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Amalia Skarlatou Thesis ABSTRACT Title of Document: EVANESCENT HAPPINESS: OTTOMAN JEWS ENCOUNTER MODERNITY THE CASE OF LEA MITRANI AND JOSEPH NIEGO (1863-1923) Amalia Skarlatou, MA History, 2010 Directed By: Professor Bernard D. Cooperman, Department of History The thesis aims to be a collective biography of Joseph Niego and Lea Mitrani, two Ottoman Jews, whose lives would span a sixty-year period of profound changes for Ottoman Jewry. Born in Edirne, Joseph and Lea were educated in the schools of the Alliance Israélite Universelle. Subsequently, they were sent to Paris in order to be trained as teachers and be sent back to help “regenerate” “Oriental” Jews through a Western- style education. After their marriage, Joseph was appointed director of the agricultural school “Mikveh Israel,” established by the Alliance in the outskirts of Jaffa, where the family would spend twelve years. Their time in an agricultural school and contact with Zionism and the Jewish pioneers in late nineteenth-century Palestine would define their lives as a married couple and as Jews in the vortex of modernization and nationalisms. While Joseph would thrive professionally, Lea would gradually lose control of her life. EVANESCENT HAPPINESS: OTTOMAN JEWS ENCOUNTER MODERNITY THE CASE OF LEA MITRANI AND JOSEPH NIEGO (1863-1923) By Amalia Skarlatou Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History 2010 Advisory Committee: Professor Bernard D. Cooperman, Chair Professor Marsha Rozenblit Professor Madeline Zilfi © Copyright by Amalia Skarlatou 2010 Acknowledgements Many people have contributed in different ways to this thesis. I would like to thank the Meyerhoff Center for Jewish Studies at the University of Maryland, its faculty, and especially its director, Prof. Hayim Lapin, for supporting me in my studies and for providing me with generous scholarships for conducting archival research in Israel. My professors at the History Department, Prof. Marsha Rozenblit and Prof. Madeline Zilfi have contributed their time and expertise, and have generously given their time for my committee. Other people outside the University of Maryland, whom I would like to thank are Hadassah Assouline, director of the Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People in Jerusalem, and her staff, for her knowledge of the material and for assisting me in every way; Batia Leshem at the Zionist Archives in Jerusalem for guiding me through archival resources; in Israel Dr. Ruth Lamdan and Dr. Gila Hadar for providing me with information and suggestions; Aviva Schwartz at the agricultural school “Mikveh Israel” for guiding me through its grounds and providing me with background information; Rifat Bali, Naim Güleryüz, Moris Levi, and the Şalom newspaper from Istanbul; Prof. Aron Rodrigue for his insight; Dr. Jeff Malka and Mathilde Tagger for their genealogical help. Denis Ojalvo of Istanbul, great-grandson of Lea Mitrani and Joseph Niego, has opened his family’s archive for me, and has shared valuable information and important visual material. I am thankful for his tireless and warm assistance. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my advisor, Prof. Bernard D. Cooperman for guiding me through the story, for his thought-provoking comments, and for making me ask questions. Finally, I am grateful to my husband, Avi, and my family for their patience and support while doing research and writing this thesis. Amalia Skarlatou Levi August 2010 ii Table of Contents Acknowledgements....................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents.........................................................................................................iii Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................. 1 Section 1 In Search of Home: The Lives of Joseph Niego and Lea Mitrani ............ 1 Section 2 In Search of Truth: A Synthesis of Sorts .................................................. 8 Chapter 2: Edirne ........................................................................................................ 13 Section 1 A Balkan “Alma Mater”: Edirne and its Jewish community.................. 13 Section 2 “Molded and Shaped” by the Alliance Israélite Universelle .................. 23 Section 3 “Assiduity and Perseverance”: Joseph and Lea’s Early Schooling ........ 37 Chapter 3: Paris........................................................................................................... 47 Section 1 “Instruments of Regeneration”: Becoming an Alliance Teacher............ 47 Section 2 At the École Normale Israélite Orientale: Joseph Niego ....................... 56 Section 3 At the École Bischoffsheim: Lea Mitrani................................................ 62 Section 4 “Orientals” in the City of Light .............................................................. 68 Chapter 4: Tetuan and Edirne ..................................................................................... 71 Section 1 “Strange Phases of Life”: The Jewish Community of Tetuan ................ 71 Section 2 Killer Modernity: Lea Mitrani at the Alliance Schools in Tetuan and Edirne...................................................................................................................... 77 Chapter 5: Palestine ................................................................................................... 92 Section 1 Ottoman Palestine ................................................................................... 93 Section 2 A Holy Land ......................................................................................... 103 Section 3 Return to the Homeland........................................................................ 107 Section 4 Mikveh Israel: “The Jewel of the New Palestine”................................ 116 Subsection 1 The beginnings ............................................................................ 116 Subsection 2 Arriving in Jaffa .......................................................................... 125 Subsection 3 At Mikveh Israel.......................................................................... 128 Section 5 Lea and the Halutzot ............................................................................. 151 Chapter 6: Istanbul................................................................................................... 162 Section 1 Return to the Cradle.............................................................................. 162 Section 2 “Last Soldier of an Elite Army”............................................................ 171 Section 3 Epilogue ................................................................................................ 181 Appendices................................................................................................................ 188 Joseph Niego’s account of his life ............................................................................ 193 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 203 iii Chapter 1: Introduction Section 1 In Search of Home: The Lives of Joseph Niego and Lea Mitrani This thesis aims to be a collective biography of Joseph Niego and Lea Mitrani, two Ottoman Jews, whose lives would span a sixty-year period of profound changes for Ottoman Jewry.1 Born in Edirne, Joseph and Lea were educated in the schools of the Alliance Israélite Universelle. Subsequently, they were sent to Paris in order to be trained as teachers and be sent back to help “regenerate” “Oriental” Jews through a Western- style education. After their marriage, Joseph was appointed director of the agricultural school “Mikveh Israel,” established by the Alliance in the outskirts of Jaffa, where the family would spend twelve years. Their time in an agricultural school and contact with Zionism and the Jewish pioneers in late nineteenth-century Palestine would define their lives as a married couple and as Jews in the vortex of modernization and nascent nationalisms. While Joseph would thrive professionally, Lea would gradually lose control of her life. At the end of twelve years, this appointment would cripple their life together and alter them as individuals. 1 Due to copyright constraints, the thesis does not include the rich visual material from individuals, archives and libraries in Israel, Turkey and France that I have collected during the process of doing research. It will hopefully be included in a future version of this work. 1 Lea was already pregnant with her first child when they arrived in “Mikveh Israel” in the early summer of 1891. Strolling along the path across the synagogue leading to a clearing in the garden, she could not have failed to notice the stones marking the graves of two children, Jacques, four years old, and Jeanne, six years old. These were children of the outgoing director, Samuel Hirsch and they had died of diphtheria only seven days apart at the end of August of 1887. Perhaps on an evening just after sunset, when the heat would be less suffocating for women dressed and corseted in the latest European fashion, Lea accompanied Mme Hirsch on a farewell visit to the graves. Samuel Hirsch’s appointment as director of Mikveh Israel was over and soon they were to return to Europe, first to Trieste by sea, then on a train to Switzerland. They longed to join
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