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Taranmış Resim Genel Yayın: 3208 BİYOGRAFİ Peter McPhee ROBESPIERRE DEVRİMCİ BİR YAŞAM ÖZGÜN ADI ROBESPIERRE A REVOLUTIONARY LIFE ÇEVİREN SÜHA SERTABİBOGLU COPYRIGHT ©2012 PETER MCPHEE YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS İLE YAPILAN SÖZLEŞMEYE İSTİNADEN YAYIMLANMIŞTIR ©TÜRKİYE İŞ BANKASI KÜLTÜR YAYINLARI, 2012 Sertifika No: 29619 EDİTÖR LE VENT CİNEMRE GÖRSEL YÖNETMEN BİROL BAYRAM DÜZELTÜDİZİN COŞKUN AK GRAFİK TASARIM UYGULAMA TÜRKİYE İŞ BANKASI KÜLTÜR YAYINLARI I. BASIM: OCAK 2015, İSTANBUL ISBN 978-605-332-343-3 BASKI YAYLACIK MATBAACILIK LİTROS YOLU FATİH SANAYİ SİTESİ NO: 12/ı97-203 TOPKAPI İSTANBUL (0212) 612 58 60 SERTİFİKA NO: I1931 Bu kitabın tüm yayın hakları saklıdır. Tanıtım amacıyla, kaynak göstermek şartıyla yapılacak kısa alıntılar dışında gerek metin, gerek görsel malzeme yayınevinden izin alınmadan hiçbir yolla çoğaltılamaz, yayımlanamaz ve dağıtılamaz. TÜRKİYE İŞ BANKASI KÜLTÜR YAYINLARI İSTİKLAL CADDESİ, MEŞELİK SOKAK NO: 2/4 BEYOC';LU 34433 İSTANBUL Tel. (0212) 252 39 91 Fax. (0212) 252 39 95 www.iskultur.com.tr Peter McPhee Robespierre Devrimci Bir Yaşam Çeviren: Süha Sertabiboğlu TÜRKiYE $BANKASI Kültür Yayınları Lily ve ]ack için Charlotte Robespierre, 1830 "Maximilien Robespierre'in, ölümünden sonra çevresindekiler tara­ fından suçlandığı tüm o devrimci aşırılıkların gerçek suçlusu olup olma­ dığını tarih bir gün görecektir. " 1 Marc Bloch, 1941 "Atalarımızı, doğrular ve kahrolasılar diye ayırırken kendimizden ve çağımızdan bu kadar emin olabilir miyiz? ... Robespierreciler ve anti­ Robespierreciler, affınıza sığınıyoruz: N'olursunuz, Robespierre kimdir anlatın bize. "2 Vİİ İÇİND EKİ LER Res imler.·--·--·····.. ·· ·····-···· ······· ··········· .................................... ........ ·····························-···-···-··········-- ·····-··-·--··-···········-·---·············-·-·- IX Te şe kkür .. XI Kısa ltmalar........... ...................... .. XIII Kr onoloji . ..... XV Gir iş: "Yazarların Elindeki Çamur". ··· ······· ·· ··· ··········· ·· ···········-·····-··········-·····-······· -·· ··-····--··-····---··-·- XXIII 1. Bölüm "C idd i, Olgun , Ça lışkan" Bir Çocuk ARRA S 1758-69 ....... ........................................................... 1 2. Bölüm "A şırı Güç lü Bir Başarma Tutkusu" PA RİS 1769-81 ···· ··· ······ ···············-·-·········· ·······---·- 1 5 3. Bölüm ... ... ... ....... 31 "Ne Ye tenekli Bir Adam" ARRAS 1781-84 .......... ·········································-···-·······- . ... ..... 4. Bölüm "B ekarlık İsyank arlığı Te şv ik Ed iyor" ARRA S 1784-89 .......................................................... 4 7 5. Bölüm .. ···········-·········-·····-······· ·· ··- ·············· . .......... ......... .................. ............... ...... ........ 69 "Kazanıyoruz" VERSAILLES 1789 .. 6. Bölüm "A ugeas Ahır larını Temizlemeye Ka lk ışt ık " PA RİS 1789-91 ............................. ......... 87 7. Bölüm "Çok Sayıda Acımas ız Düşm an" ARRA S 1791 ........................................ ...... ............................... 109 8. Bölüm 25 "Ha lk ın İntikam ı" PA RİS 1791-92 ········ ···············---···-··············- ···· ········ ·-·· ·· ····· ·· ··· · ·············--··-······-··--···· 1 9. Bölüm "D evrimsiz Bir Devrim mi İstiyordunuz?" PA RİS 1792-93 .. ....................................... 147 10. Bölüm "Tam Bir Ye niden Doğuş" PA RİS TEMMUZ-ARALIK 1793 .. 173 11. Bölüm "D illeri Değişen Adamlar" PA Rİ S, OCAK-HAZİRAN 1794 ...... 199 viii 12. Bölüm "Dünyanın En Mutsuz Adamı" PARİS, TEMMUZ 1794 ··· ·· ·· 223 Sonsöz "Şu Modern Prokrustes .. ..... .... 243 Notlar ... ... 257 Kaynakça ...........293 Dizin ................... ..................... ..323 Resimler 1. Anonim, on sekizinci yüzyıl sonunda Arras, yak. 1793. Bibliotheque nationale de France. 2. Anonim, Louis le Grand Koleji, yak. 1780. Bibliotheque nationale de France. 3. 'Plan de Turgot'dan, Latin Mahallesi, Louis Bretez, yak. 1739. Bei­ necke Nadir Kitaplar ve Elyazmaları Kütüphanesi, Ya le Üniversitesi. 4. Louis-Leopold Boilly, Maximilien de Robespierre, 1783. Musee des Beaux-Arts de Lille, Reunion des musees nationaux. 5. Jean-Baptiste Isabey, Charlotte Robespierre, yak. 1792-94. Musee des Beaux-Arts d' Arras. 6. Dominique Doncre, Louis-Hilaire de Conzie, 1775. Association Diocesaine d'Arras. 7. Louis-Leopold Boilly, Ferdinand Dubois de Fosseux, 1783. Archives departementales du Pas-de-Calais, 4Fi 270. 8. Anonim, Bon-Albert Briois de Beaumez, yak. 1789. Archives departementales du Pas-de-Calais, 4J 472/9. 9. Anonim, Robespierre'in Arras'taki evi, on dokuzuncu yüzyıl başları. Archives departementales du Pas-de-Calais, 4J 472/93. 10. Departement du Pas-de-Calais, yak. 1790. Archives departementales du Pas-de-Calais, 4J 437110. 11. Arras Anayasa Yanlıları Derneği'nin amblemi, yak. 1790. Archives departementales du Pas-de-Calais, 4J 167. 12. Anonim, Arras'ta Federasyon Festivali, yak. 1790. Archives departementales du Pas-de-Calais, 4J 485/26. 13. F. G. Fiesinger, Robespierre, yak. 1789, Jean-Urbain Guerin'in bir eskizine dayanarak. Archives departementales du Pas-de-Calais, 4J 472/128. 14. Anonim, Duplay evi, Robespierre'in 1789'dan sonra, 1791-94 arası yaşadığı ev. x ROBESPIERRE 15. Eleonore Duplay, muhtemelen bir otoportre, yak. 1791-94. Roger Viollet. 16. Louis Masquelier, Paris jakoben Kulübü, 1791. Bibliotheque natio­ nale de France. 17. Pierre Vigneron, Maximilien Robespierre, yak. 1860, muhtemelen, Adelalde Labille-Guiard tarafından, bir portre için çizilmiş, yak. 1791 tarihli (bugün kayıp) bir eskize göre yapılmış bir resim. Roger Viollet. 18. F. Bonneville, A. P. ]. Robespierre, yak. 1792. Roger Viollet. 19. Anonim, Procession symbolique d'Arras, le 10 octobre 1793, yak. 1793. Roger Viollet. 20. Anonim, Robespierre, yak. 1792. Roger Viollet. 21. Louis Bretez tarafından yapılan, "Plan de Turgot'dan Devrimci Hü­ kümet Merkezi, yak. 1739. Beinecke Nadir Kitaplar ve Elyazmaları Kütüphanesi, Yale Üniversitesi. 22. Anonim, Robespierre Kürsüde, yak. 1792-93. Bibliotheque natio- nale de France. 23. Anonim, Salle du Manege, yak. 1791. 24. Robespierre'in "amentü"sü, 1793. Reunion des musees nationaux. 25. Jacques-Louis David'e atfedilen, Cami/le ve Lucile Desmoulins ve oğulları Horace, yak. 1793. Roger Viollet. 26. François Gerard, Robespierre Konvansiyon'da, yak. 1793. Roger Viollet. 27. François-Auguste de Parseval-Grandmaison, Robespierre saldırıya * uğruyor, 9 Thermidor. Bibliotheque nationale de France. 28. Robespierre'in silah başına çağrısı, 10 Thermidor. Roger Viollet. 29. Pierre-Gabriel Berthault, Robespierre, Kamu Güvenliği Komitesi toplantı salonunda yaralı halde yatıyor, yak. 1794, Jean Duplessi­ Bertaux'un bir tablosuna dayanarak. Roger Viollet. 30. Anonim, "Robespierre, bütün Fransızları giyotine gönderdikten sonra celladın kafasını kendi eliyle kesiyor", yak. 1794. Roger Vi­ ollet. 31. Jean-Joseph Tassart, Tri umvir Robespierre, yak. 1794. Bibliotheque nationale de France. * : İlk Fransız Cumhuriyet takviminin on birinci ayı (19 Temmuz-17 Ağustos) -ç.n. Teşekkür aximilien Robespierre benim öğrencilik yıllarımdan beri hep ilgimi çekmiştir; o zamanlar, 1789'un en yüce prensiplerini dile getirmiş Mbirisinin nasıl olup da 1793-94'teki "Terör dönemi"nin simgesi bir kişilik olarak görülür hale gelebildiği konusuna çok kafa yormuştum. Güçlü birtakım edebi dramatizasyonların öğrettiği gibi, ideolojik ve kişisel ka­ tılığın tehlikelerini gösteren trajik bir vaka mıydı bu, yoksa daha ziyade, büyük liderlerin, hizmet ettikleri ve kurtardıkları kişiler tarafından nasıl alçaltılabileceğinin aşırı bir örneği miydi? Yoksa bambaşka bir şey mi? Bütün tarihçiler, ilgilerini çeken soruları yönelten ve bunları yanıtla­ yanlara çok şey borçludur. Robespierre vakasında bunlar bir ordudur, çünkü yüzlerce tarihçi "Dürüst Adam" hakkında yazmanın cazibesi­ ne kapılmıştır. Onun hikayesini anlatma konusunda benim kendi ça­ bama yardım edenlereyse daha doğrudan borçluyum. Juliet Flesch, bir dizi araştırmayı sabır, duyarlılık ve dikkate değer bir ustalıkla üstlendi. Meslektaşlar ve arkadaşlar tüm elyazmalarını okurken son derece yar­ dımsever ve derin öngörülüydüler, özellikle de Marisa Linton (Kingston Üniversitesi), Elizabeth Macknight (Aberdeen Üniversitesi), Deborah Mayersen (Queensland Üniversitesi), John Merriman (Yale Üniversite­ si), kız kardeşim Hilary McPhee ve oğlum Kit McPhee. Charlotte Ai­ len tüm proje boyunca beni, bir şahsın kişiliği ve fiziğiyle ilgili, heyecan uyandıran kanıt kırıntılarının o kişinin karşılaştığı çok aşırı övgüleri ve nefreti nasıl açıklayabileceğini göstererek şaşırttı. Heather McCallum, Rachael Lonsdale, Candida Brazil ve Ta mi Halliday Yale Üniversitesi Basımevi konusunda cesaret ve akıl verdiler; metin editörlüğü Richard Mason tarafından ustaca gerçekleştirildi. Spesifik bazı yardımlarda ya da tavsiyelerde bulunanlarsa şöyle: Isobel Brooks, Howard Brown, Pe­ ter Campbell, Vincent Cantie, Helen Davies, Glyn Davis, Sophie Fre­ eman, Jeff Horn, Bill Murray, Marcus Robson, Tim Tackett, Lindsay Tanner, Geoffrey Wa ll ve Amanda Whiting. Xİİ ROBESPIERRE Melbourne Üniversitesinin Baillieu Kütüphanesindeki, çoğu, eski bir Fransız Devrimi öğretmeni Kathleen Fitzpatrick tarafından kurulmuş Pitt Vakfı sayesinde kazanılan mükemmel materyal koleksiyonundan yararlandım. Paris'teki Ulusal Arşiv' de ve diğer bölümlerde ve hazineler­ de görevli kişilerin sağladığı yardımlar benim, büyük arşiv koruyucusu bir ülkenin tarihçisi olma şansımın önemini gösterdi. Ama ne yazık ki, Ulusal Arşiv'in son kazanımı, yani Robespierre'in bazı konuşmalarının ilk taslakları Mayıs 2011'de, yani bu biyografi için artık erişilemeyecek
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