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Factional Politics and Foreign Policy Choices in Cambodia-Thailand Diplomatic Relations, 1950-2014

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Factional Politics and Foreign Policy Choices in Cambodia-Thailand Diplomatic Relations, 1950-2014 Factional Politics and Foreign Policy Choices in Cambodia-Thailand Diplomatic Relations, 1950-2014 Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil) eingereicht an der Philosophischen Fakultät III der Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin von Sok Udom Deth, M.A. Prof. Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz (Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin) Prof. Dr. Julia von Blumenthal (Dekanin der Philosophischen Fakultät III) Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Boike Rehbein 2. Prof. Dr. Vincent Houben Tag der Verteidigung: 10. Juli 2014 2 © Sok Udom Deth 2014 3 ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) “Factional Politics and Foreign Policy Choices in Cambodia-Thailand Diplomatic Relations, 1950-2014” This dissertation aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Cambodia-Thailand diplomatic relations over the past six decades, specifically from 1950 to 2014. In addition to empirical discussion, it seeks to explain why Cambodian-Thai relationships have fluctuated and what primary factors caused the shifts during the period discussed. In doing so, it employs the “social conflict” analysis, which views states not as unitary actors, but within which is comprised of different societal forces competing with one another and pursues foreign policies in accordance with their own ideology, interest, and strategy. As such, it is postulated that Cambodia-Thailand diplomatic relations should not be seen simply as relations between two unitary states cooperating with or securitizing against one another, but rather as a matrix of intertwining relationships between various social and political groups in both states harboring competing ideologies and/or interests to advance their power positions at home. Two inter-related arguments are therefore put forward in this research. Firstly, Cambodian-Thai relations are likely to be cooperative when both governments in power are civilian-democratically elected regimes and share similar ideologies, mutual economic interests, as well as security outlooks. Conversely, relations between them tend to deteriorate when these factors are not reciprocal. This is particularly true when one government has more in common with the dissidents of the government of the other side. Secondly, though antagonistic nationalism does exist between Cambodia and Thailand, it is not a determinant of the two nations’ foreign relations. This research argues that nationalism and historical animosity are invoked only if at least the government on one side needs to bolster its own legitimacy at home, and the government on the other side does not share a similar ideology or strategic interests with its own – the second aspect being the more important factor here. Keywords: factional politics, foreign policy, Cambodian-Thai relations, Preah Vihear, securitization, social conflict 4 ABSTRACT (DEUTSCH) Ziel der Dissertation ist es, eine umfassende Analyse der kambodschanisch- thailändischen diplomatischen Beziehungen von 1950 bis 2014 zu liefern. Die Arbeit geht über einen rein historischen Bericht hinaus, da sie darauf abzielt, die Wechselhaftigkeit der kambodschanisch-thailändischen Beziehungen zu erklären. Als Grundlage dient hierzu ein Ansatz sozialen Konflikts, der Staaten nicht als homogene Akteure ansieht, sondern vielmehr als eine Konfiguration konfligierender Kräfte, die ihre außenpolitischen Ziele im Einklang mit ihrer eigenen Ideologie, ihren Interessen und ihren Strategien verfolgen. Daher postuliert die Arbeit, dass die kambodschanisch-thailändischen Beziehungen nicht als Produkt einheitlicher Staaten angesehen werden sollten, die entweder miteinander kooperieren oder sich voneinander abschotten, sondern als Matrix sich überlappender Beziehungen zwischen gesellschaftlichen und politischen Gruppen beider Staaten, die konkurrierende Ideologien und/oder Interessen zur Förderung ihrer innenpolitischen Machtposition beherbergen. Das Projekt bringt zwei mit einer verknüpfte Argumente hervor. Erstens, kambodschanisch-thailändische Beziehungen sind wahrscheinlich dann kooperativ angelegt, wenn es sich bei beiden Machthabern um zivil-demokratisch gewählte Regierungen mit ähnlichen Ideologien, ökonomischen Interessen und Sicherheitsbedenken handelt. Umgekehrt verschlechtern sich die Beziehungen, wenn diese Faktoren nicht reziprok sind. Dies ist besonders dann der Fall, wenn eine der beiden Regierungen mehr mit der Opposition der anderen gemein hat. Zweitens, auch wenn antagonistische Nationalismen auf beiden Seiten bestehen, handelt es sich keinesfalls um eine Determinante, die die Außenpolitik beider Seiten festlegt. Die Arbeit argumentiert, dass Nationalismen nur dann aufgerufen werden, wenn zumindest eine der beiden Regierungen ihre Legitimität in der Heimat stärken muss und die andere Regierung nicht dieselbe Ideologie und strategischen Interessen teilt. Keywords: Sekuritisation, Außenpolitik, kambodschanisch-thailändische Beziehungen, Preah Vihear, sozialer Konflikt 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Researching for and writing up a doctoral dissertation is a difficult and occasionally tedious process. It certainly cannot be completed without the strong support and encouragement from a great number of people, whose contribution deserve highest appreciation and must never go unnoticed. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my dissertation mentor, Prof. Dr. Boike Rehbein, who agreed to accept me to work under his supervision in spite of his very busy workload. I thank him for providing insightful suggestions for the improvement of my dissertation, as well as his encouragement for me to present my work at various conferences in the region, including the first panel discussion we shared in Bangkok, Thailand in 2011. My gratitude is also extended to Prof. Dr. Vincent Houben, who accepted to be the second reviewer for my dissertation and for his compliment on my presentation of my research during its very early stage. Next, I must profoundly thank my very kind friend, Dr. Daniel Bultmann, without whose vigorous support, I would not have been able to enroll in my doctoral studies in Germany, let alone finish it. His constant help with administrative-related issues of my candidature at Humboldt, his (and his wife’s – Johanna’s) warm hosting of my stay in Germany, and their genuine friendship, will never be forgotten. It was truly my great honor and pleasure to have been invited to their lovely wedding in England in 2012. 6 In addition, several other individuals certainly deserve my appreciation for their generous help in assisting me to obtain documents from their affiliated institutions or universities: H.E. Ambassador Julio A. Jeldres of the Monash Asia Institute at Monash University (Australia) and a former assistant and biographer of the late His Majesty Norodom Sihanouk, Mr. Socheat Nhean at DC-Cam, Ms. Kunthy Seng and Mr. Duong Keo at Chulalongkorn University, Mr. Sopheap Chea at Bophana Center, helpful librarians at Chulalongkorn University, Center for Khmer Studies in Siem Reap, and the National Archives of Cambodia. I would like to thank several friends and acquaintances (including Bruce Douglas, Koytry Teng, Shihlun “Allen” Chen, Dina Thol, Theara Thun, Samathida Kem, Kimly Ngoun, Somphors Huy, Dr. Lee Jones, Dr. Morakot Meyer, Dr. Marja-Leena Heikkilä-Horn, Dr. Kanokrat “Yin” Lertchoosakul, and Christian Oesterheld) who have been kind enough to share with me relevant documents or their own academic work which were useful for the writing and completion of my dissertation. I truly apologize for not being able to list everyone’s names here. My appreciation also goes to H.E. Chhang Song (a former information minister of the Khmer Republic), H.E. Lu Laysreng (former Deputy Prime Minister of the Royal Government of Cambodia between 1993 and 1998), and Donald Jameson (a former officer at the U.S. Embassy in Phnom Penh during the Khmer Republic period) for agreeing to grant me a personal interview or replying to my questions via e-mail. My special thanks also go to Mr. Robert Flinn, my friendly and generous colleague at Zaman University where I currently teach, for his tireless help in proofreading my 7 English writing, not only for this doctoral dissertation, but also for all other written works I have requested help from him. I want to express my utmost gratitude to my parents (my father Mr. Vandeth Chhim and my mother Mrs. Ry Phourng), who have always encouraged and supported me throughout my educational life since a very young age, and have made sure that I have no other issues to worry about but to focus on my educational achievements. Therefore, I also humbly dedicate this research to them. Last but not least, my gratitude goes to all members of the past and current staff and administration of Zaman University in Cambodia, who have provided logistical assistance and/or encouragement for me to complete my doctoral research in due time. I am, however, solely responsible for any overlooked mistakes, omissions, and/or unintentional presentations of misinformation in this research, which I hope are minimal. 8 © Sok Udom Deth 2014 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abstract (English) ........................................................................................................... 3 Abstract (Deutsch) .......................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables .................................................................................................................
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