CENSUS OF 1981

SERIES 29

GOA, DAMAN & DIU

PART-XD HANDICRAFT SURVEY REPORT WOODCARVING IN

s. RAJENDRAN

DEPUTY DIRECTOR OF CENSUS OPERATIONS.

GOA, DAMAN & DIU

1981 CENSUS, PUBUCATIONS OF GOA, DAMAN & DIU

(All the Census Publications of this Union Territory will bear series No. 29)

Central Government Publications

Part I-A Administration Report Enumeration (for official use only)

Part 1-6 Administration Report Tabulation (for official use only)

Part II-A and General Population Tables and 11-8 Primary Census Abstract

Part III-A & B & General Economic Tables and Part IV-6 Social and Cultural Tables

Part V-A & 6 Migration Tables

Part VI-A & 6 Fertility Tables

Part VII Tables on Houses &~isabled Population

Part VIII-A & 6 Household Tables

Part IX Special Tables for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes

Part X-6 Survey Reports on Selected TownS

Part X-C Survey Reports on selected villages

Part X-D Handicraft survey report on wood carving in Goa

Part XII Census Atlas

Publication of the , Daman & Diu

Part XIII A & 6 Village and Town Directory and village and Town-wise Primary Census Abstract

FOREWORD

The Indian handicrafts are known the world over for their rich variety, grace, elegance and skilled craftsmanship. Nevertheless, a number of handicrafts because of their stiff competition with factory made products, non-availability of raw materials, exhorbitant increase in the manufacturing cost, lack of proper marketing facilities for finished products or due to a variety of other reasons have either become extinct or have reached the moribund stage. After independence, however, a number of schemes were introduced by different government agencies for their growth and development but still this sudden impetus have helped only a few crafts to flourish and thereby become spinners of foreign exchange for the country. Despite the unique being enjoyed by the handicrafts especially in the realm of national economy, the general awareness among the people in the country about our crafts and craftsman had been deplorably poor. Nothing was practically known about the commodities produced, techniques employed for the manufacture of different objects, raw materials used, their availability, methods adopted for the sale of finished products etc. An attempt was therefore made in connection with the 1961 Census to study about 150 crafts from different parts of the country with a view to provide basic informadon on those crafts which were selected for the study. At the 1971 Census, the study on handicrafts was not taken up but this was again revived in connection with the 1981 Census. There has been, however, some difference between the studies taker. up in connection with the Censuses of 1961 and 1981. While the 1961 studies have covered both rural and urban crafts, the 1981 studies have focussed their attention only on traditional rural based crafts. That apart, the 1981 studies besides ~ouching upon those aspects which were covered under the 1961 series, have laid emphasis on matters that are vital for the revival of rural crafts and thereby for the rejuvenation of the economy of the region particularly the villages. This is in consonance with the policy of the government to give due importance to the rural sector with focus on employment intensive

v strategy of development in which next to agriculture, the small scale industries and handicrafts play a significant role. The formats required for undertaking the study were formulated by Dr. K.P. Ittaman under the able guidance of Dr. N. C. Nag, the then Deputy Registrar General, Social Studies Division. Dr. Ittaman who succeeded Dr. Nag as Deputy Registrar General, Social Studies Division co-ordinated the study undertaken in different States/Union Territories by the Directorate of Census Operations. The reports received from the Directorate were examined by Shri M. K. Jain, Senior Research Officer with the help of Smt. Suman Prashar, Assistant Director of Census Operations and Sh. I. P Singh Investigator. I am grateful to all of them for organising this study. The present report is the outcome of a study undertaken on Wood carving in Goa by the Directorate of Census Operations, Goa, Daman & Diu. I have immense pleassure in acknowledging the services rendered by Shri S. Rajendran, Deputy Director and his colleagues in the Census Directorate for bringing out this publication.

New Delhi, V.S.VERMA The 1st June, 1988. Registrar General, India

VI PREFACE

Among the different handicrafts practised in Goa, wood-carving craft occupies the first position and it has been reported to be practised from generations to generations. Furniture items both in 'Baroque' and 'Rococo' styles elicit the admiration of one and all. Although, this craft was recognised for its elegance and beauty during the erstwhile Portuguese regime, it was almost in the morbid condition as it did not receive any State patronage from the alien Government. After the liberation of Goa, the State Government revived this craft and because of the state patronage, tile craft of wood carving is now on the path of develolJment. The wood-carving craft was selected for special study under the traditional rural based crafts. This report is based on the data collected in the craft schedules and village schedules canvased in three villages viz: Chimbel, Cuncolim and Loliem in the State of Goa. The households in these villages were selected on purposive sample basis because of their limited number . . The report covers the various aspects of the craft and the background of the craftsmen, process of learning the craft, manufacturing processes, the techniques employed, the various items produced, marketing of the finished products, employment potential and the future development of this craft. The field investigations were done by S/Shri. M. R. Naik and K. R. Lotlikar, Statistical Assistants and the tabulation was done by S/Shri M. R. Naik and P. R. Gaonkar, Statistical Assistants, Shri. D. V. Nagappanavar, Investigator supervised the field work and the tabulation. The drafting of the report was done by Shri. S. P. Desai, Assistant Director and Smt. Mala D. Kamat, Investigator. I acknowledge the hard work put in by the above officials and sincerely thank all of them for the same. Shri. S. R. Arlekar, Lower Division Clerk, ably typed out the manuscripts.

The photographs presented in this report were taken by Shri Justino Lobo, Artist/Photographer and the line illustration on the cover page was prepared

VII by Miss Yolinda de Souza, Senior Designer, both working in the Design and Development Centre of the Department of industries and Mines, Government of Goa. Shri.Victor Pereira, Draughtsman of my office prepared the cover page. I sincerely thank these officials for the services rendered by them. I also thank Dr. K. P. Ittaman, Dy.Registrar General (58), 5hri. M.K. Jain, Senior Research Officer and Smt. Suman Prashar, Assistant Director of Census Operations, who offered valuable suggestions/comments in finalising this report.

I am also extremely grateful to Shri. V. S. Verma, lAS, Registrar Gen w eral, India, for his constant encouragement and guidance in bringing out this report.

PANAJI, S. Rajendran the 11 the May, 1989. Dy. Director of Census Operations, Goa, Daman & Diu.

VIII CONTENTS Page

FOREWORD V

PREFACE VII

CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION 1

Boroque style - Rococo - Present position of the craft - Communities associated with the craft-Details of wood carved objects produced - Disposal of finished products. Agencies engaged in the development of the craft. Design and Development Centre, . The Goa Handicrafts Rural and Small Scale Industries Development Corporation Limited Panaji. The Handicrafts Marketing and Service Extension Centre, Panaji. Training - cum - Production centres relating to the craft.

CHAPTER-II CRAFTSMEN IN THEIR RURAL SETIING 10

General particulars of villages selected for study. Chimbel - Cuncolim - Loliem - Amentities - Selected craftsmen households and location - Social status of the craftsmen-Demographic profile of the craftsmen population - Religion/caste/community - Mother tongue- Educational level of head of households - Households by number of mebers Nature of relation of mebmers to head of households-Migration status of households with reference to place of birth-Workers and non-workers - Occupational diversity - Non workers by type of activity-Non practising craftsmen households - Marital status - Educational level-Religion/ caste and educational level of head of households - Number of members - Migration status-Workers and non-workers - Workers and non-workers by educational level - Traditional and present occupation - Reasons for leaving the traditional occupation - Non workers - History of growth and development of craft in the village - Services available to the craftsmen.

CHAPTER-III PROCESS OF LEARNING 29

Learnin'g of the craft - Time taken for learningn - other sources of learning the craft-Acquirement of skill - Master craftsmen - Biographical sketch.

CHAPTER-IV MANUFACTURING PROCESS 37

Place of work - Place,duration of work and heads of households by age groups - Distance to place of work and mode of transport. Area occupied and number of persons working therein - Problems relating to place of work - households by place of work, area occupied and number of persons working - Purity and pollution associated with the craft - Different wood carved items manufactured - Different uses of the items manufactured - Average number of items made in a Page month - Raw materials - Tools and equipments - Technique - Nature of work attended by different persons - Designs.

CHAPTER-V MARKETING 49

Marketing - Margin of profit

CHAPTER-VI CRAFT AND EMPLOYMENT 57

Origin of the craft - Households and persons engaged in the craft before 1940 and thereafter - Unemployment - Economic aspects - Improvement in economic position - Reasons for the craftsmen children to continue the craft - Social aspects. The period of association with the craft - Reasons for satisfaction with the occupation - About non - practising households.

CHAPTER-VII CONCLUSION 67

Glossery 70

Bibliography 71 List of tables

Table No. Particulars Page

1 2 3

I . 1 Number of households and population by sex practising the craft, 3 1986 survey.

1.2 Population and workers of the households practising the craft classified by 4 religion and caste, 1986 &urvey.

1.3 Details of training-cum-production centres relating to the craft B located in Goa, 1986 survey.

11.1 Details of the selected villages. 10

11.2 Amenities available in the selected villages, 1986 survey. 13

11.3 Distribution of population by age-groups, 1986 survey. 14

11.4 Sex-wise distribution of population by marital status, 1986 survey. 15

11.5 Distribution of population classified by age, sex and educational level, 16 1986 survey.

11.6 Distribution of households classified by age and sex of head of the 18 household and number of members, 1986 survey.

11.7 Distribution of households classified by nature of relation of members to 19 head of houeholds.

11.8 Distribution of workers and non-workers classified by sex, caste and broad 21 age-group, 1986 survey.

11.9 Distribution of workers and non-workers classified by sex and 22 educational level, 1986 survey.

XI 2 3

II . 10 Distribution of non-workers by sex, age and type of activity, 1986 22 survey.

" . 11 Distribution of population of the non-practising households by 23 age-groups, 1986 survey.

II. 12 Distribution of population classified by age, sex and educational 24 level in non--practising households, 1986 survey.

" . 13 Distribution of non-workers by sex, age and type of activity, 1986 26 survey.

III . 1 Details regarding source of training received by the craftsmen, 30 1986 survey.

111.2 Distribution of persons engaged in the craft who received training 30 from various persons and period of training, 1986 survey.

IV.l Persons engaged in the craft and their place of work, 1986 survey. 37

IV.2 IHouseholds classified by broad age-group, place of work and the 39 duration of work in the craft in relation to head of the households and other members, 1986 survey.

IV 3 Place of work of persons engaged in the craft classified by area occupied 40 and number of persons working therein, 1986 survey.

IV.4 Households owning place of work classified by area occupied and 42 number of persons working therein, 1986 survey.

IV.5 Distribution of households manufacturing craft items by purpose 43 as related to educational level of the head of the household, 1986 survey.

V.l Number of households man! 'facturing handicraft items classified by 50 quantity produced by religion/castel community of the head of the households for the year 1985-86, 1986 survey.

XII 1 2 3

V.2 Price of carved items prepared by the households of the craftsmen. 52 1986 survey.

V.3 Margin of profit earned by the households by educational level of the 54 head of the household. 1986 survey.

VI.1 Number of households engaged in the craft in the villages during 58 different periods classified by broad age-groups of the head of the households, 1986 survey.

VI. 2 Number of persons engaged in the craft in the villages during different 60 periods classified by broad age-groups of the head of the households. 1986 survey.

VI. 3 Reasons expressed by the head of the households for improvement in 63 their economic condition by educational level. 1986 survey.

VI.4 Reasons expressed by the head of the households wanting their 64 children to continue the craft.

XIII List of Map and Photographs

MAP

1. Map showing the location of woodcarving centres in Goa, 1986.

PHOTOGRAPHS

2. A master craftsman at work in Chimbel

3. A master craftsman at work in cuncolim

4. A master craftsman at work in Loliem

5. A sofa with two chairs and a tea pay

6. A front view of sofa

7. A corner view of sofa

8. A high back chair

9. A front view of teapoy

10. Dressing table with mirror

11. A half moon table

12. A clear view of lower portion of a half moon table

13. A clear view of upper portion of a half moon table

14. A front view of cupboard

15. A photo frame

16. A view of top of the wooden box

17. A view of Palki

18. A close up of Palki

XIV 19. A Paat

20. A view of carved door in Shanta temple at Fatorpa. Quepem

21. A door with motifs of gods in Shrl Mallikaqun temple at Cotigao, Canacona

22. A door with motifs of gods and goddesses in Shri Mallikarjun temple at Cotigao. Canacona

23. A view of carved pillar at Mallikarjun temple.Cotigao. Canacona

24. A view of upper portion of carved pillar at Mallikarjun temple, Cotigao, Canacona.

25. A close up of carved pillar of Mallikarjun temple. Cotigao. Canacona

26. carved statue

27. Files of different sizes in use in woodcarving

28. Chisels of different sizes in use in woodcarving

29. Two kinds of Vice.

30. Hand planer in different sizes

31. Tools used in carving

32. Tools used in carpentary work

33. Craftsmen at work on Band saw.

34. A craftsman at work on planer

35. A craftsman at work on circular cutter

36. A craftsman at work on electric drill

37. A craftsman at work on zig saw machine

xv 38. A craftsman on zig saw machine "through and through carving".

39. A craftsman wood sizing on planer

40. A craftsman at work

41. A view of a work shop at CuncoHm, .

42. Wood sizing on electric planer.

43. A craftsman at preparation of a design for carving.

44. A craftsman carving a design.

45. A master craftsman giving a final touch to a Sofa.

46. A carved sofa ready for fixing the cushion.

47. A craftsman busy in joinery proce€

48. A back view of a sofa.

49. A view of the front and back legs of a sofa.

50. A craftsman fixing nails/screws.

51. Craftsman at work in the Govt. workshop, Chimbel, .

52. A craftsman busy in carving different parts of furniture.

53. Different types of lacquer articles.

XVI CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Goa, a major district in the then union attraction to foreign tourists. In bamboo work, territory of Goa, Daman & Due till May 29, 1987 has items like lamp shades and baskets are produced in now been formed into a full fledged State with effect large quantities and it is a traditional occupation for from May 30, 1987 under the Goa, Daman & Due a large number of people in Goa. Reorganisation Act, 1987 (Act. No. 18 of 1987). The districts of Daman and Diu have been formed into a Among all these handicrafts traditionally separate union territory under the same Act. practised in Goa, wood work including wood carving Consequent upon the formation of a new State, the especially carved fUrniture has been the major craft Government of Goa have reconstituted the State of of Goa. Though there was no state patronage in Goa into the districts and talukas under the the promotion of handicrafts during the erstwhile Government Notification No. 16/15/87 -RD dated Portuguese regime, the Portugese had given a new August 3,1987. The State of Goa comprises two dimension in the field of wood carving by districts named as North Goa and South Goa. The introducing the carved furniture in Goa. The district of North Goa consists of six talukas while furniture developed by the Portugese was known as the district of South Goa consists of five talukas Goan furniture. The character of Goan fUrniture under their jurisdiction. wherein the total form of the furniture was retained almost like the West (as per the Luis XIV style) but Goa has a rich tradition and cultural heritage, carving motifs were stylised and mixed up with reflected in its various items of handicrafts which Indian, Portuguese and Chinese motifs in the combine beauty and utility and have attracted the furniture carving. The furniture manufactured in Goa attention and admiration of one and all due to their in 18th Century was exported to the West and other unique designs and craftsmanship. The main princely States of India. Furniture pieces both in hadicrafts practised in Goa are pottery and clay "Baroque" or "Rococo" style are the most famous works, brass work, bamboo work and wood work ones which show the artistic genius of Goan including wood carving. The pottery and clay art craftsmen. efacts especially statuettes are noted for their realistic finish. Attractive vases, pots, water jugs Boroque style etc., are the products worth mentioning under this handicraft. In brass, decorative as well as utility Style, based on Classical example, which items are made. Wick lamps are a special originated in Italy c. 1600 and gradually spread

1 2 through Europe; characterised by dynamic emanatory aspect of Bhagvat Sect. It is considered moveinent, the use of rich, symmetrical, sculptured as one of the rare galleries of wooden images of forms and bold contrasts of colour. 1 in India.

Rococo (roeaille) The famous Basilica of Born Jesus, popularly known as the Church of St. Francis Xavier, the Derived from the French roeailfe ; the term Patron Saint of Goa whose remains are enshrined in describes a style which originated in France in the it and venerated has a wooden pulpit, richly carved, early 18th century and spread throughout Europe. A on the southern wall opposite the cenotaph, on its decorative style conceived at first in terms of flowing three sides there are figures of Jesus, four arabes ques, it developed in the second quarter and Evangelists and four doctors of the church. A in the mid-18th century a more sculptural, volatile well-carved wooden statue of St.Francis Xavier may manner, in which motifs based on shell and rock also be seen in the church. This church was built forms, foliage, flowers, sprightly animals , 'C' scrolls during 1594·1595. and tortuous curves were combined with fantasy and charm. 2 The chapel with gilded, twisted columns of wood with floral decorations where the sacred tomb Goa was under the Portuguese rule for 451 of St. Francis Xavier was installed in 1659 is on the years since 1510. It was liberated on December 19, southern side of the transept in the Basilica of Bam 1961 and integrated with India, vide the Constitution Jesus. The silver casket containing the body of the (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962 dated March 27, saint was made by Goan silversmiths during the 1962. During the Portuguese regime, Goa was 17th century. The interior of the chapel is richly known as the Rome of the East and a central point adorned by wood carvings and paintings depicting of East and West culture, art, trade and religion that the scenes from the life of the Saint.. has influenced Goa to a very great extent. The corridor on the left side of the chapel of Not only the Goan craftsmen had produced St. Francis Xavier leads to the sacristy of the famous carved furniture but they had also made Church of Bam Jesus. The walls of the corridor are beautiful panels of wood carving in the temples and decorated with nine beautiful paintings on canvas. churches in Goa. There are beautiful panels of The door of the sacristy is richly carved and wood carving depicting Dashavataras and Pauranika sculpture of four saints are seen in its relief. It is an stories in many of these temples which go back to oblong vaulted structure. Alongside the walls, are the 15th - 16th century A.D. The wood carvings in kept the portraits of saints above richly carved chest Narasinha temple at Velinga, Mahalasa temple at of drawers. Mardol may be specially referred to here. The Mahalaxmi temple at Band iwad i (present Bandora) The Spanish and Portuguese Baroque and has got a gallery of 18 wooden images Vyuha or Rococo were recreated by foreign and Indian

1. Hayward Helena (ed.) World Furniture: An Illustrated HistOry: published by the Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd., London, 1975 p. 308.

2. Ibid p. 310 3 craftsmen in the churches in Goa from impulses to the neighbouring States of Karnataka and which began in italy and travelled through France to Maharashtra during the Portuguese regime due to Spain and Portugal. Each transfer of a form meant the fear of conversion. It is evident from the facts not mere imitation of the original, but elaboration in that some of the prominent craftsmen in Karnataka new configurations of the feelings of the transformer, who have excelled in the craft of wood carving and added to which were the local sense as well as the have created a permanent niche, originally hailed indigenous materials. Thus it was that christian art in from this territory who migrated to Karnataka during Goa emerged as a unique form of expression of the the Portuguese regime. The unassailable position western Portuguese Baroque. in the lush splendour they have attained in the field of wood carving gives of the Indo-Portuguese Baroque, all achieved in just an idea of the then prevalent state of craft in the more than a century of dynamic development. territory. Strangely enough a rich synthesis emerged in the building of churches, cathedrals, chapels and the No myths or legends appear to be associated incidental crafts of ivory and wood carving, in the with this craft in the territory. hands of Portuguese and Spanish master builders and the local artisans. The resultant architecture was Present position of the craft a Baroque style of unique tropical splendour, unmatched, in any other colonised part of the world. This craft, at present, is mainly concentrated in the village of Chimbel, Cuncolim, Loliem, Pirna, However, due to various reasons, in later Poinguinim, Cacora and .Benaulim. It is reported \ stage, in the past this craft has almost vanished and that: in all, 52 households residing in these seven. only few households at the time of liberation were villages are practising this craft since generations. found practising this craft. It is also observed that a The number of households and population by sex good number of households of craftsmen migrated practising this craft by villages are shown in table 1.1.

Table 1.1 Number of households and population by sex practising the craft, 1986 survey

Name of Name of Approximate Approximate population of the village where taluka number of house- households practising the craft the craft is holds practis- practised ing the craft Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6

Chimbel Tiswadi 14 74 37 37 Pirna 7 44 21 23 Poinguinim Canacona 3 20 10 10 Loliem Canacona 6 32 17 15 Cacora Quepem 3 19 11 8 Benaulim Salcete 7 42 20 22 Cuncolim Salcete 12 76 41 35

Total 52 307 157 150 4

It may be seen from table 1.1 that there are village artisan as well as the expert carver in wood. 52 craftsmen households with a population of 307 Vishvakarma" the celestial carpenter, is the comprising 157 males and 150 females. Of these architect, of Gods, whose services were 19 or 36.54 per cent households with 118 (38.44 per requisitioned for the creation of this universe. This cent) persons are residing in Salcete taluka followed is credited with numerous powers and offices by 14 or 26.92 per cent households with 74 (24.10 and is described in as the master per cent) persons in Tiswadi taluka, 9 or 17.31 per craftsmen well versed in thousand handicrafts. The cent households with 52 (16.94 per cent) persons in carpenter, known in local parlance as Chari the , 7 or 13.46 per cent with 44 (14.33 holder of string, is one of the functional per cent) persons in Bardez taluka and the communities of Hindu Society which traces its remaining 3 or 5.77 per cent households with 19 decent to Vishvakarma. The community of Chitari is (6.19 per cent) persons are residing in Quepem also closely associated with this craft. The other taluka. It may thus be seen that Salcete and communities which are reported to be associated Tiswadi are the major centres of this craft with this craft are Kharvi (fisherman) and Bhandari followed by Canacona and Bardez. of . However, it is observed that these communities are not exclusively associated with this Communities associated with the craft craft. ,Also few households of Catholic christians are reported to be practising this craft. Details of the Wood carving is essentially a craft plied by a communities associated w:th this craft in Goa at carpenter, a term which would include withal the present are given in table 1.2.

Table 1.2 Population and workers of the households practising the craft classified by religion & caste, 1986 survey

Religion/ Estimated Approximate total Approximate number Caste Number of population of Workers households Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

2 3 4 567 8

HINDU Chari 29 176 92 84 47 47 Chitari 8 42 23 19 13 12 Kharvi 6 40 20 20 7 7 , Bhandari 4 20 9 11 5 5 CHRISTIAN 5 29 13 16 6 6

Total 52 307 157 150 78 77 5

It may be seen from the table 1.2 that the 2. Dining set- one table and six chairs. majority of households i.e 29 or 55.77 per cent of 3. Maharaja chair - high back. the total number of households engaged in the 4. Side tables in various sizes. craft belonged to Charis only. Their population 5. Central round tables. accounts for 57.33 per cent of the total craftsmen 6. Diwan in various sizes. population of 307 in the district. The hciuseholds 7. Corner stands. and population of Charis and Chitaris, the main 8. Almirahs. communities associated with the craft, account for 9. Cots. 71.15 per cent and 71.01 per cent respectively of 10. Stools in various sizes. the total households and population. The remaining three communities together account for 28.85 per Wood carving on panels for religious purposes cent of households and 28.99 per cent of total population. 1. Church and other religious structures. 2. Pafkis and mandaps. The table further reveals that this craft is 3. Wooden sculptures for temples. mainly practised by the males. Of the total 78 4. Wooden statues - the biblical figures. workers 77 are males and one is a female. It was I reported that the female was helping her husband in Other carvings for decorative and domestic use carpentry-turnery work. Among the different communities, Chari accounts for the highest 1. Utility items such as mirror and photo frames and percentage of total workers engaged in the craft Paats being 60 per cent followed by Chitaris (17 per cent), 2. Pelmets. Kharvi (9 per cent), Catholic Christian (8 per cent) 3. Carved doors, staircases. and Bhandari (6 per cent). The total number of 4. Flower pots and paper weights. workers of Charis and Chitaris together accounts for 5. Book shelf. 77 per cent of the total workers. The lone female worker engaged in the craft belongs to the Besides carved articles, some of the community of Chitari. Further, it was observed that households of the craftsmen also prepare the not a single person below the age of 15 is reported lacquerware articles with artistic touch such as to be engaged in the craft in any of the cradles, baby toys, vegetable and fruit sets, communities practising the craft. fattali and latni and cup, saucer and mug of different sizes. Details of wood carved objects produced The quantity produced of each of these The main wood carved objects produced at items could not be estimated in the absence the different centres in the territory are as under: of records with the craftsmen. However, it was reported during the survey that quantity worth Carved furniture for domestic use As. 7.50 lakhs of different carved articles and of As. 2.70 lakhs of lacquerware articles were Sofa set containing a Sofa, 2 chairs and one produced in the year 1986. The comparative data tea pay. for the previous year were not available. 6

Disposal of finished products earning their livelihood. Without the protection, encouragement and Government patronage, revival It is observed that the finished products of this traditional craft was rather difficult. The are disposed off by the craftsmen directly to the following are the agencies which have been consumers. Most of the carved furniture being established for the further development of this craft costly are prepared on placement of orders only. in Goa. No agency is involved in the procurement and sale of finished products. However, it is observed that 1. Design and development centre, panaji some of the households of the craftsmen are supplying the wooden statues of biblical figures to The then Government of Goa, Daman & Diu the shopkeepers in Panaji and without any established the Design and Development Centre at formal terms and conditions. The margin of profit Panaji, in 1977 under the direct control of Director earned by the craftsmen ranges between 25 to 30 of Industries & Mines. The main activities of this per cent. However, when the articles are sold to centre are to conduct survey and identify various the shopkeepers, the margin of profit is reduced to crafts and craftsmen, and to impart training for the 20 or 25 per cent. development of crafts in the territory. The centre is entirely financed by the Government being a At present, all the finished products are sold Government agency. An amount of As. 7.77 lakhs within the territory only, as the craft has got a was spent on different programmes during the year conside;-able inner market. The costly items of 1985 in this territory. Of these As. 6.65 lakhs were carved furniture such as sofa sets, dining sets etc. spent towards the salary of the regular and the daily are prepared on orders only. The other carved wages staff and the remaining amount i.e. As. 1.12 articles of household utility such as paat, flowerpots, lakhs were spent towards the stipend of the trainees. paper weights etc., articles used for religious purposes such as bibilical figures of different saints 2. The Goa Handicrafts Rural and Small Scale and the lacquerware articles such as baby toys, Industries Development Corporation limited, vegetable and fruit sets and latfali and latni used for Panaji preparing 'Chapati' are sold in the religious faires and seasonal fairs conducted at the various places This Corporation was established in 1980 as a in the territory. It is also reported by the craftsmen subsidiary of the Economic Development that the local production is adequate to meet the Corporation of Goa, Daman & Diu with its demand for finished products from within the state. headquarters at Panaji. However, from 1985 the corporation has been functioning as a wholly owned Agencies engaged in the development of the Government Company, to promote the development craft of handicrafts in the territory. Its policies and schemes are aimed at providing maximum facilities

> The wood carving craft, as said earlier, is one to the artisans, encouraging production of quality of the traditional crafts of Goa. However, for handicrafts of a wide variety and at the same time various reasons, in the recent past this beautiful promoting their sales through their Emporia located craft has witnessed a fall in its growth. In fact, at at Panaji, Calangute, Dabolim, Vasco, and the time of liberation of this territory, a few number Margao. The corporation also arranges local of households were found practising this craft for handicrafts exhibitions-cum-sales, with active 7 participation of the local artisans themselves in the of handicrafts, (7) introducing improved territory, with a view to boost the sales of packing/packing techniques to handicrafts handicrafts. It also conducts Product Promotion artisans/manufacturers, (8) improving managerial Programmes in collaboration with the All India capacity of educated sons and daughters of crafts Handicrafts Board's local unit in Goa, and that of persons and (9) providing improved designs to other States. The Corporation also promotes the handicrafts artisans. Also there are other schemes sales of handicrafts by participating in the India being implemented through the State Government International Trade Fair, held at New Delhi from Departments/Corporations etc. These are (1) 1981 onwards. It has also participated at the assistance for setting up common facility service Centenary Industrial Exhibition held at Bombay in centres, (2) assistance for setting up raw material December, 1985 and in January, 1986. In addition, depot, (3) assistance for holding exhibitions, (4) it has taken part in the Food Festival held in assistance for bringing out catalogues/brochures on Bombay and the Travel Agents Convention held at handicrafts, (5) grant-in-aid for imparting , wherein the handicrafts of Goa including apprenticeship training programmes, (6) managerial carved articles were displayed. However, according subsidy to primary handicrafts cooperative societies to the authorities not a single craftsmen engaged in for the appointment of paid secretaries and (7) the wood carving craft has approached the providing share capital assistance to primary corporation for arrangements for marketing their handicrafts societies. goods as well as for raw materials. However, the corporation is contemplating to import a better So far as the wood carving craft is concerned variety of timber from Burma, malaysia or Brazil for the centre has provided 2 years training to 6 persons making raw materials available to the artisans at by availing the services of Shri Waman Kasinath Zo, a reasonable rates. The Government has granted National Awardee Master Craftsman from village exemption from payment of tax on the handicrafts Chimbel. The trainees were paid a monthly stipend of locally produced and marketed through the network Rs. 100/- Whereas Shri Waman Zo was paid Rs. 850/­ of the Corporation Emporia. p.m. as honorarium. Besides this, this agency has also organised a Technical Seminar on wood carving 3. The Handicrafts Marketing and Service craft of Goa on 23·24 April,1987 at Panaji in Extension Centre, Panaji collaboration with the Government of Goa, Daman & Diu to discuss the various problems those are faced This centre is functioning since 1980 under by the craftsmen engaged in wood carving craft and the control of the office of the Development to seek the expertise of various agencies to formulate Commissioner for Handicrafts. Western Region, recommendations for integrated development of the Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India, located at craft. Bombay. Their main activities are to Implement various schemes such as (1) providing improved Training~cum~production centres relating to the tools and equipments to the artisans on 50 per cent craft subsidy basis, (2) imparting training under "Apprenticeship Training Programme", (3) In order to develop the craft of wood carving recognisation and welfare of crafts- persons, (4) and to cover more and more persons under the development of handicrafts marketing, (5) advanced selfemployment scheme, the then Government of trainina in cane and bamboo, (6) to promote export Goa, Daman & Diu through the Directorate of 8

Industries and Mines has started paid will be recovered from him/her. This training-cum-production centres throughout the condition is however, relaxable only in genuine territory of Goa. At the time of survey 62 trainees cases with prior approval. were receiving training in seven such centres in 4. A trainee will not do any alteration in different talukas of Goa. The training was imparted his/her identity card and will not use the by an Instructor who is a master craftsman. The same for other than desired purpose. Violation trainees were given stipend at the rate of Rs.150/­ of this will liable him/her for severe action per month per trainee. The training centre was even to the extent termination of his/her provided with raw-materials and tools. The trainees training. who had completed the age of 14 and who were 5. A Trainee will have to surrender his/her identity befow the age of 30 years were recruited directly. card soon after the completion of his/her training All the trainees who were admitted to undergo failing which his/her stipend and trade certificate training had to give an undertaking that they shall will be witheld. abide by the below mentioned terms and conditions 6. After completion of the course, a trainee will prescribed by the Government: have to obtain a 'no due certificate' from the section In charge. It is only after production of 1. A trainee will be eligible for the stipend only if this certificate his last month's stipend and trade he has 80 per cent attendance in a month. certificate will be released to him. 2. Periodical testis will be held after three months and those who fail in such testis will be The details about the location of training terminated. centres, staff employed at the different centres, 3. A trainee will not be allowed to leave the nature of training, duration of training and the training mid-way. If he/she violates this number of trainees undergoing training in each condition, then the entire amount of stipend centre are given in table 1.3. Table 1.3 Details of training-cum production centre relating to the craft located in Goa, 1986 Survey

Name of place Date of Detail of the staff working at the centre Number of Duration of where the centre starting of trainees under- course and is located the craft going training nature of Designation Scale of pay No.of post in 1986 training

2 3 4 5 6 7

1.Benaulim-Salcete 1.12.79 Master Craftsmen Rs.425-700 6 2 years in taluka Asstt.Craftsman Rs.330·560 wood turning Helper Rs.196-232 and wood DAILY WAGES STAFF carving Asstt. Craftsman Rs.30/-per day 2 Helper RS.15/-per day 1 Watchman RS.1St-per day 9

2 3 4 5 6 7

2. Chimbel - Tiswadi S.10.80 Master Craftsman RS.425-700 2 10 2 years in taluka Skilled worker RS.21 0·290 2 wood turning Helper RS.196-232 and wood Workman RS.196-232 carving DAILY WAGES STAFF Master Craftsman Rs.35/-per day 1 Asst. Craftsman Rs.30/-per day 6 Skilled worker Rs.20/-per day 3 Helper RS.1S/ -per day 4 Watchman Rs.1St-per day 3. - Pernem- 10.8.81 Asstt. Craftsman RS.330-560 10 --do-- taluka DAILY WAGES STAFF Asstt. Craftsman Rs.30/-per day 3 Watchman Rs.15t-per day 4.Marna Siolim­ 19-3-84 Master Craftsman Rs.42S-70o 9 --do-- Bardez taluka Asst.Craftsman RS.330-S60 DAILY WAGES STAFF Master Craftsman RS.35/-per day 1 Asstt. Craftsman Rs.30/-per day 3 Jobber Rs.18/-per day 3 Helper Rs.15/-per day 5. Val poi - Satari­ 16.4.84 Skilled worker Rs.21 0-290 10 --do-- taluka 6. Cudnem-Bicholim 27.2.84 Skilled worker Rs.21 0-290 7 --do-- taluka DAILY WAGES STAFF Skilled worker Rs.20/-per day 7. Porvorim - Barc3z 1985 Asstt. Craftsman Rs.330-560 10 --do-- (Socorro) taluka Skilled worker Rs.21 0-290 Helper RS.196-232 DAILY WAGES STAFF Asstt. Craftsman Rs.30/-per day 2 Skilled worker Rs.20/-per day 2

It may be seen from table 1.3, that adequate that Government has provided job to some of these fecilities are provided by the Government to the trainees either on regular pay scale or on daily trainees in various training centres located in various wages as Instructor or Helper in the training talukas. It was reported by the authorities that centres. However, it was not possible to ascertain about SOD trainees were trained in the craft of wood as to how many of them have taken up the craft of carving through such centres. It is also reported wood carving as their occupation after the training. f CHAPTER II

CRAFTSMEN IN THEIR RURAL SETIING

The craft of wood carving is mostly practised in the villages covered under the study. in the villages. It is, therefore, important to know about the general particulars of the villages as General particulars of villages selected for study well as the craftsmen living in the villages selected for the study. It is also important to know about the It was mentioned in the earlier chapter that castes/communities associated with this craft, their seven villages viz. Chimbel, Pima, Loliem, Poiguinim, social status in the social hierarchy of the Cacora, Benaulim and Cuncolim in the state of Goa villages and their economic condition as these have the skilled craftsmen specialised in the art of factors have definite influence in the development wood carving. Of these villages, 3 villages were of the craft. An attempt has, therefore, been selected for the study of this craft where the made to discuss these aspects of the craft and craftsmen were concentrated and the details of the the craftsmen in this chapter. It also throws craftsmen population in these 3 villages are given light on the history and development of the craft below:

Table 11.1 Details of the selected villages, 1986 survey

Name of taluka Approximate village where Number of house Approximate population located holds practising wood-carving Person Male Female

2 3 4 5 6

1.Chimbel Tiswadi 14 74 37 37

2.Cuncolim Salcete 12 76 41 35

3.Loliem Canacona 6 3 17 15

Total 32 182 95 87

10 11

The general particulars of these villages of Salcete in the South of Goa district lying about 15 including the amenities available are discussed below: kms. from Margao town, the sub-division and taluka headquarters. Margao is the nearest town as well the Chimbel railway station to Cuncolim. The village Cuncolim has Chimbel is a small village located in tlie taluka been treated as a Census town in the 1981 census. of Tiswadi of and lies to the east The total area of the town is 19.3 sq.km. According to of Panaji. Panaji is the capital of the present State the 1981 census there were 2581 households of Goa and also the district and taluka headquarters. comprising 12,706 persons of whom 5846 were males The village Chimbel being located on the periphery and 6860 were females. Thus, in this village the of Panaji town was treated as an urban outgrowth of females are more than males. The sex-ratio of the Panaji Urban Agglomeration in the 1971 census and village works out to 1173. So far as literacy of the continued to be so till the 1981 census. The total village is concerned 8166 consisting of 4173 males area of the village is 397.0 hectares. The 1981 census and 3993 females are literates. This gives a literacy enumerated 997 households consisting of 5228 rate of 64.27 per cent in the total population of village. persons of whom 2714 were males and 2514 were The rate of literacy among males is 71.38 per cent females. The sex ratio in the village works out to 926. and that among females is 58.21 per cent. The So far as literacy of the village is concerned 2371 workers constitute 22.16 per cent to the total persons comprising 1439 males and 932 females of population of village in 1981. The work participation the total population are literates. This gives a literacy rate among males and females works out of 36.76 rate of 45.35 per cent in the total population of the and 9.72 per cent respectively. Among the total village. The rate of literacy among males is 53.02 per workers (2816) 22.40 per cent are engageJ in cent and that among females is 37.07 per cent. The agricultural activities, 8.74 per cent in household work participation rate, according to the 1981 census industries and the remaining 68.86 per cent in other is 31.77 per cent among the total population of the services. The Christians and the Hindus are the village. Among the males and females it is 47.31 and two major religious groups in the village. Christians 15 per cent respectively. Further, 20.41 per cent of constitute 49 per cent, Hindus 45 per cent and the total workers are engaged in agricultural activities, Muslims constitute 6 per cent of the total population 1.81 per cent in household industries and the of the village. Konkani is reported to be the remaining 77.78 per cent are engaged in other mother-tongue of a large number of people in the activities. Hindus form the major religious group village. About 76 ~er cent of the total population in the village (71 per cent) followed by Muslims speaks Konkani. Marathi and Urdu are the other (15 per cent) and Christians (14 per cent). The important languages spoken by about 15 and 6 mother tongue of a majority population is Konkani. per cent respectively of the total population of Nearly 66 per cent of the total population of the the village. village speaks Konkani. Urdu and Marathi are the other important languages spoken by about 14 and 6 Loliem per cents respectively of the total population of the village. The village Loliem is located in the taluka of Canacona of lying about 17 ~:ns. CuncoHm to the south of Chauri, the headquarter!> of the taluka. The total area of the village is 4026.59 The village Cuncolim is located In the taluka hectares. The village has recorded a total 12 population of 5040 comprising 2434 males and 2606 Chimbel and Loliem and 8 households were from females in the 1981 census. The sex-ratio in this the village Cuncolim. The distribution of the village is in favour of female being 1071. There selected households by caste/community shows are 2794 literates consisting of 1530 males and that of the 6 households selected from Chimbel, 5 1264 felTlales in the village. This gives a literacy belonged to Hindu-Chari and one belonged to as 55.44 per cent in the total population and Hindu-Kharvi. All the 6 households from village 62.86 and 48.50 per cents among the males and Loliem belonged to Hindu-Chari. Of the 8 females respectively. The village has recorded a households selected from Cuncolim 6 belonged to work participation rate of 31.15 per cent in Hindu-Chitari and two belonged to Hindu-Chari. the total population, 44.41 per cent among males and 18.76 per cent among females. Of the As for the settlement pattern it is observed total workers (1570) 53.95 per cent are that in the vill'!lge Cuncolim the houses of the engaged in the agricultural activities, 4.14 per cent craftsmen are located at Damani wado. At Loliem in household industries and the remaining 41.91 there is a hamlet (wad 0) known as 'Mestawado' per cent are engaged in other activities. Hindus where most of the houses of the craftsmen are form the major religious community in this located. The word 'mesta' in Konkani means village. About 63 per cent of the total population of carpenter. At Chimbel however, the houses of the the village belongs of Hindus, 37 per cent to craftsmen are located here and there and thus Christians and only one per cent to Muslims. mixed up with other households. Konkani is the mother-tongue of a majority persons in the village. About 75 per cent of the total As regards the general economic condition of population speaks Konkani and 21 per cent speaks the craftsmen it was reported that in the past, Marathi. before liberation, the occupation of wood-carving craft was not much remunerative as a source of Amenities livelihood. There was limited demand for wood­ carved articles as very few people with good The amenities and facilities available in these economic status could afford to buy the carved villages are given in table 11.2. In case a particular articles. After the liberation when Goa started facility is not available in the village, the name of developing and came to be recognised as tourist the nearest place where that facility is available centre, thousands of domestic as well as foreign is shown under that respective column with distance tourists began visiting this territory. It opened up the in brackets. It is evident from the table that all the market avenues for d:fferent types of local products. three villages enjoy all the basic amenities and The wood-carved articles also came in good facilities in the fields of education, health, drinking demand. The modern style of living and the varied water, electricity, post and telegraph, market, tastes for furnishing the houses, hotels etc., the transport, etc. wood-carved article created its own unique place amongst the different types of furniture. The Selected craftsmen households and location increase in production and sale in the market gave initiative and encouragement to the craftsmen to 20 households covering 30 craftsmen were concentrate more and more on their traditional selected for this study from the three villages. occupation and produce the best pieces of carved There were 6 households each from the villages articles which were proving remunerative and thus 13

Table 11.2 Amenities available in the selected villages ,1986 survey

Name of Village Educational Medical Drinking Post & Marketing water(potable) telegraphs

1 2 3 4 5 6

Chlmbel Primary Middle and Primary Tap,well Branch Panaji Secondary Schools Health Sub- Post- (7) centre- Office Cuncolim Prirnary,Middle- Dispensary- Tap,well Post, Margao Secondary family telephone,- (15) and Higher planning telegraph Secondary centre office schools loliem Primary,Middle Dispensary, Well,River Post, Chauri and Secondary Primary Health telephone (17) Schools Centre, Family telegraph Planning office Centre

Table 11.2 - Concld.

Am~mities available in the selected villages, 1986 survey

Name of Village Transport Approach to Nearest town Power village and distance supply Railway in km. Station

1 7 8 9 10 11

Chimbel Bus Pucca Panaji Electrified Margao Road (7) (40) Cuncolim Bus Pucca Margao Electrified Margao Road (15) (15) Loliem Chauri Pucca Chauri Electrified Margao Road (17) (55) improved their economic condition. Since this generation should stick up to this craft instead of occupation is expected to have good future going to other jobs to which the yongsters seem to prospects, the craftsmen how feel that their young be more attracted. 14

Social status of the craftsmen respectable status at the fourth place. According to them the occupy the' f;'rst place, goldsmith The 20 sample households of craftsmen the second place, Chari the third place, and Chitari are distributed caste-community-wise as follows: 13 the fourth place in the social hierarchy of the village. households belong to Hindu-Chari, 6 belong to However, one household reported that the Chitari's Hindu-Chitari and one household belongs to occupy a respectable pOSition at the. third place, Hindu-Kharvi community. When the Charis were while the Brahmins are at the first, the second asked about their social status in their respective goldsmith and the third Chari and Chitari. It village, a majority of 10 households of Charis is further reported that in general they have t. reported that they occupy a respectable position been respected and do not suffer any social in the third place in the social hierarchy of disabilities in the village. the village. According to them the Brahmins are at the first place, goldsmiths at the second Demographic profile of the craftsmen and the Charis at the third place. population However, 3 of them reported that they occupy a respectable status in the first place. The The 20 craftsmen households covered under second place according to them is given to the study of wood-carving-craft consisted of 112 Brahmins and third to goldsmiths. Among the persons comprising 59 males and 53 females. The 6 households of Chitaris a majority of 5 distribution of this population by age-groups is households of Chitari feel that they occupy a shown below:

Table 11.3 Distribution of population by age-groups, 1986 survey

Age-group Total population

Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4

0-14 32 16 16 15-24 29 16 13 25-34 24 13 11 35-44 8 5 3 45-54 13 5 8 55-$ 6 4 2

Total 112 59 53 15

It may be seen from table 11.3 that the age­ that by age-groups varies between different groups 0-14 and 15-24 have slightly higher age-groups. It may be of Interest to note that proportions of 28.57 per cent and 25.89 per cent there is not a single person of the age 70 and respectively. The lowest proportion is seen in the above. age-group 55-69 followed by the age-groups 35- 44 and 45-54. The distribution by sex shows that males The following table 11.4 shows the distribution of outnumber the females in the total population and population by marital status:

Table 11.4 Sex-wise distribution of population by marital status, 1986 survey

Age- Never married Married Widows Group p M F p M F p M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0-14 32 16 16 15-24 27 15 12 2 1 25-34 11 8 3 13 5 6 35-44 8 5 3 45-54 1 1 8 3 5 4 3 55-69 1 3 3 2 2

Total 72 41 31 34 17 17 6 5

The distribution of population by marital status and 55-69 which include one male and five females. shows that 72 out of 112 persons are never married. There are no cases of divorce or separation. These include 41 males and 31 females. A majority of them consist of . ~hild. population, teenagers and Table 11.5 presents the distribution of youngsters of 0-14 and 15-24 years. Under the population by age, sex and educational level. status "married' there are 34 persons by and large equally distributed by sex and fall under the It may be seen from table 11.5 that out of the age-groups 15-24 to 55-69. It is observed that the total population. 100 (or 89.29 per cent) are literates marriage age among the households of the and only 12 (or 10.71 per cent) are illiterates. The craftsmen is generally above 15-24 years, both illiterates are reported under the age-groups 0-4 among males and females. It may also be seen that and 35 +. A majority of the population has attained there is not a single female reported to be never­ primary and middle level of education. 19 (32.20 married after the age of 34. There are 6 cases of per cent) males and 9 (16.99 per cent) females widow-hood reported from the age-groups 45-54 have attained primary level of education. Under 16

Table Distribution of population classified by age,

Age-Group Total population Illiterate Literate withouht educational level

Persons Male Female Male Female Male Female

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

All Ages 112 59 53 5 7 9 15

0-4 5 4 4

5-9 11 5 6 3 6

10 - 14 16 7 9 3

15 - 19 18 11 7

20 - 24 11 5 6

25 - 34 24 13 11 3'

35 + 27 14 13 1 6 6 2 17

11.5 88X and educational level, 1988 survey

Educational level

Primary or Junior Middle Matriculation or higher Graduate and above Basic Secondary

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

19 9 19 13 5 9 2

2

5 5 2

9 3 2 3

1 2 2 4

4 3 6 3 2 2

7 1 4 18 middle level this number is 19 (32.20 per cent) and reported their mother tongue as Konkani and 13 (24.53 per cent ) among males and females Marathi. The only household of Kharvi reported his respectively. There are 5 (8.47 per cent ) males mother tongue as Marathi.Thus 12 out of 20 and 9 (16.98 per cent) females who have passed households have reported their mother tongue as matriculation or higher secondary. Under graduate Konkani and 8 have reported their mother tongue as and above only 2 males have been reported. It was Marathi. reported by the households that due to lack of educational facilities during the Portuguese regime Educational level of head of households and the poor economic condition, the members of The head of all the 13 households of Chari the family could not continue the studies further are literates. Of these 10 have studied upto primary after completing the primary education. level and the remaining 3 upto middle level. Of the 6 head of households of Chitari one is illiterate, 4 Religion/caste/community studied upto primary level and one upto All the 20 households of craftsmen belong matriculation. The head of household of Kharvi has to Hindu religion. 13 out of 20 households belong to attained the education upto the primary level. Thus Chari community 6 belong to Chitari community and only 1 head of household out of 20 households was only one household belong to Kharvl community. an illiterate.

Mother tongue Households by number of members Of the 13 households of Chari, 9 reported Table 11.6 gives the distribution of households their mother tongue as Konkani and the remaining classified by age and sex of the head of the as Marathi. Of the 6 households of Chitari 3 each households and number of members. Table 11.6 Distribution of households classified by age and sex of head of the household and number of members, 1986 survey ------_ Age of head of Number of households having members household Single 2 3 4 5 6-7 8-9 10-12

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Below 20 20-29 1 30-39 2 2 40-49 2 50-59 1 2 3 60 and above -----_-- Total 2 2 3 1 6 4

Note:- All the households are headed by a male member. 19

It may be mentioned that all the households members to head of households. There are twelve of craftsmen are headed by male members. Further categories of households according to nature of it is evident from the table that there is only one relation of members to head of households. These single member household who is aged 60 and are explained in the appendix given at the above. There are 7 small size households end of the chapter. Out of 20 households only consisting of 2-4 members, 7 medium-size one is a single member household falling under households with 5-7 members and 5 large size category one. In 2 households there are only households consisting of 8-12 members. A majority the selt and spouse (a couple) and is classified of the head of households are from age-groups under category two, 9 households consist of 30-39 and 50-59. a couple and their unmarried children. They are covered under category three. The remaining Nature of relation of members to head of 8 households are covered under category 12 households otheres. The nature of relation of members to The craftsmen households are further head of households among the 20 households classified according to the nature of relation of covered is shown in table 11.7. Table 11.7 Distribution of household classified by nature of relation of members to head of households

Category Nature ot relation of members Number of Number of to head of household households members

1. Self 1 2. Self, spouse 2 4 3. Self, spouse, unmarried sons and daughters 9 57 4. Others (specify) (i) Selt(male), unmarried brother and widowed mother 2 6 (ii) Self, spouse, unmarried son/daughter, unmarried brother/sister and widowed mother 2 18 (iii) Self(male), brother, brother's wife, unmarried sister, widowed mother 5 (iv) Self, spouse, unmarried son/daughter,and unmarried brother 7 (v) Self(male), unmarried son/daughter, married son, son's wife 8 (vi) Salf(male), brother, brother's wife with unmarried son and daughter 6 ------_------Total 20 112

-.---~------20

Migration status of households with reference to female). Both these 1,1ales are workers and the place of birth female is a non-worker.

It is observed that 15 out of 20 households are The distribution of workers and non-workers by non-migrants in the villages. Their heads of the educational level is presented in table 11.9 households were born in villages where they live. 5 Out of 34 workers only one male is an households are migrants in the villages of whom the illiterate. The educational attainment of a majority of heads of 3 households were born in the rural areas of them, is primary and middle level. Among t.he Goa district and are migrated to the present place non-workers there are more illiterates. Most of the when the family came to settle down in the referent literates are of primary and middle levels. village. The heads of other 2 households were born in the urban areas of Goa district and moved to the Occupational diversity present place for business purpose. They have been residing in the present place for ~ore than 21 years. Occupational diversity was observed only in 4 The head of 19 households reported wood- carving households. In three households, while the head of craft as their traditional occupation and one reported households are practising the traditional occupation carpentry to be the traditional occupation. In the of wood carving craft, the other working members latter household the brother of the head of the i.e. in two households, the brothers of the head household is practising wood-carving. of the households are working as clerk and machanical fitter respectively and in the third Workers and non-workers household the wife of the head of the household is working as artificial flower maker. In the remaining 34 out of 112 (or 30.36 per cent) persons are one household the head of the household is reported to be the workers and the remaining are working as carpenter whereas his brother is a non-workers. Among workers there is only one wood-carver. female worker. The distribution of workers and non-workers by sex, caste and broad age-group is It is thus evident that 30 out of 34 workers presented in table 11.8. have been following the traditional occupation while only four workers have followed other occupation as It is seen from table 11.8 that 32 persons mentioned above. out of 112 (or 28.57 per cent) come under the age-group 0-14. The number of males and females is equal in this age-group. It is obvious that. there Non~workers by type of activity are no workers in this school going age-group either in Chari or Chitari or Kharv! community. A large Table 11.10 presents the distribution of number of population falls under age-group 15-34. non-workers by sex, age and type of activity. These are altogether 54 persons or 48.21 per cent of the total population. 19 (16.98 per cent) of them are The table 11.10 reveals that of the 78 non­ workers and 35 (31.25 per cent) are non- workers. workers, 26 are males and 52 are females. Almost There are 22 (or 19.64 per cent) persons under the 58.97 per cent of the non-workers belongs to age-group 35-59. Of these 13 (11.61 per cent) younger age-groups 0-14 and 15-19 who are mostly are workers and 9 are non-workers. Under the full time students. The remaining 41.13 per cent are age-group 60 + there are only 3 persons (2 males and 21

Table 11.8 Distribution of workers and non-workers classified by sex, caste and broad age group, 1986 survey

Name of Total population Number of workers and non-workers by age-group the caste ---->---_._--- All ages o -14 years ------Workers Non-workers Workers Non-workers ---- -_.-----_- ----_--- P M F P M F P M F P M F P M F

--- .... ~-..... ------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 -_------

1. Chari 72 37 35 23 23 - 49 14 35 18 9 9

2. Chitari 32 17 15 10 9 22 8 14 11 5 6

3. Kharvl 8 5 3 1- 7 4 3 3 2 ------Total 112 59 53 34 33 78 26 52 32 16 16 ------22

Table 11.9 Distribution of workers and non-workers classified by sex and educational level, 1986 survey

Educational level Number of

Total population Workers Non-workers -----_------Person Male Female Person Male Female Person Male Female

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Illiterate, 12 5 7 11 4 7 2. Literate without educational level 24 9 15 6 6 18 3 15 3. Primary or Junior basic 28 19 9 12 12 16 7 9 4. Middle 32 19 13 12 11 20 8 12 5. Matriculation or Higher secondary 15 6 9 2 2 13 4 9 6. Graduate 1 1

Table 11.10 Distribution of Non-workers by sex, age and type of activity, 1986 survey

Number of non-workers by type of activity and sex Total number of non-workers Infant Full time House~hold Seeking Other(Specify) Age-group Student duties Employment Dependent

p M F M F M F M F M F M F

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

0-14 32 16 16 2 12 14 2 15 - 19 14 8 6 8 4 20 - 24 8 2 6 3 2 25 - 29 6 6 3 30 ··39 7 7 7 40 - 49 5 5 5 50 - 59 4 4 2 2 60+ 2 2 1 23 distributed between age-groups 20-24 and 60 + . It may be seen that among the 2 male non-workers in 2 3 4 the age-group 20-24, one is a student and the other is seeking employment. In the rest of the. age­ 30 - 34 1 groups almost all are female non-workers, a majority 35 - 44 3 2 of whom are attending to household duties. In all, 45 -54 2 5 non-workers are reported to be seeking 55 - 69 2 2 employment. Of these, one is a male in the age­ 70 + 2 2 group 20-24 and the remaining 4 are females in the age-groups 15-19 (1), 20-24 (2) and 25-29 (1). Total 24 15 9

Non practising craftsmen households Marital status Apart from the demographic data collected on the craftsmen practising the traditional craft of wood As for the marital status of the carving, similar information was also collected in non-practising households population is concerned it respect of craftsmen who have left the age-old is stated that 14 out of 24 are never married. These traditional occupation of wood-carving craft and are 10 males and 4 females belonging to age-group taken up some other occupations. In all 5 0-4 to 25-29. There are 8 persons (4 males and 4 non-practising households were selected for the females) who were married. They are between study, 2 each from village Chimbel and Cuncolim age-groups 30- 34 to 70 + . It may be interesting to and one from the village Loliem. These 5 note that all the never married population is households have in all 24 persons. 15 males and 9 distributed between age-groups 0-4 to 25-29 and not females. The distribution of this popultation by a single never married is found above the age of age-group shown in table 11.11 needs no elaboration. 30. There are 2 widowed persons one female in age-group 55-69 and one male in age-group 70 + . Table 11.11 Distribution of population of the non-practising Educational level households by age-group, 1986 survey The table 11.12 shows the distribution of Age-group Population population by age, sex and education level.

Persons Males Females It may be seen from the table ".12 that 19 or 79.17 per cent of the non-practising 2 3 4 households population of craftsmen are literates

--~.-~~------and the remaining 5 or 20.83 per cent are 0-4 illiterates. The educational attainment of a majority 5-9 2 2 of males and females is primary or junior basic and 10 - 14 3 1 2 middle level. There are only 2 males and one 15 ·19 4 3 female who have studied upto matriculation or 20 - 24 2 1 higher secondary. The age wise details in the table 25 - 29 2 2 is self-explanatory_ 24

Table 11.12 Distribution of population classified by age, sex and educational level In non-practising households, 1986 survey

Educational level

Age.group Total population Illiterate Uterate with- Primary or Middle Matriculation out educatl- Junior basic or Higher anal level Secondary

-----~- -_---_- ~-----~~-- P M F M F M F M F M F M F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10 11 12 13 14

------~-

All ages 24 15 9 2 3 4 3 7 2 2 0-4 1 1 5-9 2 2 2 10 - 14 3 1 2 2 1 15 - 19 4 3 1 3 20 - 24 2 1 25 - 34 3 2 1 35 + 9 5 4 3 2 2

Religion/caste and educational level of head of As regards nature of relation of different members to households the head of the households there are 3 households eaCh consisting of self, spouse and their unmarried Of the 5 head of households 2 belong sons and daughters. They altogether constitute 14 to Hindu- Chari community of the Vishwakarma members. One household of 7 members consist of Panchal Gotra and 3 to Hindu-Chitari community self, spouse, unmarrierl sons and daughters and a of the Vishwamitra Gotra. All the five households widowed father. The remaining one household are headed by a male member each. The head consists of self (male), his unmarried brother and of two Chari households have studied upto widowed mother. middle level and one each of 3 households of Chitari has studied upto primary, middle and Migration status matriculation or higher secondary respectively. All the 5 households are non-migrants in Number of members their respective villages i.e. their place of birth is the same village where they are living. The traditional There are two 3 member households, one 4 occupation of both the Chari and Chitari households member household and two 6-7 member household. was in fact wood craft or wood- carving. However, 25

they are not practising it now and have taken among the non-practising households. Although up some other jobs which are discussed hereafter. wood carving craft was their ancestral traditional occupation as reported by them, it Workers and non-workers is not practised now. At present the head of Out of 24 persons only 5 (20.83 per one household has taken up carpentry work in cent) are workers and the remaining 19 (79.17 building construction, another a blacksmithy, the per cent) are non-workers. Among the third is a government servant working as basic workers 3 (2 males and 1 female) are belonging health worker in a Primary Helth Centre of to Chari community and 2 (both males) to Chitari Goa Government, the fourth one is a government community. All of them are from age-group 15-59. primary teacher and the head of the fifth household who is a female is working as Of the 19 non-workers 12 (7 males and 5 sampler in Cashew factory. ,- females) are belonging to Chitari community and 7 (4 males and 3 females) to Chari community. Reasons for leaving the traditional occupation A majority of them are from age- groups 0-14 and 60 + among the Chitaris and Charis both. It was reported by the head of three households that the traditional occupation of Workers and non-workers by educational level wood-carving craft was 110t economically gainful to them as such they had to leave it and find Among 5 workers 3 males have studied upto other jobs due to which their economic conditions middle level and one male and female each have have subsequently improved. One head of the attained educational level upto matriculation. household left the occupation on a ground that he Among 19 non-workers 5 (2 males and 3 females) was not interested in this occupation and the are illiterates. Of the 14 literates 7 (4 males and 3 remaining one reported the reason for leaving the females) have passed primary, 6 (4 males and 2 craft as he found better prospects in another females) have passed middle level and one male occupation. has passed matriculation. Non-workers Traditional and present occupation Table 11.13 presents the distribution of non­ All the head of the households are workers workers by sex, age and type of activity. 26

Table II. 13 Distribution of non-workers by sex, age and type of activity, 1986 survey

Number of non-workers by type of activity and sex Age-group Number of non-workers Infant Full time House-hold Seeking Other(Specify) Student duties Employment Dependent

p M F M F M F M F M F M F

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

-----....-~----

0-14 6 4 2 3 2 15 - 19 3 3 3 20 - 24 25 - 29 2 2 30 - 39 2 2 2 40 - 49 1 50 - 59 60+ 4 2 2 2 2

Total 19 11 8 6 2 6 4

The non-workers are distributed according to practised by their ancestors and is continued from 3 type of activity into full time student, household to 4 generations. It was further reported that in the duty, dependent and seeking employment. 6 males past this art was known only to Chari and Chitari and 2 females in the age-group 0-19 are reported to community. But, how these communities came to be students. There are 6 females who are engaged be associated with the craft is not known to any in household duties. One male in age-group 25-29 craftsmen practising this craft. Until the Portuguese is seeking employment and 4 males are dependents. ruled over this territory this craft seemed to be a monopoly of the Chari's and Chitari's in Goa. History of growtt'l and development of craft in the Although wood-carving was a traditional craft of village Goa, the craftsmen did not get required encouragement during the Portuguese rule. During the time of slirvey an attempt was However, after the liberation, the Government of made to collect information on history and growth Goa, Daman & Diu strated giving encouragement to of craft in the villages and where and by whom the the craft and in order to provide technical training to craft was originated. Responses to the query have, artisans established a number of training centres at however, flot yielded satisfactory results. None of various places in Goa. At present a number of the craftsmen couid give substaintial details on this artisans including women are receiving technical 5ubjact They only reportad !hat the craft has been training in these centres. 27

It is observed that in two centres viz. Siolim and Mines. The main activities of this centre are to and Cudnem the persons belonging to scheduled conduct survey and indentify various crafts and castes and scheduled tribes are also receiving craftsmen and to impart training to the craftsmen for training. This has given opportunity to other the development of the craft. The other agencies caste/community artisans to learn this craft. In view engaged are the Goa Handicrafts Rural and Small of the this situation the wood-carving/craft in course Scale Industries Development Corporation Limited of time may not remain as a monopoly of the established in 1980 and the Handicraft3 Marketing traditional craftsmen of Goa. Services Extension Centre functioning at Panaji since 1980. There are about 7 Services availabe to the craftsmen training-cum-production centres. They are located at Benaulim, Chimbel, Pernem, Siolim, Valpoi, In order to boost the growth and development Cudnern and Porvorim. It was reported that about of the craft in this state, the government has 500 persons have received training in craft of established a number of training cum-production wood-carving through these centres. Besides centres at various places where this craft has been these, Shri Warnan Zo, a master craftsman at concentrated. The government has established the Chimbel and Shri Chari also a master Design and Development Centre at Panaji in 1977 craftsman at Cuncolim give training in wood carving under the direct control of the Director of Industrie,s to the younger craftsmen. 28

APPENDIX

Nature of relation of members to head of household.

1. Self.

2. Self, Spouse.

3. Self, spouse, unmarried sons and daughters.

4. Self, spouse, married son and son's wife with or without unmarried sons and daughters.

5. Self, spouse, married brother, brother's wife with or without unmarried sons and daughters.

6. Self, spouse, married brother, brother's wife, married son, son's wife with/without unmarried son/or and daughter.

7. Self(male), unmarried son/daughter.

8. Self(femalp.), unmarried son/daughter.

9. Self, spouse with or without unmarried son/daughter and widowed father.

10. Self, spouse, with or without unmarried son/daughter and widowed mother.

11. Self(maie), unmarried brother/sister.

12. Others (specifyJ. CHAPTER III

PROCESS OF LEARNING

Wood carving being a traditional craft has been concerned, it i& learnt that the craftsmen pass on their practised in Goa from generations to generations. In knowledge to the younger generation generally at a the families, where this craft has been practised, the young age. The knowledge of the craft is also craftsmen have inherited the art from their elders. In passed on to the near relatives. In earlier days the earilier days or during the Portuguese regime, fathers were considered as duty bound to there was no formal training centre or institution for teach their sons a trade or a craft. The information imparting technical training in this craft in Goa as it is collected during the survey about the source of existing now. training received by the craftsmen is presented in table III.J The study on wood-carving craft was undertaken in 20 households consisting of 30 It is evident from table 111.1 as many as 24 of craftsmen. Almost about one half of these craftsmen the 30 craftsmen received the training of this craft Le. 14 are practising this craft for more than 20 years. from their father, 2 each from brother and maternal Of the remaining 16 craftsmen, 8 are practising this uncle and the remaining 2 from other than their kin. craft for 10-19 years, one is practising for 5-9 years Further, most of the craftsmen have reported that they and 7 are practisign for less than 5 years. It is further acquired this training at a young age between 10 to observed that of the 30 persons practising this craft 18 years. The training broadly covered the various 19 are reported to be the head of the households, 5 aspects of carpentry work starting from the selection are related to head as son and 6 as brother. Again of wood, wood sizing/turning and drawing of designs the head of the households only are practising the Le. floral, animal motif, scenery etc., sketching out craft in 13 households, the head alongwith son/sons rough design, broad carving of design in the first are practising in 4 households and the head alongwith instance by hand with the help of chisels, cutting the brother/bro(hers are practising in 2 households and design, fine carving with different chisels to give fine while the head is engaged in carpentry work, his shape to carving, joinery process, filing and finally brother is practising the craft of wood carving in one polishing. household. Time taken for learning Learning of the craft The time taken in learning the complete So far as the process of learning of the craft is technique/skill of the craft normally depends upon

29 30

Table 111.1 Details regarding source of training received by the craftsmen, 1986 survey

Relation with Training received from Total head of household Fathher Brother Maternal Unrelated Uncle persons

2 3 4 5 6

Self 16 2 19 Son 5 5 Brother 3 2 6

Total 24 2 2 2 30

Table 111.2 Distribution of persons engaged in the craft who received training from various persons and period of training, 1986 survey

Persons from whom Training period Total training received 1 to 2 2 years years and above

2 3 4

Father 23 24 Brother 2 2 Maternal uncle 2 2 Unrelated 1 2

Total 2 28 30 31 one's Interest and patience in learning the art. As made about Shri Waman Kashinath Zo, a famous wood carving being an age-old occupation which is master craftsman from Chimbel village and a Inherited from the ancestors from generation to recipient of National Award for his excellence in generation It did not take longer time to aquire the 'Ivory work' in 1968-69, had an honour to receive two skill of the craft under the experienced hands of the years training in the craft at 'Escola Belas Arts' in father or brother or other kins. The above table 111.2 Lisbon (Portugal) during 1958-60 i.e. before the shows the distribution of persons engaged in the liberation of this territory. He was sponsered by craft who received training from various persons and 'Academia de Muslca de Belas Arts, Pangim,' the period of training. (Panaji) during the Portugues~ regime. He was paid Rs. 250/- p.m. during the period of his training. The It may be seen from table 111.2 that 28 out of 30 carved furnitures prepared by him were sent to craftsmen received training for more than two years America, Germany and Portugal during the while the remaining, two received. It for about one to Portuguese regime. Shrl Kamalaka,r Vasudeo Chitari two years. Further, 23 craftsmen who received also, a master craftsman from Cuncolim received two training from father took about two to three years to mon!hs training In this. craft at Regional Design understand the complete technique and process of Development Centre Bangalore in 1964. He was the craft. Similarly 2 craftsm~n each who received sponsored by the Directorate of Industries and Mines training from brother and maternal uncle also took of the Govt. of Goa, Daman & Diu. He received an about two to three years to learn the craft. One amount of Rs. 100/-p.m. during the' period of training. person each received training from father and other One craftsman from Chimbel received 2 years than the kin took about two years to possess the training from Shrl Waman Kashinath Zo, a master , , reqUIred knowledge of the craft while the remaining craftsman at Chimbel. He was paid Rs. 70/- p.m as one person who received training from other than kin remuneration during the period of training. Of the took two years to learn the complete process and two craftsman from Loliem one received one year skill of the craft. Thus it may be seen that the training from Shri Jayappa Chitari, a master minimum period taken to acquire the complete craftsman and the other one received 2 years technique and skill of the craft by most of the training from Shri Waman Kashinath Zo at Chimbel. craftsmen is about two years. Further. as most of the Both of them were paid Rs.150/- p.m. as craftsmen received the training from their kins the remuneration. No specific terms and conditions question of payment of remuneration did not arise. were prescribed for receiving trafning besides the However, one person who received training from payment of remuneration. Most of the craftsmen maternal uncle was paid Rs. 120 per month as were of the opinion that the training received from remuneration. Also another person who received the elders was adequate to take up the work with training from the person other than his kin was paid confidence. However, one craftsman reported that Rs.150/- per month as remuneration. he is in need of receiving still better training in the craft. They have expressed thei~ happiness about Other source of learning the craft the steps taken by the Government of Goa, Daman and Diu to impart the training for wood craft Besides the training received from father, including wood carving in different talukas of Goa brother, mother's broth.er etc., the study reveals that district. They are very much -hopeful about the some of the craftsman have also received some further development and growth of this ancient and additional training in the craft. A mention may be famous craft of the territory. They also feel that this 32 is a step towards bringing the persons of other Village l.oliem communities within the fold of this craft. The important knowledge one could acquire from the 1. Shri Shivanand Vasudeo Chari, age-42 training classes organised by the Government is the 2. Shrl Sudhakar Vasudeo Chari, age-34 uses of improved tools, the scientific technique in cutting and sizing the wood to avoid wastage. This Village Cuncolim will help the craftsmen in reducing the time taken in making of various articles, wastage of important 1. Shri Kashinath laximan Chltarl, age-51 raw-material like wood and thereby reducing the 2. Shrl Tulsidas Bablo Chari, age-46 cost of articles and making them more competitive 3. Shri Kamalakar Vasudeo Chitart, age-39 in the market. Biographical sketch All the 30 craftsmen engaged in the craft were of the opinion that there should not be any Biographical sketches have been presented In restriction for imparting training on caste or brief In this section to get further insight into the community basis in the interest of the development learning process and thinkings and opinions of the and growth of this craft in the state. craftsmen of various age-groups in different areas about this craft. Acquirement of skill (1 ) Shrl Waman Kashinath Zo aged 53 years As regards the acquirement of skill, it was beiogs to Chari (Hindu) Caste. He resides in acquired generally from father to son in case village Chimbel of Tiswadl taluka of North of . 24 craftsmen, for two each it was from Goa district. brother to brother and from maternal uncle to nephew. The remaining two craftsmen acquired He was born at Chimbel in 1934. He has the skill from other than the kin where they studied upto. first. year of Ly_ceum (present middle worked. level) course. conducted. during the Portuguese regime at Panali. The medium of instruction was " , Master craftsmen Portuguese at that time. He could not continue his --_ " . - studies further due to poor economic condition of ..- I, ' We have in the villages covered under the his fami!y., His thread ceremony was performed a~ study, some distinguished master craftsmen who the age of 16 years. It ,nvolved an expenditure of .r . , have excelled themselves in this craft after gaining about Rs.400/- at that time. He married at the age sufficient experience. They possess excellent artis~c of 21 years and is having a son and five daughters. talents and technical skill. Their names are listed below: Wood carving craft is his ancestral family occupation f~r t~e last four generations. His father Village Chimbel late Shri Kashinath Zo was an excellent wood carver. He worked for the churches during 1. Shri Chandrakant Waman Zo, age-58 the Portuguese regime. Shri Waman Kashinath Zo . , 2. Shrl Waman Kashinath Zo, age-53 took up his family occupation at a very young age 33 of 10 years. He received training of wood carving Carving'. Besides the various hand tools, also there from his father for about 3 years. Thus the are machine tools such as lathe machine, band saw occupation in which he is engaged is hereditary. machine, zig saw machine and electric driller in his He has excelled himself in the art of wood carving workshop. He gave training in wood carving in his after many years of experience. Wooden carved workshop to 6 persons selected and sent by the furniture viz. sofa set, maharaja chair (high back), Handicrafts Marketing and Service Extension Centre, dressing table with mirror, made by him were Panaji, during the years 1984-85 and 1985-86. A appreciated by one and all and had a good demand stipend cf RS.1001- p.m. per trainee was paid by the during the Portuguese time and now. Some of the said Centre whereas he was paid Rs.S501-p.m as furniture articles made by him were sent to the honorarium. His son Santosh aged 26 years who United States of America, Germany and Portugal has passed S.S.C. has also taken up this traditional before the liberation of Goa, Daman and Diu. He occupation at th~ age of 22 years. He trained him uses'mostly the floral design followed traoitionally. in the craft for 3 years.

In recognition of his excellence in the art of The wooden carved articles prepared by him wood carving he was sent for training at 6Escola are mostly richly carved sofa sets, doors, dressing Belas Artes' in Lisbon for 2 years during 1958-60. tables with mirrors, maharaja chairs etc. which are He was sponsored by 'Academia' de Musica de made against the placamellt of orders. He has also Belas Artes, Pangim (Panaji), during the Portuguese made the statue of Hindu Gods. The existing wall regime. He was also sent for training in this craft at panels with carved motifs of goddess~s Laxmi and Regional Design Development Centre, Bangalore in Sarasvati in the Mahalasa temple at, Mardol were 1964. This time, it was sponsored by the prepared by him. He presented them to the temple Directorate of Industries and Mines, Govt. of Goa, authority. One dining table with two maharaja Daman and Diu. This helped him in the further chairs prepared by him were given to Shrl Prakash development of his skill in the craft. Besides wood Singh Badal, the former Chief Minister of Punjab, on carving, he possesses good expertise in ivory work payment. and stone carving. He has received a National Award for master craftsman for his excellence in He works about 8 hours a day I.e. from 9 a.m ivory work in 1968-69. The statue of St. Francis to 1 p.m. and from 2.30 p.m to 6.30 p.m. Besides Xavier and thB replica of Manguesh temple made by his work, he acts in Marathi drama and also ,sings him were selected for this award. He received this . He has a habit of cigarette smoking. He prestigious award from our iat. President of India is a devotee of God Rawalnath of Satorda in Sindhu Dr.Zalr!r Hussain on January 24,1969. The stone Durga district of Maharashtra State. carved image of Goddess Mahisasur Mardini made by him Is kept in the femple in Pernem. The stone About the future of the craft he opined that statue of Luis de Menezes Braganza kept In the "though there was no much demand of carved garden opposite to the municipal building in Margao articles in the pasl and the craft was dwindling but is also made by him. He worked as Master now the demand for carved articles particularly Craftsman in the Govt. Production Centre, Verem. decorative articles is picking up. However, the He took voluntary retirement ill 1982 and thereafter future of the craft much depends upon the he is looking after his own business at Chirnbel involvement of the youths of the craftsmen families where he runs a workshop named 'Samarth Wood in keeping alive this traditionally practised craft." 34

(2) Shri Uday Chari aged 31 years belongs He is a bachelor. He is residing with his younger to Chari (Hindu) Caste. He resides in brother alongwith his family. village Chimbel of Tiswadi taluka of North Goa district. Wood carving is his ancestral family occupation practised for more than three He was born at Chimbel in 1955. He has generations. His father, late Shri Bablo Chari was studied upto std. VIII in English Medium School. an excellent wood carver. About his father he says The wood carving is the traditional occupation of his that "the carved wooden furniture i.e. sofa set, father. He lives in a joint family alongwith his central round table, dining table with chairs widowed mother, an unmarried sister, a married prepared by him were appreciated by one and all. brother and his wife. His thread ceremony was He worked for the Old Goa churches during performed at the age of 21 years. The expenditure Portuguese time. He died in 1970 at the age of 85. on this ceremony was about Rs. 1000/-. He is In recognition of his excellence in the wood carving unmarried at present. craft, he was awarded the 'State Cultural Award, 1979-60' by the Union Territory Govt. of Goa, He joined his father's traditional occupation Daman and Diu after his death. i.e. wood carving at the age of 17 years. He received the initial training in wood carving Shri Tulsidas took up his family occupation at from his father and two years training from a very young age of 10. His brother Shivaji who is Shri Waman Kashinath Zo, a leading master residing with him joined this occupation at the age craftsman in Chlmbel. He excelled himself in of 12. Both received training in wood carving from this craft especially in carving of different parts their father for about three years. They both are of wooden furniture, photo frame, mirror frame, working together at present. Thus, the craft and etc. He possesses a good skill in wood occupation in which hi~ brother and himself are carving. He is getting sufficient work and it gives engaged is hereditary. him good Income at present. He also knows lacquer work. At present, the carved articles prepared by him are mainly furniture items such as sofa sets, He plays badminton, carrom and chess and maharaja chairs, cupboards, teapoys, cots and also acts in Marathl drama. He has a habit of mandaps for temple on placement of orders only. smoking cigarettes. He sees Hindi films quite His brother and he both work together in the frequently. premises they reside. The tools used in the different processes are mostly traditional. However, (3) Shri Tulshidas Bablo Chari aged 46 years he also possesses lathe machine, circular cutter, zig belongs to Chari (Hindu) Caste. He resides in saw and planer machine . . village Cuncolim of Salcete Taluka of South Goa district. He mostly ;Jses the floral designs followed traditionally as they are in good demand. However, He was born at Cuncolim in 1940. He has slight alterations are done in the traditional designs studied upto 3rd standard (Marathi). His thread when demanded by the customers. Almost all the ceremony was performed when he was 8 years old. furniture items made by him are of rose wood it involved an expenditure of Rs.200/- at that time. (shisham) which is not easily available at present 35 locally. According to him the price of rose wood (4) Shri Kashinath Laximan Chitarl aged 51 years has gone upto Rs.SOO/- to Rs.60D/- per eft. now. belongs to Chitari (Hindu) Caste. He resides in I Hence, the cost of finished articles has been going village Cuncolim of Salcete Taluka of South up now. He feels that the Government must make Goa district. some arrangements to provide rose wood to the local craftsmen at a reasonable rate. He was born at Cuncolim in 1935. He has studied upto Standard V (Marathi). He He has excelled himself in the art of wood could not continue his studies due to poor carving after many years of experience. Some of economic condition of the family and his the wooden carved furniture viz. sofa sets, centrell father wanted him to join the traditional round table, maharaja chairs prepared by him occupation i.e. wood carving. His thread ceremony during the Portuguese time are still there in "Raj was performed at the age of 22 years. This Bhavan' at Panaji and in the court premises (the ceremony involved an expenditure of about present High Court building at Panaji). He has Rs.3DO/-. He was married at the age of 28 years. received a Craft Award from the Rotary Club of He is having 3 sons and 2 daughters. Cuncolim in 1984 in recognition of his excellence and the craftsmanship he achieved in this craft. He Wood carving and lacquer work are his has also received the award for "Best Craftsman' ancestral family occupations in Cuncolim since last 3 from the 'State Bank of India' in 1988. He also generations. He took up his family occupation received financial help, from the said bank under when he was 16 years old. He received training in "Village Industries Scheme". wood carving from his father for two to three years. Wood carved furnitures prepared by him are sofa About the present position of the craft he set, maharaja chair, mandap and different kinds of observes that though there was no much demand of lacquer articles. According to him there is a good carved articles in the past but now there is a good demand for caNed articles. He mostly uses floral demand for these articles and the craft has become designs followed traditionafly. He gets enough work quite lucrative and profitable. He says that this craft for the last 10 years. He says that the colours has certainly helped him in improving his financial which are now available are not of a good quality position. He, therefore, feels that the youth of Chari as it cannot stand in comparison with the colours community must take up this traditionally practised imported from Germany during Portuguese time. craft instead of taking up other occupations. He He can prepare lacquer articles of any designs, also gives training to the youths of his community in shapes, and variety and also produce the exact this craft. At present 4 persons are receiving replica of the specimen given. One lacquered training from him. He pays them Rs.20D/-p.m. as wooden cradle prepared by him is kept in the remuneration as they help him in doing various jobs Design Development Centre, Bombay. while receiving training. The future of this craft, in his opinion, is quite good. He works about 8 hours a day Le. trom morning 9 a.m to 1 p.rn. and 2 p.m to 6 p.m. He and his brother work about 8 hours a day During monsoon. however, working hours are i.e. from morning 9 a.rn. to 1 p.m. and from 2.30 reduced to 5 to 6 hours only. This is because of p.m. to 6.30 p.m. He worships Goddess Mahalasa heavy moisture present- in the air which is not good Narayani of Mardol in Ponda taiuka. for preparing the wooden articles. 36

He enjoys good l1ealth. He worships at home The wooden carved articles prepared by him daily in the early hours of the morning and reads are sofa set, maharaja chair, showcase and dining religious scripture. He is very happy with his table with chairs. The designs used by him are present occupation and is leading a happy family life. floral and of animal motifs. They are in use since

g~nerations. About the present position of the craft he observes that though the present generation is not He is in a habit of chewing pansupari. He very keen to take up this craft as occupation he has a hobby of acting in Marathi dramas which are wishes that his son must take up this family organised by the Natya Mandai, Loliem every year. occupation as it is quite profitable in these days. He also feels that, mor9 and more persons must be (6) Shri Ashok Pandurang Chari; aged 28 years trained in this craft by the Government to keep this belongs to Chari (Hindu) Caste. He resides in beautiful craft alive. village Loliem of Canacona taluka of South Goa district. (5) Shri Sudhakar V. Chari aged 34 years belongs to Chari (Hindu) Caste. He resided in He was born on 1~t April, 1958 in his nal.ive village Loliem of Canacona taluka of South village Loliem. He has studied upto VI standared. He Goa district. is a devotee of Goddess Navdurga of Marcaim. His thread ceremony was performed in 1980 i.e. at the He was born in 1952 in his native village age of 22 years, in the Navdurga Temple of Marcaim village. His father Pandurang Chari died in 1981. He Loliem. He studies upto VI 11th Standard (Marathi) married in 1984 and has no issue so far. and could not continue further due to poor economic condition of his family. According to him He started learning the craft under the guidance during the Portuguese regime educational facilities of his father at the age of 10. He used to I='ractise this were also poor and free education was not provided craft beyond school hours. He also rbceived one year as it is provided now. His thread ceremony was training in carpentry in common facility-cum­ performed alongwith his brother at the age of 14. production centre at Loliem for which he received on His father spent Rs.300/- in this ceremony. He is hl)norarium of Rs. 150/- per month from the married and having three daughters and a son. Government of Goa, Daman & Diu.

He started learning this craft from his father at He possesses a good skill in wood carving. the age of 18. It took him three years to learn this The different articles made by him are sofa set, craft. He also knows carpentry and lacquer work dining table with chairs and maharaja chair. He is which he is not practising now as there is more getting sufficient work throughout t~e year as there demand for wo!Jd carved articles. He feels that the is a good demand of carved furnitures at present. prices of the wood carved articles have considerably In carving work he uses floral designs which are increased in comparison to its prices before practised since last three generaticns in his family. liberation. However, the cost of wood, and other . raw materials was very low during the Portuguese He is quite happy with his present occupation time. The paints and varnish then imported from as it gives him not only satisfaction of keeping this Germany. China, and Portugal were of very good beautiful craft of this state alive but also it is quite quality, durable and gave finish to carved articles. remunerative. CHAPTER IV

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

A majority of the craftsmen households working condition of the craftsmen covered under covered under this study are manufacturing furniture this study. items. This chapter, therefore, discusses the various aspects of the manufacturing process such as, how Place of work the craftsmen proceed step by step from a log of wood to the most intricate design and what are the It is observed that this craft, in the village tools and equipments used by them to carry their selected for the study, is practised mostly in the work to perfection. Besides, it also discusses the premises where the craftsmen live. Table IV.l other aspects influencing the development of this shows the distribution of households and persons craft viz. availability of raw materials and the engaged in the craft as related to place of work.

Table IV.l Persons engaged in the craft and their place of work, 1986 survey

Place of work Number of Number of persons engaged Total hOUS9hoids in the craft

Number of head Number of persons of households other than head of household

2 3 4 5

Part of dwelling house 15 14 6 20 Workshop owned by head of household 5 5 5 10

Total 20 19 11 30

37 38

It may be seen from table IV.l that a remaining one (head of the household) is engaged majority I.e. 20 (66.67 per cent) of the 30 craftsmen in the craft for more than 20 years. Further, a covered under th~ study practise this craft within majority of them i.e. 11 persons (6 head and 5 their house premises. They include 14 head of the other members of the households) are working in a households and 6 other members related to head as part of the houses where they live. The remaining 6 son or brother .. The place of work of th~ remaining persons (one head and 5 other members of the 10 (33.33 per cent) craftsmen is workshops: They households) are working in th~ workshops owned include 5 head of the households and 5 are other by the head of the households. There are 10 members of the households. It is also observed that persons (9 head and one other member of the of the 15 houses where the craft is practised in a households) in the age-group 35-59 and all of them part of the dwelling houses' 13 or 86.67 per cent are are engaged in this craft for more than 20 years. A kutcha and 2 or 13.33 per cent are pucca houses. majority of them i.,e. 6 (5 head and one other Both these pucca houses are located in the village member of the household) are working in a part of of Cuncolim. Electricity is available in all these their dwelling houses where they live while the houses. 4 of the 5 workshops (2 each in kutcha remaining 4 (all head of the households) are and pucca houses) are located in Cuncolim and the working in the workshops owned by them. The remaining one is located in the village Chimbel in a remaining ,3 persons (all head of the households) kutcha house. All these workshops are owned by who are of the age 60 ,Or more engaged in this craft the head of the households practising this craft. for more than 20 years. All of them are working in a part of their houses where they live. Place, duration of work and head of households by age-groups Distance to place of work and mode of transport

Of the 20 households selected for study 19 The place of work in respect of 20 out of 30 head of households are actually engaged in this craftsmen is the same where they live and for the craft whereas, in respect of one household the head remaining 10 it is other than the place where they is engaged in the carpentry work and his brother is live (i.e. workshop). For 8 craftsmen the workshop engaged in wood carving. The following table IV.2 is located at a distance of less than one km. and shows the households classified by broad three of them go to the workshop on foot, four on age-group, place of work and the duration of work bicycle and the remaining one on scooter (two in the craft 'in relation to the head of the household wheeler). For the remaining 2 craftsmen the and other members. workshop is located at about 2 kms. distance and the conveyance used to reach the place of work It may be seen from table IV.2 that of the was the bicycle for one and the scooter for the total 30 craftsmen (19 head of the households and other. 11 ,other members of the households) engaged in this craft 17 (56.67 per cent) comprising 7 head of Area occupied and number Of persons working the households and 10 other members of the therein households are in the age-group 15-34. Of whom 8 (6 head and 2 other members of the households) We have seen earlier that in all 30 persons are engaged in this craft for 10-19 years followed by are engaged in this craft of whom 20 persons are 7 for less than 5 years, one for 5-9 years and the working in the part of the dwelling houses while 10 39

Table IV.2 Households classified by broad age-group, place of work and the duration of work in the craft in relation to head of the households and other members, 1986 survey

Age- Duration of work Number of Number of Place of work group in the craft head of persons households other than Part of the dwelling Workshop owned by the engaged in the head house head at household the craft of the household Number of Number of Number of Number of engaged in head of persons head of the persons the craft the house- other than households other than, holds enga- the head engaged the head ged in the of the in the craft of the craft household household engaged engaged in the craft in the craft

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

15 - 34 Less than 5 years 7 4 3 5 - 9 years 1 1 10 - 19 years 6 2 5 1 1 20 + years

35 - 59 Less than 5 years 5 - 9 years 10 - 19 years 20 + .years 9 5 4

60+ Less than 5 years 5 - 9 years 10 - 19 years 20 + years 3 3

Total Less than 5 years 7 4 3 5 - 9 years 1 10 - 19 years 6 2 5 1 20 + years 13 9 1 4 40 persons are working In the workshops owned by the area occupied and the number of persons working heads of 5 households. We may now examins the therein with the help of table IV.3.

Table IVl3 Place of work of persons engaged in the craft classified by area occupied and number of persons working therein, 1986 survey

Place of No. of Occupied area of the place of work work persons engaged 6-10 sq.mts.and 11-16 sq.mts.and 17-24 sq.mts.and 25 + sq.mts.and In the number of persons number of persons number of persons number of persons craft working at the working at the working at the working at the place of work place of work place of work place of work

Single 2-5 6-10 Single 2-5 6-10 Single 2-5 6-10 Single 2-5 6-10

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Part of the dwelling house 20 4 6 3 7

Workshop owned by the head of the househeld 10 9

Total 30 4 1 6 3 16

It may be seen from Table IV.3 that among persons each are working. 9 out of 10 persons the 20 persons working in the part of their dwelling who are working in the workshops are having an houses 4 persons have occupied an area of 6-' 0 area of 25 sq. metres and above. sq. metres each. The area of the place of work in respect of 6 persons is 11-16 sq. metres. All these, Problems relating to place of work 6 persons are working together. 3 persons who have occupied an area of 17-24 sq. metres are all Wood carving involves a lot of work at single worker. The remaining 7 persons who are different stages and requires number of tools and working in a part of 3 dwelling hous~s having equipments for which an adequate space is a working area of more than 25 sq. metres. Among primary necessit:t. It was seen that out of 30 these three households, it is observed that in one craftsmen engaged in this craft 20 are practising it household 3 persons an~ in two households 2 in a part of the houses they live and th,e remaining 41

10 in the workshops. So far as the area of the premises have occupied a minimum area of 6-10 place of work is concerned 16 of the 20 craftsmen sq. metres and are single workers. 5 households practising the craft in a part of the houses reported have occupied an area of 11-16 sq. metres and 3 of that the area occupied by them was adequate to them are single workers and another 2 households run the craft. The remaining 4 craftf)nen, however, have engaged 2-5 persons. 3 households have reported that the area of the place of work available occupied an area of 17-24 sq. metres and all of to them was not adequate. Of these, 2 craftsmen them are single workers. The remaining 3 reported that 11-16 sq. metres area occupied by households have occupied more than 25 them was not sufficient to perform the various sq.metres of area and have engaged 2-5 persons activities and to store the raw- materials. The other therein. two households reported that the area i.e. more than 25 sq. metres occupied by them was not There are 5 households having their own adequate as they found it congested for handling workshops. Of these, one household has occupied the different stages of work. an area of 11-16 sq. metres and has engaged 2-5 persons therein. The remaining 4 households have From among the 10 craftsmen practising this occupied more than 25 sq.metres area in their craft in workshops, 2 reported that the area workshops and 2 each have engaged 2-5 and 6-10 occupied by them (Le. 15 and 100 sq. metres) was persons therein. adequate to run the craft, whereas the remaining 8 craftsmen reported that the area occupied by them Purity and pollution associated with the craft (Le. 150 sq. metres by 6 craftsmen and 200 sq. metres by 2 craftsmen) were not adequate. The All the households of the craftsmen have reason advanced for this is that the area was not unanimously reported that there is no pollUtion adequate to keep the various tools and implements associated with the craft in the villages where this and also raw materials. craft is practised.

Households by place of work, area occupied and Different wood carved items manufactured number of persons working It is observed that a majority of the It was seen earlier that of the 20 households craftsmen households covered under the study selected for this study 15 are practising this craft are manufacturing furniture items. The within their house premises and the remaining 5 in households utility items, items used for the workshops owned by them. We may now religious purpose and other decorative itern~ examine the number of households by place of are also made by some of the households work, area occupied and number of persons The table IV.5 shows the various articles working therein from table IV.4. prepared by the number of households and their uses. The table also gives the information It may be seen from table IV.4 that 4 of the about the educational level of the head of the 15 households practising this craft in their own households. 42

Table IV.4 Households owning place of work classified by area occupied and number of persons working therein, 1986 survey

-Place of work owned Number of Number of households having occupied area by the households House- holds 6-10 sq.mts and number of 11-16 sq. mts and number of owning persons engaged therein persons engaged therein place of

wor~ Single 2-5 6-10 Single 2-5 6-10

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Part of dwelling 15 4 3 2 house Workshop owned by the household 5

Total 20 4 3 3

Table IV.4 (Concld.) Households owning place of work classified by area occupied and number of persons working therein, 1986 survey

Place of work Number of households having occupied area owned by the households 17- 24 Sq.mts and number of persons 25 + Sq.mts and number of persons engaged therein engaged therein

Single 2-5 6 - 10 Single 2-5 6 - 10

1 9 10 11 12 13 14

Part of dwelling house 3 3 Workshop owned by the household 2 2

Total 3 5 2 43 Table IV.S Distribution of households manufacturing craft Hems by purpose as related to educational level of the head of the household, 1986 survey

Name of the item Number of Educational level of the head of the household Purpose for manufactured households which item Illiterate literate Primary Middle Matriculate is used withought or Higher educational Secondary level

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1.Sofa set with teapoy 11 2 7 1 For sitting 2.Maharaja chair high back 10 1 7 1 For sitting 3.Dining table with chairs 8 2 5 For dining 4.Cupboard 3 2 For keeping clothes, goods etc. S.Cot 3 2 For sleeping 6.Teapoy 2 1 For refreshments 7.Showcase 2 For keeping show pieces 8.Dresslng table with mirror For dressing and make-up 9.Comer stand 2 2 For keeping show pieces 10.Cradle 3 3 For babies 11.Paat 3 2 For sitting 12.Photo frame 2 2 For use of photos 13.Mirror frame 2 2 For use of mirror 14.Bird statue-eagle 1 Show pieces 15. Pel met 1 1 For curtains 16.Flower vase 3 3 Show piece 17. Vegetable and fruit sets 3 3 Show piece 18.Cup-saucer-mug 3 3 Show piece 19.Paper weight 2 2 For use as weight 2O.wine cup 2 2 Show piece 21.LatfaJi and latn; 2 1 To make chapati/rotLetc. 22. Wooden baby toys 5 1 3 For child's play 23.Mandap 1 For religious purposG 24.Palki 1 -- do- 25.Blblical statlJes & others 3 2 1 - do- 26. Door 1 1 For building 27. Staircase 1 1 For building 44

It is evident from the above table that a religious purposes by christian households. A majority of the households are engaged in the pel met is used for putting curtains and the corner manufacture of furniture items such as, sofa set with sta:1d for keeping show pieces.. A lattali and latnl Is teapoy (11 households) maharaja chair (10 a local name for the articles used for making households) and dining table with chairs (8 chapati, roti or puri, a paat (square or rectangular) households). The other furniture items like is used for sitting While performing or while cupboard, COC, showcase, dressing table, teapoy are taking food' on the floor. The paats are found to be also prepared by a less number of households. The used in most of the Hindu families In Goa. decorative articles like photoframe, mirror frame, flower pot, cup saucer and mug, paper weight, wine Average number of items made in a month cup and fruits and vegetable sets are prepared by a few households. Wooden baby toys, lacquer The monthly production of a particuiar item articles are made by 5 households. Biblical statues depended upon the type of object taken in hand. having a good demand among the christian Carved items like sofa-set, maharaja chair, households are made by 3 households. The items cupboard, mandap, palki, cot etc., take a longer like mandap and palki used in the Hindu temples item for completion. Further, most of the craftsmen are made by one household. are engaging themselves in various jobs like carpentry, filling, cutting, grinding, carving, polishing As regards educational qualification of the and joinery process which are mostly done by head of the households it may be seen that there is hand machines. Hence, such items produced a lone illiterate head of the household who is are less than one in a month or' at the most one. making wooden baby toys only. Among the In case of articles like cradle, showcase, literates most of the craftsmen have attained the teapoy, flower pot, fruit set, wine cups, photo primary level of education, The highest qualification and mirror frames, the number of items prepared Le. S.S.C. is attained by the head of one household are about 10 in a month. In respect of items only. It may, however, be seen that a maximum like, cup-saucer-mug, Paat, paper weights, lattali and number of exquisitely carved wooden furniture with latni 10 to 25 items are made in a month. In the high standard of artistic talents are prepared by case of items like baby toys and statues of biblical the craftsmen having the educational qualification of figures about 25 are prepared in a month. primary level. However, in case, of wooden statues of God, Goddess and Saints of Christians reported to Different uses of the items manufactured have more demand during Christmas and other festivals and hence there is an increase in the The purpose for Which the different articles production as well as sale of these articles during prepared by the craftsmen given in the table is these seasons. For items like fruit set, paat, Lattali obviously known to all. The furniture items are and latni there is more demand during festivals like prepared for the domestic use as well as for the use Janmastami, and . No in the commercial institutions such as starred hotels. seasonal variations are reported in case of A Mandap (locally called devara) is an item for various furnishing items and show-pieces. However, keeping tr.::- . A palki is used in the temples during the monsoon (I.e. June to August) there i!? for taking procession of deities during festival time. a fall in the production of carved articles due The statues of biblical figures are also used for to the heavy moisture in the air. 45

Raw materials ground nut oil, stick lac, whitening powder, sand paper, sponge etc. These are purchased from local The basic raw materials used in the markets. The raw materials like wood which is manufacture of the various handicraft articles of procured from the different parts of the district and woad are teak-wood (sag,saUo) rosewcod (sisam), also from the neighbouring state is transported to Shivan, Hedi (yellow teak-woad) and mango-wo,ad, the place of wor l by pick-up or truck. The main Furniture items like sofa-set, maharaja chair, problem faced for procuring the ra'h material is that showcase, cupboard, dining table and chairs, it is not easily available. The supply is also less in dressing table, mandap (devara), palki, pelmet, comparison to the heavy demand. It is, however, photo and mirror frame, paat, etc., are g.,(lerally reported that some times the customers supply the made out of teak-wood and rose-wood. ' Lacquer raw material on their own accord. articles like cradle, baby toys, ~atfali and latnL cup-saucer m~g, wine cup, flower pot, corner stand, Tools and equipments fruit sst, paper weight etc., are made out from Hedi (yellow teak wood) and mango ·wood. Different The tools and equipments used by the wooden sLatues are made from shivan wood and artisans in the wood carving and lacquer also teak wood. The wood is procured from various articles are the traditional ones used in the places in Goa state viz. Canacona, Poinguinim, carpentry work. Chisels of different types i.e. Agonda, Gaodongrim, Sanguem, Rivona, Netorli, flat type, U-type and V type in various sizes and Sanvordem, Nadora, Mandrem, Gancim, Sanquelim, hand saw are the basic tools required for wood Margao and from the saw mills located at Betim carving. The lathe machine is the basic tool for (Reis Magos) and (Panaji). Some of the turning the article. Almost all the craftsmen are craftsmen have also procured the raw materials Le. making use of the hand operated traditional tools teak wood from Karwar and Sadashivgadh of excepting a few who are also using machine tools. Karnataka State. Besides the basic raw material rhe different tools and equipments used by thl (i.e. wood) the other raw materials required are craftsmen covered under the study are listed below fevicol, gum, french polish, wax, colour, paint, with their local names and functions. -----_ ------Name of tools Local name Function ------2 3 ------(1) Machine tools 1. Lathe machine Lathe Turning of wood 2. Electric drill Girbo\ Toponn For drilling 3. Circular saw Khorvont For cutting wood 4. Zig-saw Khorvont For cutting of designs for through and through carving. 5. Band-saw Khorvont For cutting bigger planks in different sa pes. 6. Planner Tasnni/Kissol For surfacing and planing the wood on machine. 46

1 2 3

(2) Hand tools 7. Hand saw Khorvont For wood cutting 8. Hand drill Girbo/Toponn For drilling 9. Hf\mmer Mortel/Hatodi/Tutyo For hammering 10. Wooden hammer Kurti For hammering 11. Files of assorted numbers Kanos/Marga For smoothening of the surface & shaping of wood. 12. Planer level Kissolrrasnnl For smoothening the surface of wood. 13. Scrapers and chisels of FarsiNinnem/Chinnem For scraping and carving_ different types and sizes 14. Iron bar Paray Pressing and support for joinery and other purposes. 15. Bow string Dhanushya Rotating the articles on hand lathe machine 16. Grinding stone Ghasani Fator For sharpening the instruments. 17. Calipers Compass Measuting th.e diametre and to draw the shapes. 18. Tape Tape Measuring 19. Right angle/Triangle Matalem/Kurtymo for angle (shaping) square 20 Nail p'Jller/Pincher Gavl For putting the nail

Technique The first operation, the craftsman undertakes before he starts the carpentry work is the selection It has been mentioned elsewhere that the of wood. After the selection of a particular wood, it majority of the craftsmen are engaged in the is cut Into pieces as per requirement according to manufacture of carved furniture items such as the dimension of the articles to be prepared with the sofa set, maharaja chair, dining table with help of the hand saw. It is also done by using a chairs, dressing table, teapoy, cot, showcase, circular saw In respect of small pieces and by band cupboard, corner stand etc. The techlnque saw in respect of bigger pieces of wood. The employed In the manufacture of different types of cutting operation required understanding of carved Items are by and large the same. The mathematical calculations so that the wastage of production technique broadly Involves (I) Carpentr;Y wood is minimised and the resultant pieces. are work, (il) Carving, (iii) Finishing, [IV) Joinery, (v) used for profttabfffty. The measure tape Is a Filing and (vi) Polishing. These processes are common too used for measuring the wood. The discussed In detail as under: markings are done by the skH'ed artisans on the 47 wood by a chalk piece or pencil for cutting sizes and shapes with the manipulation of strokes according to the size and shape of the article to be through the movement of hand. Starting with the made. For example, for the manufacture of sofa, broad outlines, the carver proceeds from simple to the different pieces i.e. the legs, the hands, the seat intricate carvings. Beginning with the large tools he and the back are cut according to the size of a progressively uses fine chisels, smoothening chair or sofa to be prepared. Cutting of wood in surfaces, carving veins, giving light and shac.; J, different sizes is followed by surfacing of wood. curves, relief, chipping off spaces in the recesses or This is done generally with the help of a hand decorating the background. The chisel in the hand, operated planer/leveller before the actual shape of lightly held and freely manipulated by the fingers is the part of the furniture is given. It is observed tapped by the wooden piece with repeated strokes, during the study that a planer machine is also used light or heavy according te the necessity. Thus, the by some of the households for this purpose. The carver worked from low to moderate and moderate actual shape of the Object i.e. hand, leg, seat Of to high relief and carried out low or deep under back is then given with the help of files of assorted cutting as required by means of very simple tools numbers. When the shaping of wood is required to viz. chisels of flat type, U-type or V-type of different be done in the spherical or cylindrical fo~m It Is sizes. ,In most of the households of the craftsmen done either on hand operated lathe or on power selected for the study they were found to be operated lathe machine. This process is called turing using these traditional tool~, However a zig saw of wood. While turning the diametre is measured by machine is used by a few households for cutting of means of calipers or compass from time to time to designs for through and through carving for giving ensure the uniformity in the desired diametre. Thus, various shapes, However, the chisels of different the turning also forms a part of carpentry work, shapes and sizes are required to be used for fine carving, The unwanted portion of wood

Carving involves training and cutting of # within the design is removed with the help of deSign, In furniture items carving is done on hand drill or electric drill. different pieces ~f planks as per requirement of items such as for a maharaja chair (high back Orlee the carving on different parts of the chair), the seat is carved separately, the back, legs, furniture item to be prepared is completed a hands and border planks are carved separately. finishing is done with the help of sand papers. The work of carving sta'rts with the process of tracing out the design to be carved out on the After completion of carving and finishing different parts of the furniture to be prepared. Once processes the different parts of the furniture item are this is done the design is sketched or marked on required to be fitted by joinery methods. The holes the surface of the plank with a chalk piece or which are required for putting screw etc. are made \ pencil. After marking of design on a plank the with the help of hand or electric driller. Then iron superfluous portion is first taken out to give it a or wooden screw/nails are used to join the different rough shape with the help of scrappers. The real parts. Wooden or iron hammer is used to fit the technique and skill, however, lie in the subsequent screw/nails. operations which require on the part of the craftsman knowledge of forms and correct use of Filing involves the final finishing touch Qlven tools Which will enable him to deftly take out the to the article prepared. This Is dnne with the help unwanted portion by means of chisels of different of file of different sizes. 48

Polishing is the last process In the order of study are mostly the floral designs and scenery or different techniques/processes used in making a animal motif exhibiting a 'Baroque' style introdUCed particular piece of furniture item. The material used by the Portuguese duri,lg their regime in this for polishing Is french pollsh/Varnish which gives a territory. At present, craftsmen are manufacturing shine to the articles. prototype copy from the existing furnitUre designs used since generations. Naturo of work attended by different person It is revealed from the stuuy that no efforts The present study has revealed that this craft have been made to introduce new designs, is practised by and large by the head of the excepting that a slight variation here WId there is craftsmen households who are celf employed. The made sometimes as desired by the customer~. For craftsmen are engaging themselves in all stages statues of God, Goddess and Saints, the printed starting from carpentry, carving, joinery, filing and photos are brought from the shops, or supplied by polishing. However, the households In which the the customers of their choice. The artisans craft Is practised with the help of son/brother the generally trace the designs selected by the division of work have been done. Those who are customers, as almost all the furniture items are practising this craft In a workshop the jobs like prepared on the placement of orders only. It is cutting of wood, polishing of finished articles etc. observed during the study that the tracing of design are done by the hired or daily wage labourers is generally done by the head of the household employed by them. himself. Out of 20 households selected for study, it was reported that the designs are traced by the Design. head of the households in 10 households, by .. brother in 2 household~ and jointly by the head Various designs used by the craftsmen for and brother and head and son in two households making carved articles, mostly furniture items respectively. In the remaining 6 households the such as sofa-set, maharaja chairs, dining table, articles made by them are simple with less carvings dressing table, show-case, cot etc., are the such as flower pot, paat, wine cup, cup saucer and traditional designs which are followed from mug, paper weight etc. generation to generation. The generally consist of floral patterns, animal motif, scenery, Image of god, As for myths and legends associated with the godess and' saints. Designs used for the furniture designs the craftsmen selected for the study were and other items by the craftsmen covered under not able to say anything specifically. CHAPTER V

MARKETING

The market is the most important aspect in The main items of exquisitely carved wooden the growth and development of any craft or furniture produced are sofa-set with chairs and industry. In the absence of suitable marketing tea-poy, maharaja chair (high back), dining table facility any craft cannot flourish. In all the 3 and chairs, teapoy, dressing table, cupboard, cot, selected villages different carved furniture items and showcase, corller stand, etc. The main items of other household utility items are being prepared by carved decorative and utility items for household the craftsmen. The production of these items use produced are, photo frame, mirror frame, depends upon theire demand in the market. This animal motif, flower pots, paper weights, pelmets, chapter discusses about the production and wine cup (show piece) paat etc. wooden marketing of various carved articles prepared by the images or various saints, palki, mandap etc are > craftsmen covered under this study. prepared for the religious purposes. Wooden doors, carved stair-cases, wooden fruit sets, The wood carved articles manufactured baby toys, cradles, cup-saucer and mug sets are are of both utility as well as lUXUry items. the other items produced by the households These may be classified into four categories covered under the study. viz. (1) carved wooden furniture, (2) carved decorative and utility items. (3) carved motifs The approximate quantity of different items of Gods and saints for religious purposes and prepared by the craftsman households during the (4) other carved items. year 1985-86 is given in table V.1.

49 50

Tab!e V.1 Number of households manufacturing handicraft items classified by quantity produced, by religionl caste/community of the head of the households for the year 1985-86, 1986 survey

Religion/caste/ Name of the handicraft No.of house- Approximate Community items manufactured holds reported quantity having produced manufactured per year

2 3 4

HINDU CHARI 1(a) Sofa set (with two chairs) 5 39 (b) Sofa set with teapoy 4 10 2. Maharaja chairs 7 152 3. Dining table with six chairs 8 40 4. Dressing table 1 1 5. Cupboard 3 17 6. Teapoy 2 7 7. Cots 3 16 8. Photo frame 2 36 9. Mirror frame 2 24 10. Bird eagle 12 1t. Showcase 5 12. Palki 1 12 13. Religious statue 3 673 14. Door 15. Pelmet 12

CHITARI 1. Sofa-set 1 3 2. Maharaja chair 2 20 3. Carved stair case 12 4. Mandap 1 12 5. Paat 3 1500 6. Corner stand 2 420 7. Cradle 3 96 8. Flower vase 3 612 9. Paper weights 2 696 10. Wine cup (show piece) 2 120 11. Wooden fruit and vegetable set (containing 27 items) 3 420 51

2 3 4

12. Baby toys se~ (containing 12 items) 5 300 dozens 13. Lattali and latni 2 744 14. Cup-saucer and mug set (show piece) 3 40 dozens

KHARVI 1. Sofa sets 1 2. Maharaja chair 3'

It may be seen from table V.l that about 27 5t. Jose, 5t. Sebastian, 5t. Pedro, Our Lady of different type of items are reported to be prepared Fatima, S1. Lawrence and Our lady of Rosary and by 20 sample households of the craftsmen during Perpetual Succour. These items are used for the year 1985-86.. The table further reveals that, the religious purposes and have a good demand during furniture items, like sofa set and maharaja chair are the celebration of feasts of respective saints, from made by the households belonging to all the three the Christian households. Furniture items like sofa communities i.e. Chari, Chitari and Kharvi covered set, maharaja chair, teapoy, dining table with chairs, under the survey. It is also seen that items like dressing table, cot, cupboard, showcase and corner religious statues \ of different saints (Le. biblical stand etc. are prepared against the placement of figures) are made by the craftsmen belonging to orders only. Among these, maharaja chairs (high I ' Chari. Also, th~ items like dining table, dressing back) are in good demand. Decorative- cum-utility table, cupboard, teapoy, cot, photo frame, mirror articles like carved photo frame, mirror frame, statue frame, statue of bird, showcase, palk(, door and of bird-eagle are also made by a few households on pel met are reported to be made by the craftsmen orders. Items like mandap and palki used in belonging to the community of Chari only. The temples are also reported to b~ made' by one items which are made by the craftsm~n belonging household each. Other wooden articles like door to the community of Chitari only are corner stand, and carved staircase are made on orders only. cradle, flower vase" stair case, mandap, paper weight, wine cup, fruit and vegetable set, baby toy It is also reported by all the 20 households set, lattali and latni, paat and cup, saucer and mug that the various items prepared by them were for set. the use of other communities and were sold against cash only. The table further reveals that the items those are made in large numbers are paat, latfati and latni, The prices of the anicles vary according to paper weight, flower vase, fruit and vegetable sets, workmanship, richness in carving/design etc. Each cradle, wine cup etc. These are utility items and artisan has his own valuation of his product, even having a good demand in the market. The other though the range cannot be wide for the same items made in large numbers are biblical figures viz. product between two artisans. Table V.2 below lists statues of 5t. Francis Xavier, 5t. Antonio, 5t. Rock, the prices of various articles as reported by the St. Andre, St. Rita, Our Lady of Milagres, St. Ana, craftsmen at the time of survey. 52

Table V.2 Price of carved items prepared by the households of the craftsmen, 1986 survey

Name of item Unit Price as reported by the household(in As.)

1 2 3 4

1. (a) Sofa (52" X 22" X 18") with two chairs (18" X 27" X 18") One set 19,000.00 (b) Sofa with two chairs and a teapoy (42" X 18" X 16") One set 20,000.00 2. Maharaja chair - high back (18" X 27" X 18") one 2,000.00 3. Dining table (72" X 48" X 30") One set 16,000.00 4. Dressing table (48" X 18" X 16") with mirror and stool one 3,000.00 5. Cupboard (84" X 24" X 42") One 12,000.00 6. Teapoy (42" X 18" X 16") One 1,500.00 7. Cot (84" X 16" X 48") One 8,000.00 8. Show case (72" X 24" X 48") One 10,000.00 9. Corner stand (48" X 18" X 22") One 1,800.00 10. Door One 3,000.00 11. Stair case One 2.000.00 12. Photo frame One 500.00 13. Mirror frame One 500.00 14. Statue of an Eagle One 300.00 15. Cradle One 900.00 16. Mandap One 5,000.00 to 10,000.00 17. Palki One 10,000.00 to 20.000.00 18. Religious statues Le. biblical figures One 50.00 19. Paat One 200.00 20. Pelmet One 400.00 21. Paper weight (Lacquer item) One 20.00

22. Flower, vase ( - do - One 35.00 23. Lattalr & latni (Lacquer item) One 15.00 24. Cup, Saucer & mug (-do-) One set 20.00

---~~- 53

2 3 4

25. Wine cup (Lacquer item) One 12.00 26. Baby toys ( -do- ) One set containing 20.00 to 12 items 60.00 27. Fruit and vegetable set (-do-) One set containing 150.00 27 items

Table V.2 reveals that sofa set with one sofa purchased by the middle class families. One can and two chairs made in a traditional design and size find the fruit and vegetable sets in many Goan Is sold for RS.19,OOO. when the tea pay is provided households as decorative items. Each set costs alongwith the sofa set the set is sold for RS.20,OOO. Rs.150. However, the price of these items vary from RS.10,OOO to Rs.20,OOO according to the size and Marketing craftsmanship. Other furniture like dining table with six chaires, dressing table with mirror, cupboard, The real patron of the carved furniture in Goa showcase, cot, tea pay etc. with beautiful carvings is not a common man even though, he might have also fetch a good price to the craftsmen. Maharaja a sense of appreciation and desire to have chair with high back is sold for Rs.2,OOO each. beautifully carved sofa set, dining table, dressing These articles of high cost are made on orders only. table, showcase, cot, cupboard etc. but cannot They are purchased by rich people as they are afford to have them due to his poor economic comparatively very costly. condition. These articles, therefore, find their patronage in the rich or upper middle class families, Religious statues i.e. biblical figures of various especially those who are lovers of art and can saints are sold between Rs.50 to Rs.60, according afford to purchase them. Whatever it may be but to size. These articles are mostly purchased by the these are the people who have played a significant Christian families for religious purposes. Articles like role in keeping the craft alive in this terriroty. mandap and palki also used for the religious Besides them the religious institutions have also purposes in Hindu temples are made on orders played an important role in keeping the craft alive. only. The prices of these articles vary from RS.5,OOO to Rs.20,OOO according to different sizes The articles of household utility such as corner and the workmanship. The articles of stand, cradle, paper weight, flower vase, paat, fruit luxury-cum-utility such as photo frame, mirror frame, and vegetable sets etc. have appealed to the fancy statue of an eagle, cradle etc. which are notable for and the artistic taste of the people and there is a their exquisite craftsmanship are purchased by the growing demand for such articles in the market. middle class and rich families. Production of carved furnitures since made Various domestic articles of household utility against the placement of orders only the question of items like paat, latfal; and latni, paper weight, flower accumulation of stocks does not arise. Even the vase, baby toys, wine cup, cup-saucer and mug are other articles made by the craftsmen according to 54 them find a good demand in the market and they There Is a good inner market for the carved do not race any problems or marketing. Almost all articles in the territory. Entire products are sold the articles are sold directly to the customers In the, within the terriroty of Goa. According to the open market. However, certain carved articles i.e" craftsmen no export of the carved articles is being biblical figures are supplied to a few shops In Panajl done at present. However, some of the Goan I and Margao towns. About 80 per cent of this families residing in the neighbouring states of product Is sold to them and the remaining 20 per Maharashtra and Karnataka and elsewhere do cent Is sold by the craftsmen directly to local purchase the articles prepared by the Goan artisans customers. The Information about the proportion of on their visit to Goa. various articles sold in the village, other villages, I towns etc., In the territory by the craftsmen directly Margin of Profit to the consumers Is not available with the craftsmen. No craftsman has kept any such As regards the question on approximate records. However, according to them the important margin of profit earned by the craftsmen when the feasts (Zatras) In which they have sold the articles goods are sold directly to the consumer or through (mainly household utility articles) are the feast of the shops, the craftsmen could not give a proper Reis-Magos organised at Reis Magos in the month answer. In other words the margin of profit earned of January. O~r Lady of Candelprla at Pomburpa In on each Item seperately Is not available with the February, Our Lady of Mllagres at Mapusa In craftsmen. They could only say that the margin of -April/May. Feast of Holy Spirit 'at Margao in May. profit on the total sale, proceeds ranges between 15 Janmashtami at Panajl. Naroa and Bicholim in to 30 per cent. The information on this aspect August/September and the feast of St. Francis supplied by the head of the craftsmen' households is xavier at Old Goa in December, every year. given in table V.3. 'Table V.3 Margin of profit earned by the household by educational level or the head of the household, 1986 survey

Educational level of the Number of Margin of profit earned in broad ranges head of the household households 15-20% 20-25% 25-30%

1 2 3 4 5

Illiterate 1 Literate without educational 'level 5 4 1 Primary 10 2 5 3 Middle 3 1 1 Matriculation or higher Secondary 1 1

Total 20 7 9 4 55

It may be seen from table V.3 that the followed by 7 or 35 per cent between 15-20 per margin of profit on total sale proceeds earned cent. The remaining 4 or 20 per cent of the by the maximum number of households i.e. 9 or households earned the highest margin of profit 45 per cent households is between 20-25 per cent, between 25-30 per cent.

CHAPTER VI

CRAFT AND EMPLOYMENT

The development of any craft depends upon 1900 in these villages. 13 out of 20 households whether it is economically gainful and has the have reported that they have been engaged in this potentialities to generate employment. In this craft for more than 20 years, 6 households have chapter it is attempted to study these two important informed that they are practising for the last 10-20 aspects of wood carving craft on the basis of the years and the remaining one household has information collected from the craftsman practising reported to be engaged in this craft for less than 5 this craft in the villages selected for this study. years. Further, all of them have reported to have inherited this craft from their parents and have also Origin of the craft boldly claimed wood carving as their traditional occupation. They are well aware that this craft has The origin of the craft in the surveyed villages employment potential. Le. Chimbel, Cuncolim and LoHem is not definitely known. According to the local information, the Households and persons engaged in the craft communities of Chari and Chitari started wood before 1940 and thereafter . carving alongwith carpentry since generations. As per the knowledge of local artisans some of the information regarding the number of leading artisans of these communties were households and persons engaged in this craft in the associated with the work of wood carvings at the selected villages during different periods such as Old Goa churches constructed during the before 1940, 1940-50, 1951-60, 1961-70, 1971-80 and Portuguese regime. The carved wooden furnitures at present were collected from the 20 households of which still adorn the churches' and in many of the the craftsmen studied during the survey. Table VI.1 rich people's houses were prepared by the Goan shows the number of households as reported to be artisans. According to the information gathered engaged in the craft in the villages during different from the 20 caftsmen households studied during the periods and by broad age-groups of the head of the survey, this craft has been in practice well before households.

57 58

Table Number of households engaed in the craft in the vilages during different periods classified by

Broad age- No.of Approximate number of households engaged in craft group households engaged in Before 1940 1940 - 1950 1951 - 1960 the craft Less Less Less than 5 5-9 10 + than 5 5-9 10 + than 5 5-9 10 +

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

CHIMBEL 15 - 34 2 2 2 2 35 - 59 3 3 2 3 60 + 1 1 1

Total 6 6 2 4 6

CUNCOUM 15 - 34 2 1 1 35 - 59 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 60 +

Total 8 3 2 2 3 2 5

LOLIEM 15 - 34 3 3 35 - 59 2 60 +

Total 6 3 5 59

VI. 1 broad age-groups of the head of the households, 1986 survey in the village during the periods

1961 - 70 1971 - 1980 At present

Less Less Less than 5 5-9 10 + than 5 5-9 10 + than 5 5-9 10 +

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

CHIMBEL 2 2 2 3 3 2

6 6 3 3

COUNCOLIM

1 2 2 2 4 4 2 6

2 5 6 2 8

LOLIEM 3 3 3 2 2 2

6 6 6 60

Table Number of persons engaed in the craft in the vilages during different periods classified by

Broad age- No.of Approximate number of persons engaged in craft groups households engaged in Before 1940 1940 - 1950 1951 - 1960 the craft Less Less Less than 10 10 - 19 20 + than 10 10 - 19 20+ than 10 10-19 20+

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

CHIMBEL 15 - 34 2 2 2 2 35 - 59 3 2 3 3 60 +

Total 6 3 3 6 6

CUNCOLIM 15 - 34 2 1 1 35 ··59 6 3 4 4 60 +

Total 8 4 5 5

LOLIEM 15 - 34 3 3 35 - 59 2 60 + 1

Total 6 3 5 61

VI.2 broad age groups of the head of the households, 1986 survey

In the village during the periods

1961 - 70 1971 - 1980 At Present

Less Less Less than 10 10 -19 20 + than 10 10 - 19 20 + than 10 10 - 19 20 +

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

CHIMBEL 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 1 1

6 6 3 3

COUNCOLIM 1 2 2 4 2 4 2 6

5 2 6 2 8

LOLIEM 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1

6 6 6 62

It may be seen from table Vl.l that about 5-9 It may be seen from tables VI.1 and VI.2 that households were engaged in this craft before 1940 this craft which was practised in the selected and until 1971-80 in village Chimbel. At the time of villages even before 1940 did not flourish muc~ survey, however, more than 10 households were till 1970. An improvement thereafter in the reported to be engaged in this craft in this village. In position of this craft particularly in the village of respect of village Cuncolim also this craft was in Loliem is noticed. In the villages of Chimbel and , practice before 1940 and the number of households Cuncolim this craft has started flourishing only after engaged in this craft was less than 5 at that tim~. It 1980. However, no appreciable increase In th~ increased to 5-9 during the decade 1940-50 and then number of persons engaged In the craft Is observed. remained constant till 1980., However, at the time of The reasons thereof are discussed hereunder. survey more ~han 10 households were engaged in this craft in this village. So far as village Loliem is It may be stated that the number of persons concerned the head of only one, household from engaged In this craft are only the traditional among the 6 households surveyed could report that craftsmen. The craft Is practised hereditarily by the this craft was in practice before 1940 in this, village. households especially of Charis and Chltarls and Less than 5 household~ were engaged in this craft at there has been a very low increase in the number of that time. This position remained the same till 1970.' these households practising this craft. Further, In , / In the decade 1971-80, the number of households the households where this craft is practised , . engaged in the craft were reported to be more being hereditarily, the educated persons are reported to 5-9 as against less than 5 befor~ 1971. But, thereafter be not that interested in this craft. During the there was no increase in the number of households enquiries with th~ craftsmen at the time of survey it engaged in this craft till 1986. was reported that some of the households of craftsmen migrated to the neighbouring states of We may now examine the number of persons Karnataka and Maharashtra during the Portuguese engaged in the craft during the different periods regime due to the fear of conversion by persecution. from table V1.2. Further , this craft before the liberation of this territory remained neglected and suffered a setback • oJ It may be seen from table and VI. 2 . that in its progress. It was also reported that some of the number of persons engaged in the wood the craftsmen had left this craft as they did not find carving craft was less than 10 persons before 1940 it economically gainful at that time. and until 1980 in the village of Chimbel. However, at the time of survey in 1986 the number of persons Unemployment engaged in this craft was reported to be between 10-19 in this village. This position, according to Only five persons were reported to be the majority of the heads of the households, unemployed amongst the sample households at the holds good in respect of village Cuncolim also. So time of survey. Of these, one was male and four far as village Loliem is concerned it may be seen . were females. The male was related to the head of that less than 10 persons were reported to be the household as son and the females as daughters. engaged in this craft before 1940. However it is All of them were in the age-group 15-34 years. The surprising to note that there was absolutely nr;> male was unemployed for the last 2 years wheras increase in the number of persons engaged in this all the females were unemployed for the last 3-5 craft during the period 1940-86. years. None of them had any training and 63 experience in the craft practised by the household. past due to lack of demand of carved articles as So far as the educational level of these unemployed they were costly and only few could afford to buy. persons is concerned the male has studied upto The present position of this craft is however, quite S.S.C. and of the four females one has studied upto different as all the 20 sample households described 2nd Year B.Com, another one upto 2nd Year SA it as a source of gainful employment. The reasons and the remaining two were qualified upto S.S.C. offered for its being gainful employment are that (1) All were unemployed because of non-availability of there is a good demand for carved articles due to jobs. None of them were previously employed. Of change in the attitudes of the people in the living these five unemployed persons the male belongs to style and (2) Goa has now become a very famous Kharvi community and the four females belong to tourist centre and is visited by a large number of Chari community. These two households are from domestic as well as foreign tourists every year. the village ChimlJel. It may be of interest to note They have shown a keen interest in the carved that not a single person was reported unemployed articles, particularly articles with decorative values. from amongst the sample households in the village This has created a good market for such articles. of Cuncolim and Loliem. It may thus be seen that Therefore. this craft, at present is considered as a the problem of unemployment among the members profitable occupation. of the surveyed households of the craftsmen is not act.;te. Improvement in economic position The following table VI.3 gives details about Economic aspects the reasons for the improvement in economic All the 20 sample households practising the position of the craftsmen. This table also shows the craft described the craft as a non-lucrative job in the educational levels of the craftsmen. Table VI.3 Reasons expressed by the head of the households for improvement in their economic condition classfied by educatinallevel, 1986 survey

Educational level of the Number of households Reasons reported by number of households head of the households engaged in this craft about their in economic position as improvement

There is a substantial increase This occupation has in the demand for carved article become profitable

2 3 4

Illiterate Literate without educational level 5 3 2 Primary 10 10 M!dd!e 3 3 Matriculation

TOtal 20 18 2 64 It may be seen from table VI.3 that of the Reasons for the craftsmen children head of 20 households only one is illiterate. Of the to continue the craft 19 literates, 5 are literate without educational level, 13 are below matriculation and only one has passed It is unanimously opined by the head of 5.S.C. It is encouraging to note that the head of all all the 20 households practising this craft that the 20 households practising this craft have reported the employment potential of the craft is improving that their economic position has improved. The at present and has a bright future. All of them, majority of them advanced the reason for their therefore, wanted their sons to be engaged in improved economic position as that there is a this craft. The details about the reasons expressed substantial increase in the demand for carved by the head of the households are shown articles in the market and this occupation has in table VI.4 become quite profitable.

Table VI.4 Reasons expressed by the head of households wanting their children to continue the craft, 1986 survey.

Reasons for which the head of NO.of households wanting their households want their children children to continue the craft to be engaged in the craft for the reasons given in Col.1.

1 2

(1 ) The position of this craft has improved and has become lucrative after the liberation of Goa. 4

(2) It is a good source of livelihood, profitable and employment is provided at the doorstep. 14

(3) To keep this popular craft alive which is practised 2 since generations

It may be seen from table VI.4 that the Social aspects reason for which the majority of the households wanted their children to be This craft has been traditionally practised engaged in this craft is that, that it is a by the communities of Chari, Chitari and Kharvi good source of livelihood, profitable and of Hindus. Of the 20 sample households 13 employment is provided at the doorstep. belonged to Chari 65 community, 6 belonged to Chitari community and Reasons for satisfaction with the occupation one household belonged to Kharvi community. The craftsmen belonging to any of these All the 20 sample households practising communities enjoy a respectable status and they this craft reported that they are satisfied with their are not looked down upon by the society In the occupation. The reasons advanced by 19 house­ villages where they are practising this craft. Thus, holds for their being satisfied with the craft is that the level of heirarchial' social status enjoyed by they have contributed in keeping the craft alive by the craftsmen in no way might be considered practising since generations and it is also quite responsible for discouraging the younger remunerative and fetching good amount of gain at generation from engaging themselves In the craft. present. The remaining one household has reported However, the study reveals that the interest taken by that he had no other source to earn the livelihood the younger generations of these communities in and had to continue the craft which he now finds it taking up this craft as their occupation is not very quite lucrative. It is quite encouraging to note that encouraging. As of the 20 sample households none of the 20 sample households practising this practising the craft only two belonging to Chltari craft intends to leave this occupation. community reported about the younger generations taking interest in the craft and the remaining 18 About non-practising households households reported they are not taking interest in the craft. The reasons advanced for about the There are 5 households who left practising younger generations taking interest. in the craft by this craft of whom 2 households belong to Chari two households are (1) to keep alive this beautiful and 3 belong to Chitari communities. One craft practised traditionally and (2) the craft has household of Chari gave up this craft since last 5 become quite lucrative and also profitable. The years and of the remaining four households (one of reasons about the younger generations not taking Chari and three of Chitari) have given up the craft interest in the craft advanced by the remaining 18 before 10-19 years ago. Almost all of them' households are (1) it is very tedious and difficult excepting one gave up the craft as there was no job, (2) they prefer white collared job, (3) they do much demand for carved articles according to their not want to work like laboureres and (4) they are opinions. One of the head of households had to interested in pursuing higher education. / give up this craft due/to his old age. Of the head of 5 households who gave up the craft 3 have The period of association with the craft studied upto middle level and one has studied upto matriculation. The head of that one household who All the 20 sample hcuseholds engaged in gave up the craft due to his old age has studied up this craft are foilowing if traditionally. The majority to primary level of education. Of these, the head of of them i.e. 14 (7 of Charis, 6 of Chitaris and one one household belonged to age-group 15-34, three of Kharvi) are practising this craft since three to 35-59 and the remaining one is of the age 60 generation, whereas. the remaining 6 households years and above. of Charis are practisin~ this craft since four generations. Almost ail the households reported So far as the present occupation of the head that they took up this craft as their of the households who gave up the craft is occupation in order to keep alive the craft practised concerned, one each is practising carpentry and traditionally in their families, blacksmithy as their occupation and the remaining 66 two have got the Government jobs, one as Basic created a good market for this craft and (2) that the Health Worker and another as Primary School position of this craft is improving day by day and is Teahcer. The head of one household who gave up becoming lucrative and profitable. this craft due to his old age is now living a retired lite. His son aged 25 has studied upto higher The measures suggested for the development secondary and he is seeking employment. and further improvement of the craft by non-practising households are that (1) the It Is reported that not a single member of artisans must come together and form a 5 non practising households possess necessary co-operative society so that necessary aSSistance skill to practise the craft. It is also observed that can be obtained from the Government (2) none of them want their children to go back to Government must give financial assistance to the traditional occupation of the craft but like to the needy craftsmen to improve further the position have them engaged in any occupation which of the craft (3) Government must take appropriate they (children) like. steps to create market tor the carved articles within and outside Goa by displaying them in The head of all the 5 non-practising various emporia run by the tourism development households are of the opinion that the craft has corporation and in the state level exhibitions flourished In the recent years. The reasons organised by other states in the country (4) advanced for the prosperity of the craft are (1) that Government must ensure that those who have Goa has now been developed as a very famous received trainig in this craft at the centres run touristic centre and several thousands of domestic by the Directorate of Industries and Mines as well as foreign tourists are visiting Goa every must practise the craft as their occupation. year. They have shown good interest in the carved Government may give financial assistance to the articles especially decorative items. ' This has trained youths to start the craft initially. CHAPTER VII

CONCLUSION

The practice of wood carving craft in Goa is are (1) the position of the craft has considerably traditional and hereditary in character. This craft has improved, (2) it has become the main source of been practised hereditarily by all the 30 craftsmen in livelihood with reasonable profit and the employment the 20 households selected for this study. It is is available at doorstep and (3) they could keep this reported to be their family occupation practised popular craft alive which is practised by their families since generations and has been a main source of since generations. Keeping in view the present livelihood in the past as well as at present. position of the craft the reasons put forward by the However, they are of the opinion that the craft, in the craftsmen to get their children engaged in this craft past especially before the liberation of this territory, are genuine. Even the craftsmen whose traditional was not given any state patronage and no occupation was wood carving but had left this craft systematic efforts were ever made to promote this considering it uneconomical and non-profitable and ancient craft during the erstwhile Portuguese regime. shifted to other occupations are also of the opinion This position of the craft even compelled some of that the craft has started flourishing and there is the traditional craftsmen to leave this craft as they good demand for carved articles at present. The did not find it economically gainful at that time. present position of the craft has thus arrested the However, some of them have remained steadfast to trend of occupational mobility among the craftsmen this traditional craft though it was not profitable to practising this craft as none of the craftsmen in the them as they could not think of leaving this beautiful 20 sample households practiSing this craft intends to craft practised by their families for generations. It shift from this occupation. However, the spread of was only after the liberation of this territory from the higher education and the process of urbanisation are Portuguese rule that the craft has again started the main forces which have influenced the younger flourishing with the all round developmental activities generation of the craftsmen households practising taken up by the Government. Further, Goa being a this craft to prefer the white collared jobs. famous tourist centre thousands of tourists have begun visiting this place every year and they have The wood carving craft is now on the path of shown good interest in the carved articles especially development and there is an ample scope for further decorative items. Also, with the change in the living development and potentiality to generate more style of the people the demand for carved furniture employment opportunities. However, certain has been picking up steadily. impediments were observed in this regard. During the study it was observed that the main items All the 30 craftsmen desire to get their children produced by a majority of the households of the engaged in this craft. The reasons advanced for this craftsmen (65 per cent) are carved wooden furniture.

67 68

The craftsmen being self employed they engage when they purchase in piecemeal. They cannot themselves in dOing the various jobs such as afford to invest a large sum in bulk purchase also. It carpentry work, carving, polishing, joinery and is, therefore, necessary that raw materials are made finishing processes and these are mostly done by locally available at a reasonable rate to the craftsmen hand. It is, therefore, a time consuming process for in order to cope up with the present demand. The one person. The time taken in preparing the article Government could play an important role in solving is quite longer. There is a need for adopting the the probiem of raw material by making a bulk technique of division of labour, if necessary by purchase from other states like Maharashtra and employing skilled persons to do the various jobs Karnataka or even import the wood from the especially carpentry, joinery, filing and finishing. It is neighbouring countries through its Handicrafts reported that about 500 persons have been trained development agencies. It is learnt that a step in wood carving craft in the Government run training towards this direction has already been taken by the centres located in different talukas of Goa. The Goa Handicrafts Rural & Small Scale Industrial services of these persons could be availed by the Development Corporation to import the timber either craftsmen for performing different types of jobs and from Burma. Malaysia or Brazil. This would be a thereby the time taken in preparing various articles tremendous help to the local craftsmen in getting the could be reduced and employment could be raw materials at a reasonable rate locally. provided to the trained persons in this craft. The craft of wood carving is in practice from The tools used in different manufacturing pre-portuguese times but a Western touch came into processes by a majority of sample households are vogue with the induction of designs like '~aroque' the traditional ones and they are mostly hand and 'Rococo' brought by the artisans from the west. operated. A very few of them, however were found The furniture items produced, at present, are mostly using machine tools such as circular saw, zig saw, of Boroque design. With such design, it is reported electric drill, band saw etc. Keeping in view the that furniture tends to be quite heavy in weight as increasing demand for carved articles, use of the designs are intricate and thick. With a view to machine tools such as fine tempered cutters and decrease the weight of items, improvement in chisels for carving and three dimensional pentograph traditional touch of designs is needed without losing machine for duplication of rough wood carving by all the originality of Goan carving. There is a scope for the craftsmen households will help them in reducing improvement with the introduction of new designs as the time, cost, etc. Further, it is observed that, there the items specially furniture carvings, will be within is a wastage of raw material in furniture items, the reach of wider market, thereby popularising the particularly, where the items are of concave shape. craft. This could be done through the Design and This wastage could be saved by using suitable Development Centre of the Directorate of Industries cutting machine. The Government, on their part, and Mines, Government of Goa. could grant a subsidy on purchase of improved/mechanical tools to the craftsmen. There is also a need for new range of products for wider market within the design of Goan The rose wood and the teak wood, the main character and motifs. This can be done by utilising raw materials used for manufacturing the various the small bits and waste logs by fashioning them into furniture items by the craftsmen are reported to be in small items like curtain beads, door knobs, candle _;,hort supply. They also have to pay a higher price stands, paper cutters, small photo frames and wall 69 hanging of different designs. Goa is a very famous premises for carrying on production activity even tourist place and visited by thousands of domestic with a subsidy. The Goa Handicrafts Rural & Small and foreign tourists every year. Such small and Scale Industries Development Corporation Ltd. could decorative items with carving in Goan style would work out a scheme to this effect. certainly find a very good market and would fetch a good income to the craftsmen. It is observed during the study that the skill and labour available in the sample households of In order to promote the traditionally practised the craftsmen engaged in wood carving craft is craft of wood carving and for its further development, excellent. What is actually needed at present is the the Government has opened seven training centres involvement of sufficient number of persons to in the areas where this craft is concentrated. About exploit fully the facilities that are being provided by 500 persons have received training in the craft of the Government and to create an environment to wood carving from these centres. It is, however, involve the artisans more and more in further reported that most of them do not practise this craft development of this craft. after the training. The reasons reported for this are that they do not have the finance for the initial As far as marketing is concerned. It is investment i.e. for the purchase of tools, raw reported that wood carved articles have got a materials etc., and they have no confidence in considerable internal market. However, with the starting the craft industry of their own. It is concerted efforts of the craftsmen the Goan furniture suggested that the persons after training as a post could have export potentiality. What is needed training follow up action should be provided with the for this is minor alterations in the style and pattern of required infrastructural facilities to start carving work, the carved articles to suit the modern living either by bringing them under cooperative fold or conditions and also to suit the pocket of the creating the required facilities within their own house customers. GLOSSARY

Local names English names

Palki Palanquin Mandap (devara) A dome shaped wooden seat for keeping deity Paat A low rectangular wooden stool. Latfali A round shaped wooden tripod for making chapatis Latni A cylindrical shaped wooden stick for rolling Chapatis on tripod Sag/Sailo teak wood(tectona grand is) Sisam Rosewood Shivan/Hedi Yellow teak wood Girbo/T opann Electric drill/Hand drill Khorvont Saw Tasni/iKissoi Planer/leveller Mortel/Hatodi/Tutvo Hammer Kutti Wooden Hammer Kanas/Marfa FUes of assorted number FarsiNlnnem/Chinnem Scraper/chisel of different tyes and sizes Paray Iron bar Ohanushya Bow string Ghasani fator Grinding stone Matlem/Kurtymo Rightanglet/Triangie or square. Gavi Nan puller/pincer .

70 BIBUOGRAPHV

1. Gazetteer of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman & Diu, District Gazetteer, Part I Goa, Gazeteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman & Diu, 1975.

2. World Furniture - An illustrated history edited by Helena Hayward, the Hamlyn Publishing Group Ud, London, 1975.

3. Golden Goa, Marg Publication, Bombay 1980.

4. Report - Technical Seminar on wood Carving Craft of Goa, 23-24 Apr", 1987 Handicrafts Marketing & Service Extension Centre, Office of the Development Commissioner (Handicrafts) Government of India, Ministry of Textiles, Panaji, Goa.

71 GOA

KILOMETRES 4 2 8 'llOMETRES 1=1!I 1=\:1 I i==5:~11 == MilES 4 2 4 MilES LOCAT ION OF WOOD CARVING CENTRES IN GOA 1986

,''''. : '''''', ~ :"'", ",,"''': , " • Valpoi ) (Sotarl) )

," ...... ,.. BOUNDARY, UNION TERRITORY "._.-._._ . ."' UNDEMARCATED. -"-1rr-X- '." .. ", ...... , ..

TALUKA ' " "',' " I • ...... , ~ " ...... "",' " STATE CAPITAL lALUKA HEADOUATERS . • VILLAGES WHERE THE WOODCARVING CRAFT IS PRACTISED 0 VILLAGES SElECTED FOR STUDY... 8 DAMAN ANJADIP ISLAND(Goo)

A R A B I A N argao ' SEA ~ -i ( V> I ) A. ~ 0 I~:~~ ( ~~.~.,\ :t - ~ ~uepem', . • ( rn ',', 1 11 ,. 1' " '" '" 1/1 :,' """,,:: .I ) ~ KIl1I, 4 4 KmI, KIII,O 1 KIll, {t'/, :. ( r I

~ . " " . ',,' "" ~ " ", ',.",,"". """"" \ DIU ISLAND SIMARBANDAR (Diu) " "

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NOTE;- WHERE NAME OF THE TALUKA HEADQUARTERS DIFFER FROM THE NAME OF THE TALUKA, ARABIAN SEA LATER IS GIVEN IN BRACKET, Kms, 4 2 0 4 Kms, KIll. 1 1 Km

Based upon Survey of Indie map wilh the permission of the Surveyor General of India. Governmenl of Indie copyright, 1989, I o The te"itorill wlte" of India extend into the sea to 8 diltance 01 twelve nautical miles measured from Ihe appropriale base lon, 1

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A master craftsman at work in Chimbel -> -~ \,...... '\ -0. ""'1'" " ... , \ l,j

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A master craftsman at work in cuncolim .,

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A master craftsman at work in Loliem A sofa with two chairs and a teapoy A front view of sofa

'" _,..to • ...... A hiah back chair

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A front view of teapoy Dressing table with mirror ,>. > /

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A halt moon table ---

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A clear view of upper portion of a half moon table $t:~. , ... \ .. '

A front view of cupboard A photo frame A view of top of the wooden box A view of Palki

A close up ot Pafhi A Paat A view of carved door in Shanta Durga temple at Fato~pa, Quepem A door with motifs of gods in Shri MaHikarjun temple at Cotigao, Canacona A door with motifs of gods and goddesses in Shri Mallikarjun temple at ':;otigao, Canacona A view of carved pillar at Mallikarjun temple,Cotigao, Canacona A view of upper portion of carved pillar at Mallikarjun temple, Cotigao, Canacona. i, "''* ': . " "i .

A close up of carved pilla r of Ma ll ikarjun temple, Cotigao, Canacona carved statue Files of different sizes in use in woodcarving Chisels of different sizes in use in wocxicarving ...

Two kinds of Vice. Har:ld planer in different sizes t. "!

Tools used in carving

Tools used in carpentary work Craftsmen at work on Band saw. A craftsman at work on planer A craftsman at work on circular cutter A craftsman at work on electric drill A craftsman at work on zig saw machine ll A craftsman on zig saw machine "through and through carving , A craftsman wood sizing on planer A craftsman at work . , !1 : ,~ f , r/ I' ,,) r j ' - ." A view of a work shop at Cuncolim, Salcete, Wood sizing on electric planer. \

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A craftsman at preparation of a design for carving. ..~ ., .. " . .. ., .f

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A craftsman carving a design. A master craftsman giving a final touch to a Sof? "

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A carved sofa ready for fixing the cushion. , ' \ ): "I

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" ~ . : " / \- . \ \ II ~:..:I 't ,'I ~ 41 :\ .. t ~ 0, " ~ : "j, ." c , , "

A craftsman busy in joinery process. A back view of a sofa. . ... :,. . ~ ,

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A view of the front and back legs of a sofa. A craftsman fixing nails/screws. C!aftsman at work in the Govt. workshop, Chimbel, Tiswadi. A craftsman busy in calVing different parts of furniture. <~p~,. "'. ~....•~ j::-. l>; -..•..S : ~'..• •....•' ~;;., ~, , ,

Different types of lacquer articles.