctingthé sustainable framework can legislate who infringementand piracy and allows for easier production, andcultural héritage; and cultural whereasothers hâve thé challenge developmentagenda that hasthé will get into thé marketor will weak rights managementand distribution, consumption industriesand entrepreneurship. of géographie and cultural potential for greater cohérence proliferate théglobal, régional royalties collections. There as well as infringement (e.g. in proximity to developed market with thé goals and values such or national cultural economy. also tends to be an historical, piracy, file swapping) of While there are many économies and thé influence as social justice, self-reliance Théprincipal issue therefore is institutional and commercial culturalproducts, services and convergences amongst thé of foreign cultural practices. and ecological balance. Thé bias againstindigenous content intellectual property. Thèse to ensureflexibility within thé in thé home market that SIDS régions (Pacifie, Africa, argument is that mainstream transformationsin thé cultural evolving rules-basedtrading Indian Océan, Mediterranean, Conclusion notions are embedded with a Systemsuch that developing marginalizesand chokes off local industriessector is complimented Caribbean), not ail régions culturallyspécifie fi-ameworkthat countries can promote cultural entrepreneurship, investment by thé émergenceof an inter- hâve thé same priority issues. Thé paper argues that holds swayover othervisions of entrepreneurship.Hère thé key and market development. governmentalframework and Among thé Pacifie, Africa culture should be viewed developmentthereby foreclosing concem is whether developing régime in thé following areas: and Indian Océan territories not just as thé fourth pillar thé pursuit of more relevant countries will be able to Thé key opportumties because of thé high level of but as thé central pillar of approaches.Thé paperin effect Harmonization & meaningfullyparticipate in thé relate to changes like rismg native indigenous population sustainable development. Thé callsfor openingup thédiscourse expansion this sector thé domestic cultural content intemationalizationof copyright of of theretends to be greaterconcem basis for this cornes from thé on sustainabledevelopment to world-economy through thé in developing countries, thé régulations(WTO-TRIPs; WIPO over issuesrelating to cultural interrogationand deconstmction facilitate greater policy space applicationa range ofindustrial growth of diasporicmarkets n copyright & digital treaties). of héritage, ethnie plurality and of thé meaning and practice and choice by developing s andinnovation policy initiatives. and networks, thé increasing Liberalization traditional knowledge whereas of development itself. This countriesand SIDS, in particular. interest in "authenticity" and 3 of cultural industries in thé Caribbean, which is one analysis shows that mainsù-eam indigenousculture in thétourism under WTO-GATS. of thé first géographie areas versions of sustainable Thé paper starts from l Challenges and industry,cost réductionsin new & Protection of to be incorporated into global development maintain thé core thé promise that thé value of Opportunitiesfor SIDS digitaltechnologies, thé growth culturaldiversity (e. g.UNESCO capitalism, there tends to be features of developmentalism cultural diversity is équivalent of global média (e.g. câble International Instrument more focus on cultural industries and modernization which are TV, satellite radio), and thé to that of genetic diversity in for Cultural Diversity). andentrepreneurship as a means considered to be thé main cause thé sustainable development f Thé main challengefor émergenceof Internetmarketing a to promote intangible héritage. ofenvironmental and associated debate. It identifies both thé E. SIDS is that of establishing and broadcasting. However, For SIDS thé introduction Some SIDS are also faced with global maladies. this regard protection cultural identities accessto foreign marketsand In of of cultureinto global traderaies new and alternative artforms média are constrained by thé thé problem of isolation and thé paper outlines a fi-amework and thé promotion of cultural î and govemanceis an issueof andgenres in global,régional and national markets that are high cost of marketing,thé l immense concern. In many % oligopolisticstmcture ofmarkets Table 2: Priority Areas for Action in Culture respectsit is a contestbetween increasingly saturated with content from thé main cultural and thé restrictive business Cultural Hérita e and Tradition Rnowled e thé liberalization of trade in l. Involve cominunitics in policy-making to safeguard their cultural he tage, including idendfying practices transnational under exporters(e. g. théUS, UK and of thé what deserves protection and who o'wns it. culturalgoods and services 2. Iinprove thé management ofcultural and natural héritage sites and ensure thé accessibility ofsuch thé WTO and thé promotion of India). Participating in thèse companies (Nurse 2002). héritage to ail and its cost-effective maintenance. a 3. Develop partnerships befr\veen Govemments and civil society for sustainable héritage management. cultural diversity through thé markets are not just matter 4. Support and strengthen cominunity capacities in resoiu-ce management and govemance. competitiveness In this context existmg 5. Develop prograinmes to record traditional knowledge and préserve customary cultural values, UNESCO IICD. Many SIDS of building it traditions and practices. also calls for changing tastes stratégies for ensunng 6. Teach and transmit traditional community values and associated local and indigenous kno'wledge in supportedthé adoptionof thé basic éducation. competitivenessand sustainable IICD basedupon its potentialto andlifestyles that arenot easily 7. Record and document indigenous languages as a means to support their systematic incorporation into school curricula and encourage publishing in mdigenous langiiages. contribute to cultural diversity achievedwifhoutheavymarketing development are inadéquate. and to facilitate more balancée and allianceswith global firms. It is againstthis backdropthat Cultural Industries and Entre reneurshi recommendations forprotecting 8. Build capacities in cultural areas through éducation and training in thé arts, arts administration, trade in cultural goods,services héritage management and cultural entrepreneur ship. cultural diversity andpromotmg 9. Invest in cultural industries to générale ne\v and indigenous forms of employment and exports, to and intellectual property. SIDS are also faced aid in thé diversification of économies, and to reinforce and expand cultural confidence and ties a number challenges culturalindusti^es werc endorsed with overseas commimities. However, thé key challenge with of 10. Strengthen consultadons between Goveminents and cultural industries in order to align govermnent in fhereport of théUN Secretary- policy on culture and trade, industry, tourism, éducation, intellectual property protection and other for many developing countnes that are associatedwith small Généralon thé Strategyfor thé sectors. is that conventions do not and peripheral économies 11. Protect thé intellectual property of small island developing States against piracy in thé music, ImplementationoftheProgramme publishing and other créative industries, and build thé capacity for rights management and patents, généralerights or commitments such as weak managementand trademarks and copyright adniinistration in small island developing States to protect ail forms of Systems, of Action for thé Sustainable créative innovation and raise public a\vareness ofthose issues. to signatories.In this senséthé information shortageof 12. Iinprove institutional capacity for thé advocacy, proiïiotion and marketing of cultiiral products, skilledpersonnel, low levelsof Developmentof Small Island services and intellectual property, including copyrights. convention may encourage more 13. Improve access to capital and crédit, ui particular in thé areas of development financing and market DevelopingStates (UNDESA artisticproduction but it would training,poor manufacturing and developinent grants for small and niedium-sized enterprises and thé establishment of culture 2006).Table 2 outlinesthé key support funds in small island developing States régions. notguarantee space in thémarket. service facilities, uncompetitive priorityareas defmed by plenary Thisbrings thé issue of cultural packagingand branding, weak Source: Summary of Panel three - "Rôle of culture in thé sustainable development of Sinall Island Developing marketing and distribution at thé SIDSconférence which are States" at thé Intemadonal Meeting to Review thé Iinplementation of thé Prograrmne of Action for thé entrepreneurshipto thé forefront Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States of thédiscussion because no légal channels,high levelsof copyright categorizedunder frwo thematic

69

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS industries as valid transition A Cultural Perspective on Théories of Paris: United Nations Educational, Island typical products. sectioncovering thé intégration goals towards sustainable Development" in Marglin, F and S. Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Island conservation and of renewable energy sources Marglin eds. Dominating Knowledge: Lélé, SharachchandraM (1991) development because of thé Development, Culture, and Résistance. "Sustainable Development: A Critical réhabilitation might take into society. Each of thé ways in which cultural content Oxford: Clarendon: 73-101. Review."WorldDevelopment19. 6:607-21. advantage from this move as main chapters starts with Bass, Stephen and Barry Meadowcroft, James BOOK REVIEWS well as islanders themselves. shapesand communicatesthé a technology overview Dalal-Clayton (2006). Small States and (2000) "Sustainable Development: a identity, values and hopes of a SustainableDevelopment: Stratégie Issues New(ish) Idea for a New Century?" Plant Genetic Resources Renewable Energy in and a survey of thé likely society. In this sensé cultural and Expérience, http://www. nssd.net/ Political Studies 48. 2: 370-387. developmentsin technologyin Munro, David (1995) of Geographical and Europe goods and services are not pdf/IIED04.pdf (accessedJune 9, 2006) thé near future and then bas Bell, Simon (2003). Measuring "Sustainability: Rhetoric or Reality?". In "other" Islands Building markets and Capacity mère commodities, services or Sustainability: Learning by Doing. A SustainableWorld, edited by Thaddeus a section on costs and priées (Conservation, évaluation and (compUedby EREC thé European London: Earthscan Publications Ltd, 2003. C. Trzyna, with thé assistanceof Julia K. looking économies of bimdlesof intellectualproperty. RenewableEnergy Council) at thé Briguglio, Lino. Thé Ten Year Osbom. Califomia: International Center use for plant breeding) thé différent technologies, They are critical catalysts for Review of thé Barbados Programme of for thé Environment and Public Policy. and thé support available, in identity formation, nation Action for thé Sustainable Development Nurse, Keith (2003) RENEWABLEENERGY building and reinforces and of Small Island Developing States and "Development: Unthinking thé différent EuropeanCountrîes. thé Rôle of Parliamentarians.http://www. Past" NACLA Journal 37. 3: . expandsthé cultural confidence in Europe In particular, it focuses on cphaq.org/Brigugliopaslides_ppt_media_ Nurse, Keith (2002) "Govemance, achieved of former colonial societies and public. aspx (accessed June 13, 2006). Industrial Policy and thé New Global thé cost réductions their diasporic communities. Cohen, Robin and Shirin Economy: Thé Case for Cultural Plant Genetic Kesources in thé last 20 years and those Rai (2000) Global Social Movements. Industries"in CynthiaBarrow-Giles& Don ofGeograficaI Thé cultural industries are also Ukely in thé near future. Thé ? Thé Athlone Press: London. Marshall, eds., Living at thé Borderlines: and "other" Islands. ^(^ervâfleft. ditiafi6&eassi usa for plant ^ee^nS chapters also look at thé state i worthy of investment because Friberg, Mats and Bjorn Issues in Caribbean Sovereignty and of thé retums that it générâtes Hettne (1985). Greening o f thé World Development.Kingston; UWI Press:75-91. of thé différent technologiesin - Towards a Non-Deterministic Model OECD (2001) Sustainable in tenus of new and indigenous thé varîous new and existing of Global Processes. in Herb Addo, éd. Development: Critical Issues. i formsofemployment, production Development as Social Transformation. Paris: Organization for Economie European member states. ai and experts. It also aids in thé London:Hodder and Stoughton:204 - 270. Coopération and Development. diversification ofmono-cultural GaltungJ.1996. PeacebyPeacefi.il Serrageldin,Ismail, and Joan Thé book will Means:Peace and Conflict, Development Martin-Brown, eds. (1999) Culture in économies and facilitâtes a and Civilization. London: Sage/PRIO. Sustainable Development: Investing be invaluable for policy more compétitive development Gotlieb, Yosef (1996) in Cultural and Natural Endowments. decision-makers at ail levels, Development, Environment and Global Proceedingof thé Conférenceon Culturein platform. Thé conclusion is Publishedin James& James(science international, national Dysfunction: Towards sustainable SustainableDevelopment, Washington, D. C. publisher) Ltd that thé cultural industries Recovery. St. Luce Press, Florida. Streeton, Paul (1993) "Thé and local, and by giving should be viewed as a critical Haque,M. Shamsul(1999) "Thé Spécial Problem of Small Countries". Proceedingsof thé XVII Eucarpia clear, understandable and Fate of SustainableDevelopment Under World Development 21.2: 197-202. How can thé European resource move GeneticResources Section Meeting objective information on thé stratégie in thé Neo-Liberal Régimes in Developing WCED (1987) Our Common Union meet its commitment 30 March- 2 April 2005 towards creating sustainable Countries". International Political Press. achievements of and barriers Future. Oxford: Oxford University to provide a significant developmentoptions in SIDS. Science Review 20, no. 2: 197-218. UNECLAC (2000) Thé Castelsardo- Italy to renewable energy it will Publisher: CNR-ISPAAM, sezione proportion ofits energy needs Hawkes, Jon (2006). Thé Vuhierabilityof théSmall IslandDeveloping enlighten and inform any Fourth Pillar of Sustainability: Culture's States of thé Caribbean. Port-of-Spain: di Sassari, Via Enrico de Nicola l, from renewablesources by thé décision on energy policy. It Essential Rôle in Public Planning: United Nations Economie Commission 07100 Sassari,Italy. year 2020? And which sources Bibliography Summary. http://culturaldevelopment. for Latin America and thé Caribbean. ISBN: 88-901771-3-6 will also be of interest to ail offer thé best prospects for net/downloads/FourthPillarSummary. pdf UNCTAD (2004) Créative thoseinvolved in thé industry, (accessed June 21, 2006). Industries and Development. Paper realising this goal? Thèsekey as well as those interested (1996). Jacob,Merle (1995) Sustainable presentedat UNCTAD Eleventh Session, questions are answered in Addo, Herb, Development: A Reconstructive Sao Paulo, June (TD(XI)BP/13). Thé Volume edited "Developmentalism: A Eurocentric in or studying thé wider Critique of thé United Nations debate. UNDESA (2006) Report by Simonetta Buiïitta, senior this important book, which Hoax, Delusion, Chicanery" In Thé development of renewablè GoteborgsUniversity, Goteborg,Sweden. on thé Global Conférence on thé analyses thé current situation Underdevelopment of Development. researcher at thé Italian Kadekodi, Gopal K Sustainable Development in Small energy technologies. Essays in Honor of André Gunder National Research Council ofrenewableenergytechnology (1992). "Paradigms of Sustainable Island Developing States. http://www. Frank éd. S. C. Chew and R. A. Development". Journal of SID 3 :72-76. un.org/documents/ga/confl67/aconfl67- (CNR) Sassari, represents a in Europe, examines thé latest Denemark (California: Sage):126-146. Langhelle, Oluf (1999). 9.htm (accessed on June 13, 2006). technological, financial and Asemero,G.(1985).«AReflection long expected tool enabling "SustainableDevelopment: Exploring thé Williams, Raymond (1976) on Developmentalism:From Development économie information on thé Ethics ofOur Common Future." International Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture thé scientific community to to Transformation. » In H. Addo. Political Science Review 20.2: 129-149. and Society. London: Fontana Press. monitor and evaluate thé technologies, and outlines Development as Social Transformation. Leach,Melissa (1998). "Culture Williams Raymond (1981) ways which thé markets for (London: Hodder & Stoughton): 48-85. status and évolution of thé and Sustainability". In Worid Culture Culture. Glasgow: Fontana Paperbacks. Banuri, Tariq (1990) them can be developed. Report (1998), specially edited by Louis existing island bio-resources. "Modernization and its Discontents: Emmerji and Paul Streeton, 93-104. Thé book is divided Beyondthis paramount into six chapterseach covering oneof thé main technologiesof -t^ important objective, thé -^y volume opens perspectives wind, biomass,photovoltaics, solar thermal, geothermaland K REVIEWS .... for developing local économie ^^^''"""^^^ïS^ activities based on attractive small hydro, with an additio-

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS 71 -/-~~^]e^, ^

V[ iria Dear colleagues, contributing as a J k^ ^J. . ^. Mrs Karimeh Shomali volunteer to Insula's . . slandsespecially thé smaller islandsvital forces hâve gone? oftheir islandsis in their hands. passedaway last June, endevorsandprogress ones hosting a few thousand of inhabitants hâve been, ofiten Youth Visioning for Island Given its rôle in thé UN leaving INSULA's during thé last three described as vulnérable and Living System, UNESCO was staff and board years. fragile. They are fragile indeed obviously aheadin responding and both their social fabric to thé islands expectation. disconsolate. Thé questionsraised in 1994at We regret her deeply and thé natural environment thé Barbadosglobal Conférence UNESCO's retired and share with her are sensitive to man made on Sustainable Development Thé relevant units in thé science or natural stressing factors. of Small Island Developing sector such as CoastalRégions e project officer, she family and friends States took finally shape and Small Islands Platform l e» offered generouslyher grief and pain. Dependency from far away during thé préparation of thé (CSI), UNESCO's section for n market vagaries, conflicts or Barbados +10 Conférence Youthand other partners such as 0 time and enthusiasm ai natural disasters hâve often held in Mauritius early 2005. thé Lighthouse Foundation or thé hd » obligedpeople to leavethé island youthorganization TIG launched % and migrate elsewhere when A capital questioncame in thé thé project "Youth Visioning hope for a better life is offered. forefront: "how are youth to for Island Living". A process be involved?"... It was clear, whereby young people leaving Young labour leaves first, both at thé govemmentand at in Small Islands, envision how familles follow, old people thé civil societyreprésentatives they would like to see their a project to be implemented Funds,and implement thé actions stay back. Fields lie fallow, level, that no sound future islands progressoverthe coming with UNESCO's Man and thé Island Landscapes foreseenby thé StratégiePlan. schools close up, and a socio- or sustainable development décade, and work accordingly Biosphèreprogramme (MAB), environmental desertifîcation process could be envisagée A new challenge for thé Autonomous Région of INSULA in its turn will process takes place on an for islands without a direct reader may leam more at: INSULA Sicily and thé consortium of contributeto thé organisationof extenuated island landscape. and responsible participation 25 municipalities belonging a conférencebringing together Hôelderlin, thé German poet of thé younger social forces http://www. unesco. to thé Nebrodi Régional Park. 'No doubt, ladies and Europeanlandscape management claimed that islands are gods in thé shaping of thé islands expériences and confront them org/csi/yv/index. gentlemen, that islands more children. -. But where are thé road map to world progress. Thé project aims at initiating a experiment. so Mediterranean islands, are with thé Sicilian gods when island's children After ail , youth represent htm European wide collaboration, endowedwith culturalandnatural leave their home, when thé tomorrow's citizens. Thé fiiture among island and coastal zones landscapes highly diversifîed protected areas, in view of an and fragile, representing a optimal management of their precious common héritage natural and cultural resources. deserving ail our attention... " Thé paradigmsadopted by thé EuropeanLandscapeConvention This was thé first starting promotedbytheCouncil ofEurope sentenceof thé speechaddrcssed offer thé appropriateconceptual by Insula's Secretary Général and operational road map. ^ Pier Giovanni d'Ayala, at thé Council of Europe Conférence Within this fi'ame,our colleague on thé European Landscape Franco Cavallarotogether with Convention held in Strasbourg his team of urban plarmers and (France) on March 2007. expertshas designed thé Stratégie SustainableDevelopment Plan for Thé conférence offered in fact to unex ecte ew thé area.Thé Planwhen adopted DsïSULAtheopportunity to share Il by thé Sicilian govemmentwill Edgar J.Da Silva, member oflnsula's board ofdirectors passedaway a few weeks with a distinguishedinternational allowthe "Parce dei Nebrodi" gathering of governmental ago.We share with his family our deep regrets. consortiumof municipalities to experts thé first éléments of accèdeat thé StmcturalEuropean

73 INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS Thé International Scientific Council for Island tional organisations,as well as institutions at opment. Each issue focuses on a spécifieas- Development(INSULA) was formallycreated in thé nationalor régionallevel sharing thé same pect of islandsdevelopment and culturallife. November 1989 as a non-gouvernmentalor- goals of interests.Through its internationaland Thé membershipfées are: ganisation (NGO) whose aims is to contribute multidisciplanry network of experts and re- . 70 euros for individual to shapeisland awareness and developislands searchers, INSULA contributes towards bal- . 190 euros for institution 'common future, supporting necessarycoop- anced, sustainable development initiatives Paymentscan be made by check (in euros eration and information actions in thé scien- undertakenby island authorities. only), MasterCard,Visa or American Express tific and technologicalfields. INSULApublishes twice a year "Thé Intema- (please indicate card number and expiration Thé aims of INSULAare to contributeta thé tional Journal Island Affairs". Thé aim of this date). économie, social and cultural progress of is- journal is to create a world wide forum ftîr ail Back issues are also available for 8 euros lands throughout thé world, as to thé protec- those who consider islands as an important part each (plus shipping costs). tion of island environmentand thé sustainable of mankind's héritage deserving major attention. Pleasevisit our website \www.insula.org for developmentof their ressources.Withjn such "Thé International Journal of Island Affairs" is more informations about our publications, a context, INSULAcoopérâtes with UNESCO, sent,free of charge,to thé membersof INSULA projects and actions for wich INSULA 's mem- thé EuropeanCommission and other interna- International Scientific Council for Island Devel- bership is invitedta play an active rôle.

Application form for membership of

Surname:...... Firstname:

Institution: r v e

Address:

City:...... Post code:

Country:

Téléphone: ...... Fax:

Email:

Annualmembership: Q Individual(70 euros)

[_} Insitution(190 euros)

Q Supportingmember (300 euros or more)

l am paying thé amount of ...... by:

Q Check Q MasterCard Q Visa Q Amex

Checksare to be madein eurospayable to INSULA

Crédit Gard number-

Expiration date:

Signature: Date:

Pleasereturn this form by fax or mail ta: insula InternationalScientific Council for Island Development c/o MAB-UNESCO House * 1,rue Miollis - 75732 Paris Cedex 15 - France ' ^, ft Ph:331 45 68 40 56 / Fax:331 45 68 58 04

INTERNATIONALJOURNAL 0F ISLANDAFFAIRS Published by INSULA, he International Scientific Council for Island Development, with thé support of UNESCO