A Translation Into English of Mauritian Author Ananda Devi's Novel La Vie

9HE LIFE OF MADMAN JOE9

A 95AN8LA9ION IN9O ENGLI8H OF

MA85I9IAN A89HO5 ANANDA DE;I'8 NO;EL

LA ;IE DE JO8EPHON LE FO8

Heather 8uzanne Jones

8ubmitted to the faculty ofthe 8niversity Graduate 8chool In partial fulfillment ofthe requirements For the degree Master ofLiberal 8tudies In the College ofLiberal Arts and 8ciences of Indiana 8niversity

May 1//6 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty Indiana 8niversity in partial fulfillment ofthe requirements for the degree of Master in Liberal 8tudies-

ML8 Committee9

~~(DirectorW,.et;._) Lesley

(8econd reader) Gabrielle 5obinson Ph-D-

(9hird 5eader) Joseph Chaney Ph-D-

7 March 1//6

00 9his project is dedicated to the Mauritian author Ananda Devi for her superb works of fiction- Her vision to impact the rest ofthe world and to bring awareness to the plight ofthe marginalized is remarkable- My sincere desire is hereby to introduce Devi as an outstanding author and her cause as essential to benefit from healthy crosscultural relations in a postcolonial world-

I would also like to thank Lesley

Josephin le Fou during a French African Literature course and for lJ-er support during the translation process- Your faith in me and in my project has been essential to developing this finished product-

lll 9ABLE OF CON9EN98

Acceptance------ii

Dedication------iii

Introduction by Heather Jones ------0

9he Life ofMadman Joe a translation ofLa ;ie de Josephin le Fou ------07

I; InWroducWLon

9he Life of Madman Joe is the tale ofthe feral child Joe born to a

Mauritian teenager- Instead of suffering an abusive existence in his mother's hut

Joe chooses to escape to the ocean as soon as he is old enough to survive on his own- He finds healing and acceptance in this new environment- However the ocean still cannot provide him with the love he desperately needs- Despite his circumstances Joe still holds on to the hope that one day he will find someone who can reciprocate the love he feels welling up inside him-

9he damage may have already been done however because this child for lack oflove becomes a monster not unlike the monster in Mary 8helley's

Frankenstein- As with 8helley's creature Joe's outcome is tragic because he cannot find a willing recipient for the love he holds in his heart- It is within this contradiction that the character of Madman Joe evolves- Joe narrates to us his life story through his own disjointed thoughts or what his creator author Ananda

Devi prefers to call "poetic prose-"

Ananda Devi has published over a dozen novels and collections of short stories- 9he Life ofMadman Joe is her seventh novel- Devi who started winning literary prizes at age fifteen recently won the 1//5 "Prix des Cinq Continents de la Francophonie" (9he Five Continents Francophone Prize) with her latest novel

Eve de ses Decombres (Eve Caught 8nder Her Own 5ubble)-

1 Devi completed her doctorate in anthropology from the 8niversity of

London- Her thesis "9he Primordial Link9 9elegu Identity in Mauritius" looked at the 9elegu an ethnic minority who first arrived from India as indentured servants to work the sugarcane fields in the archipelago off the coast of

Madagascar- (Devi herself is 9elegu through her mother)-

Devi writes about Mauritius from an insider's perspective- Mauritius first appeared on the literary map through the works ofJeanMarie LeClezio a French author who portrayed the islands as exotically and invitingly as a tourist brochure-

Instead of portraying a romanticized portrait ofher island Devi prefers to use fiction to expose the problems stemming from Mauritius' colonial and multiethnic experience- In doing so she has gained international recognition for her novels despite the fact that not one of them has yet been translated into English-

Devi's talent while misrecognized at first has gradually caught the attention of Mauritian African and French publishing houses- Publishers have also recognized the value and the universality of her message even if it is grounded in Mauritius- 9hrough fictional poetic prose she deals unabashedly with important postcolonial issues especially those concerning women and children-

Devi's status as a writer of fiction from a colony held by both the French and the British invites comparison with her Englishspeaking counterpart Indian author 8alman 5ushdie- 5ushdie's most famous work Midnight's Children is

1 full ofcontradictions and oppositions9 "of languages literary forms nations and ultimately history" (Conner 178)- Joe also lives in a world full ofcontradictions the most salient being the love he can only express through violence- Diverse

languages is also central in Midnight's Children "at all levels9 socially from the

upperclass educated language of 8aleem to the lowerclass gutter slang of

8hiva" (Conner 182)- Although 5ushdie has chosen to write in English the language of the colonial presence he does not adhere to a conventional style and makes a point in comparing the two men8aleem and 8hivaaccording to class

lines- Devi does the same in her French text- 8he does not hesitate to corrupt grammatical structures forego punctuation and add in Creole when necessary-

8he also makes a clear distinction between those who have and those who have not- Because she deals with marginality within the context ofa former colony and uses the language ofthe former colonizer Ananda Devi writes novels which are good reads for anyone interested in postcolonial literature-

Despite writing her thesis in English and being an accomplished translator

Ananda Devi has not yet undertaken the translations ofher own books for public~tion- Devi explains that since writing is so deeply connected to emotions anytime she attempts to translate her works the sounds and rhythms ofthe new language lead her to generate something completely new instead ofa translation-

In addition to generating drafts ofworks in other languages Devi has also generated new genres- 8he ascribes new categories to certain ofher novels and short stories that start off grounded in the reality ofMauritius and then escape into the supernatural- As her beautiful poetic prose unfolds so develops the

2 monstrous scenario- 5eaders are also challenged to go deeper than the enjoyment

of her prose to understand the questions ofcolonial responsibility generated

within the text- 9he implicit meaning ofthe text may be read as a condemnation

ofcolonialism and the disparities it has created around the world- However the

translation ofsuch poetic prose presents a set ofdifficulties which will be

discussed later in this introduction-

BLoJrapKy

Ananda Devi was born in 0846 in the southern part ofMauritius in the

small sugarcane village of 9rois Boutiques- Devi's Mauritian roots: Indian

ancestry and extensive travel throughout Africa and Europe have inspired her

work- 9he Mauritius she describes in most ofher works is an island full ofturmoil

and in the midst ofa struggle to discover its identity- As the product of

colonization from European countries and immigration from African and Asian

countries a number ofcultures and religions have merged to create the present

multicultural society ofMauritius-

9he island ofMauritius is part ofthe archipelago ofthe Mascarenes

Islands in the Indian Ocean approximately 4// miles due east ofMadagascar and

14// miles southwest ofIndia- 9he islands were discovered by Arab sailors

named after a Portuguese captain and then abandoned by the Dutch after a failed

attempt at settling and creating sugarcane plantations- 9he archipelago remained uninhabited until the French claimed the islands and imported slaves from Africa

Madagascar India and 8outh East Asia to work in the sugar fields- 9he islands

3 were under French control from 0604 until the Napoleonic war of 070/- 9he

French relinquished the island to the British under the conditions that they would respect the language customs laws and traditions of the inhabitants- In 0724 the

British abolished slavery which encouraged the next wave of immigrants indentured laborers from British India including Devi's ancestors-

India has had the most influence on Mauritian culture because the ethnic majority is composed of descendents of Indian immigrants- 9he two major immigration waves were composed ofBhojpurispeaking Indians and then Hindi speaking Indians with a few 9amils and 9elegus- 9he French and British presence however has also had a profound influence on the fate ofMauritius politically economically and linguistically- Each successive wave ofimmigrants has brought new sets of religions cultures and languages that have intermingled creating a multicultural society within the present population ofMauritius-

5eflecting this rich cultural diversity Ananda Devi uses these cultural and religious influences to create a syncretism of sources and inspirations- Devi is a thirdgeneration Mauritian raised in a welltodo family and thus was given the rare opportunity to pursue higher education- 8he was also brought up speaking an Indian dialect with her mother French and English in private schools and

Creole on the street- Due to her mostly < estem education cultural elements of

Catholicism and literary aspects of Perrault's and Grimm's fairy tales inspired certain elements in Devi's stories- 9he gloomy atmosphere in Edgar Allan Poe's works and Guy de Maupassant's symbolic poetry have also influenced her sometimes morbid and poetic writing style (8ultan)-

5 As a child Ananda Devi listened to her mother's stories in 9elegu- 8he passed on to her daughter the great oral storytelling tradition of epic tales such as the 5amayana and the Mahabharata- 9he stories' nonlinear nonchronological order motivated Devi to write according to the same scheme even if it clashed with traditional

However through this Eastern technique the author achieves her intent to unsettle her readers and bring them to a tragic discovery at the end- ·

9he end ofthe novel is nevertheless not the end ofthe tale- 5eincarnation and karma are two other themes that are an integral part of Indian culture which

Devi includes in her works- Devi's

8uicide for instance though an appalling idea to a

"the end" closure or finality) makes perfect sense within a Hindu framework-

8ince death is seen as a stepping stone toward the next life Devi's characters usually tend toward some form of selfdestruction or suicide- 9hey die with the hopes that their death will result in a new happier lifedeath is a threshold and a blessing (Meitinger 11)- 9herefore Devi's characters are rarely afraid of death because they see it as the only way to escape their current sufferings-

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