MS& ~C3 E-235 VOL. 20
KINGDOM OF THAILAND
PETROLEUM AUTHORITY OF THAILAND Public Disclosure Authorized
NA-TURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT FROM BANG PAKONG TO WANG NOI
EGAT - INVESTMENTPROGRAM SUPPORT PROJECT (WORLDBANK PARTIALCREDIT GUARANTEE) Public Disclosure Authorized
DRAFT FINAL REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized
PREPARED BY
TEAM CONSULTING ENGINEERS CO., LTD.
FOR
BECHTEL INTERNATIONAL, INC. Public Disclosure Authorized
JUNE 1994 EZITEAM CONSULTINGENGINEERS CO., LTD.
Our Ref: ENV/853/941237
2 June 1994
Mr. Emad M.Khedr Project Engineer 15th Floor, PTT Head Office Building 555 Vibhavadi-RangsitRoad Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Dear Sir:
Re: EnvironmentalImpact Assessment of Natural Gas Pipeline Project from Bang Pakong to Wans Noi
We are pleased to submit herewith 5 copies of the Environmental Impact Assessmentof the Natural Gas Pipeline Project from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi for your considerations.
We would like to thank the concerned Bechtel International personnel for their assistances throughout the course of study.
Sincerely yours,
Amnat Prommasutra Executive Director
51/301-305 Drive-inCenter, Ladprao Road, Soi 130,Bangkapi. Bangkok 10240. Thailand Telex:82855 TRIREXTH. ATTN: TEAM CONSULT.Fax :66 -2-3751070Tel. : 3773480. 3771770.1 'Ulll ?¶a. i
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__A..-...... CHAPTER II PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 ROUTE ALTERNATIVES In conjunction with the Natural Gas Parallel Pipeline Project, PTT requested that Bechtel International,Inc. evaluated the feasibility of including, in the Project, and additionalpipeline extension from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi. This pipeline extension would supply natural gas to the Wang Noi Power Plant, the Bangkok Gas Ring, and two peak shaving plants at Nong Chok and Sai Noi. The supporting facilities for this pipeline extension would include a 30,000 PH compressor station at Bang Pakong, five intermediate block valve stations, and a custody transfer metering station at Wang Noi. A Feasibility Study has been prepared for the extension and has been submitted to PTT. The followingprovides additional informationregarding the route selection for the pipeline beyon what is provided in the Feasibility Study. Four different alternatives were evaluated for the pipeline route from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi (Figure 2.1-1). (1) Alternative 1 - EGAT Route (2) Alternative 2 - Railway, Highway, and EGAT Route (3) Alternative 3 - Cross-countryand EGAT (4) Alternative 4 - Follow PTT Existing Line (Bangkok Gas Ring) to Nong Chok (1) ALTERNATIVE 1 Alternative 1 follows mainly the EGAT Power Transmission Lines and is estimated to be approximately 100 km long. Approximately 90% of the pipeline would be placed in the EGAT ROW (right-of-way)and the remaining 10% would be installed in land requiring new ROW. The advantages of this route include; limited impact to land oweners, residents, and economic activities along the pipeline route; miproved constructatility due to limited obstruction; and reduced ROW costs. The main disadvantage of this route are the increase capital and operating costs due the requirement for installing AG Mitigation facilities along the line.
ENV853/94140/CHAP-11
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Table of Contents
Page CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND 1-1
1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY 1-1
CHAPTER II : PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 ROUTE ALTERNATIVES 2-1
2.2 PIPELINE FACILITIES 2-4 2.2.1 Pipeline Route 2-5 2.2.2 Pipeline Hazard/MitigationMeasure 2-8 2.2.3 Pipeline Design 2-8 2.2.4 Cathodic Protection 2-9 2.2.5 Pipeline Construction Method 2-9
2.3 PIPELINE OPERATIONS 2-15 2.3.1 Gas Transmission Facilities 2-15 2.3.2 Pipeline Markers 2-16 2.3.3 Gas Leak Control 2-16 2.3.4 Operations Schedule 2-16 2.3.5 Gas Supply/Demand 2-17
2.4 OVERALL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM 2-17 2.4.1 Construction Stage 2-17 2.4.2 Operation Stage 2-17
i CHAPTER II : EXISTING ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
3.1 SURFACE WATER QUALITY 3-1 3.1.1 Literature Review 3'1 3.1.2 Study Methodology and Sampling Stations Description 3.1.2.1 Results of the Study 3-9
3.2 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 3.2.1 Literature Review 3-12 3.2.2 Results from Field Work 3-14 3.2.2.1 Plankton Organisms 3-14 3.2.2.2 Benthic Organisms 3-18 3.2.2.3 Aquatic Weeds 3-18 3.2.2.4 Fishery 3-21
3.3 TRANSPORTATION 3-22
3.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES 3-22
3.5 LAND USE 3-26 3.5.1 Introduction 3-26 3.5.2 Objective 3-27 3.5.3 Scope of Work 3-27 3.5.4 Study Methodology 3-27 3.5.5 Results of the study 3-27
3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC 3-36 3.6.1 Scope of the Study 3-36 3.6.2 Objective of the Study 3-36 3.6.3 Methods of Study 3-36 3.6.4 Results of the Study 3-41 3.6.4.1 The Existing Gas Pipeline Area 3-41 3.6.4.2 The Proposed Gas Pipeline Area 3-61
ii CHAPTER IV : MAJOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT
4.1 METHODOLOGY 4-1 4.1.1 Hazard Identification 4-1 4.1.2 Quantitative Analysis 4-5
4.2 HAZARDOUS ASSESSMENTS 4-8
4.3 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS 4-16
4.4 HAZARD MITIGATION MEASURES 4-16
CHAPTER V ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT
5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1
5.2 WATER QUALITY 5-1 5.2.1 Construction Period 5-1 5.2.2 Operation Phase 5-2
5.3 AQUATIC ECOLOGY/FISHERY 5-3 5.3.1 Construction Period 5-3 5.3.2 Operation Period 5-4
5.4 TRANSPORTATION 5-4 5.4.1 Construction Period 5-4 5.4.2 Operation Period 5-5
5.5 LAND USE 5-5
5.6 SOCIO-ECONOMICS 5-5
iii C?-fPTER VI : MITIGATION MEASURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1
6.2 MITIGATION MEASURES 6-1 6.2.1 Construction Period 6-1 6.2.1.1 Water Quality 6-1 6.2.1.2 Aquatic Ecology/Fisheries 6-6 6.2.1.3 Transportation 6-6 6.2.1.4 Land Use 6-7 6.2.1.5 Socio-Economic 6-7 6.2.2 Operation Period 6-8 6.2.2.1 Water Quality/Aquatic Ecology 6-8 6.2.2.2 Transportation 6-8
6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT 6-8 6.3.1 PTT Safety Policy 6-10 6.3.2 Operating and Maintenance on Safety 6-10 of Gas Transmission Facilities 6.3.3 Environmental and Safety Training 6-11 6.3.4 Recommendations 6-11
CHAPTER VII ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS
7.1 INTRODUCTION 7-1
7.2 WATER QUALITY/AQUATIC BIOLOGY 7-1
7.3 TRANSPORTATION 7-1
7.4 INFRASTRUCTURE 7-4
7.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC 7-4
7.6 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY 7-4
iv CHAPTER VII : ENVIRONMENTALMONITORING PROGRAMS (Corit'd)
7.7 CONCLUSIONS 7-5
v List of Tables
Tables Page 2.3-1 Natural Gas Supply Forecast (mmscfd) 2-18 3.1.1 Water Quality classification of Bang Pakong River, 1991 3-2 3.1.2 Water Analysis in Khlong Prawet Burirom and Bang Pakong River on June 1991 3-5 3.1-3 Surface Water Quality by Ones; Classification and Objectives 3-6 3.1-4 Characteristics of Water Samples to be Determine 3-10 3.1-5 The Results of Water Quality Sampling Stations Main Waterways to be Intersected by Pipeline (December 21-22, 1993) 3-11 3.2-1 Number of Species and Density of Plankton in Khlong Prawet Burirom and Bang Pakong River (June 1991) 3-13 3.2-2 Species Composition and Abundances (Organisms/ Litre) of Plankton Organisms in the Gas Pipeline Project Area, December 21-22, 1993 3-15 3.2-3 Benthic Organisms (Individual Per Square Meter of Bottom Surface at Five Sampling Stations, December 21-22, 1993 3-19 3.2-4 Species of Aquatic Weeds Found in Bang Pakong River, 1993 3-20 3.3-1 Annual Average Daily Traffic Volumes in 1992 3-25 3.5-1 Type and Area of Land Use on the Pipeline Route 3-35 3.6-1 Sampling Site and Sample size of the Former Gas Pipeline 3-37 3.6-2 Sampling Site and Sample Size of the Proposed Gas Pipeline 3-38 3.6-3 General Characteristic of Respondent 3-43 3.6-4 Structure of Household 3-45
3.6 e 5 Occupatio and Economic Status of Respondents 3-49 3.6-6 Land Holding Status and Housing Condition 3-51
vi Tables Page 3.6=7 information about the Pipeline Project Received by Those Living Here Before the construction Phase 3-54 3.6-8 Information about the Pipeline Project Received by Those Living Here after the Construction Phase 3-56 3.6-9 Attitude Toward the Former Pipeline Project and Reactions of Respondents 3-57 3.6-10 Impact from Former Pipeline Project and Compensation 3-62 3.6-11 Opinion about the Proposed Gas Project 3-64 3.6-12 General Characteristicof Respondent 3-66 3.6-13 Structure of Household 3-68 3.6-14 Occupation and Economic Status of Respondent 3-70 3.6-15 Land Holding Status and Housing 3-73 3.6-16 Knowledge about Pipeline Project 3-74 3.6-17 Attitude Toward the Pipeline Project 3-75 3.6-18 Impact from High Voltage Line 3=79 3.6-19 Impact from the Proposes Pipeline Project 3-80 4.1-1 Input Data for Hazard Evaluation 4-6 4.1-2 Gas Outflow of the Pipeline Leak Rate at 20% and 100% of Pipe Diameter 4-7 4.1-3 Distance at the End of Turbulent Mixing Phase 4-9 4.1-4 Gas Dispersion Beyong the End of Turbulent Mixing Phase 4-10 4.1-5 Buoyant Dispersion of the Natural Gas 4-11 4.2-1 The Distance from the Centre of the Fireball at the Radiation Flux (METRE) 4-13 4.2-2 InstantaneousRelease with Delayed Ignition 4-14 4.2-3 Buoyant Dispersion of the Natural Gas at 100% of Pipe Diameter Leakage (28") 4-15 4.3-1 Summary for Impact Assessment 4-17 6.1-1 Summary of Potential Environmental Impacts, and Mitigation Measures 6-2
vii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTT N
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND Since there are rapid growth in various sectors in Thailand, the energy supply is the main aspects for the country's need. The utilization of natural gas pipeline system has also been developed in the Gulf of Thailand during 1970s. The demand of natural gas has been forecasted to increase from 350 MMCFD in the year 1986 to 2000 MMCFD by the year 2001. To achieve the increasing demand and the necessity to produce adequate natural gas supply for the country's need, PTT has engaged Bechtel International, Inc. to develop the pipeline system from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi. PTT has also entrusted TEAM Consulting Engineers Co., Ltd. to prepare the environmental impact assessment. The Initial environmental evaluation was undertaken for the natural gas pipeline project from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi in March 1994. It was indicated that the concerned parameters to be study in the EIA include water quality, aquatic ecology, land use, transportation,socio- economic at hazardous assessment. Thus, the content of this EIA will be limited to the above aspects.
1.2 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY The main objectives are the preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) report and the development of the monitoring program of this project. The specific objectives of the study are: (1) To investigate and describe the existing characteristics and quality of the concerned environmental resources and values of the study area. (2) To characterize the environmental aspects that would be affected by the implementation of the proposed project.
ENV853/94140/CHAP-I
1-1 (3) To identify the major changes of the environment that may be expected as a results of the project implementation and development. (4) To evaluate and forecast the short and long-term impacts of the proposed project upon the environmentalresources and values and to define the degree of significance and magnitude of the predicted impacts. (5) To make recommendations on short and long-term measures to prevent or mitigate the adverse effects and/or to maximize the positive results of the proposed project. (6) Based on the results, recommend the appropriate ernvironmentalmonitoring programs for the proposed project during project operation. This EIA was conducted following the "EnvironmentalGuidelines for Selected Industrial and Power Development Project" of the Asian Development Bank (ADB)".
ENV853/94140/CHAP-I
1-2 CHAPTER II PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 ROUTE ALTERNATIVES In conjunction with the Natural Gas Parallel Pipeline Project, PTT requested that Bechtel International,Inc. evaluated the feasibility of including,in the Project, and additional pipeline extension from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi. This pipeline extension would supply natural gas to the Wang Noi Power Plant, the Bangkok Gas Ring, and two peak shaving plants at Nong Chok and Sai Noi. The supporting facilities for this pipeline extension would include a 30,000 PH compressor station at Bang Pakong, five intermediate block valve stations, and a custody transfer metering station at Wang Noi. A Feasibility Study has been prepared for the extension and has been submitted to PTT. The followingprovides additional informationregarding the route selection for the pipeline beyon what is provided in the Feasibility Study. Four different alternatives were evaluated for the pipeline route from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi (Figure 2.1-1). (1) Alternative 1 - EGAT Route (2) Alternative 2 - Railway, Highway, and EGAT Route (3) Alternative 3 - Cross-country and EGAT (4) Alternative 4 - Follow PTT Existing Line (Bangkok Gas Ring) to Nong Chok (1) ALTERNATIVE 1 Alternative 1 follows mainly the EGAT Power Transmission Lines and is estimated to be approximately100 km long. Approximately 90% of the pipeline would be placed in the EGAT ROW (right-of-way)and the remaining 10% would be installed in land requiringnew ROW. The advantages of this route include; limited impact to land oweners, residents, and economic activities along the pipeline route; miproved constructatility due to limited obstruction; and reduced ROW costs. The main disadvantage of this route are the increase capital and operating costs due the requirement for installing AC Mitigation facilities along the line.
ENV853/94140/CHAP-II
2-1 FIGURE2.1-1 ALTERNATIVEPIPELINE ROUTES
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0 ~ ~ ~ .. ;l,> 1 ,( ~ 5 hS . NGitl.;^^n_ ) || 2 AALE lEtE ! .o w C s P y t - ' :^ ...... l;Alrn;ft .w---!-'|i,<>mt...... LE*. _HNE)ulimEIaAGEA s, (2) Alternative 2 Alternative 9 follows the railway north from Bang Pakong to Chachoengsao then follows Highway 304 to the Nong Chok Substation. The route could then either follow the EGAT ROW or cut cross-country to the Wang Noi Power Plant. The advantages of this route over Alternative 1 include; AC Mitigation costs/facilitieswould not be incurrend from Bang Pakong to the Nong Chok Substation and better accessability to the pipeline ROW. The disadvantages compared to Alternative 1 include: significantlyhigher capital costs due to additional 20 km of pipeline length; installation of the pipeline along congested. populated railway and highway ROW; impact on property owners near congested Highway; and additional horsepower requirements at Bang Pakong due to longer line length wihic would adversely affect both capital and operating costs. (3) Alternative 3 Alternative 3 follows the most direct cross-country route from Bang Pakong to Nong Chok and from Nong Chok to the Wang Noi Power Plant. The advantages of this route over Alternative 1 include; AC Migigation costs/facilitieswould be minor and the pipeline length would be reduced by 3 to 5 km. The disadvantages compared to Alternative 1 included; high ROW costs, high impact to property owners due to splitting properties, and higher constructabilitycosts due to more obstructions in the ROW. (4) Alternative 4 Alternative 4 follows the existing PTT pipeline along Highway 34 and heads north and follows Highways 3256 and 3119. A majority of the line would be in congested Highway ROW. The advantages of this route over Alternative 1 include:Ac Mitigation costs/facilitieswould not be incurred from Bang Pakong to the Nong Chok Substation and better accessability to the pipeline ROW. The disadvantages compared to Alternative 1 include: significantly higher capital costs due to additional 25 km of pipeline length; installation of the pipeline along congested, populated highway ROW; and additional horsepower requirements at Bang Pakong due to longer line length which would adversely affect both capitital and operating costs. This route is practically infeasible due the the congested ROW along the highways it would parallel.
ENV853/94140/CHAP-I1
2-3 (5) Assessment of Alternative Alternative 2 and 4 are not feasible due to the increased pipeline length (+20% over Alternative 1 and due to the significant congestLon which would be encountered along the highway/railway ROW. AlterAnative 3 is feasible, however the total cost of this line may be higher than Alternative 1 due to increased ROW and construction costs even though the line is 3 km shorter. The main economic activities would be affected by the installation of a new "virgin" cross-country pipeline. This disadvantage for Alternative3, makes Alternative 1 the most attractive route. The Alternative 1 route, which follows the EGAT ROW, is cost effective, constructible, and minimizes the impact to residents in Thailand. Based on this information, Alternative 1 is the selected route for the Bang Pakong to Wang Noi extension. The following description summarizes the major system components and service condition: New 100 km, 36" onshore gas pipeline from Bang Pakong to
Wang Noi Power Station. s s n4 - t r New compressor station at Bang Pakong and new metering facilities at Wang Noi Power Station. Modifications to PTT's existing SCADA facilities at the Erawan Platforms ERP and ECP, Rayong Gas Separation Plants, the gas transmissionand distribution system and Operations Center in Chonburi. The completion dates are scheduled at March 1996 for the onshore pipelines. The service life for the pipelines and related facilities will be approximately 40 years.
2.2 PIPELINE FACILITIES The pipeline facilities related to this project include new metering facilities at the Wang Noi Power Plant, and a new 100 km, 36" onshore gas pipeline from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi. Also included are modifications to the SCADA equipment and software.
ENV853/94140/CHAP- I I
2-4 2.2.1 Pipeline Route The proposed Wang Noi Power Plant is located just south of Highway 1, about 100 km North of the Wang Noi Pipeline (WNPL) tie-in with the Parallel Pipeline at Amphoe Bang Pakong (Figure 2.2-1). The WNPL will have a wall thickness of 0.375 inches or 0.406 inches (API Grade), in accordance with ASME 31.8 code. The WNPL will commence in rice field and head north east one kilometer to join the EGAT R.O.W. (230 KV line). At this point, the WNPL will parallel the EGAT line heading north. The pipeline will be 12 meters to the east of the EGAT towers. The edge of the EGAT R.O.W. is 8 meters further east, so no new R.O.W. will be required after WNPL's entry into the EGAT R.O.W. Five meters of temporary work space will be necessary for construction. After entering the EGAT R.O.W., the WNPL will head north through rice fields and low lands 1.5 kilometers to the Highway 3466 crossing. Highway 3466 is a 6 meter wide asphalt road with an 8 meter wide canal on the south side and a pond on the north. The highway will be a standard bore crossing. From Highway 3466, the WNPL will continue north across more rice fields, and scattered fish ponds 0.7 kilometers to a major canal ("Khlong") crossing. The Khlong crossing can be open cut during the dry season. From the canal, the WNPL will continue to follow the EGAT line north two kilometers to make an approximate 50° turn to the left. Appropriate bending will be required to stay maintain the pipeline alignment inside the EGAT R.O.W. This area is low lands with scattered houses. From the 50 P.I., the WNPL will continue northwesterly across rural roads and three minor canals, which can all be open cut. The terrain is flat with rice fields and low lands. At KP 9, the EGAT line picks up a second set of towers from the Bang Pakong Power Plant. At this point, the proposed WNPL will move in between the two EGAT powerlines. There is 22 meters of open work space from edge of towers. The towers are 8 meters wide. The R.O.W. line is 12 meters from the center of the towers. This would eliminate the need for temporary work space during
ENV853/94140/CHAP-I1
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FIGURELOCATiON2.2-I: O~~~~~STUDY AREA~ construction and also avoid houses built up along rhe R.O.W. in some areas. About 7 kilometers further northwest, the EGAT lines cross the Bang Pakong River. This is a major river with swift moying currents. The crossing is almost 500 meters long. The crossing would most likely be directionallydrilled. After the Bang Pakong River, the route crosses Highway 314 which will be a standard bore crossing. North of Highway 314,.the route continues through rice fields, low lands, and several major and minor Khlongs, all of which should be open cut with concrete coated pipe, 23 kilometers to the eastern line railway crossing. The railway crossing will be a cased bore. The WNPL will also cross the new 24-inch THAPP pipeline, which is under construction at this time. The THAPP line follows the railway line west 0.6 kilometers and turns north along a rural road to join the ECAT lines. THAPP line is parallel to the EGAT lines at this point, on the east side of the R.O.W., 12 meter offset Accordinzlv, there is no conflict between the WNPL route and the THAPP line route as the proposed WNPL route is between the EGAT towers. The WNPL route continues northwest 11.5 kilometers across more rice fields, minor Khlongs, and rural roads to Highway 304. At the north side of the highway is a substation. The proposed WNPL route will leave the EGAT R.O.W. and head east around the substation and rejoin the EGAT R.O.W. after 500 meters. At this point, the double EGAT lines split and the THAPP line follows the more westerly line while the WNPL route will follow the easterly lines. The WNPL route will stay on the east side of the towers at an approximateoffset of 14 meters. The edge of R.O.W. is 26 meters from the towers, so no temporary work will be required. The route continues north 15 kilometers across more rice fields, two major Khlongs, several minor Khlongs, and rural roads to the next Highway 3312. At Highway 3312, a short re-route outside the EGAT R.O.W. will be necessary to avoid ponds for a length of about 600 meters. After rejoining the EGAT line, the UNPL route will continue for 10 kilometers north across several more minor Khlongs and one major Khlong- to Highway 305. All crossingswill most likely be open cut during the drv
ENV853/94140/CHAP-1I
2-7 season except the hizhway. From Highway 305, the EGAT line continues north 20 kilometers across rice fields and several minor Khlongs to a major Khlong crossing that could be open cut or directionally drilled. From here, the route contirn-esnorth alonlgthe east Side of the EGAT line approximately 5 kilometers to terminate at the proposed Wang Noi Power Plant just south of Highway 1. There are two more major Khlong crossings south of Highway 1.
2.2.2 Pipeline Hazard/MitigationMeasures Because the gas pipelines will be located parallel to and relatively close to high voltage (230 KV and 460 KV power transmission lines, the pipe itself will be subjected to induced voltage). During construction, the pipe will be grounded to prevent injury to personnel and damage to equipments. A permanent grounding system will be installed to protect pipeline and maintenance personnel and will be connected to the grounding system for the individual transmission towers.
2.2.3 Pipeline Design The gas pipelines will be designed in accordance with ASME B 31.8, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems. The pipe wall thickness and grade will be designed for a maximum operating pressure of 1,044 psig. The wall thickness of the pipe will be increased, as required, at crossings of highways, railways, major waterways and in areas in close proximity to inhabited structures as specified in the codes. The pipe will be externally coated to prevent corrosion. Pipe block valves will be located at various points on the pipeline to allow isolation of portions of the system. The block valves will be equipped with gas driven actuators for ease of operation. Each valve will be located in a designated fenced/guardedarea. Facilities will be provided at the valve sites to allow venting of the pipeline in the event of an emergency. Scraper traps will be installed at the Rayong gas terminal (launcher), Block Valve No.6 (receiver),Bang Pakong Compressor Station (launcher), and Wang Noi Power Plant (receiver).
ENV853/94140/CHAP-I I
2-8 2.2.4 Cathodic Protection In addition to the external pipe coating, the pipeline will be protected from corrosionby means of an active cathodic protection system. Testing stations will be located along the pipelines to allow monitoring of the cathodic protection system. The 36" pipeline will be electrically isolated from Block Valve No.6 facilities by means of insulating joints.
2.2.5 Pipeline ConstructionMethod The onshore pipeline construction will basically be a linear assembly line, where the equipment and workers move along the pipeline route at a constant pace, each performing an assigned task. The work process begins with the preparation of the right-of-way,which serves as the work site, and ends with the burial of the pipe and the restoration of the land surface. The following are the major work steps involved in the construction process: (1) Rioht-of-Way Preparation The purpose of this work step is to provide a smooth and even work area and to facilitate the movement of equipment onto and along the pipeline route. (2) PiDe Stringing Stringing is the delivery and distribution of pipe along the right-of-way. Specially equipped trucks are used to safely haul the pipe from the storage yard to the right-of-way. (3) Trenching Trenching or ditching is merely the excavation of a trench in which to lay the pipe. The trench can be excavated using a backhoe or a specially designed wheel-type ditching machine. In areas containing rock, blasting is sometimes used if the rock cannot be economically fractured or ripped using mechanical methods. The depth of the trench is a function of how much cover is required over the pipe; in normal soils this is 75 to 80 cms, in rock only 60 cms. (4) Bending Individual pipe sections may be bent to ensure that the completed pipeline contour matches the bottom contour of the trench. The
ENV853/94140/CHAP- I I
2-9 bending is done alongside the trench using specialized equipment which handles the pipe with little or no damage to the exterior coating. (5) Welding Welding of the pipe joints is completed in a series of steps
beginning wi.h tLhe line-up oF tne two surfaces 'o critical tolerances, followed by numerous welding passes. Typically, the welding is done manually and, on large diameter pipe, two welders work on one weld, working on opposite sides of the pipe. Welds are visually inspected and examined by x-ray to determine their quality and acceptability. (6) External Coating After acceptance of the weld, the area adjacent to the weld is cleaned and coated to prevent corrosion. Prior to movement into the trench, the entire pipeline segment is tested for coating defects and if found, any defects are corrected. (7) Lowering-In The pipe is normally lowered into the trench in long segments of pipe joints. This critical step is closely coordinated and supervised. The lifting and movement of the pipe segment is done by "side boom" tractors which have the ability of making discrete vertical and horizontal movements.. (8) Backfilling After the pipe has been placed in the trench, the soil taken from the trench or another selected material is placed in the trench. Special care is taken to ensure that there is sufficient material underneath the pipe as well as above it and also to prevent damage to the coated pipe. Where the pipe is laid in rocky or rough soils, a padding of selected material (dirt or sand) is used to support and isolate the pipe from large rocks, etc. (9) Crossings Pipeline crossings of highways, railways, canals or other pipelines or cables are made in accordance with the requirements of the owners. In general, major highways will be crossed without disruption of traffic. To accomplish this, a larger diameter steel casing pipe is bored and jacked under the highway using specially designed equipment and then the gas pipeline is slipped through the casing pipe. (Figure 2.2-2 and 2.2-3).
ENV853/94140/CHAP-Il
2-10 I- z 0 z
0~~~~~~~~
36 ii|2aO
O.D.O 00469 "WT. PIPE
PAVED RURALROAD CROSSINGS SCALE: NONE
NOTE MINIMUMCOVER INSIDE RURAL ROADROW IS 1.5 METER. CONTRACTORHAS THE OPTION TO EITHERJACK BORE OR OPEN cur PAVEO RURALROADS. HOWEVERTRAFFIC FLOW MUST BE
MAINTAINED,HEAVEWALL PIPE (36" O.D. x 0.469 WT. API 5L 't 65) SHALL EXTENDONE METERPAST 0OTHROW LINES.
FIGURE2.2-2 :PAVED RURALROAD CROSSINGS 0
0 0
SCALE: NONE NT
36 O.D3 x 0.469 WI. API 5L 65 PIPE
(HEAVY WALL CLASS 3) SHALL E-XTENDACROSS RURAL ROAD AND ONE METERPAST ROW LINES. MINIMUMCOVER IS 1.5 METER. ALL DIRT AND LATERITEROADS WILL BE OPEN CUT. CONTRACTORIS RESPONDSIBLEFOR SAFETY AND FLOWOF TRAFFIC.
FIGURE 2.2-3 :DIRT AND LATERITE RURALROAD CROSSINGS At crossings that are navigable by pleasure or commercial craft, Contractor shall comply with all special precautionary measures required by federal, state and local maritime authorities, to prevent or minimize obstructions to navigation on the water course. Constructionof the pipe across rivers and streams shall be performed in such a manner as to keep to a minimum the damage to shorelines,water crossed, adjacent drainage areas, and fish and wildlife habitats. (a) Open Cut Crossings Across streams and river, the pipeline shall normally be laid by the open cut method as practicable and, where required, it shall be held in place by means of concrete set-on weights or concrete coating or screwed anchors. Cutting of the pipeline ditch in sloped approaches shall not be undertaken until actual pipe laying is ready to be carried out in order to minimize silt input into the water course. If necessary, the work area shall be graded, and other precautions shall be taken, to pre-ven.tsurface run-off from entering the ditch. In additionj the silt fences, hay bales and other appropriate means will be applied to control erosion and sediment runoff at all water channels adjacent to the trench or other earth exposing construction activities. Followinginstallation of the pipe, the beds of streams and rivers shall be restored, as neatly as possible, to their former elevations and grade. Spoil, debris, piling, construction materials, and obstructions resulting from the construction of the pipeline shall be removed from the crossing to prevent interference with normal water flow and use of the waterways, and shall be disposed in a satisfactory manner. Where practicable, stream and river banks shall be backfilled and compacted to a point above the high water line and, if necessary, sandbagged and, or rip-rapped to prevent soil and bank erosion. As a minimum, compaction shall be to densities equivalent to those of the surrounding soils (Figure 2.2-4). (b) Bored Crossings In certain cases, the jurisdictional authority may require that installationof the pipeline across the waterway be performed by boring. Bored crossings shall be installed using a pilot pipe section.
ENV853/94140/CHAP- I1
2-13 0- 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-J Q-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-
z z z :> 0 < 1 t.36 -Q. <
3LINE36 PI O WATER~ ~~ NTE:
36 O.D. x 0.469 "WT. PIPE CONCRETECOATED MINIMUMCOVER FOR KHLONGCROSSINGS
IS 1.5 METER. HEAVY WALL (36-C.D. x 0.469" WT.)
KHLONGCROSSINGS CONCRETECOATED PIPE SHALL EXTEND SCALE: NONE A MINIMUMOF FIVE METERSPAST THE TOP BANK ON BOTH SIDES. CONTRACTORMAY OPEN CUT, BORE OR DIRECTIONALDRILL KHLONGCROSSINGS
FIGURE 2.2-4 :KHLONG CROSSINGS Once the pilot section- i- in place, the permanent, coated, carrier pipe shall be welded onto the pilot section and jacked or pulled through the bore. The pilot section shall then be cut off and removed. (c) Directional Drilling The installation of the pipeline crossings may be accomplished by the use of the directional drilling method. A plan and profile of each crossing to be installed by directional drilling is to be approved. Entry and exit points shall be accurately located. Where the crossing is installed parallel to an existing pipeline, the crossing design shall ensure that a minimum twenty (20) foot separation is maintained between the pipelines throughout the full length of the crossing. Any drilling fluids, muds or chemical additives used shall be acceptable to the environmentalauthorities having jurisdiction, and the containment and disposal of such drilling fluids shall be in accordance with the permit requirements.It is anticipatedthat the Bang Pakong River (which is in the 36" Segment of the Wang Noi Extension) will be directionally bored. (10) Testing The completed pipeline is subjected to a hydrostatic test to approve its overall integrity. After venting all air from the completed pipeline a pressure equivalent to 25 percent higher than maximum operating pressure is applied and held for 24 hours. During this time, the pressure and temperature are recorded to determine if there is any leakage.
2.3 PIPELINE OPERATIONS
2.3.1 Gas Transmission Facilities The overall gas transmission facilities consist of the metering and pressure control offshore on ERP, the 36" submarinepipeline, liquids removal and dewpoint control at the Rayong gas terminal, onshore compressor station at Rayong, the 28" onshore pipeline with metering and pressure control at existing Block Valve No.6, 36" onshore pipeline from Bang Pakong to Wang Noi, Compressor station at Bang Pakong, and metering
ENV853/94140/CHAP-I I
2-15 facilities at Wang Noi. The system will be monitored and controlled via SCADA from the Operations Center in Chonburi. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and communications facilities would be required at the Unocal IV platform, ERP, compression facilities near Block Valve 6, Block Valve sites along the onshore pipeline route, and at Wang Noi. SCADA data would be sent to the Operations Center near Chonburi where PTT has an existing SCADA and Communications system for their current pipeline network.
2.3.2 Pipeline Markers The onshore portion will be identified by above ground markers which provide a warning of the presence of the pipeline and phone numbers for contacting PTT. In addition, kilometer and marker will be installed at regular intervals to allow identificationfrom the air as well as from the ground level.
2.3.3 Gas Leak Control To control the pipeline, including leak detection, on-line information from the pipeline inlet and outlet will be monitored; pressure, temperature, density and volumetric flow. Where 2-phases flow is encountered, including slug flow, densities and volumetric flows will be obtained by direct measurement and also re-constitutedfrom metering after separation. On-line pipeline integrity monitoring software in the SCADA system will perform overall pipeline mass balances, pipeline hydraulics and rate of change pressure calculations to check for small leaks on a long-term basis and for leaks on a short-term basis, respectively.
2.3.4 Operations Schedule The new pipeline system is intended to operate continuously. Equipment requiring maintenance will have stand-by units to allow a shut- down without interruption of gas flow in the pipeline. Flow rates will vary seasonally and throughout the day in conjunction with onshore gas demand.
ENV853/94140/CHAP-I I
2-16 2.3.5 Gas Supply/Demand Projected offshore suppliers from Erawan, Bongkot, joint development area U4, and Malaysia Gas fields for each year in the future are given in Table 2.3-1. The projected gas demand, for Khanom, Songkhla, Bang Sapang, Krabi, EGAT power plant at Rayong, Bang Pakong, Wang Noi and Rayong industrial users and others were computed based on the heating values of the gas for each year.
2.4 OVERALL PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
2.4.1 Construction Stage The mobilization for the onshore pipeline and compressor station construction is scheduled to commence in 1995. The offshore pipelin2c should be ready for pre-commissioningby 1996. Testing and commissioningare scheduled for completion at the mid of 1996.
2.4.2 Operation Stage Actual gas operations in the new system can begin in 1996.
ENV8S3/94140/CHAP-II
2-17 TABLE 2.3-1
NATURAL GAS SUPPLY FORECAST (mmscfd)
Year UNCAL BONGKOT U4 JDA MALAYSIA TOTAL I, II, III (B12/27) SOUTHERN
1993 670 150 820 1994 752 200 952 1995 712 250 962 1996 900 300 1,200 1997 900 350 250 1,500 1998 900 350 300 1,550 1999 900 350 300 1,550 2000 900 350 300 150 1,700 2001 900 350 300 200 50 1,800 2002 900 350 300 250 50 1,850 2003 900 350 300 250 100 1,900 2004 900 350 300 250 100 1,900 2005 900 350 300 250 100 1,900 2006 900 350 300 250 100 1,900
ENV853/94141/TAB23-1
2-18 CHAPTER III FXTSTTNG ENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONS
3.1 SURFACE WATER QUALITY
3.1.1 Literature Review The water quality along Bang Pakong river from Bang Pakong district, Chachoengsao to Kabin Buri district, Prachinburi 19 stations about 232 kilometres of distance were surveyed by Environmental health division, Health Department and office of public health Chachoengsao and Prachin Buri province. Forty-tree parameters were conducted and the quality results were compared with surface water quality standard. The results of water quality in Bang Fakong river can be summarized in Table 3.1-1 and Figure 3.1-1. (1) Water quality in Bang Pakong, Ban Pho, M4uang,Bang Knia, Bang Nam Prieo, Phanom Sarakham district of Chachoengsao province and Muang district of Prachin Buri province were categorized as class 54 which was not suitable for consumptioiyexcept transportation.The overall of water quality along the river was categorized as class 3. In this area some parameters exceed the standard such as lead and nitrate. The range of lead is 0.06-0.12 mg/l and 5.89-21.7.mg/l of nitrate interms of nitrogen. (2) In Ban Sang, Si Maha Phot and Kabin Buri district of Prachin Buri province, water quality were categorized as class 3 which can be used for consumption after treatment system. The important parameters in this area are coliform and fecal coliform bacteria with the range of 5,600- 12,400 MPN/10 ml and 1,350-2,800MPN/100 ml respectively. (3) It was found that 7 water quality stations from total 11 stations or about 64% were categorized as class 5. The study of Team Consulting Engineers Co., Ltd. held on June 1991 for IEE of the Bangkok-ChonburiNew Highway Project was sampling the water quality at Khlong Prawet Buri Rom and Bang Pakong River which were close
ENV853/94140/CHAP-111
3-1 WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION OF BANG PAKONG RIVER, 1991
Area Class Important Average SuitableFor Parameters
Bang Pakong Districtof 5 Pb 0.12 mg/l ChachoengsaoProvince Nitrate 18.41 mg/I
Ban Pho Districtof 5 Pb 0.07 mg/l ChachoengsaoProvince Nitrate 5.89 mg/l
MuangDistrict of 5 Pb 0.07 mg/l ChachoengsaoProvince Nitrate 6.87 mg/l - Navigation Bang KhlaDistrict of 5 Pb 0.07 mg/l ChachoengsaoProvince Ammonia 0.68 mg/l Nitrate 12.28 mg/l
Bang Nam PrieoDistrict of 5 Pb 0.08 mg/I ChachoengsaoProvince
PhanomSarakham District 5 Pb 0.08 mg/l of ChachoengsaoProvince Nitrate 21.7 mg/I
Ban Sang Districtof 3 FeacalColiform 1,350 mg/I - Watershould be treatedand Prachin Buri Province Bacteria MPN/100ml steritizedbefore consumption - Agricultural MuangDistrict of 5 Pb 0.06 mg/l - Navigation PrachinBuri Province
Sri MahaPhot District of 3 Coliform 5,600 DrachinBuri Province MPN/100ml FeacalColiform 2,800 MPN/100ml
CabinBuri Districtof 3 Coliform 6,800 - Watershould be treatedand 'rachin Buri Province MPN/100ml sterilizedbefore consumption 'DistrictSeat) FeacalColiform 1,800 - Agricultural MPN/100 ml
(abin Buri District of 3 Coliform 12,400 'rachin Buri Province MPN/100ml Bridges) FeacalColiform 2,700 MPN/100 ml
3/941 41/T31 -1 3-2 PRACHINBURI
k / t OZJA~~~RACHANTAKHAMRg
g Y ,GB~~~AN SANG ABKO7; t BKO~~BK9S
BBURIS V) f ~~~SiMAHA PKAHI
EBANGNAM PRIEO 0
X X > B~~~ANGKHLA \ l~~~~
®)ECHACHOENGSAO BKO3!
X CABKO2 LEGEND CLASS I \ I PHO)M BAN WATEROUALITY 29 VBNG MKU
\ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 4
5
PROVINCE DISTRICT A SAMPLING STATIONS
® CHONBURI
ALONG BANG PAKONG RIVER FIGURE 3.1-1: WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION 3-3 tz the pipeline project. The result shown that the water at the designated sampling station was relatively hard with alkalinity ranging from 109-111 mg/l CaC03. The temperature and pH were quite similar at about 32°C, and pH of about 7. The dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.2 mg/l at Bang Pakong River to 4 mg/l at Khlong Prawet Buri Rom; with moderate turbidity at both stations (51-78 NTU). The conductivity was drasticallyhigh, 25,463 micromho/cm., at Bang Pakong River indicating the influence of salt water intrusion. The levels of oil, grease and lead were lower than NEB standards at both stations (Table 3.1-2). According to the analytical results, it is suggested that the water quality in Khlong Prawet Buri Rom is slightly better than Bang Pakong River. In comparison with NEB's surface water quality standard, (see Table 3.1-3), the water from Khlong Prawet Buri Rom and Bang Pakong River can be categorized as class 3 and 4 respectively.
3.1.2 Study Methodology and Sampling Stations Description A field sampling program was set up consisting of one reconnaissance visit and one sampling period. Five sampling stations were selected, as shown in Figure 3.1-2. The sampling stations description are as follow: There are sampling stations for water quality, namely; Station 1 (St.l) : Rapeepatra canal Location : In front of Payom Temple Canal usage : Domestic and agricultural purposes Nearby land use pattern : Payom Temple area and residential area Canal Conditions : High water level some marginal aquatic weed, sand and muddy canal bed. Station 2 (St.2) : Rangsit canal Location : In front of Moonjinda Temple Canal usage : Domestic and agricultural uses Nearby land use pattern : Moonjinda Temple area and Highway No.305
ENV853/94140/CHAP-111
3-4 Classifications Objectives/Condition-&Benificial usges Class 1 Extra clean fresh surface water resourcesusing for: (1) conservation,not nec zarypass ftiougliwater treatmentprocesses require only ordinary process for pathogenicdestruction (2) ecosystem conservation which basic living organisms can spTead breeding naturally Class 2 Very clean fresh surface water resourcesusing for: (1) consumption which require the ordinary water treatment process before uses (2) aquatic organism conservationfor living and assistingfor fishery (3) fishery (4) recreation Class3 Mediumclean fresh surface water resources using for (1) consumption but have to pass through an ordinary treatment process before uses (2) agriculture Class4 Fairly clean fresh surface water resources using for (1) consumption but require special water treatment process before
uses. (2) industry (3) other activities Class 5 The resourceswhich are not classifiedin class 1-4 and using for TABLE 3.1-2 WATERANALYSIS IN KHLONG PRAWETBURI ROM AND BANG PAKONG RIVER ON JUNE 1991
Parameter Unii PBI. BPK2
Temperature OC 33 32
pH 6.9 7.C5
Alkalinity mg/l CaCO3 111.1 109.08
DissolvedOxygen mg/l 4 3.2
Conductivity micromho/cm 689.8 25,463
Oil & Grease mg/I 0.2 ND
Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.001 0.021
Turbidity NTU 51 78
Note PB1 = KhlongPrawet Buri Rom BPK2 = Bang Pakong River ND = Not Detectable
ENV853/941411r31-2 3-5 TABLE 3.1-3 SURFACEWATER QUAUTY BY ONEB; CLASSIFICATIONAND OBJECTIVES
Parameter Untis Standardvalues for class*** J1 2 3 4 5
1. Temperature 1 nC n' n n 2. pH value n 5-9 5-9 5-9 3. Dissolvedoxygen mg/l n 6 4 2 4. BOD (5 days, 200C) mg/l 1.5 2.0 4.0 5. ColiformBacteria
- Total Coliform MPN/100 ml - 5,000 20,000 - - Fecal Coliform - 1,000 4,000
6. N03 -N mg/l n-… 5.0 ------
7. NH3-N .n------0.5------8. Phenols n------0.005 …--.-- 9. Cu …n------0.1 ------10. Ni n------0.1 ------11. Mn n------1.0…------12. Zn n------1.0------
13. Cd w n 0.005*, 0.05** --- _-.-- 14. Cr (Hexavalent) n------0.05 ---- ___ 15. Pb n------0.05 ------16. Hg (total) n …------0.002 ------17. As …n------0.01 ------18. CN n------0.005 …--.-- 19. Radioactivity - Gross Becquerel/l ------0.1 ------Gross B n …------1.0 ------20. Pesticides (Total) mg/I n …------0.05 ------DDT ug/l n------1.0------BHC n------0.02------Dieldrin n------0.1 ------Aldrin n …------0.1 ------Heptachlor& n------0.1 ------Heptachlorepoxide
- Endrin n------none ------
Note P = Percentilevalue n = Natural n' = Naturalbut changingnot more than 30C.
* = Whenwater hardnessnot more than 100 mg/l as CaCO3 ** = Whenwater hardnessmore than 100 mg/l as CaCO3 = WaterClassification
ENV853/94141/T31-3 3-6 i_n 0 BANGP*- IN DISTRICT /t
j A= i > D / < ~~~~~~~~~~~GRAPHICSCALEl
t W \) / / RA1 ~~~~~~~~CANAL
n f Nl PIPELINEPIPELROUROUT
§ ^^P§MfNCE T * TA &IR Dt5TRICT
/ / STS j K K~~~~~~~~~ADISTRICT
r I * 8^~~~~~~BNGKAPDISTFICT _ ; . * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~WATEROUALITY NG STATION
l~~~~~~~~~~~~~ LAT KRAN> t8NGOKDtSTRCT * 3ST
FIGURE3.1 -2: WATEROlALITY SAMPLINGSTATIONS IN THE STUIN ARE-A 3-7 W
Z A t T z -t I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~PIPELINE ROUTE30
r / N"CT | t \/ \OI TtC
ke ~~~~~~~~~~CHACHOEIG~
BA KONG DISTRICT
LEGEND X-'WATER < QUAUTY/ o' * SAMP STATION GULF OF THAILAND
FIGURE3.1- 2: I CONT'D ) Canal condition Turbid water with debris and muddy sediment. Station 3 (St.3) Hok Wa canal Location : In front of Khlong Chan Temple Canal usage Agricultural and domestic uses Nearby land use pattern Khlong Chan Temple and mixed orchard area Canal condition High water level and high flow. Sand and debris were found in canal bed. Station 4 (St.4) Prawet Buri Rom canal
Location . In front of Lanboon Temple Canal usage Agricultural purposes Nearby land use pattern Temple and domestic area Canal condition : Some aquatic weed, moderate turbid water with muddy canal bed. Station 5 (St.5) Bang Pakong River Location : In front of Tha-Sa-An Temple River Usage : Agricultural, Industrial and Transportation Nearby land use pattern : Agricultural and Industries areas. At each sampling site, water samples were collected by using Water Sampler Bottle. Water samples were collected at the middle of the canal and at the surface and the mid-depth (3 m below the surface) of the water column. Determined water characteristics are shown in Table 3.1-4 and standard methods for examinationof water and wastewaterby AWWA-APHA- WECF (1992) was employed.
3.1.2.1 Results of the Study The results of the study on water quality at the designated sampling stations (Table 3.1-5), on December 21-22, 1993 are presented below: The temperature and pH of the stations 1-5 were quite similar with water temperature ranging from 24.5-28eC and pH from 6.8-7.7,
ENV853/94140/CHAP-ItI
3-9 TABLE 3.1-4 CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER SAMPLES TO BE DETERMINE
Water Sample
Physical Characteristics Chemical Characteristics
Depth - m Conductivity(umhos/cm) Temperature (air, water) - °C pH
Dissolved Oxygen - mg/l
Suspended Solid - mg/l Alkalinity- mg/l Oil & Grease - mg/l Total Lead - mg/l
ENV853/94141/T31-4
3-10 TABLE3.1 -5 THE RESULTSOF WATER QUALITYSAMPLING STATIONS MAIN WATERWAYS TO BE INTERSECTEDBY PIPELINE(DECEMBER 21-22,1993)
St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 Parameter S M S M S M S M S M
Depth (m.) 2 2 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 4 4 Air Temperature(CC) 28 28 27.5 27.5 30 30 28 28 31.5 31.5 WaterTemperature CC) 24.5 24.5 25 25 26 26 25 24.5 28 28 pH 7.5 7.7 7.4 7.4 7.2 7.2 6.9 7 7.3 7.5 DissolvedOxygen (mg/I) 3.8 4 1.6, 1.2 1.8 1.4 5 4.8 5 4.6 Conductivity(umhoslcm.) 280 200 300 230 290 300 1200 1200 >5000 >5000
Alkalinity,as CaCO3 (mg/L) 85.4 85.4 101 101 111 111 212 209 80.7 80.2 Solids,Suspended (mg/L) 8.8 8.8 16.4 19.5 16.8 20.5 11.0 15.2 50.5 46 Oil & Grease(mg/L) <0.20 - 0.20 - <0.20 - <0.20 - <0.20 - Lead, Total (mg/L) 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.005 <0.001 0.005 0.006 <3.00i 0.002 0.01
Remark Sampling Station Sti = RapeepatraCanal (in front of PayomTemple) St2 = RangsitCanal (in front of Moonjinda Temple) St3 = Hok Wa Canal (KhlongChan Temple) St4 = PrawetBurl Rom Canal (LanboonTemple) St5 =Bang Pakong River S = Surfacewater samples M = Mid-depth watersamples - = No measurementwas taken
ENV853I9414iTAB31 -5 respectively. The dissolved oxygen were fluctuated at each of station. At the st6tion 2 and 3 were low concentration (ranged from 1.2-1.8 mg/1) meanwhile the station 4 and 5 were high concentration (ranged from 4.8-7 mg/1), which indicated the contamination from the different sources and activities. At all s-mnpling stations for water quality were found total lead and Oil & Grease, at low concentration. However the total lead at station 5 Bang Pakong River, 0.01 mg/l was found concentrationhigher than the station 1 to 4. Considering the suspended solid within all waterways, it was reported that at all sampling stations the SS levels here relatively high ranging from 8.8 (at Rapeepatra canal) to 50.0 mg/l (at Bang Pakong river). From the analytical results, it is suggested that the water quality on the designated waterways can be classified in class 4 and 5 (see Table 3.1-3), acceding to notification by Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment.
3.2 AOUATIC ECOLOGY
3.2.1 Literature Review (1) Plankton and Benthos Plankton and benthos samples at Khlong Prawat Buri Rom and Bang Pakong River collected on June 5, 1991. Identification results are shown in Table 3.2-1, indicated that a total of 6 species of Phytoplankton were found at Khlong Prawet Buri Rom belong to 3 phyla as follows: Phylum Chlorophyta 3, Phylum Cyanophyta 2 and Phylum Euglenophtyta 1. A total of 11 species of Phytoplankton were collected at Bang Pakong River belonging to 3 Phyla as follows: Phylum Chlorophyta 1, Phylum Cyanophyta 2 and phylum Chrysophyta 8. The number of zooplankton species found at Khlong Prawat Buri Rom and Bang Pakong River were 7 and 5 respectively. Concerning the density of planktonic organisms, at Khlong Prawet Buri Rom the Planktonic density was 36,102 ind/m3 relatively lower than the Bang
ENV853/94140/CHAP-I11
3-12 TABLE 3.2-1 NUMBER OF SPECIESAND DENSITYOF PLANKTON IN KHLONG PRAWETBURIROM AND BANG PAKONG RIVER (JUNE 1991)
Density(Ind./m 3 Group Khlong PrawetBurirom Bang Pakong River
PHYTOPLANKTON No. of Species: 6 No. of Species: 11 Chlorophyta - Closterium 132 660 - Ankistrodesmus 1,320 - Senedesmus 660 Cyanophyta - Oscillatoria 1,650 15,180 - Poiycystis 990 660 Euglenophyta - Phacus 660 _ Chrysophyta - Chaetoceros _ 4,620 Coscinodiscus _ 12,540 _ Riddulphia _ 660 - Bacteriastrum _ 660 - Planktonella _ 660 - Rhizosolenia 660 - Pleurosigma 660 - Fragiilbria . 660
Subtotal 5,412 37,620
ZOOPLANKTON No. of Species: 7 No. of Species: 5 - Rotifera 7,590 - Young Copepod 1,320 - Copepod 17,820 72,930 - Watermite 1,320 660 - Zooflagellates 660 - Cladocera 1,320 660 - Larvalstage of 660 6,600 Polychaeta - Protozoa _ 660
Subtotal 30,690 81,510
Grand Total 36,102 119,130
ENV853/94141fr32-1 3-13 Pakong River's of 119,130 ind/m3. It is noted that Phylum Chrysophyta was found only in Bang Pakong River due to the estuarine condition, of this river. According to the results of benthos samples, no benthos were found in Khlong Prawet Buri Rom and Banz Pakong.River. This can best be explained by the nature of the river beds which are dredged quite often thus, the suitable habitat for the benthic organism is relatively scarce.
3.2.2 Results from Field Work
3.2.2.1 Plankton Organisms Species composition and the abundance of plankton organisms collected from 5 sampling stations during 21-22 December, 1993 was shown in Table 3.2-2. (1) Khlong Prawet Burirom 23 species of plankton organisms was found and consisted of 10 species of phytoplankton and 13 species of zooplankton. The abundance of phytoplankton was 1,785 cell/litre and the zooplankton was only 442 organisms/litre.The phytoplankton population are consisted of Blue green algae Oscillatoria sp. 1,256 cell/litre or 70.36% of the total populations. (2) Khlonz RapeeRatra There were 10 species of phytoplankton with the total density of 3,709.35 cell/litre. The filamentous blue green algae SPirogyra sp. was found at the density of 3,466.67 cell/litre or 93.45%.of total number of phytoplankton. Thirteen species of zooplankton found at the density of 866 individual/litre. Arthropod was the most abundance group of zooplankton. (3) Khlong Runz Sit The plankton populations was consisted of 13 species of phytoplankton and 14 species of zooplankton. Phytoplankton density was 2,104 cell/litre and the zooplankton was 212 individual/litre. Three species of blue green algae Merismopedia, Oscillatoria and Spirulina were found at the density of 1,760, 80.67 and 7.33 organisms/litre respectively. (4) Khlong Hok Va This water body has low number of species diversity of plankton organisms. There were only 10 species of
ENV853/94140/CHAP- 111
3-14 TABLE 3.2-2 SPECIES COMPOSMON AND ABUNDANCES (ORGANISMS/LITRE) OF PLANKrON ORGANISMS IN THE GAS PIPELINE PROJECT AREA, DECEMBER 21-22, 1993
Station
Phylum/ScientificName . _ : K Prawet K Rapeepatra K Rung Sit K Hok Va K Bang Pakong Burirom _ River
PHYTOPLANKTON PhylumCyanophyta (Blue green algae) Merismopedia sp. _ _ 1.760 _ Nostoc sp. _ 1733 - - _ Oscilatoria sp. 1,256.67 112.67 80.67 906.67 Spirulinasp. 34.67 _ 7.33 - PhylumChlorophyta (Green algae) aosterium sp. _ 4333 22 10.67 Spirogyrasp. - 3,466.67 - 53.33 PhylumBacillariophyta (Diatom) Achnanthes sp. 8.67 - - - Bacillaria paxillifer Hendey - - _ 821.33 192 Bacteriastrumvarians Lauder _ _ - 149.33 Chaetoceros peruvianum Brightwell _ - - - 21.33 Ch. pseudocurvisetumMangin - - - 85.33 Ch. sp. - - - - 42.67 Climacospheniasp. - - 7.33 - - Coscinodiscusasteromphalus Ehrenberg - - - _ 10.67 C centralis Gran & Angst _ - - - 10.67 C perforatus Ehrenberg - - - - 2133 C sp. - 26 22 21.33 64 Cyclotellasp. - 8.67 7.33 10.67 Cylindrothecaclosterium Reimann & Lewin _ - - - 21.33 Diatoma sp. - 8.67 _ 32 - Ditylumsol Grunow - - _ _ 64
Fragilaria sp. 34.67 _ - -
Gyrosigmasp. - _ - _ 96 Hemiaulus sinensis Greville - _ _ _ 42.67 Mastogloiasp. 8.67 _- _ Melosira grannulata (Ehr.) 303.33 _ 132 _
ENVS53/941414rAB32-2
3-15 TABLE 3.2-2 (Cont'd)
Station Phylum/ScientificName K Prawet K Rapeepatra K RungSit 1K Hok Va K BangPakong ______Burirom IRiver
Nitzschia longissima(Breb) _ _ - _ 53.33 N. sigma (Kutzing) W. Smith 8.67 _ _ - N. sp. 69.33 7.33 21.33 10.67 Odontella mobiliensis Bailey _ - - - 10.67 Pinnularia sp. _ _ 733 - - Rhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell - _ _ - 10.67 Rh. setigera Brightwell _- - 10.67 Streptotheca thamensis Shrubsole _- - 266.67 Surirella robusta Ehrenberg 8.67 - - - Synedra sp. - 8.67 2933 32 - Thalassiosira sp. 4333 8.67 733 - 5333 Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii Grunow - - - - 85.33 Pennate 17.33 _ 14.67 10.67
Subtotal Phytoplankton 1,785.34 3.70935 2,104.65 1.920 1.32267
ZOOPLANKTON Phylum Protozoa (Protozoan) Centropyxissp. - _ 4.89 _ Dinobryon sp. 8.67 - - - Euglena sp. 52 17.33 - 5.33 Phacus sp. - - - 5.33 Tintinnopsis sp. 34.67 8.67 - 5.33 Vorticella sp. - - - - 5.33 Ciliate - - 4.89 74.67 Phylum Aschelminthes (Rotifer) Asplanchna sp. 26 - - - - Brachionussp. 52 - 2.44 - 5.33 Dipleuchianis sp. - - 2.44 5.33 Filinia spp. 8.67 - - 5.33
ENV853194141/rA832-2
3-16 TABLE 3.2-2 (Cont'd)
Station Phylum/ScientificName K Prawet K Rapeepatra K Rung Sit K Hok Va j K. Bang Pakong Burirom , River
Keratella cochlearis (Gosse) _ _ - 5.33 K quadrata (O.F. Miiller) _- - 5.33 K valga (Ehrenberg) - 8.67 - - K sp. 17.33 - - 5.33_ Lecane 26 26 4.89 - Monostyla sp. _ 8.67 - 533 _ Notholca sp. 8.67 - 2.44 5.33 Platyiaspatulus (O.F. Miiller) - - - 5.33 Synchaeta sp. - 8.67 2.44 _ Rotifer 1733 8.67 2.44 26.67 PhylumCoelenterata (Coelenterate) Cyphonautes larva - - - - 26.67 PhylumnArthropoda (Arthropod)
Daphnia sp. - 112.67 12.22 - Lucifer sp. _ - _ - 5.33 Calanoid copepod - 60.67 2.44 5.33 Cycloidcopepod 26 199.33 29.33 16 10.67 Harpacticoid copepod 8.67 - - - Nauplius larva 156 390 132 80 293.33 PhylumMo]Jusca (Mollusk) Gastropod _ 8.67 7.33 26.67 5.33 Pelecypod - 8.67 2.44 - 10.67
Subtotal Zooplankton 442.01 866.69 212.63 287.97 362.66
Grand Total 2.227.35 4.576.04 2.317.28 2.207.97 1.68533
Numbers of Taxa or groups Phytoplankton 10 10 13 10 21 Zooplankton 13 13 14 17 8
ENV853M4141/rA32-2
3-17 phytoplankton found with the total density of 1,920 cell/litre. They consisted of 2 dominant species which were Blue green algae Oscillatoria SD. 909.67 org./litre and Diatom Bacilluriapaxillifer 821.33 cell/litre. The species composition and the abundance of plankton organism show the eutrophic of this water body. Zooplanktonwas very low abundance and the total of 17 species with density of 287 ind./l. Rotifer was the dominant group and 9 species of Rotifer were found. (5) Bang Pakhong River During the sampling period, the river was in the influence of sea water. The plankton populationwas the groups of the estuarine and marine plankton. The phytoplankton of diatom group was found with the total density of 1,322 cell/litre from 9 species of diatom. Eight species of zooplanktonwere found with the total density of 362.66 ind./litre.The dominant groups were Arthropod nauplius larvae and Cyphonauteslarva.
3.2.2.2 Benthic Organisms Table 3.2-3 shows abundance of benthic organisms in the bottom surface from five sampling stations during December 21-22, 1993. Four sampling sites, Khlong Prawet Burirom, Khlong Rapeepatra, Khlong Hok Wa and Bang Pakong river are freshwater stations and have similar species compositionof benthic organisms.There were two dominant groups in these water body, aquatic earthworm of Family Tubificidae and the chironomid larvae of Family Chironomidae.No mollusk group found at Khlong Pravet Burirom. In Khlong Hok Wa only Tubificids and Chironomids species were found at the total density of 1,276 ind./sq.m. The total abundance varied from 176-1,276 organisms/sq.m.of bottom surface. There was only polychaete group found in the bottom surface of Bang Pakhong River at Tha Sa An. The abundanceof polychete of 0.1-0.4 cm. length size was 44 organisms/sq.m.
3.2.2.3 Aauatic Weeds Twelve species of aquatic weeds (Table 3.2-4) were found growing both in the Bang Pakong river and marsh areas. Of these, species, i.e.,
ENV853/94 140/CHAP-111
3-18 TABLE 3.2-3 BENTHIC ORGANISMS (INDIVIDUAL PER SQUARE METER OF BOTTOM SURFACE AT FIVE SAMPLING STATIONS, DIE"CENvER '21-22, 1-93
Station Organisms _ , K Prawet K Repeepatrg KRungSit K Hok IKBang Pakon. Burirom K. River
PhylumAnnelida Class Olgochaete Fam. Tubificidae 88 132 704 1,100 - Class Polychaete _- - - 44 PhylumArthropoda Class Insecta Family Chironomidae 88 572 132 176 - Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda FamilyViviparidae
Filopaludina sp. - 88 Class Bivalvia FamilyAmblemidae Pilsbryoconcha sp. - 44 _
Ensidend sp. _ 44 - Uniandra sp. _ 44 _ _
Total Density (ind./sq.m.) 176 792 968 1,276 44
ENV853/94141/TAB32-3
3-19 TABLE 3.2-4 SPECIESOF AQUATICWEEDS FOUND IN BANG PAKONGRIVER, 1993
Thai Name . Scientific Name
Floating type weeds Ahlztflm Eichornia crassipes Solms. san Pistia stratiotes Unn. LLUULtfl Lemna minor
Marginal and grasses riuiu Eclipta alba Haask. tiauLwULzi? Polygonum tomentosum WilId. nnfuin Cyperus difformis Unn. Fimbristylis miliacea Vahl. LLWIIUJ Cyperus rotundus Linn. Chrysopogon aciculatus Trin. iuririlii Leersia hexandra Sw. 1YIrfl1sn Cyperus procerus Rottx. Ta Scleria poaeformis Retz.
3-20 ENV853/941411TA632-4 PaK Tob Java (Eichorniacrassipes), Chawk (Pistia stratiotes), and Nae Ped (Lemna minor) were classified as floating type weed and were seen floating at freshwater zone of the river. The rest 9 species are marginal and grasses.
3.2.2.4 Fishery
(1) Fish Stecies Comvosition Tarnchalanukit,et al (1991) reported that altogether 82 species of fishes, shrimps, mantis shrimps, jelly fish, crabs, squid, and mollusc were caught by set bag and push net in 1991 in Bang Pakong river. Fish samples collection were also made in the same year (September- November) with totally 14 families, 27 genera, 37 species of fish and shrimps were found. From literaturereviewed it can be roughly concluded that totally 209 species of fish and other aquatic animals were found in the Bang Pakong river.
All of the above mentioned aquatic animals gr ated. naturally up and down in the Bang Pakong river. Some are daily and some are seasonally migration due mainly to level of water salinity and the amount of rainfall that is directly affected to salt water intrusion. (2) Fishery Activities - The major fishing ground in the river was along both sides around the river mouth and their main fishing season cover the whole year. The monthly average fishing trips was 18 with an average of 6 fishing hours per trip. The amount of fish caught per trip ranging between 2-180 kg. Push net and set bag were very effective that some 60-180 kg was caught per trip per day. All of the fish caught were for their own household consumption and sent to local fresh markets.
ENV853/94140/CHAP-111
3-21 3.3 TRANSPORTATION The proposed gas transmission pipeline route will intersect 6 major highways in Ayutthaya, Pathum Thani, Bangkok, Chachoengsao, Samut Prakarn and Chonburi Province, most of which are of asphaltic concrete pavmment (F'inire 'A 1'-1 Thp n vaernrinilv t,raffi. vn1iime. nn the concerned highways in 1992 of Route 1, 305, 304, 314 and 3312 are tabulated in Table 3.3-1. The highest average daily traffic volume were found on Route 1 with the total of about 31,200 vehicles per day with 45.98 percent -of heavy vehicle. On the other route the percentage of heavy vehicle is rather lower than Route 1. And the highway with the lowest average daily traffic volume was Route 305 with the total of about 15,324 vehicles per day.
3.4 INFRASTRUCTURE AND PUBLIC FACILITIES (1) Chachoengsao Province (a) Electricity At present, the electricity power supply in Chachoengsao could served 73,264 household consumers in 738 villages (93.29 percent of total villages). EGAT have planned for 3 substations and three 22 kV. transmission line. (b) Water Sunolv Chachoengsaoprovincial waterworks could generated460 cu.m./hour supply 11,040 cu.m./day for 6,954 households. Though the demand for water supply is higher than the supply of the waterworks. For Bang Pakong waterworks, it could generated 200 cu.m./hour but the water quality is not quite good due to salt water in trusion. (2) Pathum Thani Province (a) Electricity There are 3 offices under the Provincial Electricity Authority in Pathum Thani province such as: - Pathum Thani Provincial Electricity responsible for Muang, Lat Lu-m Kaeo and Sam Khok district which
ENV853/94140/CHAP- 111
3-22 in BAN | *INDMTRC Tl
.,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 10KM-/
)0 \ 8 < / ~ ~~~~~~~R1 CANAL
L s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~PIPLINEROUTE
it~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AGI CARNAL
|-90 )) FlTvUMT1A0 THA1MX WR ISfCT
* / / 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~KKA DISTRICT
It ,* BANGKAPI DISTRICT/ \
h j /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ LAkT DAN6 DCT B8ANGKOKDISTRICT*
FIGURE3.3 -1 : THE MAJO ROADSYSTEMS RELATE THE STUD AREA 3-23 322 327 R| 0K0 MIE. GRAPHIC SCALE
DISTRICT< ( \ * A G DISTRICT
*- ---. GULF OF THAILAND
FIGURE3.3 -1: l(CONT'DP) TABLE 3.3-1 ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC VOLUMES IN 1992
Average Daily lraffic by Type Route Control Terminl Station % Heavy BI & Tri Motor No. Section Km. Car & Light Heavy Light Medium Heavy Total Vehicle Cycles Cycles Taxi Bus Bus Tru:k Truck Truck
1 0301 Jct. Wangnol - 67+300 4,415 173 1,759 12,277 2,550 10,049 31,223 45.9a 27 1,205 Km.80+000
305 0102 Thanyaburi - 25+870 8,052 789 688 3.511I 1,492 2,744 15,324 32.11 126 1,443 Ongkharak
304 0202 Km.17+800 46+223 10.958 728 783 1,360 1.827 2,438 17,894 27.09 59 2,205 (BangkokDist.) - Jet. Bang Pakong
314 0102 Km.51+000 55+000 3.694 299 711 6,131 1,079 2,673 15,387 29.00 32 8a1 (Chonburi Dist.) - Jct. to Minburi
3312 0101 Jct. R.No.1 - 2+061 7,582 968 652 1,983 1,861 2,966 18,010 34.22 185 3,191 Khhong114
Source Traffic Engineering Division. Depaitment of Highways
ENV853/94141/TAB33-1 comprised of 32,053 household consumers and 373 large consumers (Industrial and Business) with the maximum demand of 135 MW. - Rangsit Provincial Electricity responsible for Khlong Tmangc prt of Thanryaburi district and Rangsit market which comprised of 32,000 household consumers and 525 large consumers with the maximum demand of 201 MW. - Thanyaburi District Provincial Electricity responsible for Thanyaburi, Lam Luk Ka and Nong Sua district which comprised of 23,940 household consumers and 269 large consumers with the maximum demand of 47.5 MW. - Water Supply * Pathum Thani Provincial Waterworks was responsible for 3,600 households in Muang district and Ban Dua, Bang Luang subdistrict with the productive capacity of 6,000 cu.m./day. * Prachathipat Provincial Waterworks was responsible for 6,151 households in Prachathipat, Khlong Nung, Khu Kot subdistrict and Rattanakosin village with the productive capacity of 20,880 cu.m./day.
3.5 LAND USE
3.5.1 Introduction Pipeline route will pass through a long distance of land. Although most of the lands are in the vicinity of EGAT Transmission Line, it might cause some impact to the environment or communities. To study present land use along the pipeline route can be used to estimate the impact and can find suitable mitigation measures.
ENV853/94140/CHAP-111
3-26 3.5.2 Objective -'"he objective of exi.sting land use study along the pipe line route are as follows: (1) To study the existing land use patterns along the route (2) To assess the impacts on land use patterns due to the project (3) To recommend appropriatemeasures to alleviate the
3.5.3 Scone of Work The land use study has been scoped to cover the route Bang Pakong-Wang Noi. The widthness of the route is 40 meters.
3.5.4 Study Methodology The study of land use has been carried out as following steps: (1) Office Work Collecting all references, topographic maps, and exact pipeline route. (2) Field Work After obtaining the preliminary information from the office work, field survey and observation were conducted. The detailed of land use types were made and all land use types in the map were measured by suing planimeter.
3.5.5 Result of the Study In land use survey on the pipeline route, Bang Pakong-Wang Noi, it was found that the route was located within the vicinity of EGAT Transmission Line (about 12 meters for single power line and in the middle line for double power line). So there is no problem about land acquisition. There are several land use types (Figure 3.5-1). The detail of each type is as follows:
ENV853/94140/CHAP-111
3-27 El~ ~ ~ ~ E
'-1~~~~- 2 N >~~~~~ InI- /GCRAPHIC SCAL.E
SN-ML3OL \ / !O___NGAS TRANSMISSION ROUTH a 1\ f V \ - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~STUDYAREA W:\ / <\ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ROAD -151,0N 1- 1I1 RAILROAD RIVER, KHLONG
8_ KHLONG( MA> @ AMPHOE LANDUSE TYPE
/ |$ \ g \B`KLONG THAS \/ LEGEND / 1 ~~~~=PADDY
4 ,; -/ | 2 = MIXEDORCHARDS AMPHOE BAN PAKO \ 3 =FISH POND
4 'NIPA PALM
S B. LANG KHAO 5 = VILLAGE VICINITY
| uZX \ \ >8 ~~~KHAODIN/ KEY MvAl' i,496,00O N
} s / ' V 1 B . ~ANGSAMAE B OEN THAWON -1,491,000 N \)BANGSAMAN \ / / ./WA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NGNOI COMPRESSOR STATION B. MAN SAM KLIEO FIGr 35 I I I- I R I I _Ur FGlJRE 3,5-1I EXISTING ll.ND USE ON PIPE LINE ROUTE 7C5,OCO E 7i0,000 E 715-00C E r 2N - = GPAPHIC SCAL2 -1,516,000 Nji o f~ SY MiBOL LEGEND ~<,,;,/ 7 5g/ --f GAS TRANSMISSION ROUTH 1 PADDY - 5 \ ! q ,' * STUDY AREA 2 MIXED ORCHARDS \1 \ ( ,/< - ROAD 3 = FISH POND B K,LONG PRAWET BURl ROM I I I -I-I RAILROAD 4 ' NIPA PALM 7& ,/sRIVER, KHLONG 5 = VILLAGE VICINITY r 7w-++,, vO ~~~~~AMPHOE CD LANDUSE TYPE 1,511,000 N \. KRACHANG TOEIl t B r llb 9 0 ~ ~ GL ~~~~~~7>9PHRAYA NAKHARA < e(/ af/ \ ~~~~~~~~~KHLONGK(HWANG 1,506,0001,~~OBKEN'ODANN FIGURE: 3 8S BA)G KHWAI j) _ } / \ \ ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Km2t BANG C H ~ A ~ ~ ~~~~~~B. -1,50t,000 N _ FIGURE 3.5 -1: I CONT'D) 7C3,000 E E 093,060K E69A,0O@ N i - '-M AYCH \ LI _ 2KM_ \\ \ \E SlLAM tIA TAP X A / ~~~~~~l/ GPRpHICSCALE 5 4- /X' , , 1,527,000 N K ~~~~~~~~~~~E NOKKHWAK/ _ L A 9 ! SSUNGYA ~~~~~~~~~~~~ON KEY MIAP ( * / /~~ - S LAM PIATHI JL AM KS EA \ X \1 5 #'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A\AA S'X(HL0N LAM PI-IAONG AMP LAT KR_G > 1i,512,000 N /~~~~~~~~~~~ -1,517,000LATR BANGSAMPHOE /E) 2 =MIXED ORCHARDS o -H-HH-i-i--i-I-RAILROAD FISH POND L _ RIVER, KHLONG 3 © AMPHOE 4 = NIPA PALM VICINITY CD LANDUSE TYPE 5 = VILLAGE -1,512,000 N FIGURE 3.5-I: (CONT'D) 69B,OOO E f 6E8,000E 693,000 E 2 K- N M HTCH I-4 / N SI THI-I PAET NO 6 .~~~~~~~~~~~BKHl- AMPH-OELAM LUK GAS TRANSMISSIONROUTH I ~~~~~~~~~~~~STUDYAREA B. KHLONG FET ROAD -H--Ii--II---RAILROAD 1,539,000 N RIVER, KHLONG -\t \ - LANDUSE TYPE _ --- X~~~~~ KHLONGK St 2 \ ; @, 4 ~~~~LEGEND 2 = MIXED ORCHARDS - tf \ \ \ f || 3 = ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FISHPOND 5 VILLAGE VICINITY \ \B. KO KHUN NEN< | KEY MAP BLM TON SAL -1,529,000 N m IN ' COI I ., , 1 I . , FIGURE 3.5-1: /CONT'D) ses,0o7E 693;00O E 6EsE OO S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~IO5F -1557000rI) ( 1I6 B KILONG7 (4j N jB KHLONGC6 (4) ~ -'| j" ' < wr GRAPHIC SCALE /| 1 B8. E KHLONGN 8 5) 1,554,000N NHLO 0'7)5) B LAM PHAKUT MU TH 2 2 i 1 B. LAM PHAK KUT MU TH II (1! AMPHOE TINYaBuRI SYNIBOL B LAM PHAK KT MU THI I GAS TRANSMISSION ROUTH -. - STUDY AREA 2_>u . ROAD| ; | KEYMVIAP _ 2 I-I-4-.-4-i-I-+ RAILROAD -t,5 9,000 N RIVER, KHLONG -,sc9,00ooN _6, .KNLONG7)6)- \ { (§) AMPHOE (Z...) LANDUSE TYPE . } 1 4 |/}1 |B. KHLONG SO) TH) PAET 0. B LEGEND = PADDY 2 - MIXEV ORCHAARDS 3 =FISH POND _.KHLONG SOI TH) PAET 09 = NIPA PALM , / / l 1 1S |~~. 4 =NiPAPALM| 5 = VILLAGE VICINITY B INHLONGSOl THI KAO NO 3 l 1i3MAT C H|'_11 LNE ( LiN -1.544,000 N FIGURE 3.5 -1: CONT'0D1 66e,0L0 E 693,0CO E 698,00C E -2,576,000 IJ,00 AKM , 2 PROPOSED GRAPHIC SCALE WANG NOI K POWER PLANT 0 AMPHOE WANG NOI SYMBOL GAS TRANSMISSION ROUTH * . -\yA1 II STUDY AREA , - 1/ I ROADI ; I v < I \I \ | II 11q I# II IRAILROAD '570 N , | \ B. KHLONG 681) RALRA 157i,000/N-1,575,000 N t , . I < l I 2 | ~~~~~~~~~RIVER,I AMPHOEKHLONG D LANDUSE TYPE ,< /)) j 4' >N ~~~~ CSW ~~1 2 LEGEND <_ I ' F/ 2 ) 1 PADDY ij | I 2 = MIXEDORCHARDS _ I . I ! 3 = F;SHPONDI' BKH,, j - 1 4 = NIPA PALM -4 ONN I7(2l . B 12 5 = VILLAGE VICINITY 04 1 1 B KHLO 8 t21 44 1 . . W ~ KHYNe~~~~~~~~B.7I S.KHLONG B(3) L -1,561,000 N MATCH L_INE |A. K FIGURE 3.5-1: I CONT'D / (1) Paddv field 1 There is 436 rai of paddy field on the route. This area is located on low land which always flooded in rainy season. Most of paddy are planted only in rainy season started from July to December. Source which located in irrigated are can be planted. (2) Mixed Orchard 2 In the area of Amphoe Thanyaburi and Amphoe Nongsua, fruit trees are grown on elevated beds with interveningditches, to improve soil drainage. Dike are built around the orchard to provide flood protection. Fruit trees found in the area are tangerine pomelo and mangoes. (3) Fish Pond : 3 Fresh water fish initially developed on rice fields by pondering technique.They are found mostly in Amphoe Thanyaburi.The main species grown are chinese carp and dace. In the area near the sea such as in Amphoe Bang Pakong, black tiger prawn is commonly found. (4) Nioa Palm : 4 In the area that is occasionallyflooded by sea water, much as in Amphoe Bang Pakong, Nipa Palm is commonly found. (5) Village Vicinity : 5 This land use type is located near the village. The area is always left as idle land only few places that the owners grow rice. Miscellaneous The route in also pass roads, canals and river. The name of roads, canals and river are as follows: Road : No 315, 314, ARD Road, Luang Pang Road, No. 3120, No. 304, Ratch Uthit Road, No. 3312, No. 305 and Irrigation road. Canals : Ban Kao, Phraya Samut, Prawet Burirom, Udom Chon Kachon, Phra Ong Chao Chiyanuchit, Luang Pang, San Saeb, Lower Samwa, Klong Pad and Upper Samwa. River The Bang Pakong river. (The area of each land use type is shown in Table 3.5-1). ENV853/94140/CHAP-Il 3-34 TABLE 3.5-1 TYPE AND AREA OF LAND USE ON THE PIPELINEROUTE Map Symbol Land Use Type Area (rai) 1 Paddy 2,016 2 MixedOrchard 216 3 Fish Pond 4 4 Nipa Palm 10 5 VillageVicinity 228 Total 2,474 ENV853/94141rAB3S-1 3-35 3.6 SOCIO-ECONOMIC 3.6.1 Scope of the Studv The socio-economic studied area covers parts of 4 provinces, i.e., SarautPrakarn, Chachoengsao,Bangkok and Pathum thani of-which 9 Amphoe (Districts)are involved; these Amphoe are Bang Bo and Bang Phli of Samut Prakarn, Amphoe Muang and Bang Pakong of Chachoengsao, Minburi and Lat Krabang of Bangkok, and Lam Luk-Kha, Thanyaburi and Nong Sua of Pathum Thani. Within these 9 Amphoe, there are 18 Tambon and 27 villages (Muban). The studied area was divided into 2 categories; the first one being area which the existing gas pipelines operate (along the highway) and the second area of the proposed gas pipeline following the high voltage power line. The first area passes through 11 villages 7 Tambon 5 Amphoe of 3 provinces (Table 3.6-1); the second area passes through 15 villages 11 Tambon 7 Amphoe of 4 provinces (Table 3.6-2). 3.6.2 Objectives of the Study (1) To obtain knowledge about socio-economiccondition of people living in the areas of the existing and proposed gas pipelines. (2) To learn of people's awareness of the project including their perception and opinion of the project in both the existing and proposed gas pipeline areas, particularly opinion about compensation payment of the proposed gas pipeline in order to be able to recommend about this matter meaning fully, if this is necessary. (3) To study the impact of the existing gas pipeline upon the nearby communities and the impact of the high voltage power line including the expected impact of the proposed gas pipeline to be used as basic data reducing the negative impact of the proposed gas pipeline. 3.6.3 Methods of Study This study aims at getting first-hand primary data of people living in communitieswithin 500 meter radius of the proposed gas pipeline ENV853/94140/CHAP-111 3-36 TABLE 3.6-1 SAMPLING SITE AND SAMPLE SIZE OF THE FORMER GAS PIPELINE Village T_mbon AphroeA No. 9 Bang Cha-Loke Bang Phli Samut Prakarn 10 5 Racha Thewa Bang Phli Samut Prakarn 2 6 Racha Thewa Bang Phli Samut Prakarn 8 2 Min Buri Min Buri Bangkok Metropolis 10 1 Bung Kam Ploi Lam Luk-Kha Pathum Thani 5 3 Rangsit Thanya Buri Pathum Thani 5 3 Bung Ba Nong Sua Pathum Thani 6 5 Bung Ba Nong Sua Pathum Thani 5 6 Bung Ba Nong Sua Pathum Thani 2 4 Bung-Ka-Sam Nong Sua Pathum Thani 4 5 Bung-Ka-Sam Nong Sua Pathum Thani 3 Total 60 Note: ENV853/94141/T36- 1 3-37 TABLE 3.6-2 SAMPLING SITE AND SAMPLE SIZE OF THE PROPOSED GAS PIPELINE Village Tambon Amphoe Province Sample Size No. 1 Nong Chok Bang Pakong Chachoeng Sao 4 5 Tha-Sa-Arr. Bang Pakong Chachoeng Sao 8 3 Khlong Niyom-Yatra Bang Bo Samut Prakarn 8 4 Preng Bang Bo Samut Prakarn 8 1 Khlong Preng Muang Chachoeng Sao Chachoeng Sao 4 8 Lam Pla Tue Lat Krabang Bangkok Metropolis 6 12 Lam Pla Tue Lat Krabang Bangkok Metropolis 3 4 Tab Yao Lat Krabang Bangkok Metropolis 2 9 Sam Wa-Tawan-Ok Min Buri Bangkok Metropolis 9 14 Sam Wa-Tawan-Ok Min Buri Bangkok Metropolis 7 2 Lam Pak Good Thanya buri Pathum Thani 10 4 Bung Cham Orh Nong Sua Pathum Thani 4 4 Bung Bon Nong Sua Pathum Thani 8 6 Bung Bon Nong Sua Pathum Thani 3 9 Bung Bon Nong Sua Pathum Thani 6 Total 90 Note. ENV853/94141IT38-2 3-38 or the high voltage power line by interviewing samples with structured interview schedules. Steps of the study can be divided as follows: (1) Interview Schedule PreRarations: There are two sets of interview schedule; the first set for interviewing people living in e.ierin.a.r.s srA t.ha .ommunities.s;nolin..f.he.acarn. f n.o fn.r l.i.i in the area of proposed gas pipeline. Important information contains in both sets of interview schedule can be elaborated below (detailed structure appeared in the Appendix A). (a) For those Living in the Existing Area: - General information, e.g., sex, age, status within the family, education, religion, original domicile and migration. - Socio-economic information of the household, e.g., household size, family members divided by age, education, employment, occupation, income, expenditure, debts, land holding, housing condition and other valuable properties. - Knowledge and awareness of the existing gas pipeline of those living here before the construction and those who moved to live here after the construction had been completed including their knowledge of the project. - Impact of the project recalled from . their experience of both groups (living before and after the project construction); their opinions particularly concern with the compensation paid and degree of their satisfaction. (b) Interview Structure for those in the Proposed Area: - General information, more or less the same with above. - Socio-economic information of the household more or less the same with those in the existing area. - Impact of the high voltage power line and the compensation perceived by villagers. =Information about the proposed gas pipeline ENV853/94140/CHAP-111 3-39 project which will be constructed parallel to the high voltage powerline, - Opinions and attitudes toward the proposed gas pipeline project. - Impacts expected from the proposed gas pipeline project and opinions about rate of compensation and other relevant matters. These interview schedules were pretested in the fields. (2) Population Frame and Sampling Techniques: Because the studied area is not very wide only 500 meters from the pipeline on both sides but very long about 225 km altogether (120 km along existing gas pipeline and 105 km along the high voltage power line), the method of selecting samples for interview is to be specially designed by using the military map (ratio 1:50,000) as a basic information.The existing and proposed gas pipelines (high voltage power line) are thereafter used as diameters for drawing of samples from households living within the radius of 500 meter on both sides. Enumerators were later sent to actually count the numbers of household some of which situated by canals, amish gardens, close to fish pond, etc. All of these made the counting very difficult. The population (household) counting was done on the 4 January, 1994; the samples were designed to be fairly distributed among various groups of households to be their representativesas much as we can do. (3) Sampling Technigues: The Multi-stage Sampling Technique was employed as follows: (a) Village Sampling: In order to have samples distributed fairly and squarely, villages within the span area of 20 km were picked as samples. However, if found villages of different occupation or ethnic group, these villages were also picked as additional samples. By this way, we finally selected 11 villages as samples for the existing pipeline area (Table 1); for the proposed pipeline area, we used the same method but with shorter range (13 km) altogether 8 spans. See more details in Table 3.12-2. (b) Household SamDling: The purposive method of sample ENV853/94140/CHAP-1I1 3-40 selection was used at this stage by considering occupation and ethnicity as a supplement factor. The sample size was about 10 percent of the population (household). The total sample selected was 150, 60 of which being in villages of existing gas pipeline and 90 samples in the proposed pipeline area. (4) The Field Survey: The trained enumeratorswent out to the field to interview samples (trainingwas done on the 10th of January 1994) according to plan set forth earlier.The field survey was conducted during 11-15 and 29 January 1994. The field supervisor has checked the data collected in the interview schedules to make sure that the collected data are valid and reliable. (5) Data Tabulation and Analysis: Data tabulation and analysis was done in Bangkok by using computers; the organization of data has been divided into 2 sections, i.e., those in the existing pipeline and in the area of proposed pipeline. 3.6.4 Results of the Study 3.6.4.1 The Existing Gas Pipeline Area (1) General Characters of the Samples: It was found that the majority of samples (86.7%) being in the working age (21-60 yrs.) of which 30 percent between 41-50 years old. 78.3 percent of samples managed to complete at the primary level of education; the rest (16.7%) completed secondary education and. higher. All of the samples reported to be Buddhists and the majority of them (55.0%) migrated from other places to live here. However, more than one-half of the immigrants came from nearby communities within the same provincial boundaries. The most important reason for coming to live here is economic (63.6%), i.e., to find jobs or to seek more land to made a living, followed by social reason (27.3%), i.e., coming along with parents, spouses or for getting marriage. Other reasons mentioned include being forced to leave former resident (6.1%), finding better place to live, etc. Thee vast majority of immigrants ENV853/94140/CHAP- 111 3-41 (75.8%) reported having been here less than 10 years; 39.4 percent of this group lived here not more than 5 years. This seems to suggest that these communities are not very old. More details on Table 3.6-3. The Familyv Structure: The family size is 4.8 by the average with female members a bit more than male members (2.6 to 2.2 per family respectively): the majority of households (71.4%) have members beyond school age, 15-55 years old. 47.6 percent of household members completed primary education; 21.9 percent completed secondary education or higher and 20.5% were still studying in schools most of which in the secondary level and this can increase the percentage of those finishing secondary education considerably in the near future (Table 3.6-4). More than one-half of the family members (57.6%) being employed; 20.5 percent being in schools as reported above; 5.9 percent being children before school age and also being housewife at the same percentage; 3.1 percent of family members were classified as "old age"; only 6.9 percent reported of being unemployed at the survey time. Occupation. Income and Expenditure: It is noticeable that the main occupation of the people in the area is not agriculture but rather diversified; 27.7 percent of samples engaged in trading, food shop, groceries, and building materials in particular; 20.5 percent being hired labour; 17.5 percent worked as private employees; 13.9 percent industrial workers; only 12.7 percent worked in agriculture. Other smaller portion of occupations were government and public enterprise (4.8%) and farm labour (3.0%). 58.3 percent of the samples did not have supplement or second occupation; among those who did have, hired labour was reported more than other types of work. More details in Table 3.6-4. As for household income, it was found that many of the samples had relatively low income, i.e., less than 6,000 baht/month per household by the average (40.0%) and exactly the same percentage had from 6,001-15,000 baht/month; only 20.0 percent reported of having more than 15,000 baht/month per household. By the average, it can be said that households in the existing gas pipeline area have medium income of about 12,105 baht/month per household. Household expenditure is smaller than income in general ENV853/94140/CHAP-I I I 3-4 2 TABLE 3.6-3 GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF RESPONDENT Item N =60 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. Sex - Male 21 35.0 - Female 39 65.0 2. Age - Not over 20 years 3 5.0 - 21-30 years 9 15.0 - 31-40 years 15 25.0 - 41-50 years 18 30.0 - 51-60 years 10 16.7 - Over 60 years 5 8.3 3. Education Level - No Schooling 3 5.0 - Primary 47 78.3 - Secondary (grade 7-9) 5 8.3 - Secondary (grade 10-12)/Vocational 3 5.0 - Bachelor 2 3.3 4. Religion - Buddhism 60 100.0 ENV553/94141/T36-3 3- 43 TABLE 3.6-3 (Cont'd) Item iN = 60 Percentage Total/person (%) j 5. Migration - No 27 45.0 - Yes 33 55.0 5.1 Migration from - Other Village of This Tambon 6 18.2 - Other Tambon of This Amphoe 1 3.0 - Other Amphoe of This Province 13 39.4 - Other Province 13 39.4 . ______------_------5.2 Reasons of Migration - Seek job li 333 - Follow Parents or Spouse 3 9.1 - Marriage 6 18.2 - No Agricultural Land 10 30.3 - Forced to Move away 2 6.1 - For Convenient Transportation 1 3.0 ______------5.3 Amount of Time Livinghere - Not over 5 years 13 39.4 - 6-10 years 12 36.4 - 11-15 years 1 3.0 - 16-20 years 2 6.1 - Over 20 years 4 12.1 - No answer 1 3.0 ENV853/94141/T36-3 3 -44 TABLE 3.6-4 STRUCTURE OF HOUSEHOLD Item N = 60 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. Size of Household (person/household) - Male 2.2 45.8 - Female 2.6 54.2 ______---- - …_------Average (Persons/household) 4.8 100.00 2. Age Range of Household's Member - Not over 14 years 53 18.4 - 15-25 years 73 25.3 - 26-35 years 58 20.1 - 36-45 years 47 16.3 - 46-55 years 28 9.7 - Over 55 years 29 10.1 Total 288 100.0 3. Education of Household's Member - No schooling 12 4.2 - Pre school 17 5.9 - Primary school 137 47.6 - Secondary school 39 13.5 - Diploma 14 4.9 - Bachelor 10 3.5 - In school 59 20.5 Total 288 100.0 ENV853194141tT36-4 3-45 TABLE 3.6-4 (Cont'd) Item Data N = 60 Percentage Tota'uperson (%) In schooling - Kindergarten 3 5.1 - Primary school 22 37.3 - Secondary school 23 39.0 - Diploma 5 8.5 - Bachelor 6 10.2 Total 59 100.0 4. Working status of Household's member - Working 166 57.6 - Unemployed 20 6.9 - Retired (senility) 9 3.1 - Children (Pre-school) 17 5.9 - Student 59 20.5 - Housewife 17 5.9 Total 288 100.0 5. Main Occupation of Household's Member - Agriculture 21 12.7 - Goverment officiaVPublic 8 4.8 Enterprise Employee - Employee of private sector 29 17.5 - Farm Labour 5 3.0 - Trading 46 27.7 - Hired Labour 34 20.5 - Industrial Labour 23 13.9 Total 166 100.0 ENV853/94141/736-4 3-46 TABLE 3.6-4 (Cont'd) Item Data N = 60 Percentage Total/person (%) Trading - Groceries 16 34.8 - Buildingmaterials 2 4.3 - Food stalls 24 52.2 - Construction business 2 4.3 - Fresh vegetables 2 4.3 Total 46 100.0 ENV853/94141/T36-4 with 58.4 percent of samples having less than 6,000 baht a month; 30.0 percent spent from 6,001 to 15,000 baht a month. However, the average household expenditurewas only about 8,580 baht per month. When compare with family income, if was obvious that most households had higher income than expenditure about 3,525 baht a month; this correspondedwith debt situations of which 70 percent of samples reported no debts at the survey time. As for those who were in debt (30.0%), the average unpaid debts per household were about 157,191 baht a family. More details in Table 3.6-5. Family Properties: Land ownership in the area is almost identical in percentage with land rent, i.e., 46.7 and 41.7 percent respectively; the remaining 10 percent reported living on other's land and smaller percentage on mortgaged land. 82.4 percent of land was used for rice farming; 9.7 percent for growing other crops and 8 percent was used as residential area. More details in Table 3.6-6. Other important family property is the house itself; the house structure in the studied area is mostly permanent with 61.7 percent of the houses being one storey wooden built; 18.3 percent half-brick and half wood structure; 11.7 percent being wooden shophouse; the rest was concretely built as houses and shophouses; only 3.3 percent of houses were reported as temporary shelters being built by bamboo and leaves covering as roofs. These houses and building were about 56 meter away from the existing gas pipelines by the average and 90 percent of them were situated not more than 200 meter from working places. More details in Table 3.6-6. (2) Information about the Proiect Among the samples interviewed, 58.3 percent have been living here before the construction of the gas pipeline; the rest lives here after the construction.The informationabout the project was divided into two periods, i.e., informationbefore the construction and during the construction of the gas pipeline. Before the construction period, it was found that 71.4 percent of samples did not receive any information about the project; only 28.6 percent of them received the information.Among those who received the information, 30 percent received it from the survey technicians, followed by reading from the notice board in the project area and from Kamnan and village heads (20% each). Information received was minimal, ENV853/94140/CHAP-I11 3-48 TABLE 3.6-5 OCCUPATION AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF RESPONDENTS Item N =60 Percentage Total/person (%) 1.,Main OCCu- p-a*.~~~~~ .iri .,.a11~J..UJUi - Agriculture 8 13.3 - Trading 18 30.0 - Employee of Private Sector 10 16.7 - Industrial Labour 9 15.0 - Government Official 3 5.0 - Retired Official 2 3.3 - Hired Labour 10 16.7 2. Supplementary occupation (more than 1 answer) - No Supplementary Occupation 35 58.3 - Agriculture 2 3.3 - Trading 5 6.7 - Employee of Private Sector 4 6.7 - Industrial Labour 5 8.3 - Government Official 0 0.0 - Hired Labour 7 11.7 - Retired Official 2 3.3 3. Total Income of Household (baht/household/month) - Not over 2,000 baht 3 5.0 - 2,001-4,000 baht 10 16.7 - 4,001-6,000 baht 11 18.3 - 6,001-8,000 baht 6 10.0 - 8,001- 10,000 baht 6 10.0 - 10,001-15,000 baht 12 20.0 - 15,001-20,000 baht 4 6.7 - Over 20,000 baht 8 13.3 Average (baht/HH) 12105.25 ENV853194141/T36-5 3-49 TABLE 3.6-5 (Cont'd) item N =60 Percentage Total/person (%) 4. Total Expenses of Household (baht/household/month) - Not over 2,000 baht 7 11.7 - 2,001-4,000 baht 15 25.0 - 4,001-6,000 baht 13 21.7 - 6,001-8,000 baht 5 8.3 - 8,001-10,000 baht 7 11.7 - 10,001- 15,000 baht 6 10.0 - 15,001-20,000 baht 2 3.3 - Over 20,000 baht .5 8.3 ------______-______Average (baht/HH) 8580.00 5. Debt - No 42 70.0 - Yes 18 30.0 _____--______-______--______Average (baht/Debtor) 157,190.99 ENVS53/9414l1383-5 3-50 TABLE 3.6-6 LAND HOLDING STATUS AND HOUSING CONDIMON Item N = 60 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. Status of Land Owner (%) - Owner 28 46.7 - Rented Land 25 41.7 - Free Use of Others' Land 6 10.0 - Working on Mortgaged Land 1 1.7 2. Land Use (Rai/household) - Residential 0.33 7.8 - Rice Farming 3.47 82.4 - Other Farming 0.41 9.7 Total (Rai/I-H) 4.21 100.0 3. Present Housing Condition - Single House, Wooden 37 61.7 - Single House, Wooden and Concrete 11 18.3 - Single House, Concrete 1 1.7 - Row House, Wooden 7 11.7 - Concrete Shophouse 2 3.3 - Cottage 2 3.3 ENV853/94141/T36-6 3-51 TABLE 3.6-6 (Cont'd) Item N = 60 rercentage Total/person (g) 4. Distance between Residential Area and Pipeline (meter) - 1-10 24 40.0 - 11-20 12 20.0 - 21-50 10 16.7 - 51-100 6 10.0 - 101-200 8 13.3 ______------Average (Meter) 55.97 5. Distance between Agricultural Area and Pipeline (meter) - not over 10 1 10.0 - 11-50 4 40.0 - 51-100 2 20.0 - 101-200 2 20.0 - over 200 1 10.0 Total 10 100.0 Average Distance (Meter) 103.5 ENV853194141/T36-6 3-52 only that there would be the constructionbut no other details; 80 percent of them received the information twice. During the construction phase, 65.7 percent learned about the project more from their seeing the constructionwork going no (69.6%), followed by reading from the rotice (26.1%)(2d a.nd being told by relatives (4.3%). Details of the information received were about digging schedules. However, when asked about their understanding of the project, 68.6 percent did not understand (Table 3.6-7). As for those coming to live here after the construction has been completed, 64 percent of them did not know about the project. Among those who knew, 55.6 percent knew of the project from reading the notice board in the project area, followed by learning from the project officials (22.2%) and from the landlord (11.1%). Context of the information known was mainly from what in the notice board which carried cautions words about dangerous zone of the gas pipeline. However, 88 percent of them did not really understand the real nature of the project. More details in Table 3.6-8. From the data presented above, it suggests that those coming to live after the construction phase, did not know and did not understand the nature of the project. (3) Opinions and Attitudes toward the Existing Project: In general, it was found that villagers had positive attitudes and opinions about the project whether from those living here before or after the construction of the gas pipeline. Those living here before the construction phase have had direct experiences various conditions, before, during, immediately after (1-2 yrs.) later after (4-5 yrs.) the construction until today (1994). This group therefore was asked about opinions and attitude change in these periods while the new comers settling down after the construction, only the present situation was asked to evaluate. Among those living here before, percentage of favorable attitude change increased gradually from 8.6 before the construction up to 17.1 at present as appeared below (more details in Table 3.6-9). ENV853/94140/CHAP-111 3-53 TABLE 3.6-7 INFORMATION ABOUT THE PIPELINE PROJECT RECEIVED BY THOSE LIVING HERE BEFORE THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE Item N = 60 Percentage Totalperson (%) LivingHere before Construction 35 58.3 ------.------1. Information received before construction phase - No 25 71.4 - Yes 10 28.6 __--_--_--______-______. ______1.1 Source of Information - Direct Exverience (from survey team) 3 30.0 - Plates at the Project Site 2 20.0 - Village Headman or Tambon Chief 2 20.0 - Relatives 1 10.0 - Project Official 1 10.0 - District 1 10.0 __--_--_--______-______. ______1.2 Information Text - Pipeline would be Constructed 10 100.0 1.3 Frequency of Information (times) -1 2 20.0 -2 8 80.0 ENV853194141/T36-7 3-54 TABLE 3.6-7 (Cont'd) Item N = 60 Percentage I U LaJVper,un (/O) 2. Information Received on Construction Phase - No 12 34.3 - Yes 23 65.7 ------_----_-_---_------2.1 Source of Information - Plates at the Project Site 6 26.1 - Relatives 1 4.3 - Direct Experience 16 69.6 ------_------_------2.2 Information Text - DiggingPeriod 23 100.0 2.3 Frequency of Infornation Recieved (times) - 1 18 78.3 - More than 2 2 8.7 - Many times (can not identified) 3 13.0 3. Understanding about the Pipeline Project - Not at all 24 68.6 - Considerable Understanding 11 31.4 3-55 ENV853/94141tT36-7 TABLE 3.6-8 INFORMATION ABOUJT THE PIPELINE PROJECT RECEIVED BY THOSE LIVING HERE AFTER THE CONSTRUC1ION PHASE Item N = 60 Percentage Totalperson (%) Livinghere after construction 25 41.7 1. Information Received after Coming to Live Here -No 16 64.0 -Yes 9 36.0 …_--_--______-- ______…__ _ _ _--______1.1 Source of Information - Plates at the Project Site 5 55.6 - Project Official 2 22.2 - Land Owner 1 11.1 - No Answer 1 11.1 _-- ______…_-- ______1.2 Information Text - Pipeline Direction, Size of Pipeline, 5 55.6 Depth from Surface Level - Cut-out/dangerous Zone 4 44.4 …_--_--______1.3 Frequency of Information Received (times) - 2 9 100.0 2. Understanding about the Pipeline Project - Not at all 22 88.0 - Considerable Understanding 3 12.0 ENV853/94141/T36-8 3-56 TABLE 3.6-9 ATTITUDE TOWARD THE FORMER PIPELINE PROJECT AND REACTIONS OF RESPONDENTS Item N = 60 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. Those Living Before Construction: 1.1 Attitude before construction period - Agree with the project 3 8.6 - Indifferent 7 20.0 - No Answer/No Opinion 25 71.4 Total 35 100.0 1.2 Attitude during the construction period - Agree with the project 5 14.3 - Indifferent 15 42.9 - Worry 1 2.9 - Not Agree 2 5.7 - No Answer/No Opinion 12 34.3 Total 35 100.0 1.3 Attitude after the construction about 1-2 years - Agree with the project 4 11.4 - Indifferent 17 48.6 - Worry 1 2.9 - Not Agree 1 2.9 - No Answer/No Opinion 12 34.3 Total 35 100.0 ENV853/94141/T36-9 3-57 TABLE 3.6-9 (Cont'd) Item N = 60 | Percentage l 1 T~~~~~~~~~~~~~ !5l~~otal/person 1.4 Attitude after the construction period about 4-5 years - Agree 4 11.4 - Indifferent 17 48.6 - Not Agree 2 5.7 - No Answer/No Opinion 12 34.3 Total 35 100.0 1.5 Attitude toward the project at present - Agree 6 17.1 - Indifferent 21 60.0 - Worry 4 11.4 - Not Agree 1 2.9 - No Answe/r(No Opinion 3 8.6 Total 35 100.0 Reasons for Agree with the project - Gas dilivered through pipeline 6 100.0 is convenient, quick and safe ------Total 6 100.0 ------Worry about - Gas Leakage 4 100.0 ------Measures taken - None 4 100.0 Measures should be taken - None 4 100.0 Reason for not agree with the project - Explosion 1 100.0 3-58 ENVO53/941411T36-9 TABLE 3.6-9 (Cont'd) Item N = 60 Percentage Total/person (%) 2. Those Living Here after Construction: 2.1 Attitude toward the project at present - Agree with the project 12 48.0 - Indifferent 6 24.0 - WorTy 6 24.0 - Not Agree 1 4.0 - No Answer/No Opinion 0 0.0 ------ Total 25 100.0 ------______-______-___ Reasons for Agree with the project - Safer than carrying by truck 3 25.0 - Benefit for the country 1 8.3 - Sure of Safety 5 41.7 - Pipeline is far from residential area 2 16.7 - No answer/No Opinion 1 8.3 Total 12 100.0 Worry about - Gas Leakage 6 100.0 ------ Measures taken - None 6 100.0 Measures should be taken - None 6 100.0 Reason for not agree with the project - Explosion 1 100.0 ENV853/94141fT36-9 3-59 Opinions and Attitudes toward the Existing Project, 1994 Those livingbefore the construction Those Opinions& Attitudes living after the Before During Immediat Later At constructi construc construc e after present on -tion aafter (4-5 (1994) At Present tion (1-2 yrs.) (1994) yrs.) - Agree with project 8.6 14.3 11.4 11.4 17.1 48.0 - In different 20.0 42.9 4X.6 48.6 48.6 24.0 - Feeling worried - 2.9 2.9 - - 24.0 - Not agree with project 5.7 2.9 5.7 5.7 4.0 - No answer/no opinion 71.4 34.3 34.3 34.3 34.3 - Among few samples (2.9%) who felt worried about having the project were afraid of gas leaking from pipes and this feeling was shown only during the construction and immediately after the construction periods after which this feeling just disappeared. As for those who did not agree with having the proiect (5.7%), most of them were afraid of the gas explosion which was actually rare. However, this kind of feeling still exists even today. Among those who came to live here after the construction, the percentage of favorable attitude was distinctivelyhigh (48.0%); their main reason for this was that they trusted the security measures of the project (41.7%); other reasons cited were safer than having gas delivered by trucks (25.0%) and the gas pipeline being far away from residential area (16.7%). Those who felt worried (24.0%) and did not agree with the project (4.0%) gave the same reasons with their counter parts above, i.e., afraid of gas leaking and gas explosion. To sum up, people in general have favorable opinion and attitude toward the project. (4) Impact of the Gas Pipeline Project: (a) Impact of the Existing Project: Data from the survey suggested that negative impact of the existing gas pipeline project was. not critical; most of the uneasy conditions came during the construction ENV853/94140/CNAP-III 3-60 period, i.e., disturbance from dust (45.7%), noise (37.1%), vibration (28.6%), inconvenience in travelling (25.7%),have to change way to get in and out of one own living place (2.9%). No negative impact reported after the construction has been completed. More details in Table 3.6-10. As for compensation for property loss or damage because of the construction, it was reported that there were only 2 cases needed to pay compensation for and one of them felt not satisfied with the compensation paid. One positive impact mentioned was the better road surface after the construction (Table 3.6-10). Among those coming to live after the construction,90 percent of them reported having no negative impact while 10 percent being afraid of gas explosion. (b) ExDected Impact of the Proposed Gas Pipeline Proiect: The vast majority of samples reported of having no positive impact (75.0%) and no negative impact (83.3%); 25 percent which mentioned positive impact of the project referred to it as one of many factors for community growth. Among those who expected negative impact (16.7%.)pointed mostly to psychological disturbance or deterioration of mental health (70.0%) including feeling insecure about the safety measures provided by the project; the rest referred to inconveniencein travelling,poor conditions in making a living, etc. However, those who felt strongly against the project's safety measures were not small (40.0%). More details in Table 3.6-11. 3.6.4.2 The Proposed Gas PiDeline Area (1) General Characters of Samples: It was found that many characters of the samples in the proposed area were not significantly different from those of the existing area. Most of them were in the working age (73.3%), i.e., 21-60 years old; 77.8 percent completed primary education; 14.4 percent finished secondary school or higher. Minor difference occurred in the religious affiliation of samples; while all of samples in existing area were Buddhists, 83.3 percent of samples in the proposed area reported of being affiliated to Buddhism; the rest (16.7%) being Muslim. 67.8 percent of samples migrated ENV853/94140/CHAP- II I 3-61 TABLE 3.6-10 IMPACT FROM FORMER PIPELINE PROJECT AND COMPENSATION Item N = 60 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. Respondent livingbefore construction period 1.1 Impact on construction period (More than 1 answer) - No impact 17 48.6 - Noisy 13 37.1 - Dust 16 45.7 - Vibration 10 28.6 - Inconvenient travel 9 25.7 - Have to change way to (from) home 1 2.9 - Smoke from Machine 7 20.0 Total 35 100.0 1.2 Compensation Received from Government - No 33 94.3 - Yes 2 5.7 Satisfaction about the Compensation -No 1 50.0 -Yes 1 50.0 3-62 ENV853194141/T36-10 TABLE 3.6-10 (Cont'd) Item N = 60 Percentage Total/person (%) 1.3 Changing of Physical Environment after Construction Dust - more 5 14.3 - same 23 65.7 - less 7 20.0 Total 35 100.0 Surface of Road - better 21 60.0 - same 9 25.7 - worse 5 14.3 Total 35 100.0 2. Impact from Pipeline Project to those livingafter Construction Period Impact from Pipeline Project - None 22 88.0 - Worry about Explosion 3 12.0 __--_--______-______--______Total 25 100.0 ENV853/94141/T36- 10 3-63 TABLE 3.6-11 OPINION ABOUT THE PROPOSED GAS PROJECT Item N = 60 Percentage Tota/person (%) 1. Positive Impact - No Result 45 75.0 - Have Positive Impact 15 25.0 ------…-- -- …---- Issues of Positive Impact - Community Growth 15 100.0 2. Negative Impact - No Result 50 83.3 - Have Negative Impact 10 16.7 ------…------Impact on Occupation 1 10.0 - Mind health/anxious about safety system 7 70.0 - Impact on access road 1 10.0 - No Answer/No Opinion 1 10.0 ------… Total 10. 100.0 3. Confidence on Security System of Pipeline Project - very much 6 10.0 - much 6 10.0 - considerably 24 40.0 - not much 22 36.7 - not at all 2 3.3 …------…--…------Total 60 100.0 ENV853194141Tr36-11 3-64 from other places not far from the present location, most of which came from areas within the same province. Among the immigrants, 55.2 percent cited social reasons for their settling here, i.e., following parents or spouses; 44.8 percent cited economic reasons, to find jobs, find land and following the organization's order, etc. Most of the migrants have been living here more than 10 years (51.7%). More details in Table 3.6-12. The Family Structure: Family size in this area was larger than that in the existing area, i.e., 5.2 persons per family;,sex ratio is equal, 2.6 for male and female member per family by the average. 61.7 percent of family members were between 15 and 55 years old; 57.3 percent finished primary education; 14.2 percent finished secondary education or higher and 19 percent of family members were still studying. The-majority of household members (67.4%) reported to be employed and only 2.1 percent being unemployed; the rest was reported as children before school age, studying, being housewife, and old aged. More details in Table 3.6-13. Occupation Income and Expenditure:. main occupation in the proposed area was primarily in agricultural field, i.e., 44.4 percent in crop planting, 1.9 percent in fish/other water animal raising; hired labour (21.1%) and industrial workers (16.1%) were also widespread; the other occupations commanded smaller proportion, i.e., trading (9.0%), farm labour (0.9%) and government and public enterprise (Table 3.12-13). It is noticeable that 42.2 percent of samples did not have supplementary occupation;most of the supplement occupations reported being hired labour and agriculture (Table 3.6-14). 62.2 percent of samples had less than 6,000 baht/month household income which was relatively low; only 14.4 percent had more than 15,000 baht a month income. However, the average household income per month was not so low, i.e., 11,834.41 baht. As for the average household expenditure, it was reported at 7,011.84 baht a month which is considerably lower than the monthly income. ENV853/94140/CHAP-I I I 3-65 TABLE 3.6-12 GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC OF RESPONDENT Item N = 90 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. Sex - Male 46 51.1 - Female 44 48.9 2. Age - Not over 20 years 2 2.2 - 21-30 years 16 17.8 - 31-40 years 22 24.4 - 41-50 years 11 12.2 - 51-60 years 17 i8.9 - Over 60 years 22 24.4 3. Education Level - No Schooling 7 7.8 - Primary 70 77.8 - Secondary (grade 7-9) 4 4.4 - Secondary (grade 10-12)/Vocational 7 7.8 - Bachelor 2 2.2 4. Religion - Buddhism 75 83.3 - Islamism 15 16.7 ENV85319414i1T36-12 3-66 TABLE 3.6-12 (Cont'd) Item N = 90 Percentage Total/person (%) 5. Migration - No 61 67.8 - Yes 29 32.2 5.1 Migration from - Other Village of this Tambon 7 24.1 - Other Tambon of this Amphoe 5 17.2 - Other Amnphoeof this Province 4 13.8 - Other Province 13 44.8 5.2 Reasons of Migration - Seek job 6 20.7 - Follow Parents or Spouse 4 13.8 - Marriage 12 41.4 - No Agricultural Land 5 17.2 - Work Requirement 2 6.9 5.3 Amount of Time Living Here - Not over 5 years 7 24.1 - 6-10 years 4 13.8 - 11-15 years 4 13.8 - 16-20 years 3 10.3 - Over 20 years 8 27.6 - No Answer/No Opinion 3 10.3 ENV853/94141f36-12 3-67 TABLE 3.6-13 STRUCrURE OF HOUSEHOLD item N.'= 90 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. Size of Household (persons/household) - Male 2.6 50.0 - Female 2.6 50.0 Average (Person/household) 5.2 100.0 2. Age Range of Household's Member - Not over 14 years 100 20.9 - 15-25 years 83 17.4 - 26-35 years 110 23.0 - 36-45 years 78 16.3 - 46-55 years 24 5.0 - Over 55 years 83 17.4 Total 478 100.0 3. Education of Household's Member - Pre-School 29 6.1 - No Schooling 16 3.3 - Primary School 274 57.3 - Secondary School 51 10.7 - Diploma 13 2.7 - Bachelor 4 0.8 - In School 91 19.0 ______------Total 478 100.0 In schooling - Kindcrgartcn 10 11.0 - Primary School 50 54.9 - Secondary School 21 23.1 - Diploma 8 8.8 - Bachelor 2 2.2 Total 91 100.0 ENV6S3194141tO-13 3-68 TABLFE3.6-13 (Cont'd) Item N = 90 Percentage Total/person (%) 4. Working Status of Household's member - Working 322 67.4 - Unemployed 10 2.1 - Retired (senility) 18 3.8 - Children (Pre-school) 29 6.1 - Housewife 8 1.7 - Student 91 19.0 ------I ------Total 478 100.0 5. Main Occupation of Household's Member - Agriculture 143 44.4 - Fishery 6 1.9 - Govement Official/Public 9 2.8 Enterprise Employee - Employee of Private Sector 12 3.7 - Farm Labour 3 0.9 - Trading - Food Stalls 8 2.5 - Groceries 12 3.7 - Electric Appliansees 2 0.6 - Junk Trade 2 0.6 - Fruits 5 1.6 - Hired Labour 68 21.1 - Industrial Labour 52 16.1 Total 322 100.0 ENV8531941411T3d-13 3-69 OCCUPATION ANNDECONOMIC STATUS OF RESPONDENT Item N =90 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. Main Occupation - Agriculture 45 50.0 - Trading 9 10.0 - Fishery 4 4.4 - Employee of Private Sector 5 5.6 - Industrial Labour 8 8.9 - Government Officer 4 4.4 - Farm Labour 1 1.1 - Hired Labour 14 15.6 2. Supplementary Occupation - No Supplementary Occupation 38 42.2 - Agriculture 11 12.2 - Trading 8 8.9 - Fishery 5 5.6 - Employee of Private Sector 3 3.3 - Industrial Labour 10 11.1 - Government Official 4 4.4 - Farm Labour 4 4.4 - Hired Labour 7 7.8 3. Total Income of Household (baht/household/month) - Not over 2,000 baht 11 12.2 - 2,001-4,000 baht 25 27.8 - 4,001-6,000 baht 20 22.2 - 6,001-8,000 baht 7 7.8 - 8,001-10,000 baht 9 10.0 - 10,001-15,000 baht 5 5.6 - 15,001-20,000 baht 2 2.2 - Over 20,000 baht 11 12.2 Average (baht/HH) 11,834.41 ENV853/941411T36-14 3-70 Jrca.U-1't tbU1L U) Item N = 90 Percentage Total/person (%) 4. Total Expenses of Household (baht/household/month) - Not over 2,000 baht 14 15.6 - 2,001-4,000 baht 42 46.7 - 4,001-6,000 baht 11 12.2 - 6,001-8,000 baht 5 5.6 - 8,001- 10,000baht 6 6.7 - 10,001-15,000 baht 4 4.4 - 15,001-20,000 baht 3 3.3 - Over 20,000 baht 5 5.6 Average (baht/HH) 7,011.84 5. Debt - No 44 48.9 - Yes 46 51.1 __--_--______--______-____ Average (baht/Debtor) 326,891.30 ENVa53/94141 /38-14 3-71 Debt situation here was not very good because 51.5 percent of households reported to be in debts. The averaze amount of debt outstanding is relatively high, 326,891.30 baht per indebted household. However, most of the borrowed money was spent for agriculturalproductive cost (Table 3.6-14). Family Properties: It was found that the majority of samples (63.3%) ownedland which being used. mostly for agricultural purposes, i.e., gardening (39.0%),rice farming (37.8%),other farming (13.7%), fish pond (5.4%), shrimp pond (2.2%) and residential area (1.8%). 98.9 percent of housing being built with hard wood and cement most of which being one storey wooden (64.4%);only 1.1 percent being bamboo huts. More details in Table 3.6-15. (2) Informationabout the Proposed Gas Pipeline Project It was reported that 90 percent of respondents did not know of the project; the 10 percent who did knowing only about the construction which will be coming some day but nothing else. Most of those who know (55.5%) received the information 2 times or more; major sources of informationwere relatives and neighbors (66.7%)and government officials (33.3%). More details in Table 3.6-16. (3) Opinions and Attitudes toward the Proposed Prolect Opinions and attitudes toward the project in general were more or less encouraging; about 21 percent of the respondents-had positive opinions and attitude; 37.8 percent felt indifferent toward the project and this should be fine because they would not interfere with the project; however, 32.2 percent did not agree with the project and 8.9 percent felt worried about having the project (Table 3.6-17). Among those holding favorableattitudes and opinions, 73.7 percent reasoned that the project should benefit the community,especially when having stationsxfor checking gas pressure in appropriateplaces along the gas pipeline; 21.1 percent thought that the project would stimulate national development by providing sufficient gas for usage; the remaining 5.3 percent did not see any bad effect of the project. ENV853/94140/CHAP-111 3-72 TABLE 3.6-15 LAND HOLDING STATUS AND HOUSING Item N = 90 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. Status of Land Owner (%) - Owner 57 63.3 - Rented Land 24 26.7 - Free Use of Others' Land 9 10.0 2. Land Use (rai/household) - Residential 0.52 1.8 - Rice Farming 10.79 37.8 - Tree/Fruit Tree 11.12 39.0 - Livestock Raising 0.01 0.0 - Fish Pond 1.55 5.4 - Shrimp Pond 0.64 2.2 - Other Farming 3.90 13.7 Total (Rai/Household) 28.53 100.0 3. Present Housing Condition - Single House, Wooden 58 64.4 - Single House, Wooden and Concrete 19 21.1 - Single House, Concrete 12 13.3 - Cottage, Wooden 1 1.1 ENV853/94141/T36- 15 3-73 TABLE 3.6-16 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT PIPELINE PROJECT Item N = 90 Percentage Tota/person (%) 1. Knowledgeabout Pipeline Project - No 81 90.0 - Yes 9 10.0 I ______------_------Text of Information - Pipeline will be Constructed 9 100.0 ______------______Frequency of Information - 1 3 33.3 - 2 1 11.1 - More than 2 4 44.4 - No Answer/No Opinion 1 11.1 ______------____.__ Source of Information - Relatives/Neighbour 6 66.7 - Government Officials 3 33.3 2. Understanding about Pipeline Project - Not at all/Neighbour 68 75.6 - Considerable Understanding 22 24.4 3-74 ENV853/94141/T36-16 IA.fLt. J.i-1/ ATITUDE TOWARD THE PIPELINE PROJECT Item N = 90 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. Attitude Toward the Pipeline Project - Agree with the Project 19 21.1 - Indifferent 34 37.8 - Worry 8 8.9 - Not Agree 29 32.2 Reasons for those who agree with the project - Benefit for Community 14 73.7 - Promote National Development 4 21.1 - No Bad Effect from the Project 1 5.3 2. In Case Pipeline Direction is Parallel to High Voltage Line: - Agree with the Project 43 47.8 - Indifferent 13 14.4 - Not Agree 33 36.7 - No Answer/No Opinion 1 1.1 Resons for those who Agree with the Project - The project can save some land 13 30.2 - No bad effects expected 13 30.2 - Promote National Development 6 14.0 - Benefit for Community 8 18.6 - No Answer/No Opinion 3 7.0 ENV853/94141rr36-17 3-75 TABLE 3.6-17 (Cont'd) Item N = 90 Percentage Total/person (%) Reasons for those who do not agree - Fear of Explosion 19 57.6 - Land may be expropriated 3 9.1 - Crops wil be damaged 5 15.2 - Will be lost Agricultural land 4 12.1 - No Answer/No Opinion 2 6.1 3. Co-operation with the Project in case the pipeline passes the area - Willing to co-operate 42 46.7 - Not willing 32 35.6 - Land is not close to the high voltage line 6 6.7 - Don't be land owner 4 4.4 - No Answer/No Opinion 6 6.7 ______------… Reasons for those who are not willing to co-operate - Fear of Explosion 9 28.1 - Concerned about land holding may be 9 28.1 expropriated - Crops will be damaged 6 18.8 - Other (eg. no obligation to co-operate 5 15.6 being afraid of unfair treatment) - No Answer/No Opinion 3 9.4 ENV853/94141/T36-17 3-76 When learned that the gas pipeline would be laid in parallel to the high voltage power line, the favorable percentage increased to 47.8; the percentage of indifference was decreased but percentage of disagreement with the project was slightly higher to 36.7. t ~~~~Y*flOAl6 L.L6*%Jv; &vi*fll avvwW-S. the project would save land (30.22%); if would not have ill effect (30.2%); it would benefit the community (18.6%) and it would stimulate national development (14.0%). Among those having negative attitude, their reasons were being afraid of gas explosion (57.6%), crops would be damaged (15.2%), losing agricultural land (12.1%) and being afraid of land appropriation (9.1%). More details in Table 3.12-17. When asked about their co-operation in case the project passes through parts of their land, 46.7 percent of respondents were please to co-operate but 35.6 percent did not want to co-operate. Others said their land was far away from the high vpltage power line; the therefore needed not to co-operate; some said they did not own land. Those who did not want to co-operatewith the project gave their reasoning as being afraid of gas explosion (28.1%), being afraid their land would be appropriated (28.1%); their crops would be damaged (18.8%), the rest said they did not have obligation to co-operate with the project and being afraid of unfair treatment from the project (Table 3.6-17). (4) The Impact of the Project In asking about the project's impact, 2 separate issues were solicited from the samples; the first about impact of the construction of high power line which they already experienced and the second about the expected impact of the proposed gas pipeline project. Data from the study showed that 53.5 percent of respondents did not have any bad effect from the construction of high voltage power line; among those having negative impact, 42.9 percent said EGAT asked to have rights over their land by paying small amount of money in return; 40.5 percent reported their land was appropriated;14.3 percent mentioned their housing was damaged and another 14.3 percent their crops were damaged. ENV853/94140/CHAP-111 3-77 As for those having compensation from EGAT, 75 percent of them received compensation-ffor housing and other structures damages about 27, 284.16 baht per household by the average; 12.9 percent received compensation for rights over land average about 4,683 baht per household, 6.4 percent for crops damage about 2,342 baht per household averagingly and 5.7 percent compensation for land appropriate average about 5,985.72 baht per rai. More details in Table 3.6-18. People's experiences from the high voltage power line project should be valuable for implementationof the proposed gas pipeline project particularly in paying compensation should be fair according to the actual price at the time of making agreement. Impacts expected to occur because of the construction of the proposed gas pipeline from the respondents; answers were that 51 percent of them did not expect any negative impact while 47.8 percent expected the negative impact and 41.9 percent of this group reported being afraid and worried about gas explosion; 16.3 percent afraid of crop damages; other negative impacts mentioned included occupation disturbance, land being appropriated, or damaged, noise and air pollution during the construction and inconveniencein travelling from home to outside and vise versa. More details in Table 3.6-19. W4hen asked whether they trusted the project's safety measure, 33.3 percent did not trust it at all; 26.7 percent a little confident; 17.8 percent said they trusted it; only 15.5 percent reported fully trusted. . Among those expectingpositive impact (71.1%) referred to chances of having jobs during the construction (25.0%) and bringing progress to the community, more national development as a whole, etc. More details in Table 3.6-19. As for compensation for damages during the construction and other usages, 61.1 percent expected the government should pay the compensation; only 18.4 percent said no compensation should be paid; the rest did not answer. Among those favored having compensationsuggested the compensation should be paid in the proportion to the extent of damages occurred (73.8%) while 4.9 percent said up to the government's decision; the rest did not give any answer (Table 3.6-19). ENV853/94140/CHAP-Ill 3-78 TABLE 3.6-18 IMPACTS FROM HIGH VOLTAGE LINE Item N = 90 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. High Voltage line passes Residential Agricultural Area - Yes 42 46.7 - No 48 53.3 2. Impacts from High Voltage line (among those who say "yes"only) 1 - Land was expropriated 17 40.5 - EGAT askes for right over land 18 42.9 - Impact on Dwelling/Building 6 14.3 - Impact on Tree/Fruit Tree 6 14.3 3. Compensation Received from EGAT - Expropriated Land (Baht/Rai) 5985.72 14.9 - EGAT paid for right over land (Baht/HH.) 4682.94 11.6 - Dwelling/Building(Baht/HH.) 27284.16 67.7 - Tree/Fruit Tree (Baht/HH.) 2341.66 5.8 Note: 1/ = Multiple answer ENV853/94141/T36-18 3-79 TABLE 3.6-19 IMPACTS FROM THE PROPOSES PIPELINE PROJECT Item N = 90 Percentage Total/person (%) 1. Impacts Expect to Receive from the PipelhneProject - Will have no impacts 46 51.1 - Will have impacts 43 47.8 - Don't know 1 1.1 ------_------______Total 90 100.0 __--______--______--______.____ Impacts will be received t - Worry about hazardous from pipeline 18 41.9 - Products will be damaged 7 16.3 - Impact on occupation 6 14.0 - Holding Area May be expropriated 5 11.6 - Agricultural Area May be Damaged 5 11.6 - Noisy on construction period 6 14.0 - Dust/Air pollution 3 7.0 - Inconvinence on access road 2 4.7 2. Confidence of Security Systemof the project - Very much 1 1.1 - Much 13 14.4 - Considerably 16 17.8 - Little 24 26.7 - Not at all 30 33.3 - No Answer/No Opinion 6 6.7 ENV853/94141fr36-Io 3-8o TABLE 3.6-19 (Cont'd) Item N = 90 Percentage Total/person 3. General Opinion of the Project in the Positive Side - No Effect 26 28.9 - Have Positive Impacts 64 71.1 Positive Impacts Reported: - More Employment in the Area 16 25.0 - The goverment pays more attention 10 15.6 to the people in the area - The Project will Benefit the Community 12 18.8 - The Project will Benefit the nation as a whole 2 3.1 - No Answer/No Opinion 24 37.5 4. Opinion About Compensation from the Government - Not Necessary 17 18.9 - Important Necessary 55 61.1 - No Answer/No Opinion 18 20.0 If Necessary, what criteria should be used for Compensation - Extent of Damages Received 45 73.8 - Depending on Goverinent's Decision 3 4.9 - No Answer/No Opinion 7 11.5 Note : '/ Multiple answer ENV853/94141tT36-19 3-81 CHAPTER IV MAJOR HAZARDASSESSMENT The gas transmission pipeline offers an effective mean of petroleum product transportation.To maintain the performance and safety of the transmission system, care have to be taken to ensure that all safety measures are properly planned and maintained. However, the hazardous cases could arise, fire and explosion are of the main concerns. The flAmmablegases have flash points below room temperatureand will form explosivemixtures with air (or oxygen) within certain limits known as the lower and upper explosion limits. From this point of view, assessment and evaluation of hazards will be made by calculating the possible magnitude of disaster from fire and explosioncaused by gas and condensate leakages, 4.1 METHODOLOGY 4.1.1 Hazard Identification The approach for assessment of the above scenario were selected from the recommendedmethod presented in the World Bank Technical paper "Techniques for Assessing Industrial Hazards a Manual" (Technica, 1990). Flammable gas event tree (Figure 4.1-1) was employed in the approaches for hazard assessment of natural gas leakage. The short description of methodology and related input data used are as follows: ENV853/94140/CHAP-IV 4-1 j IS RELEASE j IS THERE I IS THECLOUD 0 IS THERE I DOESTHE RELEASE AFFECT INSTANTANEOUS? I IMMEDIATE DENSER DELAYED OTHEREOUIPMENT ON THE I | IGNITION? THANAIR ? IGNITION? SITE ? I~~~~~~~~~~ a a a g j j tMODELADDITIONAL RELEASES . FIREBALL | | | YES ; ASSESS " ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~| YE I 1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NOO|_lUtPACTS' I A1 I .'I I I I j I ______I I FLASlt FIRE OR I ttMOOELADDITIONAL RELEASES II I I ~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~EXPLOSIONIYES YES I I I I DENSECLOUD DISPERSION rES NO 'I_ PACIS I I '~~~~~~~~~~~YES 1-s- NO ADIABATIC I -_ 4I EXPANSION J 1 FLASH FIRE OR I MODEL ADOJIJNAL RELEASES I I j I I EXPLOSION I YES A I l I | NO NEUTRAL/BUOYANT DISPERSION YES'| NO A RELEASE I I I 'NO I I CASE | I i i ; IIULS . l ~ ~~I I I I I MODEL ADDITIONAL RELEASES I I tET FLAUE | I ItYES T ASSESS I NII ES?IMA7E IYES ia I NO IMAT DURATION MODEL ADTIONAL RELEASES CALCULATE j FfLASH FIRE OR j O t E NO RELEASE RATE | a I EXPLOSION YES ASSESS i DENSE CLOUD DISPERSION YES | NO j tMPACTS a a I YES | NO ______F _ a I ~~~~~~ETDSERINNO J1 DISPERSON I I FLAStt FIRE OR MODELM ADDITIONAL REtEASES | i I I I EXPLOSION YES ASSESS a | NO NEUTRAL /JEUOYANT DISPERSION YES I NO IMPACIS FIGURE4 E ;I TE I FIGURE 4.1-1 :FLAMMABLE GAS EVENT TREE (1) Release Cases A set of release cases was considered according to the facilities of the gas pipeline system as listed below: Block Value No.6 at Bang Pa Kong - Pipe leak (36" diameter) : 20% of pipe diameter : 100% of pipe diameter Wang Noi Pover.Planto - Pipe leak (36" diameter) : 20% of pipe diameter : 100% of pipe diameter (2) Nature of Releases For the proposed pipeline and facilities at Wang Noi Power Plant Bang Pa Kong terminal, both instantaneousand noninstantaneous releases are considered in a hazard evaluation. (3) Iznition A very importantpart of the analysis is to identify the sources and probabilities of ignition. The types of ignitions are classified into two categories according to the timing of the ignition, as (a) Immediate ignition : In this case the gas is ignited while it is still escaping from containment. Immediate ignition can result in a jet flame or a fire ball depending on the nature of the release (instantaneous and noninstantaneous).These can cause damage in the immediate vicinity of the release but rarely affect anything outside the plant boundary. (b) Delayed ignition : This occurs after the material has escaped from containment and has formed a cloud drifting down wind. Delayed ignition can result in an explosion or a flash fire which can cause damages in a wide area. (4) Fires/Fire Damage Fire can affect its surroundings primarily through the radiated heat. The damage caused by heat radiation can be calculated from the dose of radiation received; a measure of the received dose is the energy per unit area of the surface exposed to the radiation over the duration of the exposure. The other approaches can be calculated by using the power per unit area received. ENV853/94140/CHAP- IV 4-3 The radiation effect of a fire is normally limited to the area close to the source of the release (within 200 m as stated in Technica, 1990). This means that in many cases neighbouring communities are not affected. However, there are types of fire which could create a more extensive effect. Fires can be categorized as follows: - Pool fire : e.g., a tank fire or a fire from a pool of fuel spread over the ground or water. - Jet fire : from the ignition of a jet of flammable material. - Fireball and BLEVE : (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) resulting from the overheating of pressurized vessel by a primary fire. This overheating raises the internal pressure and weakens the vessel shell, until it bursts open and releases its contents as a large and very intense fireball. - Flash Fire : involving the delayed ignition of a dispersed vapour cloud which does not cause blase damage. That is, the flame speed is not as high as in an unconfined vapour cloud explosion but the fire spreads quickly throughout the flammable zone of the cloud. Fire damage can be estimated based upon correlations with recorded incident radiation flux and damage levels. The criteria for damage to people and property from fire is given as follows: Incident Flux Type of Damage Caused (kW/m2 ) Damage to Equipment Damage to People 37.5 Damage to process equipment 100% lethality in 1 min. 1% lethality in 10 sec. ENV853/94140/CHAP- IV 4-4 25.0 Minimum energy to ignite 100% lethality in 1 min. wood at indefinitely long Significant injury in 1 exposure without a flame sec. 12.5 Minimum energy to ignite l%.lethality in 1 min. wood with a flame; melts 1st degree burns in 10 sec. 4.0 Causes pain if duration is longer than 20 sec but blistering is unlikely. 1.6 Causes no discomfort for long exposure. 4.1.2 Ouantitative Analysis The considerationswere made for many cases of hazardous events (Table 4.1-1). In order to focus only on the potential sources of hazard, some of the events were screened out by considering the following aspects: (1) Gas Flow The amount of gas to be released to the environment was calculated based on the approached listed in Appendix B. The estimated outflow for different cases of releases are shown in Table 4.1-2. (2) Impact Evaluation The first step of impact evaluation was conducted by comparison the concentration of the gas released (for 20 and 100% pipe diameter) with the flammable limit of natural gas of which low flammable limit (LFL) and upper flammable limit (UFL) are 3.83%V and 10.14%V respectively. If the concentration of either jet or buoyant dispersion is not in the flammable limit, the ignition will not be induced. Therefore, the hazardous impact is negligible. ENV853/94140/CHAP-IV 4-5 TABLE 4.1-1 INPUT DATA FOR HAZARD EVALUATION Facilities Release Cases Nature of Release Ignition Output Bang Pa Kong-Wang Noi Pipe diameter 36" Pipe leak Instantaneous Immediate Fireballs Pressure 1,600psig 20% pipe diameter Delay Flash fire Temperature 120°F 100% pipe diameter Noninstantaneous Immediate Jet fires Molecular weight Delay Flash fire of gas 25.145 ENV853/94141/TAB41-1 4-6 TABLEE. It I GAS OUTFLOW OF THE PIPE LEAK RATE AT 20% AND 100% OF PIPE DIAMETER Operation Condition % of pipe leak Gas outflow rate (% of pipe diameter) (kg/sec) (Pipe diameter (36"), 20 20,067 Pressure 1,600psia, 100 502,781 Temperature 120°F, Molecular weight of gas 25.145) ENV853/941411TAB41-2 4_7 Noninstantaneous Relaase with Immediate Ignition (Jet Dispersion) The jet dispersionmodel can calculate the concentration and the velocity on the jet axis at a given distance from the released spot which can determine the end of turbulentmixing phase (i.e. the distance at which the jet velocity equals to the wind speed) presented in Table 4.1-3. The concentration of dispersed gas beyond the end of turbulent mixing phase with wind speed of 3 m/s. is shown in Table 4.1-4. In the stable (class A-C) and unstable (E-F) conditions, the ignitions will not be induced due to the improper concentration of the gas released. Noninstantaneous Relbkse with Delayed Iznition (Buoyant Dispersion) The buoyant dispersions of natural gas were estimated by using gausian distribution model and amount of gas released. The dispersion concentrations were calculated for various atmospheric conditions (Table 4.1-5). Concerning the leakage of 20% of pipe diameter the dispersion concentrations are all lower than LFL of 3.83% by volume, thus, the potential hazardous events are negligible. For the 100% of pipe diameter, the dispersion concentrations are in the ranged of flammable limit indicating potential hazard. Thus, the probable impact will be assessed in the next section. 4.2 HAZARDOUS ASSESSMENTS The potential hazardous cases were identified in section 4.1 and the assessment for each single event will be conducted as follows: Block Value No.6 at Bang Pa Kong This block value No.6 is surrounded by the idle land along the side of Highway No.3 near the entrance of Bang Pa Kong Thermal Power Plant. The assessments of the potential hazardous events are as follows: (1) Instantaneous Release with Immediate Ignitions : Fireballs and Fire Damages The instantaneousreleases were calculated based on the gas volume contained in 36" pipe with 1 km. in length. The instantaneous releases of about 357,659 kg (358 ton) (detail calculation in Appendix B), ENV853/94140/CHAP-IV 4-8 TABLE 4.1-3 DISTANCE AT TBE END OF TURBULENT MIXING PHASE Pipe Leak X Um Area C (% of Pipe Diameter) (m) (m/s) (m2 ) (kg/m3) (kg/s) 36"1 20% 60 2.65 1.13E04 1.3481 4.04E04 100% 600 2.66 1.13E04 0.6935 2.08E06 Noe X = distance at the end of turbulent mixingphase Ur = jet velocity C,. = Concentration at distance X Q = jet dispersion rate at X Wind speed is 3 m/s ENV853/94141rTAB41-3 4-9 TABLE 4.1-4 GAS DISPERSION BEYONG THE END OF TURBULENT MIXING PHASE Atmospheric Stability Class Pipe Leak (wind speed 3 m/s) (% of Pipe Diameter) __ _ A B C D [ E F 36" 20% Conc. % volume 1.57 0.63 0.41 0.08 1.42 0.83 Max. distance (km.) 1.11 4.04 9.60 -80.10 15.63 37.60 100% Conc. % volume 80.90 32.47 21.00 4.04 73.20 42.94 Max. distance (km.) 1.11 4.04 9.60 80.10 15.63 37.61 ENV853/94141tTAB41 -4 4-lo TABLrE Ai-5 BUOYANT DISPERSION OF THE NATURAL GAS Atmospheric Stability Class Pipe Leak (wind speed 3 mWs) (% of Pipe Diameter) B , D l A | B | C | D | E | F 36"1 20% Conc. % volume 1.73 0.70 0.45 0.09 1.57 0.92 Max. distance (km.) 1.11 4.04 9.60 80.10 15.63 37.60 1iuOyConc. %svoiume 89.23 9.81 23.6 4.46 U0.73 47.36 Max. distance (km.) 1.11 4.04 9.60 80.10 15.63 37.60 Note A-C = Unstable D = Neutral E-F = Stable ENV853/94141/rAB4i-5 4-.1.1 the maximum radis5 of the fireball will be about 174 m. with radiation intensity of 323 kW/m2. The affected gone with radial energy of 37.5 to 12.5 kW/m2 were ranged from 511 to 885 m without consideration of any mitigation measures (Table 4.2-1) - The impact from the heat radiation within this zone is quite significant. Therefore, any development within 0.9 km. from the block value No.6 should be prohibited to minimize any hazardous events. (2) Instantaneous Release with Delayed Ignition * Adiabatic Expansion/Flash Fire The adiabatic expansion model were utilized to calculate the radius of the expanded cloud as a function of time (Table 4.2-2). All of the percent volume of expanded gas were lower than the LFL of 3.8%V. Thus, the hazardous impact from this case is not significant. (3) Noninstantaneous Release with Delayed Ignition : Buoyant Dispersion The considerationwas made only for 100% of pipe diameter release case. The analyses were conducted at all atmospheric stability condition (Table 4.2-3). For the stability of 1, 5 and 6, the dispersion concentrationswere higher than the LFL value (3.38%V) with the distance of 1.11 to 178.62 km. However, the stability conditions of the project area are likely to be in class 2-3 (unstable) and class 5 (stable), the probable distance with high LFL value are in the range of 2.533 to 19.89 km. Wang Noi Power Plant Similar hazard assessment approaches for Bang Pakong Block Value #6 were conducted for Wang Noi Power Plant. This terminal will be located within EGAT Boundary. The affected distance from the potential source of release for radiation intensity of 37.5 kW/m2 - 12.5 kW/ml was ranged from 511 to 885 m. without any mitigation measures. Within this 0.87 km the impact will be significant.However, the receiving facility will be entirely in the EGAT premise and within the industrial area. However, it is recommended that the to be located within 0.88 km radius of the receiving facilities should be properly designed to withstand the heat intensity and living quarters must be prohibited. ENV853/94140/CHAP-IV 4-12 l1ABLE 4.2-i THE DISTANCE FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIREBAL AT THE RADIATION FLUX (METRE) ONSHORE Release Case Incident Flux Instantaneous Noninstantaneous (kW/m 2 ) 100% 100% of pipe diameter of pipe diameter 37.5 510.89 1,128.38 25.0 625.72 1,381.98 12.5 884.90 1,954.41 ENV853/94141jrAB42-1 4-13 TABLE 4.2-2 INSTATANEOUS RELEASE WITH DELAYED IGNMIION T Kd Rc Cc ppm. % Volume Rce Ccc Rpe (second) (mK) (KgdCu.M.) { 0.01 25232.94 43.21 2.38E- 02 25602.75 2.56 3618.28 4.03E-08 5268.22 0.05 16874.28 79.01 3.90E-03 4187.41 0.42 0.1 14189.52 102.46 1.79E-03 1919.94 0.19 0.2 11931.92 132.87 8.19E-04 880.29 0.09 0.3 10781.71 154.69 5.19E-04 557.86 0.06 0.4 10033.51 172.32 3.76E-04 403.62 0.04 0.5 9489.11 187.36 2.92E-04 314.01 0.03 1 7979.36 242.97 1.34E-04 143.97 0.01 1.5 7210.16 282.87 8.49E-05 91.24 0.01 2 6709.81 315.09 6.14E-05 66.01 0.01 2.5 6345.75 342.59 4.78E-05 51.36 0.01 3 6063.00 366.84 3.89E- 05 41.83 0.00 4 5642.26 408.63 2.82E-05 30.27 0.00 5 5336.12 444.29 2.19E-05 23.55 0.00 10 4487.12 576.17 1.OOE-05 10.80 0.00 20 3773.20 747.20 4.61E-06 4.95 0.00 30 3409.47 869.91 2.92E- 06 3.14 0.00 40 3172.87 969.00 2.11E-06 2.27 0.00 50 3000.72 1053.58 1.64E-06 1.77 0.00 60 2867.02 1128.13 1.34E-06 1.44 0.00 120 2410.86 1463.00 6.14E-.07 0.66 0.00 180 2178.46 1703.26 3.89E-07 0.42 0.00 240 2027.29 1897.28 2.81E-07 0.30 0.00 300 1917.29 2062.88 2.19E-.07 0.24 0.00 Note Kd Diffusioncoefficient Rc Coreradius Cc Core conceitration LFL %V 3.38 ENV853/94141rTAB42-2 4-14 TABLE 4.2-3 BUOYANT DISPERSION OF THE NATURAL GAS AT 100% OF PIPE DIAMETER LEAKAGE (28") Stability Wind Speed Max Conc. Dist. of Max. Plue Hight ppm. % Volume (M/SEC) (G/CU.M) (KM) (M) 1 2 701.28 1.35 1018.4 683291.31 68.33 1 2.5 769.2 1.214 814.7 749469.08 74.95 1 3 830.3 1.114 678.9 809001.79 80.90 2 2 240.81 5.856 1018.4 234632.93 23A6 2 2.5 287.83 4.777 814.7 280446.81 28.04 2 3 333.2 4.042 678.9 324653.01 32.47 2 4 419.72 3.107 509.2 408953.67 40.90 2 5 502.22 2.533 407.4 489337.44 48.93 3 2 145.43 14.97 1018.4 141699.54 14.17 3 2.5 180.47 11.717 814.7 175840.72 17.58 3 3 21 5 . a C.f 7 R 9 21001l39 2.10 3 4 285.33 7.002 509.2 278010.94 27.80 3 5 354.91 5.483 407.4 345806.12 34.58 4 2 21.145 178.623 3 20602.60 2.06 4 2.5 30.595 114.876 3 29810.20 2.98 4 3 41.498 80.104 678.9 40433.53 4.04 4 4 67.459 45.297 509.2 65728.59 6.57 4 5 98AO9 30.903 407.4 95884.69 9.59 5 2 764.8 19.898 199.1 745181.94 73.79 5 2.5 757.32 17A2 184.8 737893.82 73.20 5 3 751.26 15.626 173.9 731989.26 72.28 5 4 741.8 13.163 158 722771.92 71.57 5 5 734.54 11.524 146.7 715698.15 0.00 6 2 380.89 52.759 165.2 371119.71 37.11 6 2.5 412.74 43.788 153.4 402152.71 40.22 6 3 440.73 37.603 144.3 429424.74 42.94 6 4 488.79 29.571 131.1 476251.94 47.63 6 5 529.66 24.543 121.7 516073.57 51.61 ENV85394141frAB42-3 4-15 4.3 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS The potential sources of hazardous events were summarized in Table 4.3-1. The most concerned case is for the pipe leakage can cause fire damage with immediate ignition. Both leak cases, 20% and 100% of pipe diameter, are considered for the pipeline diameter of 36 inch. 4.4 HAZARD MITIGATION MEASURES The risk of a release can be reduced by using reliability studies or techniques such as HAZOP which will be developed by the pipeline engineers and reviewed by PTT to examine the design in detail as described Hazard Identification Review to improve the operation and control of the plant. Risks can also be reduced by improving the maintenance and inspection of the pipeline system. As well as reducing the consequences and risks of releases, the analyst should also consider measures to reduce the impact of these releases. Some possible measures are arranged in order of increasing involvement of employees and people off-site as follows: - provision of bunkering or blast walls; - firewalls/fire-proofingof structures within block valve previous; - provision of emergency escape routes for employees; - provision of safety and emergency training for employees; - implementation of emergency procedures on and off-site; - provision of public alert systems and education of public; - planning and training for evacuation; - provision of safety buffer-zones around the plant boundary. ENV853/94140/CHAP- IV 4-16 TABLE 4.3-1 SUMMARY FOR INTACT ASSESSMENT Facilities/ Nature of Ignition Output Result of Release Cases Release Impact Onshore (Bang Pa Kon!/Wong Noi) 1) Pipe Leak 100% of pipe instantaneous immediate fireball fire damage in diameter the radial range of 504-1, 543 m from the release source instantaneous delay flash fire no impact 20% of pipe noninstantaneous immediate jet dispersion/ no impact diameter flash fire 100% of pipe noninstantaneous immediate jet dispersion/ no impact diameter flash fire 20% of pipe noninstantaneous delay Bouyant no impact diameter flash fire 100% of pipe noninstantaneous delay Bouyant ignition occurred diameter flash fire at the distance 2.53 to 19.89km from the release source 2) Condensate instantaneous adiabatic flash fire no impact expansion ENV855/94141/rAe43-1 4-17 CHAPTER V ENVTPR.7MVNTAT TMPArT A MEJT 5.1 INTRODUCTION The environmental impacts can be classified as short-term and long-term impacts according to their intensity and duration of occurrence. Short-term impacts an those which would occur during the construction phase and could continue for a short period after that. On the other hand, long-term effects would occur in and continue throughout the operation phase. The predicted magnitude of effects in generally stated in quantitative terms, whenever data and methodology allowed. However, for some environment components, qualificationof impact can not be made thus, the qualitative analysis is employed. 5.2 WATER QUALITY 5.2.1 Construction Period Due to the natural setting of project area, the pipeline will be positioned in the alluvial plain of Bang Pakong and Chao Phraya Basins. This area is dominated by both natural and man-made canal mainly for agricultural purposes. Thus, the major impact on waterways resulting from the pipeline constructionwill be during ROW preparation, and crossing. The right-of-way preparation will include the vegetation clearing, surface levelling and equipment mobilization. These activities can induce soil erosion on the non-cover surface. However, the ground disturbance will be short term and occur in the dry season with very low rainfall intensity. Thus, the soil erosion or suspended solids to be added into the waterways can be considered as minimal. Concerning the crossing practices, for the relatively small khlongs scattered over the project area, the open cut crossing will be ENV853/94140/CHAP-V 5-1 applied. The trenching of pipeline ditch in Khlong slope will be undertaken only when the actual pipe laying is ready to minimise silt input to the waterways. Furthermore, the necessary precautions will be strictly taken to alleviate surface run off to the Khlong. The appropriate contrl..4J t.L L'Wer0J. V-L-L* dU' I nf~W*t Atr * JLo ME . *- . , - ' ~J.&&contoleosio f sol a,d seimet r of.,f .g. , h.ay -ales, silt fences., will be applied to minimize sedimentationin the waterways. These activities will be concentratedmainly in the dry reason which most of the canal will dried out and the water in these khlongs are utilized primarily for agricultural purposes, thus, the impact on water quality can be perceived as minor. For the large khlongs and river, e.g., Khlong Rangsit, Khlong Prawet Buri Rom, Bang Pakong river, etc. The directional drilling will be applied. This method will utilize the driller bored a few meters under neath the river bed withbut any disturbance. On the bottom sediment. The increase of suspended solids in the river is nil. In addition, the disposal of drilling fluids and muds will be stored in the containers to be disposed of by the municipality. Considering the wastes generated by the equipment, machineries and vehicles (e.g., waste oil, lubricants, coolant, etc.), these type of waste will be collected at the maintenance unit within the construction site office. The suitable containers will be designated to store each type of waste and properly disposed of at the local service facilities. During the constructionperiod, there will be about 800 worker involved. With the estimated BOD load of 30 g/person-day (NEB, 1981), the total BOD load from construction camps will be 24 kg/day. The sanitary latrines will be provided at the ratio for 15 workers/l latrine at all construction camp to assure the proper treatment of domestic waste prior to the dissipation into surrounding soil. 5.2.2 Operation Phase The gas transmission pipeline will initiate no adverse effect on water quality during operation. Focusing on the gas leakage, the pipeline system is installed with state-of-the-art SCADA computerized system to continuously monitor the pressure, gas flow and volume. Therefore, the probability of gas leakage is very slim. ENV853/94140/CHAP -V 5-2 In addition, the section of gas pipeline under the river or can--!il be burriedwit-h approximately 1. m. ofr soil on top of the-I coated pipeline. This practice will drastically reduce any chances of pipeline supture due to the any impact force. 5.3 AQUATIC ECOLOGY/FISHERY 5.3.1 ConstructionPeriod The direct impact on aquatic ecology from the pipeline development is due to increase suspended solids in surface water and the habitat disturbances. Regarding the small Khlongs, the open cut will be applied. The canal bed will be trenched with the approximate strip of 1.2 m across the width of the Khlong. The activitieswill be concentratedonly in the dry season which most of the small khlongs are dried up. These intermitted waterways support very low diversity of both plankton and benthic communities due to the disruption of life during the dry season. Thus, the impact on the aquatic communities of small khlongs is negligible. For the large canals and rivers, the different approach, direct drilling, will be used. The driller will be bored under the river bed with a few meters under the river bottom. Thus, the impacts on the planktonic and benthic habitats in terms of suspended solids and disturbancesare not foreseen. The changes of water quality due to the increase of BOD loads from the construction camps are not expected due to the adequate provision of latrine (1 latrine for 15 workers) at every construction camps. The contaminated leachate are not anticipated. The only major fishery resource in the project vicinity is the Bang Pakong river mouth. This river is subjected to the directional drilling about 10 km. upstream from the river mouth. This approach will not disturb the river bed, thus the increase suspended solid in the river is not foreseen, therefore, the downstream fishery area will not be impacted from the project. ENV853/94140/CHAP-V 5-3 5.3.2 Operation Period The pipeline system will be totally buried under approximately 1.5 meter of soil at the bed of waterways. Thus, there will be no contact with the aquatic lifes and fishery activities. Therefore, the potential 5.4 TRANSPORTATION 5.4.1 Construction Period Along the 100 km. of the proposed Bang Pakong-Wang Noi pipeline, there will be some crossings under the major highways, i.e., HW. 3466, 314, railway, 304, 3312, and 305. The potential impacts to be resulted from the pipeline construction are as follows: - increase traffic volume closed to the intersected points due to the mobilization of the project's machineries and vehicles. - short term traffic interference on the intersected points between the gas pipeline and highways. The readily coated pipe will be transported from the temporary storage area to the construction site which will be moving constantly. The mapping of the appropriate pipe transportation route will be planned carefully, both routing and timing, to alleviate traffic congestion. The bored crossing technique will be applied in order to avoid any temporary disruption on the traffic flow of the highway. At each intersection, the pipeline will be installed by using a pilot pipe section slipped under the highway. Once the pilot section is in place, the permanent, coated pipeline will be welded on to the pilot section and pulled through the bore. The casing will be designed to carry the extra traffic loads. The interference on the traffics will be temporary due to the equipment operation, right-of-way preparation. However, the frontage access or detour will be properly arranged to alleviate temporary inconvenience during construction at these intersections. ENV853/94140/CHAP-V 5-4 Thus, by the application of the above practices the short-term l due to pipelin.e constructilon can be vi ewed as inslgnifi.cant. 5.4.2 Operation Period The operation of the pipeline project will not cause any impact on the transportationnetwork due to the utilization of EGAT right-of-way to avoid any adversed impacts on traffic disruption and land acquisition. 5.5 LANDUSE Potential impacts on the landuse change can be assessed and summarized as follows: (1) Regrading the issue on landuse change due to the project the study of this issue along the existing PTT pipeline shows evidence that without access along the pipeline there are no or very limited landuse changes due to pipeline development. The lands along the ROW are still being utilized for agricultural purpose. (2) Permission of temporary use the land for construction of the pipelines is required for the development of the project. Though the proposed pipeline route will be aligned on the same strip of lands already received the ROW utilization from the owners. Additional agreement between the PTT with each respective owners and EGAT will be necessary 5.6 SOCIO-ECONOMICS (1) Impact to individuals and familv: (A) Positive side: - economically, Job opportunities related to construction process, e.g., semi-skilled workers, and non-skill workers; - economically, generating income for commercial and services in the areas including food stores, rented houses, groceries, rented vehicles, etc. ENV853/94140/CHAP-V 5-5 (b) Negative side: - Some necessary public facilities may be insufficient especially during the construction period; these are water supply, health service, etc;. - Social problems may be arised and disrupted the peaceful life style of the villagers particularly during the constructionperiod, for examples, drinking problems, gambling, thefts, quarrelling, etc. The construction activities may cause transportation, inconveniences;all of these make community life more difficult but, fortunately, it will be last only for a short period. (2) Impact to the Country - promote industrial growth and reduce dependency on foreign fuel supply. ENV853/94140/CHAP-V 5-6 CHAPTER VI MITICATION MEASUES ArN D E.NVTRONMF.NTAL. kNAGEMENT 6.1 INTRODUCTION The results from the environmental impact assessment of the proposed pipeline in the previous chapters pointed out that the level of impacts are at the acceptable level. However, it is necessary to exercise the appropriate mitigation measures listed in this chapter to ensure the minimum level of impacts for the concerned parameters. (Table 6.1-1) 6.2 MITIGATION MEASURES 6.2.1 Construction Period 6.2.1.1 Water Quality - All major construction activities, e.g., open cut crossing, bore crossing, directional drilling, etc. must be scheduled during the dry season. (Mid October-Beginningof May). - Proper erosion and sedimentation control, e.g., hay bales, and silt fences should be installed at all concerned waterways adjacent to the pipeline approaching area. - Store backfill material away from the bank of waterways to minimize erosion and rudiment run off. - Bachfill the ground cover as soon as possible after the pipeline in place to minimize soil erosion. - Temporary store the waste oil, lubricants and other waste material in the designated containers for further disposal. - Restore river bank conditions to be suitable for natural vegetative growth. ENV853/94140/CHAP6 6-1 TABLE 6.1-1 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS, AND MITIGATION MEASURES Environmental Phase Cause of Impact Mitigation Measure Component Meteorology Construction - Severe weather can affect - Properly plan construction the constructionactivities, activities.particularly in September through December for possible strom encounter. - Laybargeshould be equipped with adequate number of life boats - Continuouslyobtain weather condition. Soil Construction - On shore pipe laying can - Install silt fences at concerned induce soil erosion along water channels the pipeline. - Backfillingand replacement of groundcoveras soon as possible after burial of pipeline. - Store backfillmaterial away from waterways. - Restore surface condition-to allow natural vegetation growth. - Stabilize beach and river banks to prevent erosion. - Schedule const. activitiesin dry season to minimizeerosion. Aquatic Biology Construction - Habitat disturbances increase - The samc measurcs as those for turbidity and suspended solid water quality. in watcr column. - Toxic contaminationof hydrostatic test chcmical. Operation - Gas Icakagcfrom thc pipclinec nmayaffect aquatic lifc. ENV853/94141/TAB61 -1 6-2 TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont-d) Environmental Phase Causeof Impact MitigationMeasure Component Terrestrial Construction - Additionalclearing of trees in - Minimizethe additionalclearing area. Ecology HuaiMahad Forest. - Setup constructioncamps - Wildlifedisturbances, awayfrom the forest. - Speedup constructionactivities in forestarea. - Cooperatewith RFD and EGAT aboutusage of reservedareas. Landuse Construction - Lossor damageto the crops - Rent additionallands for mobilizing adjacentto the right-of-way. constructionequipment or temporary camp. - Selectproper construction period, if possible,after harvesting. - Fair compensationto crop lossor damage. Transportation Construction - Interferethe trafficflow. - Avoidusage of HW.3,344 and 315for -Increase trafficvolume from equipmenttransportation. constructionactivities. - Provideproper frontage access for the constructionvehicle. - Transportationroute of construction vehiclesshould be carefullyplanned to avoidtraffic loads. - The localresidcnts should be informed aboutthe constructionschedule to alleviatetraffic congestion. - Providegood signalsystem. - UtilizcLaem Chabang and MapTa PliutPorts for transportation of pipeline. ENV853/94141/TAB61 -1 6-3 TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd) Environmental Phase Cause of Impact MitigationMeasure Component l Infrastructure/ Construction - Increasedlocal water demands - Implement the suitableconstruction Public Facilities at the pipe coatingplant and and supervisionmethod. during pipeline construction. - Strictly enforcement of proper - Intersect existingwater transmission pre -caution, measures and close line. supervisionduring construction. - Possibleaccident witb construction - Employ proper groundingmethod vehiclesand electrical transmissions and proper inspections. line towers. - Cooperate with local waterworks - Possibleelectrical shock from induce about construction activitiesclose to high voltage to the pipe and other waterpipe. related facilities. Socio-economic Construction - Socialproblems such as different - aosely discipline the workers. traditions, theft, quarrel and - Cooperated with local authorities. drug abuse. - Offer fair compensation rate. - Increasejob opportunities. - Provideimproved facilitiesfor - Inconveniencefor the local traffic. community. - Temporarily decrease quality - Give priority to local residents for of environment in the immediate employment. vicinityof the pipeline - Select the site for construction constructionarea. camps awayfrom communities. - Sct up Public Relation program for the local residents. Public Health/ Construction - Health problems and accidents. - Provide first at unit at the const. site Safety - Livingconditions in construction and barge. camps. - Establish appropriate working condition at constructionareas. - Provisionof proper health and environmental sanitation improvement in workers' communities. - Provideadequate safety devicesand set stringent regulations. - Train personnel on usage of safety cquipnicti. - Spray watcr on uncovcredground to reduce dust. ENVB53/9414lITAB61 -1 TABLE 6.1-1 (Cont'd) Environmental Phase Causeof Impact MitigationMeasure Component Operation - Publichealth and occupational - Conduct comprehensivetraining health problems. programs,with special attention to - Harzardous events from gas pollution control safety and fire leakage. prevention. - Keep records of accidents. - Keep equipmentin good working condition. - Set stringent safety regulation. - Maintain pipelineand associated facilitiesregularly. - Establish proper contingencyplans for emergencies. - Post warning sign alongpipeline route. - FollowsASME code for piping Archaeological/ - No inpact on the existing HistoricalValues archaeologicaland historical values. Aesthetic/Tourism - No impact on the existing aesthetic and tourism. ENV8s3194141/TAB61 -1 6-5 - Construction camps must be at least 150 m. from the waterways and equipped with 1 sanitary latrine/ 15 workers. 6.2.1.2 Aquatic Ecolozy/Fisheries - Consider bore crossing and directional drilling to the maximum extent. - Schedule the crossing activities during the dry season (Mid October-Beginningof May). - Limit the disturbance on the river bed interms of both area and timing. - Practice the appropriate erosion control measures, e.g. silt fences to minimize sedimentation on river bed. - Store backfill material away from the river bank to control sediment run off. - Locate construction at least 150 m. from the waterways and equipped with 1 sanitary latrine/ 15 workers. 6.2.1.3 Transportation - Transport coated pipe from the port to construction site at night. - Avoid the usage of HW. No. 1, 3, and 315 for heavy equipment transportation. - Minimize the timing for bore crossing under the major highway e.g., HW. No. 305, 304, 314, 3312 and railroad. - Provide proper frontage road access during the crossing construction. - Map out the transportationroute for equipment and coated pipe to minimize traffic. The railroad should also be considered. - Inform local residentsabout the constructionactivities/schedules and the alternative route should be supported to minimize traffic congestions. - Co-ordinatewith local authorities,e.g., police community leaders and highway department, about the construction schedule and this information can be transfered to local communities, ENV853/94140/CHAP6 6-6 6.2.1.4 Land Use - Schedule the pipeline construction activities during the dry season to minimize the paddy field disturbances. - In case of additional area out of ECAT ROW is required for temporary construction site, the selected areas should cause minimum disturbance to agricultural product. - The fair compensation should be paid to land owners. 6.1.2.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC In order to facilitatingthe work the proposed project and preventing misunderstanding of the project among local people, 4 measures below are recommended; - The public relation program with the emphasis on issues (or information) that disturb villagers' feeling about the project particularly the safety measures preventing gas explosion including other benefits derived from having the project. The public relations program can be done by having a meeting with people in their community to explain the work process of the project to them clearly; the meeting can be held periodically, before launching the project, during the construction, after the construction; at the same time co-operation from people can be expected if the public relative program is effective. - Planning to reduce negative effects as much as possible; this should be done before the constructionwork. The project should also provide facilities for people during the construction, helping people to live their ordinary life with little disturbance. It possible, the construction should be done during the dry season in order to avoid crop damages. - Compensation rate and paying condition should be fitted with the participation of the people concerned; if possible, the rate should be at the present level of commodity price or market price whether it be land, materials or labour and condition for paying should not be too complicated to facilitate the compensation payment. ENV853/94140/CHAP6 6-7 - Other procedures for obtaining rights over land, the permission to use land, and other construction work should also be simple providing good work and good facilities for living in the area; continuouscommunications between project officials and community seaues Will |lejJ to aLLt.lieve tLh.5 UUJesXtives. 6.2.2 Operation Period 6.2.2.1 Water Ouality/Aquatic Ecologv - Select the hydrostatic test chemicals accepted worldwide - Utilize hydrostatic test chemicals at the recommended dosage - Properly dispose of the hydrostatic test chemicals with the permission from Department of Harbor - Install the on-line computerized system to detect any changes in gas pressures and flow. 6.2.2.2 TransRortation - Put information on pipeline route in the road maps and/or topographic maps - Inform the concerned authorities, e.g., Dept. of Highway, Dept. of Rural Development, etc., about new pipeline route. 6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT The Safety and Environment Subdivision of the Gas Pipeline Operation Department is directly responsible to coordinatethe environmentalmanagements and plan for the Gas Pipeline Project which have been established by the Safety and Environment Standard Division which is directly under the Deputy Governor for the Natural Gas Operation.The managements and operations of this Department will be reported and instructed by the PTT Safety Administration Committee as shown in the Organization Chart (Figure 6.3-1). ENV853/94140/CHAP6 6-8 PTT LINE OF ALIORITI' I I - _ G~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ENERLAFRs DIMOHN | .,si~cS m :R _N OOItEE = L O TEKALO4 0 cNrcPuTrtr | gy m CrP.rAGP OC-PtAERhcCRoERT AOSTATIN DEP DUAA REThD Z.ET.G G 9.lasT cs DPERATKNS OL OEPAFtTIAE)(T GIG S G O | {EhmhEERlhG OEPARnrl~~~~~~~~~ OFATGJEC {PRa-ET Ahos-FLYoFir-n CCi4EPa^En AERXTcEWF EN -cvERAT04 DEVELOCPUh &rPAWrMVN qE,Wa bC ERR qRESEUOEARTiE ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~EgDEVUFWh AFhCW +PLfEJCIMD =Tt. GFALEC 4,ET-A. s-Lrs oipw. _ _l ~OEP*RTAGHT |OIL TOWlhALS AhD TRAhSN9ATFMr CERRhT_ ;A i^ *ns | tNOIEERINO AND SERV£E DEPARTUEhT|t >_ - NOTE= = PTT'S ENVIRONMENTALAND SAFETY MANAGEMENTBODIES THAT EXIST IN THE LINE OF AUTHORITY FIGURE6.3-I : ENVIRONMENTALAND SAFETY MANAGEMENT BODIESIN PTT LINE OF AUTHORITY 6-9 6.3.1 PTT Safety Policy PTT's Dolicieson safety can be SUmmari7Ad as follows: (1) PTT realizes its responsibility on the improvement and maintenance of good working conditions, working environments and working approaches with respect to both internal and internationalstandards. (2) PTT will devote the time and resources in the personnel training towards fire-fightingand emergency life-saving. (3) Safety is the responsibilityof all personnel and is deemed as a part of the job. Managements at the department and division levels are required to include their safety programs in annual planning as the first priority. (4) It is the responsibilityof all management group and personnel of all levels to inform all accidents occurred. 6.3.2 Operating and Maintenance on Safety of Gas Transmission Facilities .The PTT Natural Gas Parallel Pipeline System has been designed according to the ASME Code for piping. An American National Standard is shown in Appendix F. The operating and maintenance for gas facilities during operation period will strictly follow the above operation manual. The recommended practices to alleviate impacts *on safety during constructionperiod are as follows: - Provide first aid unit at the construction site. - Establish appropriate working conditions at construction site including good light ventilation systems, proper maintain vehicles/equipments. - Set stringentsafety regulationsconstruction workers to be aware of the regulation measures by training or provision of the information/education. - Provide appropriate safety equipment includinghard hats, safety glasses, ear plugs or muffs, gloves, and safety boots for concerned construction workers. - Train personnel on use of safety equipment and safety procedures, annually. ENV853/94140/CHAP6 6-10 - Keep regular records of accidents, causes and damages to prepare monthly reports on the concerned matter. - Keep equipments, machineries and vehicles operational conditions to reduce accident. -Post the a-,-.ing --Oi5LU alor.g the p. route with clea instruction for any prohibited activities. - Proper training of pipeline operators on standard operating procedures and emergency procedures. - Maintain pipeline and associated facilities on annual basis. - Establish proper contingency plans for emergencies including provisions for notification of public. - Strictly follow ASME Code for pipeline operation and maintenance 6.3.3 Environmental and Safetv Training PTT continuously conduct the environmental and safety training programs for the pipeline system personnels as follow: (1) Introductory Course (include Loss Control) : 7 times a year. (2) Loss Control twice a year or as required by the organization. (3) Special Skill 3 times a year. (4) Safety : twice a year. (5) Fire Fighting Training : once a month. (6) Hazardous Chemicals : 5 times a year. 6.3.4 Recommendations The PTT Safety and Environmental sub-division of the Gas Pipeline Operation Department will be the responsible unit for implementation the proposed monitoring program. The environmentalmonitoring program will include water/aquatic biology samples during construction and operation phases. In addition, the monitoring of land use changes, socio-economic impacts, occupational health/safety, transportation/ navigation and solid waste generations have to be conducted periodically as details stated in Chapter VII. During both construction and operation period of the pipeline, PTT will assigned the trained pipeline system and environmental.personnel. to monitor ENV853/94140/CHAP6 6-11 and maintain the suitable safety and environmentalcondition. Furthermore, the desi.gnatedpersonnel will be trained in e.viron-entalmanagement, safety, fire control, loss control and hazardous chemical management periodically to enhance their abilities to improve and maintain the proper environments, working conditionsaccording to internal and internationalstandards. PTT will submit the monitoring report every six months throughout the Construction and first year of operation periods. ENV853/94140/CHAP6 6-12 CHAPTER VII ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS 7.1 INTRODUCTION In order to confirm the actual level of impacts, it is necessary to conduct the environmentalmonitoring programs during construction and operation periods as proposed in Table 7.1-1. 7.2 WATER OUALITY/AOUATICBIOLOGY (1) During the crossing activities and 3 months after the crossing activities quality and aquatic biology monitoring program should be undertaken at Bang Pa Kong river, Khlong Prawetburirom,Khlong Hok Wa, Khlong Rangsit and Khlong Rapeepatra at 100 m. upstream and downstream from the crossing points. The paramneters oU concerned include: - Depth - Transparency - Temperature - pH - Conductivity - Dissolved Oxygen - Suspended Solids - Oil and Grease - Planktonic samples - Benthic samples (2) Inspect and Maintain sediment control barriers weekly. 7.3 TRANSPORTATION - Monthly record on transportation accidents associated with the project during constructionperiod. ENV853/94140/CHAP-VII 7-1 TABLE 7.1-1 THE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM FOR NATURAL GAS PIPELINE PROJECT Environmental Phase Monitoring Station Monitoring Period Responsible Cost Componenu/Parameter Agency (Baht) 1. Water Quality - Water Quality * Depth Construction - Bang Pakong river. - During crossing PTT 60,000baht/ ' Temperature activities Khlong.Prawetburirom, activities sampling perioc * Transparency Khlong Hok Wa, Khlong - Every 3 month after A£40OO ' pH Rangsit and Khlong crossing activities * Conductivity Rapeepatra at 100 m Dissolved Oxygen upstream and downstream * Suspened Solids from the crossing points. Oil & Grease - Inspect and maintain sediment Concerned waterways Weekly PTT No additional control barriers cost (NAC) 2. Aquatic Biology .21 Planktonic samples Same as (1) Same as (1) Same as (1) PTT 40.000 baht/ 2.2 Benthic samples sampling period "Cooo 3. Transportation - Records of accident Construction Phase Monthly Contractor NAC - Records of signal installation Construction Phase 4. Infrastructure - Amount and type of solid Construction Phase The construction areas Weekly Contractor NAC waste records - Water supply and drinking Construction Phase The construction areas Weekly Contractor NAC water records. - Pick up trash and deposite Construction Phase The constructionareas Daily Contractor NAC in receptacles - Closely oversee proper waste Construction Phase Construction areas Weekly PTT NAC disposal problems - Inspect all waste disposal site Construction Phase Construction areas Monthly PIT NAC Note: NAC = No additional cost. ENV853/94141ITAB71 -1 7-2 TABLE 7.1-1 (Cont'd) Environmental Phase MonitoringStation' 1Monitonng Period Responsible ! I Component/Parameter Agency (Baht) 5. Socio-economic - PR Program Construction Phase - Communitiesalong - Once prior to PTT 200O.00 pipeline route constructionperiod - Attitude surveyof the ConstructionPhase - Constructionsite - Once during PTT 150.000 construction workers and and nearby communities the first year of relted residents construetion - Socio-ewonomicsurvey Operation Phase - Nearby communities ' - During the first year PTT 150,000 of the related residents of operation 6. Occupational Safety - Workers' health Construction Phase Constructionarea Annual Contractor NAC examinationrecords - Workers' illnesses Construction Phase Constructionarea Monthly Contractor NAC and accidents - PITs staff illnesses Operation Phase Project location Monthly PTT NAC and accidents - Publichealth records Operation Phase Project vicinity Twice a year PTT NAC --.ghe;u; a liuC Note: NAC No Additional Cost ENVBSW/94141rAB71-1 7-3 Record of signalling device installations during pipe laying period. 7.4 INFRASTRUCTURE - Record the weekly amount and type of solid waste generated on the construction areas. - Record the amount of weekly water supply and drinking water for the personnel construction areas throughout the construction phase. - Daily pick up trash and properly deposited in the waste receptacles. - Closely oversee proper waste disposal problems. - Inspect all waste disposal sites to assure the proper waste disposal operations. 7.5 SOCIO-ECONOMIC - Conduct Public Relation (PR) Program to inform local residents about the project. - During construction phase, the attitude survey should be conducted once during the first year of construction after PR Program to obtain socio-economic conditions of the construction workers and attitude of the related residents. During operation phase, the socio-economic survey should be undertaken during the first year of the operation to assess the actual attitude of the related residents. 7.6 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY - "Provide annual health examinations to all workers. ENV853/94 140/CHAP-VI I 7-4 Monthly records on any illnesses and accidents during construction and operation phases. Updated public health record of the project vicinity every six month to observe any alteration in public health conditions of local residents. 7.7 CONCLUSIONS The implementation of the Natural Gas Parallel Pipeline Project will provide the fuel supply to EGAT Thermal Cycle Power Plant at Wang Noi and reduce the dependency on foreign energy sources. In addition, the local economics will receive source benefits in terms of job opportunities and downstream businesses. Nevertheless,there are some potential impacts to be related by the development of this project, i.e., water quality/aquatic biology, obstruction of transportation, socio-economics and safety aspects. The anticipated impacts are relatively minor level of short term impacts. Furthermore,the mitigation measures issued in this report will reduce the forseen impacts to the acceptable levels. In order to assure the level of impact and the effectiveness of the mitigation measures, the monitoring programs were drawn up for the concerned environmentalparameters include water quality, aquatic biology, socio-economic,public health and safety. With the measures and programs to be implemented by PTT according to this study, sound environment can be sustained with this development. ENV853/94140/CHAP-VII 7-5 P> CO) 0tTI .;D IllJ -4I Appendix A ID Code ...... Interviewer...... / . Editor...... A STUDY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT GAS PIPELINE PROJECT ALONG THE FORMER GAS PIPELINE Name... HouseNo ...... VillageName ...... No. Tambon... Amphoe.... Changwat. 1. General Informationof Respondent 1.1 Sex 1. Male ..... 2. Female 1.2 Age . years 1.3 Household Status of Respondent .....1. Head.2...... Spouse ..... 3. Children/Son-in-law/daughter-in-law ..... 4. Sibling . 5. Others (Specified) . 1.4 Education Attainment ..... 1. No Schooling 2. Primary ..... 3. Secondary (grade 7-9) ..... 4. Secondary (grade 10-12/Intermediatevocational) ..... 5. College Diploma/Advanced Vocational ..... 6. Bachelor and Over 1.5 Religion .....1. Buddhism ..... 2. Chirstainity ..... 3. Islamism ..... 4. Other (Specified)... 1.6 Original Domicile ..... 1. Born here ..... 2. Migrated from other village of this Tambon ..... 3. Migrated from other Tambon of this Amphoe ..... 4. Migrated from other Amphoeof this Changwat ..... 5. Migrated from other Changwatof this Region ...... 6. Migrated from other Region, Name the province. 1.7 If migrated from other place, the cause of migration is ..... 1. Seek job ..... 2. Followparents/relatives ..... 3. Have spouse here ..... 4. No agrt. land ..... 5. Work requirement ..... 6. Other (Speified) . ENVs53/9416/APPEN-A - 1 - 1.8 Living here since B.E...... (in case continuous stay) If not, specify range of time living here ...... Amount of time living here ...... year 1.9 Present Housing ConditiOn ..... 1. Wooden House ..... 2. Wood/concrete house .... 3. Concrete building ..... 4. Wooden shophouse .... 5. Concrete shophouse ..... 6. Townhouse ..... 7. Other (Specified). 2. Socio-economicInformation 2.1 PermanentHouseholdMembers...... persons, male...... , female. Education Occupation No. Relationship Sex Age pre- in Highest Main Supple- with household school school Attained occupa- mentary head tion Occupa- tion 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 Notes: 1/ Occupational Code 1. Agriculture 2. Govt. Official/PublicEnterprise 3. Hired farm labour 4. Private employed 5. Business (trade/industry) 6. Services (clothing, barber, etc.) 7. Industrial worker 8. Other (Specified)...... ENV853/9416/APPEN-A - 2 - 2.2 Present main occupation (check only one) ..... 1. Agriculture(farming, gardening & animal raising) ..... 2. Trading/Privatecareer (specify)...... 3. Fishing ..... 4. Businessowner (specify)...... 5. Business Employee ..... 6. Industrial worker ..... 7. GovernmentServices/Public Enterprise ..... 8. Other (specified). 2.3 SupplementaryOccupations ..... 1. Agriculture(farming, gardening & animal raising) .....2. Trading/Privatecareer (specify)...... 3. Fishing ..... 4. Businessowner (specify)...... 5. Business Employee ..... 6. Industrial worker ..... 7. GovernmentServices/Public Enterprise ..... 8. Other (specified). .... 9. None 2.4 Total Household Income...... Baht/Month 2.5 EstimatedHousehold Expenses ...... Baht/Month(Baht/Year) 2.6 Debts at Present...... Baht 2.7 Land Holding Status Land Holding Land Use Distance from Land Rai Status Gas Pipeline 1/ 2/ (in)/ 1. Residential Land 2. Productive Land Plot I Plot 2 Plot 3 Note: 1/ Land Holding Code 1) Owner 2) Rented Land 3) Free use of Others' Land 4) Other (specified). 2/ Land Use Code 1) Cropping 2) Animal Raising 3) Fish Culture 4) Idle 5) Other (specified) ...... ENV53/9416/APPEN-A - 3 - 3. Knowledge and Attitude about Gas Pipeline Project 3.1 Time of living here 1...... Before or during constructionof GPL 2...... After construction of GPL (to 3.7) 3.2 Informationacquired and opinionabout Gas Pipeline Project at different times of Construction(by those living here before or during construction of GPL) Period of Construction Items Before During After 1. Did you received information of the project 2. What the information you received 3. From what sources 1/ 4. Frequency of receiving 5. Opinion/feeling to the project, (to 3.3) according with reasons 6. Any actions taken (to 3.3) Note: 1/ Sources of information code 1. Newspaper 2. Radio 3. TV 4. Magazine 5. Leaflets 6. Village Head, Tambon Chief 7. Plates at the Project Site 8. Relatives, Acquainted 9. Other (specified). 2/ Opinion/feelingcode 1. Agree 2. Indifferent 3. Worried 4.. Not agree 5. Protest ENV853/9416/APPEN-A 4 - 3.3 Your opinion and reactionstoward the project after the constructionperiod. ltems 1-2 years after the 4-5 years after the construction construction 1. Opinion/feelingto the project according with reasons I/ 2. Any actions taken Note: 1/ Opinion/feelingcode 1. agree 2. indiffereni 3. worried 4. not agree 5. protest 3.4 You think how much you know about the GPL project ..... 1. Not at all ..... 2. Considerableunderstanding ..... 3. Good understanding ..... 4. Other (specified). 3.5 What is your opinion of the project at present ..... 1. Agree because...... 2. Indifferent ..... 3. Worried about. What action taken to reduce worries...... What shouldbe done to reduce worries...... 4. Not agree because ...... Any action taken ...... How (if acted)...... 5. Protestbecause . by what action ...... 3.6 Impact of GPL Project 3.6.1 During constructionof GPL what kind of impact you got . 1. Not as all 2. Yes, i.e., ..... Loud noise ..... Dust ..... Smoke ..... Vibration ..... Inconvenienttravelling ..... Part of land was appropriated ..... Have to change way to (from) home ..... Have to move building/dwelling ..... Impact on occupation because...... Other (specified). ENV85319416/APPEN-A - 5 - 3.6.2 Ever received compensationfrom government about GPL project . 1. No (pass to 3.6.4) . 2. Yes What kind of help/compensation(specify in details) ...... 3.6.3 Are you satisfied with the compensation/helpreceived .1. No because ...... 2. Yes because...... 3.6.4 Physical change after the construction of GPL compared with conditionsbefore . 1. Dust ..... more ..... same ..... less . 2. Road surface along the GPL ..... better ..... same ..... worse .3. Other, i.e.. 3.7 Information received of those living after construction GPL 3.7.1 Did you know about GPL project before moving here ..... 1. No 2. Yes Reasons for moving here . 1. Seek job ..... 2. Follow parent/relatives ..... 3. Having spouse here ..... 4. No agricultural land .....5. Work requirement ..... 6. Other (specified). 3.7.2 Have you ever received information about the project 1. No .2. Yes, about Source of information 1...... 2 ...... 3 ...... 3. Frequency of information ...... times 3.7.3 You think how much you know/understandthe GPL project . 1. Not at all .2. Considerableunderstanding .3. Good understanding .4. Other (specified)...... ENV853/9416/APPEN-A - 6 - 3.7.4 Opinion and Reaction to the Project . 1. Agree because . .2. Worried about.. What action taken to reduce worries ...... What should be done to reduce worries...... 3. Not agree because. Any action taken? ...... How (if acted) ...... 3.7.5 What Impacts you got from GPL Project 1...... 2...... 3...... 4...... 5...... 4. Other Opinion 4.1 In your opinion, what are positive impactsfrom GPL project to you and your community? 1. Increase employment 2. Government units give more attention to community 3. Bring progress to community, for example...... 4. Other (specified). 4.2 What are negative impacts from GPL project to you and your community 1...... 2...... 3...... 4.3 How much your confidence on the GPL Project. 1. 100% ..... 2. very much 3. Considerably ..... 4. not much 5. not at all ..... 6. Other. 5. Other recommendations 5.1 Opinion about people participationon any projects of government (including with GPL project) 5.1.1 Participationbefore project implementation ..... giving/followinginformation Form/method ..... propose suggestion Form/method ..... Other (specified) ...... Form/method 5.1.2 Participation during constructionperiod. * giving/followinginformation Form/method ..... proposesuggestion Form/method ..... support facilities Form/method ..... donation (specified)...... Form/method ..... Other (specified) ...... Form/method ENV853/9416/APPEN-A - 7 - 5.1.3 Participation on O&M period ..... Giving/followinginformation Form/method ..... Reporting to official about - gas pipeline damages and risk conditions Form/method - hehavein a w^ay that dsoe not damage or reduce risk of damaginggas pipeline Form/method ..... Other (specified) ...... Form/method 5.2 Have people ever participated in decision making on issues which have impacts upon them and their community (specified the details) ...... 5.3 In your opinion, should people participatein decision making on issues which have impacts upon them and their communityor not (If so, identify the issues and method of participation) 5.4 Other recommendation...... ENV853/9416/APPEN-A -8 - APPENDIX B DETAiL FOR TYA^RDOUS ASSrSSM.EXT APPENDIX B DETAIL FOR HAZARDOUS ASSESSMENT 1. GAS OUTFLOW Discharges from pipes containing gas under pressure are calculated using the following formula (r+l1) Q = YCAP 1 _. 2 (r-l) RT1 r+l Where y = Outflow coefficient Cd = Discharge coefficient 2 A, = Area of release (e) 2 P1 = Process pressure (Nm ) M = Molecular weight r = Specific heats ratio R = Universal gas constant (J mol'IK') T, = Temperature of substrate (K) Q = Release rate (kgs') 1.1 Onshore Y = 1.0 Cd 1.0 6 2 P1 = 7.198x10 Nmi (1044 PSIA) M = 22.798 r = 1.23 1 R = 8.314 J mol K' T, = 321.72 OK 1.1.1 20% of Pipe Diameter A, = 0.3974 Q . 11,584 kg s' ENV853/94140/APPEN-B Gas outflow from the pipe leak of each operation condition was estimated employing an above equation and the estimated outflow are presented in Table 1 below: 1.1.2 l00's of PiPe Diameter A, = 0.3 9 7 4 - Q = 289,609 TABLE 1 GAS OUTFLOW OF THE PIPE LEAK RATE AT 20% AND 100% OF PIPE DIAMETER OperationCondition % of pipe leak Gas outflowrate (% of pipediameter) (kg/sec) 1. Onshore 20 11,584 (Pipediameter, 100 289.609 Pressure1,044 psia, Temperature120'F. Molecularweight of gas 22.798) 2. FIREBALLS AND BLEVES The maximum radius of the fireball is given by Rf = 2.665 M-327 Where M is the flammable release mass in kilogrammes The fireball has a duration, tg, given by 0 27 tf = 1.089 M' The rate of release of energy by combustion is then given by Q = Ul:MI tr Where il is the combustion efficiency, found to vary with the saturated vapour pressure (p,) of the stoud material (in MN/m2) as follows: 11 = .2 7 p 0.32 The radiation flux, I, at a distance r from the centre of the fi'reball is given by: I = e 4 r- Where T is the transmissivity, conservatively taken as 1. ENV853/94140/APPEN-B ,.: Instantaneous Release and Immediate Iqnition at Onshore The estimation of release is based on the volume contained in the pipe and 3 km in length. 2.1.1 Pipe Leak 100% of Pipe Diameter 2 P. = 4,650 psia (68.95 Nm ) psia 6 S. = 32.06x30 Nm` = 32.06 MN m2 11 = 0.27 P, 0-32 = 0.27 (32.06)032 = 0.8190 Heating Value = 900 BTU/SCF Hc = 900 BTU X 1,055 J SCF BTU = 9.495xlO' J/SCF density of natural gas at 1,044 psig and 1200F = 4.57 Lbs/Ft 3 density at standard condition 14.7 psia and 60°F - (4.57 Lbs) ( 14.7 ) (120x460) Ft3 1,044+14.7 60+460 = 0.0708 Lbs/SCF 5 H,Ic = 9.495x10 J x 1 SCF x 1 Lbs iSCF 0.0708 Lbs 0.4536 kg = 2.96x107 J/kg M = pV 2 V = (22 2.333 ft (281") x 0.3048 m) x (3,000 m) 7 = 4,768.89 m3 3 3 M = 4.57 Lbs x ft x 0.4536 kj x 4,768.89 m ft3 (.3048 m)3 lb = 349,109.24 kg 03 Rf = 2.665 M -7 = 2.665 (349,109.24)0327 = 173.08 m tf = 1.089 (349,109.24)0.327 = 70.73 sec Q = onkL!M tf ENV853/94140/APPEN-B = 0.8190 x 2.96x10 7 x 349. 109.224 70.73 = 1. 197x10" J/S I = 4¶r- at Rf = 173.08 I = 1. 197x10O' J/S 2 4x22 (173)2 m I 7 = 318,021.48 J/S m2 = 3.180x105 watt/M 2 = 318 kwatt/m 2 Estimate r for I = 37.5, 25.0, 12.5 and 4.0 kw/m2 r2 = 1.197xlO" J/S 4x22xI m2 7 1/2 I = 3.75 r = 1.197xlO" J/S m2 = 503.89 m 4x22 37.5xl0 3 J/S 7 I = 25.0 r = 617.14 m I = 12.5 r = 872.77 m I = 4.0 r = 1,542.85 m 2.1.2 PiPe Leak 20'# of Pipe Diameter P. = 32.06 rMm2 rl 0.81900= Hc = 9.495xlO J/SCF density = 4.57 Lbs/Ft3 at 1,044 psig and 120°F density at standard condition 14.7 psig and 60°F = 0.0708 Lbs/SCF H. = 2. 96x10 7 J/kg M = pv v = 190.71 m3 M = 13,961 kg Rf 2.665 rP 327 = 60.41 m t, = 1.089 M0.327 24.68 sec 7 Q = n HM = 0.8190x2.96x10 x13961 t, 24.68 0 = 1.371x11 ° J/S ENV853/94140/APPEN-B 2 I = Q = 1.3 7 1x1 0 w = 298,913 J/S m 4 r2 4x22 (60.41)2 7 = 305 kwatt/m 2 I = 3.75 kw/m2 r = 170.53 m 2 I = 25.0 kw/m r = 208.86 m 2 I = 12.5 kw/m r = 295.37 m 2 I = 4.0 kw/m r = 522.15 m 2.2 Noninstantaneous Release with Immediate Iqnitions Jetf ire (Onshore) 2.2.1 Pive Leak : 20% of Pipe Diameter Gas outflow=11,584 kg/s (earlier calculation as shown in Table 1) Gp nn= Q '1 = 0.35 Q = 11,584 kg/s 7 T4 = 2. 96x10 J/kg 7 O-v = 0.35x11,584x2. 96x10 kg.J S kg = 1.200xlOl JS'k I = gQp 4jr2 where Xg is an emissivity factor which depends on the material being burnt; and can be taken as 0.2 r = [(XQp) /41I] )' - ((0.2x1.200xlOl) /4x22/7xI]'J 2 I = 37.5 kw/m r = 225.68 m 2 I = 25.0 kw/m r = 276.39 m 2 I = 12. S kw/m r = 390.88 m 2 I = 4.0 kw/m r = 690.99 m 2.2.2 Pipe Leak : l00 of Pive Diameter Gas outflow = 289,609 kg/s 7 Qp = 0.35x289,609x2.96x10 2 = 3.00Oxl01 J/S 4 I r2 2 I = 37.5 kw/m r = 1,128.38 m ENV853/94140/APPEN-B 2 I = 25.0 kw/mn r 1,381.98 m I 12.5 kw/m2 r 1,954.41 m 2 I = 4.0 kw/m r 3,454.94 m TABLE 2 THE DISTANCE FROM THE CENTRE OF THE FIREBALL AT THE RADIATION FLUX (METRE) ONSHORE Release Case Incident Flux Instantaneous Noninstantaneous (kW/m2 ) 1001 100% of pipe diameter of pipe diameter 37.5 503.89 1,128.38 25.0 617.14 1,381.98 12.5 872.77 1,954.41 4.0 1,542.85 3,454.94 Jet Dispersion Deg = Do , g.a Do 28" n os= 0.817 P&.a = 0.027 Deq = 0.7112 0.817 0.027 = 3.912 (m) The Concentration Profile of the Jet The concentration on the axis of the jet at a distance x from the crifice is given by : Cm =b+b, b0 0.32 x .P,.- +1 -Pg.a Deg (P1 3 ))t b, = 50.5 + 48.2 Pea - 9.95 P',. b, = 23.0 + 41.0 Pg,a ENV853/94140/APPEN-B The End of the Turbulent Mixina Phase The speed of the jet will drop with distance along the axis, until, at a certain point on the axis, the jet speed will equal the wind speed. The velocity distribution along the axis of the jet is given by U_ = Po. . b 0.32 x . p+ -Pg, Dec 2 U. PsA 4 Deq Pg, x Where Ur is the velocity on the axis at a distance x from the orifice. U0 the real outflow .velocity of the release, calculated as follows: CdSP, ¶ _o 2 2 TABLE 3 DISTANCE AT THE END OF TURBULENT MIXING PHASE Pipe Leak X UM Area Cm. (% of Pipe Diameter) (m) (m/s) (m2) (kg/ml (kg/s) 20% 60 2.74 1.13E04 1.3089 4.05E04 lo0t 300 2.96 2.83E05 0.8590 7.18E05 Note : X = distance at the end of turbulent mixing phase Ur. jet velocity C. = Concentration at distance X Q = jet dispersion rate at X Wind speed is 3 m/s ENV8s3/94140/APPEN-B TABLE 4 GAS DISPERSION BEYONG THE END OF TURBULENT MIXING PHASE Atmospheric Stability Class Pipe Leak (wind speed 3 m/s) (% of pipe diameter) A B C D E F 20' Conc. % volume 2.65 1.19 0.81 0.19 2.53 1.81 Max. distance (km) 0.97 3.08 6.93 44.40 11.62 24.84 100% Conc. t volume 46.95 21.14 14.40 3.43 44.79 32.11 Max. distance (km) 0.97 3.08 6.93 44.40 11.62 24.84 TABLE 5 BUOYANT DISPERSION OF THE NATURAL GAS Atmospheric Stability Class Pipe Leak (wind speed 3 m/s) (% of pipe diameter) A B C D E F 20% Conc. % volume 2.63 1.18 0.80 0.19 2.50 1.79 Max. distance (km) 0.97 3.10 6.98 44.93 11.69 25.05 100% Conc. % volume 46.95 3.45 2.53 0.56 7.30 5.23 Max. distance (km) 0.97 3.08 6.93 44.40 11.62 24.84 Note A-C = Unstable D = Neutral E-F = Stable Instantaneous Release with Delayed IQnition Adiabatic Expansion/Flash Fire 1/4 2 2 d = 0.0137 (V>0)13 E ' X2j Where V.. is the volume of the gas at standard temperature and pressure. E is the energy of expansion ENV853/94140/APPEN-8 ,. The core radius, r,, and the core concentration, C, as a function of time are giveny by: 2 r - 1.36 [4Yt)" CC, = 0.0478 Vw [4Kht231 03 3 ;r - 0.08837 E (VV)" C, - 172.95 e-' E 5.05 x 1010 Joule V 0 - 15,982 m' Buoyant Dispersion Dispersion of the flammable gas in the atmosphere was calculated using Guassian distribution equation namely PTMAX model. The ground-level concentration when the plume is at distance X down-wind and a height h above the ground is given by: C(x,y,h) e Q exp -1 v + _ ¶ cyacu 2 cry 2 where -or a axb or, cxd x is the distance down-wind of the source The values for the parameters a,b,c and d suggested by TNO for different stability categories; these values are valid when x is greater than 100 m and are shown in Table below: Parameter Stability Category a b c d Very unstable A 0.527 0.865 0.28 0.90 Unstable B 0.371 0.866 0.23 0.85 Slightly unstable C 0.209 0.897 0.22 0.80 Nurtral D 0.128 0.905 0.20 0.76 Stable E 0.098 0.902 0.15 0.73 Very stable F 0.065 0.902 0.12 0.67 ENVY53/94140/APPEN-B