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The Les Essarts Eclogite-Bearing Metamorphic Complex (Vendée, Southern Armorican Massif, France)

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The Les Essarts Eclogite-Bearing Metamorphic Complex (Vendée, Southern Armorican Massif, France) The Les Essarts eclogite-bearing metamorphic Complex (Vendée, southern Armorican Massif, France): Pre-Variscan terrains in the Hercynian belt? Gaston GODARD (1) Le complexe métamorphique à éclogites des Essarts (Vendée, Massif armoricain méridional) : un témoin de terrains pré-varisques au sein de la chaîne hercynienne ? Géologie de la France, n° 1-2, 2001, pp. 19-51, 25 fig. (fig. 2 et 10 en fin d’ouvrage) Mots-clés : Serpentinite, Eclogite, Leptynite, Amphibolite, Métamorphisme rétrograde, Protolithe, Métagabbro, Gneiss, Métamorphisme polycyclique, Faciès éclogite, Vendée. Key words: Serpentinite, Eclogite , Leptynite, Amphilobite, Retrograde metamorphism, Protolith, Metagabbro, Gneiss, Polymetamorphism, Eclogite facies, Vendée, France. Résumé ces terrains fussent translatés tectonique- piques de l’oxygène peut être attribué à ment du Limousin en Vendée au un métamorphisme et une altération océa- Dans cet article, nous présentons des Carbonifère, par le jeu dextre des failles niques. Le principal épisode de déforma- données qui permettent de préciser l’ori- liées au serrage varisque. tion ductile est contemporain des gine de l’unité à éclogites des Essarts conditions éclogitiques. (Vendée, Massif armoricain). Lors des Une partie des gneiss encaissant les trois dernières décennies, ces éclogites éclogites a conservé la mémoire de deux L’unité de Saint-Martin-des-Noyers furent considérées comme des reliques épisodes métamorphiques (pp. 39-43). Ce s’étend sur le côté sud-ouest de la ligne d’une vieille croûte océanique, éclogi- sont des gneiss migmatitiques à cordiérite tectonique Sainte-Pazanne-Mervent. Elle tisées lors d’une subduction éo-varisque (premier épisode, de haute température) comporte un ensemble de roches à amphi- puis intégrées à la chaîne varisque. Nous affectés par le métamorphisme éclogitique bole, qui constituent une lignée magma- présentons ici les divers terrains méta- (second épisode, de haute pression). Ces tique tholéitique, et dérivent de roches morphiques et les linéaments tectoniques deux stades métamorphiques sont séparés volcaniques ou hypovolcaniques qui qui encadrent cette unité (“Geological par un épisode de rétromorphose, de sorte pourraient avoir appartenu à un arc insu- framework”, p. 22), puis nous donnons que ces roches semblent avoir subi deux laire ou à un bassin arrière-arc. Cette une description pétrologique et structura- cycles orogéniques distincts, pré-varisque unité est elle-même limitée au sud-ouest le des éclogites (“Eclogite and related et varisque. Elles pourraient appartenir à par une ceinture d’orthogneiss intrusifs rocks”, p. 29) et de leurs gneiss encais- une croûte continentale ancienne dans le domaine ouest-vendéen. La même sants (“Surrounding gneiss”, p. 38). entraînée dans la même subduction éo- séquence d’unités géologiques semble se varisque que les éclogites, qui seraient répéter sur les rives de l’estuaire de la L’unité de haute pression des Essarts d’origine océanique. Loire, dans la région de Paimbœuf. est encadrée par le Sillon houiller de Vendée au nord-est et la ligne tectonique Les éclogites ont des caractères géo- L’unité de haute pression des Essarts Sainte-Pazanne-Mervent au sud-ouest. Ces chimiques de roches océaniques. La apparaît comme constituée de terrains deux failles délimitent un couloir d’environ lignée tholéitique inclut des péridotites pré-varisques d’origine océanique pro- 150 km de long et quelques kilomètres de altérées (vraisemblablement à grenat), bable (éclogites) et continentale (ortho- large, qui comporte trois unités métamor- des éclogites à disthène, des éclogites à et para-gneiss), impliqués dans la même phiques distinctes : (i) l’unité à éclogites quartz, des éclogites ferro-titanées et des convergence éo-varisque. des Essarts, (ii) l’orthogneiss Chantonnay- ortho-leptynites dérivant de plagiogra- Abstract Mervent, et (iii) l’unité épizonale de Roc- nites. La roche anté-éclogitique était un Cervelle. Des similitudes avec la région du gabbro amphibolitisé et saussuritisé. Le We present data that aims to clarify the Bas-Limousin permettent d’envisager que large éventail des compositions isoto- origin of the Les Essarts eclogite-bearing (1) CNRS-FRE 2316, Laboratoire de Pétrologie, Université Paris 7, T26-00 E3, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France. E-mail address: [email protected] GÉOLOGIE DE LA FRANCE, N° 1-2, 2001 19 LES ESSARTS ECLOGITE-BEARING COMPLEX (VENDÉE) Complex that, for the last three decades, The Saint-Martin-des-Noyers Unit eclogite came to be intimately interleaved has been considered to represent remnants extends along the southwest side of the within such gneiss. of an old oceanic crust eclogitized during Sainte-Pazanne-Mervent tectonic linea- an eo-Variscan subduction stage and sub- ment. It contains a set of amphibole-rich (c) Neighbouring units have received sequently incorporated into the Variscan rocks that correspond to a tholeiitic mag- various interpretations in terms of plate orogenic belt. We give an overview of the matic suite. They derive from volcanic or tectonism: island arc (Saint-Martin-des- various metamorphic units and tectonic hypovolcanic rocks that might have Noyers Unit; Thiéblemont et al., 1987, lineaments that occur close to the belonged to an island-arc or fore-arc sys- 1988), back-arc basin (La Meilleraye Les Essarts eclogite-bearing Unit tem. This unit is bounded to the southwest metabasalts; Thiéblemont and Cabanis, (“Geological framework”, p. 22), as well by an orthogneiss belt intrusive into the 1986; Thiéblemont, 1988), some other as petrological and structural descrip- West-Vendée domain. A similar sequence subduction zone (Bois-de-Cené: Guiraud tions of the eclogite (“Eclogite and relat- of geological units apparently occurs on et al., 1987). The consistency between ed rocks”, p. 29) and its surrounding the banks of the Loire estuary, near these various assumed geodynamic envi- gneiss (“Surrounding gneiss”, p. 38). Paimbœuf. ronments is far from being established. The eclogite and its surrounding gneiss The Les Essarts high-pressure Unit In this paper, we present data that aims occur between the Vendée coal belt and the probably represents remnants of pre- to clarify the origin of the Vendée eclogite- Sainte-Pazanne-Mervent tectonic linea- Variscan continental (ortho- and para- bearing Complex. Detailed petrological ment, within an elongate NW-SE-trending gneiss) and oceanic (eclogite) terrains descriptions, as well as the pressure(P)- zone about 150 km long and a few kilome- that were involved in the eo-Variscan temperature(T) paths of the eclogite and tres wide. Three units with contrasted fea- convergence. surrounding gneiss, are presented else- tures and histories occur in this zone: (i) where (Godard, 1988, 1998), and are only the Les Essarts eclogite-bearing Unit, (ii) Introduction summarized here. On the other hand, we the Chantonnay-Mervent orthogneiss, and pay particular attention to field observa- (iii) the Roc-Cervelle low-grade Unit. The eclogite-bearing metamorphic tions, which are for the most part unpub- Similarities with the Bas-Limousin area complex of the Vendée (southern lished. After a historical section, we suggest that these terrains were tectonical- Armorican Massif, Western France) is a present an overview of the various meta- ly translated from Limousin to Vendée by typical example of eclogite-facies meta- morphic units that occur close to the Les the combined dextral displacements of morphism in the Variscan belt of Europe. It Essarts eclogite-bearing Unit, which with faults related to Variscan compression dur- is well known for the abundance and vari- petrological and structural descriptions of ing the Carboniferous. ety of its eclogite, but is difficult to study the eclogite (“Eclogite and related rocks”, because of very poor exposure conditions. p. 29) and its surrounding gneiss Some of the surrounding gneiss shows Over the last three decades, the eclogite has (“Surrounding gneiss”, p. 38). The origin evidence for two high-grade metamor- been interpreted in terms of plate tecton- and geological history of this metamorphic phic stages separated by a retrograde ism, and considered as being remnants of complex are discussed in the last section. stage (pp. 39-43). These comprise an old oceanic crust eclogitized during an migmatitic cordierite-bearing gneiss eo-Variscan subduction stage and subse- (first high-T stage) that was later affected quently incorporated into the Variscan oro- Previous studies by an eclogite-facies metamorphism (sec- genic belt during a continental collision (cf. Auguste Rivière discovered the Vendée ond high-P stage). These rocks are thus Montigny and Allègre, 1974; Godard, eclogite in the 1830s and described it likely to have been subjected to two dis- 1981, 1983, 1988; Peucat et al., 1982a, together with amphibolite and gneiss of the tinct orogenic cycles, i.e. pre-Variscan 1982b; Bernard-Griffiths and Cornichet, same region (Rivière, 1835a, 1835b, and Variscan. They could belong to an 1985). The oceanic origin of the Vendée 1844a, 1844b, 1851; see Godard, 1984). old pre-Variscan continental crust that eclogite has been widely accepted. This finding was one of the very first dis- was involved in the same eo-Variscan However, further investigations tend to coveries of eclogite, a few years after subduction as the eclogite, which proba- show that the reality is probably much René-Just Haüy (1822) had coined the bly has an oceanic origin. more complex than the simplistic hypothe- ses proposed a few years ago, and have term “eclogite”
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