SATH Year Book – Volume 15 – 2001

=----- HISTORY TEACHING REVIEW S.A.T.H. ------ YEARBOOK THE YEARBOOK OF THE SCOTTISH ASSOClATIO OF TEACHERS OF HISTORY HISTORY TEACHING REVIEW YEARBOOK EDITOR: ANDREWHUNT VOLUME15 2001 Biographical Notes on the contributors Editorial The Origins of the Celts ProfessorJohn Collis University of Sheffield Revising French Absolutism Dr David Parker University of Leeds Scottish Politics and the State of the Union, 1780-1815 Dr Emma V Macleod University of Stirling Slaveryand the AfricanAmerican Experience 1850-1865 Dr Cynthia S Hamilton Manchester Metropolitan University Political Developments in South Africa, 1910-1948 Dr Chris Venter University of Stellenbosch Stalin, Collectivisation and the Soviet Peasantry Dr Mark Sandie De Montfort University The Allied Bombing Campaign Against Germanyin World WarII Dr John Buckley University of Wolverhampton Reviews H.T.R. YEARBOOK is the Journal of the Scottish Association of Teachers of History. Contributions, editorial correspondence and books for review should be sent to the Editor, AndrewHunt, 35 CarrongroveAvenue,Carron, Falkirk FK28NG. Correspondence about subscriptions should be sent to Philip Skingley, History Department, Robert Gordon's College, Aberdeen. The publication of an article in H.IR. Year Book does not imply S.A.T.H. 's official approval of the opinions expressed therein. The cover illustration is a poster by K Eliseev; "Komsomo/ers I Be in the first ranks of the Bolshevik shock sowing" (1930). It is reproduced with the kind permission of Professor Stephen White of the University ofGlasgoK SATH is particular(v appreciative of Professor Whites generosity: this is the thirdtime he has providedthe frontcover illustration for the Year Book. BIOGRAPHICALNOTES ON THECONTRIBUTORS John Collis is Professor of European Archaeology in the Departmentof Archaeology and Prehistory in the University of Sheffield.He specialises in the pre-Roman Iron Age, and his book on The European Iron Age, and Oppida. earliest towns north of the Alps are standard textbooks. He is also on the Scientific Council forthe Celtic research centre at Mont Beuvray in Burgundy. He has been excavating in the Auvergne in central France forover 30 years, looking at the processes which led up to urbanisation in pre-Roman Gaul, and has more recently started fieldsurvey in central Spain. His interest in the Celts developed fromthis work, findingthat historical and archaeological data for the Auvergne did not fit with the assumed expansion of the Celts, which led on to a detailed historiographic study of the subject on which he is writing a book. Dr David Parker is Senior Lecturer in ModernHistory at the University of Leeds. He is the author of numerous articles and books on the social and intellectual foundationsof French Absolutism. These include TheMaking of French Absolutism (London, Edward Arnold 1983) and State and Class in Ancien Regime France. The Road to Modernity ? (London: Routledge, 1996). Dr Emma Macleod is a graduate of the University of Edinburgh, and has lectured in History at the University of Stirling since 1996. She has published A War of Ideas: British Attitudes to the Wars against Revolutionary France, I 792-1802 (Ashgate, 1998) and several articles on aspects of British responses to the French Revolution and the subsequent wars. She is now working on a study of British attitudes to the United States of America after independence, c. 1783-1832. Dr Cynthia S Hamilton is currentlythe Subject Leader forAmerican Studies at the Crewe andAlsager Faculty of Manchester Metropolitan University. She is the author of a number of articles on the representation of slavery in antebellum literature and culture, and has recently completed a book on the roots of anti-slavery rhetoric. Dr Chris Venterwas a high school teacher and a lecturer at the WellingtonTeachers' College and a lecturer in History at the University of Port Elizabeth beforehe joined the Departmentof History at the University of Stellenbosch. He specialises in nineteenth century South Africanhistory with the focus on the Cape Colony during the Anglo-Boer War. He has published various articles in this regard and has recently published a book entitled The diary of Stephanus FrancoisHugo, Prisoner of War in India during the Anglo-Boer War.He is currentlyresearching the influenceof the Anglo-Boer War on the community of Stellenbosch. At present he is teaching 19th and 20th century African and South African history to under-graduate and post-graduate students. Dr Mark Sandie is Principal Lecturer in Russian and Soviet History at De Montfort University, Leicester. He studied at Warwick University and at the Centre forRussian and East European studies, Birmingham University. He has recently published A Short History of Soviet Socialism (UCL Press 1999) and is currentlyworking on a volume (with Edwin Bacon ofCREES,Birmingham University) entitled Brezhnev Reconsidered (Palgrave forthcoming).He is close to completing work on a Russian history textbook with Routledge, also due for publication next year. Dr John Buckley is Senior Lecturer and Head of War Studies in the Department of History and War Studies at the University of Wolverhampton. He has written widely on many aspects of modern warfare, in particular the interwar era and the Second World War. His books include TheRAF and TradeDefence: Constant Endeavour (Keele University Press, 1995) and Air Power in the Age ofTotal War (UCL, 1999). He is currently researching the operational effectiveness of the British Army in Normandyin 1944for a forthcomingbook, and is editing a book titled Warand the TwentiethCentury - Myths and Realities. 2 Editorial ANDREW HUNT The success of last year's issue of the Year Book, with its wide-ranging review of either topics or historiography in ten of the thirteenAdvanced Higher History fields, led to a relatively common cry fromthe history teachers who mentioned it in passing to me; please can we have more of the same? I am happy to oblige so, as I promised in last year's editorial, here it is; Advanced Higher, TheSequel. By good fortuneI have been able to obtain articles relating to the three fieldswhich were missing from the 2000 edition; (Roman Britain, Louis XIV and South Africa), and also have additional development of aspects of fourof the fieldsalready dealt with, [and foronce I have not even sought a Nazi Germanyarticle!] It is clear to me that the breakdown of each of the thirteenfields into its sub topics should provide rich areas to look into for articles for future Year Books, and I think we may confidently say that Advanced Higher will figureas our YearBook theme fora few more years yet. It is a pity this year that HSDU have not had the budget to become involved in co-producing the YearBook. It was hoped that this relationship between SATH and HSDU could continue, afterall, it seemed an ideal arrangementto link the History teacher's 'professional' association with the national curriculum developers and their distribution network. It meant that important Advanced Higher materials could be sent to every History practitioner but be produced under the auspices of SATH, the very group that was most experienced at doing it. However, this year it was not to be; we hope further opportunitiesfor collaboration will exist on futureoccasions Thisissue of the YearBook will be 'hitting the streets'to SATHmembers at the very time that the firstcohort of candidates have just sat the Advanced Higher History examination. History teachers throughoutScotland will thereforeknow the shape and expectations of this new exam. Whathas been the reaction? It is very important to get this sort of thing right and ask ourselves the key questions. Have we [and the pupils] been well enough prepared? Have the materials produced so farpointed you in the right direction? Have the exemplar papers been an appropriatepointer to what the firstreal exam was like? Werethe demands of the examination within the anticipated capacity of the pupil groupand the time available as you saw it? Wasit a realistic progression from Higher? SATH has long been a conduit [amongst other groups] for passing feedback to the SQA, on the effectiveness of their examinations. Can I make a plea through this page that all SATH members take the time to give a bit of close personal scrutiny to their chosen field of studywithin the Adv. Higher examination, and get some comments offto SATHon the strengths and weaknesses of the examination paper concerning the field[s] their candidates sat. It is always a pleasure to end my editorial with a word of thanksto all the contributors. This is more than a mere courtesy; but a sincere note of appreciation forthe thought and effortand perception that they all show in their articles. Again and again SATHmembers see me and say 'Another great YearBook, Andrew', to which I'm never quite sure how to respond. Afterall, there's nothing great that I've done. The articlesarrived by disc or e-mail so I did no typing; they required very little editing or proof reading, they all arrived beforethe deadline date and the printers happily looked afterall production details. I just picked the front cover! So, no sweat my end; all the credit belongs to the authors themselves and I am happy once again to place this on record. 3 The Origins of the Celts PROFESSOR JOHN COLLIS It is now generally agreed by British archaeologists that the ancient peoples of Britain and Ireland were not Celts, and the idea that they were is a relatively modem invention, resting on modem definitionsofa 'Celt' which were not relevant to the ancientworld (Collis 1996, I 997; James 1998, 1999; Hill 1993a). In this article I will discuss briefly what the ancient sources tell us, how the modem definition came about, and the implications for our interpretation of the past and for present day ethnicity. The ancient Celts Celts first appear in the writings of Hecataeus (c. 480 BC) and Herodotus (c.

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