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Enhanced Entry of Young Generation Into Agriculture: a Case Study in Prachinburi, Thailand

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Enhanced Entry of Young Generation Into Agriculture: a Case Study in Prachinburi, Thailand Enhanced Entry of Young Generation into Agriculture: A Case Study in Prachinburi, Thailand By Marta Ruiz Salvago A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Regional and Rural Development Planning Examination Committee: Dr. Thi Phuoc Lai Nguyen (Chairperson) Mr. Surendra Shrestha Dr. Sylvia Szabo Dr. Nicolas Faysse Nationality: Spanish Previous Degree: Bachelor of Laws Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain Scholarship: AIT Fellowship Asian Institute of Technology School of Environment, Resources and Development Thailand October 2018 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor Dr. Thi Phuoc Lai Nguyen for the support and guidance on my master’s thesis. Furthermore, I would like to extend my gratitude to Dr. Nicolas Faysse for his thorough guidance on my research and insightful comments. My sincere thanks also go to all the committee members, Dr. Sylvia Szabo and Mr. Surendra Shrestha for providing me with a broader perspective to make my work practical and useful on today’s context. My sincere thanks also goes to my colleague and friend Chanmonye Sean who helped me on the fieldwork as translator; without him this paper would not have been possible. Furthermore, I would like to thanks all the young people who took part on this study. Thanks for their time and valuable information they shared with us. And last but not least I would like to specially mention the Head of Villages, Khun Manoth from Bang Rung Rot, Khun Payon from Pho Yen and Khun from Hua Phai who helped us on the fieldwork to reach all the young people and make this research possible. ABSTRACT Research indicates the decreasing involvement of young generations in agriculture. Researchers have put forward as well the external factors that precede the low or decreasing participation of young people in farming. This qualitative and quantitative case study was designed to explore with a sample of young people in rural areas the internal factors or driving forces that might divert young people’s interest away from farming; whether young people’s current (decreasing) participation on farming is a reflection of their actual willingness or interest to get involved in agriculture. The rationale for this study is based on the need to better inform policy to tackle the issue of aging farmers. In order to enhance the installation of new young farmer, we need to understand whether young people do not want to do farming due to a generational shift on their preferences, or they want but are not able to due to their perception on agriculture and the current constraints it involves. The selected sample was composed of a total of 86 young people: 26 respondents from Hua Phai (village 1), 40 respondents from Bang Rung Rot (village 2) and 20 respondents from Pho Yen (Village 3). All villages are within Bang Sang district in Prachinburi Province, Thailand. The primary data-collection method was in-depth interviews. Secondary data was gathered from Bang Sang Registration District Office. The data were coded and organized according to the research question. Analysis and interpretation of findings were organized by the three objectives of the research study: a) Young people’s perception on farming problems (chapter 5) b) The conditions under which young people would re/consider to get involved in agriculture (chapter 6) c) To review the incentive policies for young farmers in response to the decreasing involvement of young generations in agriculture (chapter 7) The main finding of this research is that, despite the low involvement of young generations in agriculture young people in fact, would like to become farmers, they have not lost interest. It is due to the current rural conditions that farming is not viewed as an economically reliable occupation. Owing to this demeaning conditions and perception of young people of farming that from early ages they steer their professional future towards the alternatives to agriculture they consider feasible, mostly factories (an increasing sector in the area). It is at this point that when young people consider the option to do farming as income-generating activity, they perceive knowledge as their turning point to become successful farmers. Due to current rural trends of high migration of young people, Thai rural settlements may go through a profound transformation. Rural villages where young people are still lured by agriculture as economic activity may preserve the viability of small farmers and thus, a self-reliance development path. On the other hand, rural villages where young people do not perceive farming as an economically reliable activity may become a place of residence but may not remain a place of work. Rural settlements may become economically reliable on migration towards the industrial sector and urban areas; hence remittance may stand as a key source of incomes for rural villagers. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE Title Page i Acknowledgements ii Abstract iii Table of Contents iv List of Abbreviations vi List of Figures vii List of Tables viii List of Maps ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 3 1.3 Objectives of the study 4 1.4 Rationale of the study 5 2 Literature Review 2.1 Global trends on rural labour: aging population and the decreasing 8 involvement of young workforce in agriculture 2.1.1 Generational gap and aging rural population at a global level 8 2.1.2 Decreasing involvement of young workforce in agriculture: 10 factors, challenges and consequences 2.1.3 Young generation of farmers in Asia 12 2.1.4. Policy interventions to support young generation into farming 13 a. European Union 14 b. United States 14 c. Australia 15 d. Canada 15 e. Other countries 18 2.2 Rural youth and the agricultural sector in Thailand 18 2.2.1 Rural population trends in Thailand 18 2.2.2 Agricultural sector in Thailand 20 2.2.3 The role of agriculture in Thailand: Agricultural productivity 21 and Poverty 2.2.4 Labour force and the agricultural sector: Rural youth in Thailand and 22 the aging population 2.2.5 Policy related projects in Thailand that encourage the young 30 generation into farming 3 Methodology 3.1 Type of Research and Conceptual Framework 34 3.2 Site selection 34 3.2.1 Sample size 36 3.3 Research Design 37 3.3.1 Secondary data 37 3.3.2 Primary Data 37 3.4 Data analysis and Techniques 38 3.4.1 Quantitative Analysis 38 3.4.2 Qualitative Analysis 39 4 Profile of respondents and the study area 4.1 Qualitative description of the study area 42 4.1.1 Village 1: Hua Phai 42 4.1.2 Village 2:Bang Rung Rot 44 4.1.3 Village 3: Pho Yen 47 4.1.4 Population assessment 50 4.2 Qualitative description of the respondents 52 4.2.1 Occupation 52 4.2.2 Education 56 4.2.3 Family background and farming activity 61 4.2.4 Farming experience 64 5 Young people’s vision of farming problems 5.1 Farming problems in general 68 5.2 Environmental-related problems 70 5.3 Economic-related problems 71 5.4 Socio-Institutional related problems 72 5.5 Socio-economic problems 73 6 Young people involvement in agriculture 6.1 Future plan 81 6.1.1 Driving forces on young people’s future plan: whether to become 81 farers or not 6.1.2 Young people that plan to become farmers 91 6.1.3 Young people that do not plan to become farmers 93 6.1.4 Parent’s opinion and young people’s perception of the decreasing 95 involvement of young generations in agriculture 6.2 Wish or dream: willingness to get involved in agriculture 99 6.2.1 Driving forces on young people’s willingness to become farmers 102 6.3 Alternatives to agriculture 103 7 Policy assessment: support programs for the installation of new farmers 7.1 Support programs for the installation of young farmers 111 - New Farmers Program 111 - Young Smart Farmer Program 111 7.2 Respondent’s participation and expectations on young farmer’s support 112 programs 8 Debate, findings and conclusion 8.1 Debate 118 8.2 Findings and conclusion 121 8.3 Policy implications 124 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FAO Food and Agriculture Organization UN United Nations IOM International Organization for Migration ILO International Labor Organization YFS Young Farmer Scheme CAP Common Agricultural Policy ALRO Agricultural Land Reform Office MOAC Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives FFTC Food and Fertilizer Technology Center YESS Young Entrants Support Scheme LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE TITLE PAGE Figure 1 Growth in global urban and rural populations to 2050 1 Figure 2 Rural population aging at a regional level 8 Figure 3 Sectoral Value-Added in Thailand (%GDP) 21 Figure 4 Sectoral Labour Force in Thailand (Population %) 23 Figure 5 Labour Force of the Agricultural Sector in Thailand 24 Figure 6 Farmer´s age distribution in different countries 25 Figure 7a Total Production cost of industrial crops in Thailand 26 Figure 7b Net income of industrial crops in Thailand 26 Figure 8 Conceptual Framework of the Study 33 Figure 9 Respondent’s age distribution 34 Figure 10 Hua Phai Population distribution by age 37 Figure 11 Bang Rung Rot Population distribution by age 43 Figure 12 Pho Yen Population distribution by age 49 Figure 13 Demographic Evolution within 10 years: Average age 50 Figure 14 Young people percentage over the total population 51 Figure 15 Incomes 56 Figure 16 Educational Level 57 Figure 17 Parent’s occupation: Child of farmer 61 Figure 18 Farm Activity of their parent’s farm 62 Figure 19 Type of crop of their parent’s farm 63 Figure 20 Household Landholding 69 Figure 21 Farming Problems 69 Figure 22 All farming problems 70 Figure 23 Environmental-related
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