The Hungarian Scientist V. Prőhle‟S Researches on the Bashkir Language As a Valuable Source for the Exploratationof the History of the Language

International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8, Issue-1S4, June 2019

The Hungarian Scientist V. Prőhle‟s Researches on the Bashkir Language as a Valuable Source for the Exploratationof the History of the Language

Latypova Rida Marsovna, Samir khanova Gulkay Khaidarovna, Suleymanova Luiza Raufovna, Safiullina Luisa Michailovna, Absalyamova Liliya Faritovna

ABSTRACT---The article describes the results of the The question why the Hungarian scientist chose the Hungarian savant Vilmos Prőhle’s scientific research. At the Bashkir language as an object of his research arouses much beginning of XX century he provided full information about the interest. phonetic, grammatical and lexical peculiarities of the Bashkir At that time there existed several versions of the language on a European level. The analysis of the work demonstrates V. Prőhle’s deep knowledge about the specificity of ethnogenesis of the Bashkirs. On the one hand, there is the learning language. This work is the first systemic grammar of nothing surprising in the interest in the Bashkir language, the Bashkir language; it plays an important role in the history of because he was a Türkologist by education, and, besides language (ed.). Bashkir, he also described the Karachai and Balkar Keywords: the Bashkir language; a written source; the history languages. But there is another version. On the basis of one of language; phonetics; vocabulary; grammar. of them – the “Ugor-Magyar” hypothesis, scientists give rise to the problem of Bashkir-Magyar relations. The ancient I. INTRODUCTION sources written in IX-XI centuries justify that the Bashkirs Despite of the fact that the Bashkir language was one of occupied the territory of the Southern Urals. According to the least studied Turkiс languages before the Revolution, it other data, the Southern-Western Urals were inhabited by is an object of interest far beyond the country. The first the Ugric (including the old Hungarian) tribes (9, р. 16-38). known facts about the Bashkirs were already known to These data caused the appearance of the version under Western Europe in XVIII century because there were a good consideration. The scientists who created and developed the many members of the Western countries (2, 13, 14)among “Ugor-Magyar” hypothesis of the origin of the Bashkirs are those who held the staff position in the Russian Imperial the following: I. Strahlenberg (1730), I. Fisher (1774), A.L. Academy. It can also be explained by the close cooperation Schlözer (1813), S. Klaproth (1826), P.J. Šafárik (1847), of scientists from different countries. F.W. Humboldt, M.A. Castrén (1857), D.A. Chwolson The famous Hungarian savant Vilmos Prőhle occupies a (1869) etc. At the end of XIX century the version about the peculiar position among the foreign linguists who Turkic origin of the Bashir people was dominant, but H. investigate the Bashkir language. He visited Bashkortostan Vámbéry (1885) andW.Weissenberg (1892) wrote about the in the summer of 1901. V. Prőhle studied the Bashkir presence of the Ugor (or Magyar) component in its language from the scientific point of view, analyzed its ethnogenesis in their works (9, р.19-21). We can presuppose phonetic and morphological peculiarities, compiled a that V. Prőhle investigated the Bashkir language in order to Bashkir-Hungarian dictionary (8, р. 48). clarify this very matter. V. Prőhle’s work called “Researches on the Bashkir Language” was published in Volumes IV-V of the periodical “Keleti Szemle” (“Eastern Review”) issued Revised Manuscript Received on June 10, 2019. regularly in Budapest during the period 1903-1904 (15, 16). Latypova Rida Marsovna, associate professor, candidate of philology, associate рrofessor of the Sibay institute of the Bashkir State V. Prőhle compiled the linguistic material among the University, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibai, 89279262575, (rida- ordinary people. But, unfortunately, Ufa and Belebei [email protected];) districts heavily exerted by the Tatar language were taken as Samirkhanova Gulkay Khaidarovna, candidate of philology, associate рrofessor of the Sibay institute of the Bashkir State University, the research areas. Therefore in the “Researches on the Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibai, 89374916745, Bashkir Language” we can observe several cases of ([email protected];) representing Bashkir words in the Tatar language. For Suleymanova Luiza Raufovna, associate professor, candidate of example: килмәс – cf. Bash.lit.:килмәҫ(won’t come), philology, associate рrofessor of the Sibay institute of the Bashkir State University, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibai, 89279634588, калмас – cf. Bash.lit.: ҡалмаҫ(won’t stay) etc. M. ([email protected];) Umetbaev and S. Sultanov provided V. Prőhle assistance in Safiullina Luisa Michailovna, associate professor, candidate of writing his work (10, р. 164). philology, associate рrofessor of the Sibay institute of the Bashkir State University, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibai, 89273297022, ([email protected];) Absalyamova Liliya Faritovna,candidate of philology, associate рrofessor of the Sibay institute of the Bashkir State University, Russia, Republic of Bashkortostan, Sibai, 89273096710, ([email protected].)

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The Hungarian Scientist V. Prőhle‟s Researches on the Bashkir Language as a Valuable Source for the Exploratation of the History of the Language II. THE REFLECTION OF BASHKIR PHONETICS The scientist pays attention to the fact that some short IN V. PRŐHLE‟S RESEARCHES vowels weaken and undergo partial reduction in the course The research work consists of three parts: 1) Phonetics of speech, for example, bėlämėn // b'lämėn [беләмен // (“Наngtan”); 2) Morphology (“Аlfktan”); 3) Vocabulary б'ләмен] (I know), indė-lägėnä // indė-läg'nä [инде-ләгенә (“Szojegyzek”). // инде-ләг'нә] (even if now), kаjdalaγēna // kаjdalaγ'na “The Bashkir language” is written in the Hungarian [ҡайдалағына // ҡайдалағ'на] (wherever), käkụk sаkēra // language, the Bashkir words are based on Latin script. The sаk'ra [кәкүк саҡыра // саҡ'ра] (a coockoo is calling), scientist represented the sounds, which occured in the kоrаlаr // k'rаlаr [ҡоралар // ҡ'ралар] (are setting/putting speech of the Bashkirs living in Ufa region, by 36 letters: up) etc. а[а], ạ [å], ā[аа], ä[ә], b [б], č[ч], з[ж (high)], d [д], δ [ҙ], ė V. Prőhle wrote about the presence of the diphthongs [ау] [е], ē [ы], f [ф], g[г], γ [ғ], h [һ], χ [х], i[и], j [й],k [к], [ҡ], l (һаjrau [һайрау] (bird singing)), [әү] (jäšäụ [йәшәү] [л], m [м], n [н],η [ң], о [о], ö[ө], р [п], r [р], s[с], š[ш], (living)), [ыу] (jаδėu [йаҙыў] (writing)), [еү] (kilėụ [килеү] t[т], ν [ҫ], u [у], ụ [ү], w [ў], [ү], z [з], ž [ж (low)]. (coming)) in the Bashkir language. He pointed to their The unit “Phonetics” consists of six parts which are origin from the combinations of sounds [ағ], [ығ], [уғ], [ег], devoted to the description of the sound system of the [иг], [үг], preserved in some Turkic languages: in Bashkir – Bashkir language, sound changes in speech and һаu [һаў] (healthy), in the Chagatai language – саγ [сағ], in accentuation. In this unit pronunciation of sounds is the language of the Osman Turks – саγ [сағ] // сā' [сааъ]. thoroughly described; it is illustrated in comparison with the The Hungarian scientist clearly undertands that one of the material of other languages. main peculiarities of the Bashkir language is the law of The author tried to mark each sound with a sign. Taking synharmonism. He points out that if there is a low vowel in into account the articulatory conditions, he paid attention to the root of the word, only low vowels are used in affixes, different pronunciation variants of the the phoneme [a] in and if there is a high vowel in the root of the word, affixes the Bashkir language, separated each variant with diactric can get only high vowels. Still, back and front vowels, high marks: a - when itis pronounced as in the words tērnаk and low are different: аtlаr [атлар] (horses), sаlγēlar [тырнаҡ] (nail), jērаk [йыраҡ]; ạ - when it is pronounced [салғылар] (scythes), kоšlаr [ҡошлар] (birds), kụδlär shortly as in the Hungarian language, close to the phoneme [күҙләр] (eyes), säskälärėm [сәскәләрем] (my flowers), [o] a little bit (N.K. Dmitriev, not fully agreeing with V. könėm [көнем] (my day), kụδėm [күҙем] (my eye) etc. Prőhle’s point of view in his work “The Grammar of the Particles can also be low and high, depending on the vowels Bashkir Language”, points out that the Hungarian sound in the root of the word: да/дә, та/тә; -дыр/-дер, [а] is shorter; the labialized sound [а] is pronounced with a ғына/генә, ҡына/кенә, ла ғына/лә генә, дин/дын. half-long stay in the Bashkir language.)(3, р. 8), for The following marks were used for the specific Bashkir example, ạtа [ата] (father), tоrnạ [торна] (crane), uvạl consonants: δ[ҙ], γ [ғ], һ[һ], η [ң] ν [ҫ], w[у] and [ү]. [уҫал] (angry). The linguist considers that the phoneme [а:] Undoubtedly, it is commendable that the author marked the (long а) occurs in the words borrowed from foreign sound [ў] by a certain sign (w). But, unfortunately, it is not languages. He uses the sign ā for it. For example, taken into account in modern Bashkir writing. In the work зämāl[жәмаал] – in the modern literary language: ямал under consideration the sound [ҡ] is not marked by a (Yamal); зān [жаан] – йән (soul). separate sign: the letter kdenotes the sounds [к] and [ҡ]. The rest of the vowels are represented as follows: Apparently, the author intended to distinguish these sounds [ә]: he marks this sound putting two dots on the letter a, on the basis of the law of synharmonism. The author was likeRussian missioners: ä(bäläkäj [бәләкәй] (small), bälä aware of the allophonic nature of the relationship of these [бәлә] (misfortune, trouble), bändä[бәндә]) (man, human); two sounds depending on the inline characteristics of the [е] and [ы] differ by the size of the dot, put on the modern surrounding vowels (11, р. 101). letter e: ė [е], for example, sėbėn [себен] (fly), bėlämėn V. Prőhle explains the pronunciation of the sounds [ҙ] and [беләмен] (I know) (to say more exactly, this letter is used [ҫ], comparing them with the corresponding sounds in the to denote the sound э at the beginning of the word); ē[ы], for English language: the Bashkir [ҙ] sounds like the English [ð] example, bulēr [булыр] (will be/become); in the words then, that, and the Bashkir sound [ҫ] The sound [и] – the letter i: imcė [имсе] (medicaster), corresponds to the English sound [θ] in the words thank, irėn [ирен] (lip); the sound [у] – the letter u: upkēn [упҡын] think. (ravine), urman [урман] (forest); the sound [ү] is marked by The scientist states that the Bashkir sounds [с], [һ], [ҫ] the letter ụ: kụbäläk [күбәләк] (butterfly), kụlägä [күләгә] correspond to the sounds [ч] and [с] in the Tatar language. It (shadow) etc.; can be proved by a number of examples given by V. In the Bashkir language the sound [o] is marked by a Prőhle:[с] – [ч]: Bash. salγē[салғы] – Tat. čalγē [чалғы] wavy line – о: kоlаk [ҡолаҡ] (ear), tėrmä kоrаlar [тирмә (scythe), Bash. kajtkas[ҡайтҡас] – Tat. kajtkaš[ҡайтҡач] ҡоралар] (they are putting up a yurt); the sound [ө] is (having returned) etc.; [һ] – [с]: Bash. һаrē[һары] – Tat. marked by putting a double dot on this letter – ö: bögölsän sarē[сары] (yellow), Bash. һаl[һал] – Tat. sаl[сал] (float) [бөгөлсән] (flexible), bögölčän [бөгөлчән], kölämėn etc.; [ҫ] – [с]: Bash. uval[уҫал] – Tat. usal[усал] (angry), [көләмен] (I am laughing). Bash. ivän[иҫән] – Tat. isän[исән] (safe and sound) etc. According to their high and low pronunciation, vowel sounds are divided into two groups: low – а[а], ạ[á], ē [ы], о [о], u [у]; high – ä[ә], ė [е], ö [ө], ụ [ү], i[и].

Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering Retrieval Number: A11610681S419/19©BEIESP 873 & Sciences Publication International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8, Issue-1S4, June 2019

The following examples and notes are given to describe the According to the author, the inflections of plurality have sound [c] in the Bashkir language: kilmäs [килмәс] – in the the forms -лар/-ләр and less often -нар/-нәр in the Bashkir modern literary language: килмәҫ (will not come), kalmas language: атлар (аттар) (horses), сәскәләр (flowers), [ҡалмас] – ҡалмаҫ (will not stay), kajsē [ҡайсы] (scissors). хатынлар // хатыннар (women). The use of such The first two examples don’t reveal the point perfectly. The inflections can be observed in the Northwestern and reason for that is, as we have already mentioned above, the Southern dialects. In the modern literary language four wrong choice of the place of collecting linguistic material. variants of plurality inflections are accepted, as in the The scientist makes mention of the correspondence Eastern dialect: -лар/-ләр, -дар/-дәр, -ҙар/-ҙәр, -тар/-тәр. between [ҙ] – [з] in theBashkir and Tatar languages: Bash. The following inflections are used to denote the category һаδ[һаҙ] – Tat. cаz[саз] (swamp / swampy forest), Bash. of possession: nouns ending in vowels add the inflections - kēδēl[ҡыҙыл] – Tat. kēzēl[ҡызыл)] (red) , Bash. м; -ң; -һы/-һе (-сы/-се); -мыҙ, -мыз (-быҙ, -быз), -меҙ, - bаrēγēδ[барығыҙ] – Tat. bаrēγēz[барыгыз] (Go!). He also мез (-беҙ, -без); -ңыҙ, -ңыз (-ғыҙ, -ғыз), -ңеҙ, -ңез (-геҙ, - writes about the presence of the sound [ҙ] in the Bashkir гез); -лары, -ләре (-нары, -нәре); nouns ending in language: zifа [зифа] (sylphlike), zаmаn [заман] (time / consonants add -ы, -е, which precede the inflection. For epoch). The frequent use of the sound [й] in the Bashkir example: атам, атаң, атаһы (my father, your father, language is also mentioned in the work: jir [йир] (song), his/her father) // атасы, атамыҙ (his/her father, our jörö [йөрө] (go), jаn [йан] – йән (soul), jаfa [йафа] – яфа father) // атабыҙ, атаңыҙ (our father, your father) // (torment); [ж] is said to occur more frequently in borrowed атағыз, ата-лары (your father, their father) // атаһы words: iзăzat [ижаазат], in modern dictionaries – ижазәт (his/her father); ҡолағ-ым, ҡолағ-ың, ҡолағ-ы, ҡолағ- (certificate). The correspondence of the sounds [н] – [д] is ымыҙ (my ear, your ear, his/her ear, our ear) // ҡолағ- also noted by the author: Bash. bäjlänė[бәйләне] – Tat. ыбыҙ, ҡолаҡ-лары (our ear, their ears); сәскә-м, сәскә-ң, bäjlädė[бәйләде] (linked/knitted). сәскә-һе (my flower, your flower, his/her flower) // сәскә- The scientist also pays attention to the fact that the sound се, сәскә-меҙ (his/her flower, our flower) // сәскә-без, [л] is omitted in some words, what is characteristic of сәскә-ңеҙ (our flower, your flower) // сәскә-геҙ, сәскә-ләре colloquial speech: kihä [киһә] // kilhä [килһә] (when/if (your flower, their flowers) etc. The inflections of plurality he/she/it comes), buha [буһа] // bulha [булһа] (when/if are followed by: ҡолаҡлар-ым (my ears), сәскәләр-ем (my he/she/it is/takes place). One of the ancient phenomena – the flowers), эт-ләр-ем (my dogs). The ancient inflections – use of dissimilative sound combinations are reflected in V. мыҙ / -меҙ, -ңыҙ / -ңеҙ observed in the above given Prőhle’s work: hụntė [һүнте] (has gone out), аrаһēnta examples occur in neither the modern Bashkir language nor [араһынта] (between/among) etc. Nowadays this its dialects. As the linguist R.Kh. Khalikova remarks, the phenomenon has survived in the Middle and Karaidel inflections –мыз / -мез, -ңыз / -ңез were used as the dialects. plurality inflections of I and II persons of the category of The linguist proves that when an ending is added to the possession in the written monuments belonging to XVII- word, the final consonants [к] (к and ҡ), [п] change into the XVIII centuries (6, р. 61). This phenomenon has survived in sounds [г], [ғ], [б]: kоlаk [ҡолаҡ] (ear) – kolagēm the modern Kazakh language (18, р. 159). Of the Kipchak [ҡолағым] (my ear), jik [йик] (Harness!) – jigǖ[йигүү] (to languages, this was preserved in the whole Nogai group and harness), tap [тап] (Find!) – tabū[табуу] (to find), kụp [күп] in Karaite Trakai; the same is preserved in the Karluk and (many/much) – kụbė [күбе] (most). Oguz languages. But: this is also characteristic of the V. Prőhle truly notes that in Bashkir words the stress literary Turkish language, therefore this may be the effect of always falls on the last syllable, but as for -мын, -сын (- literary tradition in the monuments, and Prőhle could get it һын), -мыҙ (-быҙ),-һыҙ (affixes of the category of there too. predicativity), -дыр (the particle of doubt), the stress falls In his work the author pays a special attention to one of on the preceding syllable. the basic grammatical categories of the noun – case. He defines that there are six cases in the Bashkir language. Each III. THE REPRESENTATION OF BASHKIR case is marked by this or that inflection: MORPHOLOGY IN THE WORK.NOUN AS A 1) Nominative Case (Nominativus): урын, күңел (place, PART OF SPEECH (ED.) soul) etc. The unit “Morphology” consists of sixteen pages. V. 2) Genitive Case (Gеnеtivus) is formed with the help of Prőhle singles out such classes of words as nouns, the affixes -ның/-нең, -дың/-дең, -тың/-тең (of or - adjectives, pronouns, numerals, verbs, conjunctions. He „s/-s‟) (ишәк-нең // ишәк-тең (donkey’s / of the gives quite a bit of information about the grammatical donkey), ҡошлар-ның // ҡошлар-дың) (birds’ / of the categories of these words. birds); in some cases the final -ң can be replaced with - Noun(А fonev). He justifies with examples the fact that ҡы/-ке(атамныҡы (my father’s / of my father), the noun has the categories of number, possession, сәскәнеке (of the flower)). The modern literary definiteness/indefiniteness, case. The author also pays language has borrowed the inflections -ҙың/-ҙең attention to the inflections which provide expressive- fromthe Eastern dialect. emotional coloring in the Bashkir language (herein, in a diminutive sense): -ҡай/-кәй: йиләк1∗– йиләкәй (berry); - ғына/-генә, -ҡына/-кенә:баш-ҡына-йым (my poor head). 3) Dative Case (Dativus) is formed with the help of the affixes -ға/-гә, -ҡа/-

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The Hungarian Scientist V. Prőhle‟s Researches on the Bashkir Language as a Valuable Source for the Exploratation of the History of the Language кә(ҡошлар-ға (to the birds), шәүләһе-нә (to his ending in low and high vowels and consonants, changing shadow), ҡулым-а ((on) to my hand)) (even if the their forms according to the category of case. affixes -а/-ә aren’t highlighted, there are several In this part of the work comparative words with the examples describing them); the nouns ending in the affixes -дай/-дәй, -тай/-тәй are also considered, but not in inflections -ҡы/-ке (forming the category of possession the category of case: тау-дай (like a mountain), гөл-дәй – L.R.), -ғы/-ге (forming the adjective) add the affixes - (like a flower), таш-тай (like stone). Nowadays these на/-нә(атаныҡы-на (to the father’s, шәүләдәге-нә (to affixes are studied by linguists not as the affixes belonging what is in the shadow)); in fact the affix -а/-ә is added, - to the category of case, but as the inflections of forming н is the inflection of the accusative case. This is not an adjectives. R.F. Zaripov relates them to the category of case indicator of the accusative case; it is an indicator of the (5). possessive indirect basis. V. Prőhle truly notes that in the Bashkir language the 4) According to the examples of Prőhle, the Accusative category of gender (i.e. the biological gender of animals and Case (Ассusativus) is marked by the affixes -ны/-не, - persons) is actualized by lexical means. For example, ды/-де, -ты/-те(ата-ны (the father), сәскә-не (the һimnen (masculine): ата (father), ир (man), ата үрдәк flower), ҡул-ны // ҡул-ды (the hand), ҡолаҡ-ны // (male duck), ата бүре (he-wolf), ир бала (boy); nоnеm ҡолаҡ-ты (the ear)), but the nouns ending in the (feminine): инә (aunt), ана (mother), ҡыҙ (girl), инә үрдәк inflections -ҡы/-ке, -ғы/-ге take -н (-ны/-не) (female duck), инә бүре (she-wolf), ҡыҙ бала (girl). (атаһыныҡын (the father’s), ҡулымдағын (what is in There are no articles of definiteness-indefiniteness in the my hand)).This is how Pröle writes. Bashkir language;the word бер is used to denote the 5) Locative Case (Lосаtivus) is formed by adding the indefiniteness of the noun. But the author doesn’t give affixes -да/-дә, -та/-тә (in the modern literary language examples to justify this statement. The affixes of plurality -ла/-лә, -ҙа/-ҙә) to the noun, but the nouns ending in - and the category of case are treated as means of expressing ҡы/-ке, -ғы/-ге get the affixes -нда/-ндә, -нта/-нтә. definiteness-indefiniteness. For example: ҡулда (in the hand), шәүлә-дә (in the The author also pays attention to the fact that in poetic shadow), терәк-тә (on the pillar), ҡулы-нда (in and folklore texts some proper and common nouns with the his/her hand), шәүләһе-ндә // шәүләһе-нтә (in his/her affixes of plurality express the idea of singularity in order to shadow), атамныҡы-нда (at/in my father’s) (-н is the add emotional coloring to speech: element of definiteness) (4, р. 38). The scientist states Аҡ-иделкәйләрне кискәндә (While crossing the Ak- that the present case can also have the inflection -ғы/- idel’kai) ге: күлдә-ге (what is in the lake), шәүләдә-ге (what is Йыр йырладым ишкәк ишкәндә, (I sang a song while in the shadow), шәүләдә-геләр (what are in the rowing), shadow). In the modern literary language the locative Иҙгү ғамәлләрең эй булмағас, (If you are unhappy), case includes words denoting the place and the time of Мең йәшәүкәйләрдә ни файда. (It’s no use living a performing an action (17, р. 184). The inflections -ғы/- thousand times). ге, -ҡы/-ке added to the nouns in the locative case are We can observe cases when definiteness-indefiniteness is used to form relative adjectives. At the same time they expressed by declensional affixes: а) the affixal variant of denote the location of the object: күлдәге аҡҡош (the the genitive case denotes definiteness (хандың ҡыҙы) (the swan in the lake) (17, р. 156). khan’s daugther), the variant without an affix expresses 6) Ablative Case (АЫаtivus) is formed by adding the indefiniteness (хан ҡыҙы) (a khan’s daugther); b) the dative affixes -дан/-дән, -тын/-тән (rarely -нан/-нән) and case implies that an action is related to some object or place the ancient variant -дин/-тин, the affixes -ндан/-ндән (its inflectionless variant isn’t taken into account): ҡыҙ after the inflections -ҡы/-ке, -ғы /-ге (in fact -н is the атаһына әйткән (the girl said to her father), һыуға affix of the accusative case followed by the inflection - төштөләр (they entered the water); c) if the noun in the ан/-ән): ата-дан (from the father), шәүлә-дән (from accusative case is without an affix, it denotes an indefinite the shadow), ҡул-дан (out of / from hand), эт-тән object: ҡайда-лағына барһаң, дуҫиш булһун ҡаршы (from the dog), ҡулындан // ҡулынан (from his/her сығып атың бәйләргә (wherever you go, you must have a hand), шәүләһенән // шәүләһендән (from his/her friend to meet you and to take care of your horse); ҡаҙ shadow), ҡулымдағындан // ҡулымдағынан (from алған (took/bought a goose); урыҫ йаҫарға (to make a what is in my hand). Russian); d) nouns in the locative case answer the questions As is seen, when marking the case affixes, the linguist ҡайҙа?(where?) (hоl? һоνа?) ҡасан? (when?)(mikor); they was under a delusion due to the element -н-. We can find denote the time and the place of performing an action: the following information about the element -н- in the шәүләһентә (in his/her/its shadow); үткән ғүмер һөргән modern Bashkir language: “When III person of the category даурҙә (дәүерҙә) (in the epoch of the spent life), йарып of possession gets case affixes, the element -н- appears төшкән йөрәктә (in the heart that smashed), ҡыҙ сағында between the case affix and the possession significative”. (when she was a girl), төндә (at night); e) nouns in the Firstly, it separates two vowels; secondly, it serves as a basis of definiteness for forming other cases, therefore only the element -н- is present in the accusative case (17, р. 185- 186). Then the author provides lots of examples to describe ablative case, answering the nouns with the inflections of possession and plurality, questions ҡайҙа? (where?)

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(һоl?) ҡайһы йүнәлештә?(which direction?) Pronoun (Nevmasok). First of all, the change of personal ҡасандан?(since what time?), denote the beginning, pronouns by case and number (szemelyes nevmasok) is location, time and reason for performing an action: мин considered in the work: the nominative case: мин // бән (I) ҡаладан килгән кеше (I am the one who came from a city) > беҙ // беҙләр (we), һин (син) // сән (you), ул (he/she/it), (in the modern literary language: ҡаланан); ҡурҡуһындан алар (they); the genitive case: минем // бәнем (my), беҙнең (of your being afraid) (ҡурҡыуыңдан), йаудин харап // беҙдең (our), һинең // сәнең (your), аның (his/her/its), улдылар (were killed in the war) (яуҙан харап булдылар). аларның // алардың (their); the dative case: миңа (to me), The inflections -дын/-дин occurin ancient written беҙгә (to us), һиңа // саңа (to you), аңа (to him/her/it) // monuments (6, р. 61). аңар // аңарға (to them); the accusative case: мине // бәне On the whole, V. Prőhle managed to give quite a full (me), беҙне // беҙде (us), һине // сәне (you), аны description of the grammatical categories of the noun. (him/her/it); the locative case: миндә (at/in/on me), беҙдә (at/in/on us), һиндә // синдә (at/in/on you), анда (at/in/on IV. THE GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES OF him/her/it); the ablative case: миндән // бәндән (from me), ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS IN GRAMMAR беҙдән (from us), һиндән // сәндән // сәндин (from you), Adjective (А melleknev). As the author notes, relative андан // анан (from him/her/it). As is seen from the adjectives are mainly formed with the help of the affixes - examples, V. Prőhle simultaneously demonstrates the лы/-ле, -һыҙ/-һеҙ (-сыз/-сез), rarely the ancient affixes - ancient Turkic variants of the pronouns мин (I), һин (you): лығ/-лег: атлы (having a horse), көзле (күҙле) (having an мин // бән, һин // сән. It is obvious that the Hungarian eye), шәүкәтлү (шәфҡәтле) (beneficent/merciful), көсһеҙ scientist wrote down these ancient variants from the (көсһөҙ) (weak/powerless), башһыҙ (headless) etc. Their educated people of that time who gained knowledge in the meanings can be conveyed in the following way: көсе йуҡ Volga Turkish language. Besides, the author notes that when (have/has no strengh/power) (noun in IIIperson+ modal we decline the pronoun ул, the sound [у] turns into [а]. This word). phenomenon occurs in many dialects even now, but There are examples on compound adjectives in the according to the norms of the modern literary language, we research under consideration: мәрмәр төбле (with a marble should write у in all the cases. The forms аңа, аңар, аңарға, base) (noun+adjective), сысҡан һыртлы (with a mouse which usually occur in the Tatar language, can be observed ridge); ағасы бейек, йири һалҡын Балҡан-тау (Balkantau in the work under consideration. with high trees, cold ground), ҡара-тун (black fur coat). When the personal (demonstrative, interrogative) Then the change of adjectives according to the degrees of pronouns in the definite accusative case add the inflections - comparison is considered in the work: гүзәл (pretty), ҡы/-ке, the category of possession is formed (минеке (my), гүзәлрәк (prettier), бигрәк гүзәл, артыҡ гүзәл, артығыраҡ һинеке (your), аныҡы (his/her/its), беҙнеке (our), һеҙнеке гүзәл, зыйад` гүзәл (the prettiest), бик аҡ // апп-аҡ (very (your), аларныҡы (their)); they can take the inflections of white), һөттин апп-аҡ беләкләреңде кем күкрәкләренә plurality (минекеләр (my/mine)). һалырһың (whose chest will you put your milk-white The author defines the change of the (attributive) pronoun forearm on). But the author describes only the comparative үҙ by person and case: үҙем (myself), үҙең (yourself), and superlative degrees: the comparative degree is formed үҙеңне (yourself). by the affixes -раҡ/-рәк; the superlative degree is formed When demonstrative pronouns (Nutato nevmasok) come with the help of auxiliary words and particles. The following separately, they change by case, but when they are followed examples are given to demonstrate the superlative degree: by a noun, they never change. For example, the nominative иң йаҡшы (the best) (auxiliary word + adjective); ҡош case: бу (this), булар (these), шул (that), шулар (those), ул, осҡоры (agile bird) (noun in the indefinite genitive case + ошбу (this); the genitive case: муның (of this), буларның // noun in III person). The similarity of the comparative degree булардың (of these), шуның (of that), шулардың // with the definite ablative case is also marked: төндин ҡара шуларның (of those); the dative case: муңа // муңар (to күҙеңеҙ (your eyes are blacker than night), бәндән артыҡ this), шуңа // шуңар // шуға (to that); the accusative case: сән гүзәл (you are prettier than me) (modern: төндән ҡара муны (this), шуны (that); the locative case: мунда (here), күҙегеҙ, минән артыҡ һин гүзәл). In the modern Bashkir шунда (there); the ablative case: мундан // мунан (from grammar the adjective has four degrees: positive, this/here), шундан // шунан (from that/there). comparative, superlative, diminutive. The pronoun был (this) is given in the ancient form бу (as Adding the affixes -дай/-дәй, -тай/-тәй to the noun, we get in the Tatar, Altaic, Kumyk, Nogai, Turkmen, Uzbek, Uigur comparative adjectives (i.e. denoting the property of the object languages (1, р. 62-63). When it declines, the initial sound through comparison). They can be replaced with the word [б] turns into [м] under the influence of the sound [н] (7, р. кебек // кебе (noun + conjunction кеүек also denote 91). According to the norms of the modern literary comparison, similarity): ғанса-гөлдәй саф алар (they are pure language, the initial sound [б] is retained. The linguist gives like a flower); бәнем кеүек гүзәл ҡыз йуҡ ине бу һарайда some more examples of demonstrative pronouns: булай (there was no one prettier than my beloved in this palace). The linguist states that adjectives, like verbs, can fulfill the function of a predicate in sentences: мин иҫән (I am safe and sound), мин ҡарт (I am old). Even if the scientist didn’t study the adverbs as a separate (so/like this), алай (so/like part of speech, he noted that adjectives also modify verbs. that), мундай (so/like this), Adjectives preceding the verb can be treated as adverbs. андай (so/like that) (now

Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering Retrieval Number: A11610681S419/19©BEIESP 876 & Sciences Publication

The Hungarian Scientist V. Prőhle‟s Researches on the Bashkir Language as a Valuable Source for the Exploratation of the History of the Language these words are used instead of demonstrative adjectives), numerals may have the following forms: берәү (one), икәү шул тикле (тиклу) (so/such), ул текле (not so), ул кадар (two), өсәү (three), дүртәү (four), бишәү (five), алтау (six), (so/so much), ул саҡта (then), мунда (here), шунда (there), йитәү (seven). In the modern grammar they are treated as инде (already), инте (already), муна // мына // м'на (here collective numerals. is/are). Ordinal numerals (Sorszamnevek) (in the modern literary Then the author describes the character of interrogative language: numerals of order): беренсе (беренче) (first), pronouns, shows their declination: the nominative case: кем, икенсе (second), өсенсе (third), дүртенсе (fourth), кемләр (who), ни, ней, ниләр (what), ҡайсы // ҡайһы бишенсе (fifth), алтынсы (sixth). (which); the genitive case: нинең (whose), ҡайсының The cases when the words (nouns) рәт, тапҡыр, (which); the dative case: нигә (to what), ҡайсыңа (to мәртәбә (time), used with cardinal numerals, come together which); the accusative case: нине (what), ҡайсыны (which); with the numeral бер (one) and denote repeated actions, are the locative case: нидә (in/on/at what), ҡайсында (in/on/at classified separately and named as multiplicative numerals which), (where); the ablative case: нидән (from what), (Szorzoszamok): бер рәт, бер тапҡыр, бер мәртәбә (one ҡайсындан (from which). time/once). There are examples which justify that they have the 4) Distributive numerals (Osztoszamnevek): берәр (by/in category of possession: ҡайсыңыҙ // ҡайсығыҙ (which of one), икешәр (in twos), өсәр (in threes), дүртәр (in fours), you). The interrogative pronouns also include such words as бишәр (in fives), алтышар (in sixes), йитешәр (in sevens), ниндәй?(what kind of) нисек? (ничек?) (how) ник?(why) һигеҙәр (in eights). нисә? // ничәү? никадәр? (how many/how much) 5) Numerals of measure (Hozzavetoleges szamokat) are ҡасан?(when) ҡайда? // ҡайа? (where) ҡайдан?(where truly noted to be formed with the help of the affixes -лап/- from) нисә рәт?(how many times) as well as the ләп (-лаб/-ләб); these inflections are added to collective interrogative particles -мы/-ме (-му/-мү), -микән? A special numerals: берәм-ләп (by one), дүртәү-ләп (by four), attention is paid to the pronoun нимә, which is frequent in икешәр-ләп (by two). Therefore V. Prőhle’s examples turn the modern literary language: the author demonstrated its into adverbs, and in the modern literary language the several morphological and phonetic variants, as in the numerals of measure add the inflections of cardinal Northwestern dialect: нәстә, нәрсә, нәрсәкәй. numerals. The words һәр (each), бер (one), бары, барса, бары-ла, Even if the fractional and quantitative numerals aren’t бар'ла (all), ни бары (only/just), һәр кем described in the work, the numerals are correctly classified (everybody/everyone), әллә кем (somebody), һис, бере, according to their meaning. In the modern textbooks of the берсе, һис бер // һис бер (nothing/no one), нәстә (what), Bashkir language numerals are considered to fall into seven бер нәстә (something), нәрсә (what), бер нәрсәкәй groups: cardinal, ordinal, distributive, collective, fractional, (something), кеше (somebody else) (in the meaning of quantitative numerals and numerals of measure. somebody else (mas valaki)), башҡа, бүтән, икенсе Conjunction (Nevutok). Of all the functional parts of (икенче) (other/another) are considered to be interrogative speech, only the conjunctions are described thoroughly in pronouns. The author pays attention to the fact that the the work. The author notes that prepositions and Bashkirs can replace the pronoun һәр кем (everybody) with interjections may also occur in speech. According to the кем булһа (буһа) – да (anybody). case form of the substantivized words which the Thus, according to V. Prőhle, pronouns fall into four conjunctions are linked with, conjunctions fall into three groups: зат (personal), күрһәтеү (demonstrative), һорау groups: 1) conjunctions requiring the nouns in the (interrogative) and билдәһеҙлек (indefinite) pronouns. nominative case and the pronouns in the genitive case: There is no information about other groups. Indefinite белән, белә (with), илә (or), кебе, кебек (like), өсөн (өчөн) pronouns are represented in an obscure way. They embrace (for/in order to); 2) conjunctions used with the nouns in the words belonging to different groups, even numerals and dative case: чаклы (till), таба (to/towards), күрә (due to), conjunctions: һәр (each), бар, бары, барса, бары ла (all), йаҡын (nearly/close); 3) conjunctions used with the nouns ни бары (only), һәр кем (everybody/everyone) – attributive in the ablative case: илгәре (earlier/before), былай (so/like pronouns; һис, һис бер (nothing/no one) – negative this), һуң (суң) (late), йыраҡ (far). The same material is pronouns; нәстә, бер нәстә, нәрсә (what) – interrogative given in modern textbooks on Bashkir grammar. pronouns; икенсе (other/verbatim the second) – numeral; башҡа, бүтән (other) – conjunctions. In the modern VI. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS Bashkir grammar pronouns are divided into seven groups: Verb (Az ige). The verb is the most complicated part of personal, demonstrative, interrogative, attributive, indefinite, speech, therefore it is paid a peculiar attention in the work. negative and possesive pronouns. The initial form of the verb (i.e. the infinitive) coincides with the present representation of it (II person of the V. THE REFLECTION OF NUMERALS AND imperative mood). There are compound (i.e. analytical) CONJUNCTIONS IN THE RESEARCH (ED.) verbs in the Bashkir language, as in other Turkic languages. Numeral (Szamnevek). Numerals fall into such groups: Cardinal numerals (Alapszamnevek): бер (one), ике (two), өс (өч) (three), йите (йиде) (seven), һигеҙ (сигез) (eight), туғыҙ (туғыз) (nine), йигерме // жигерме (twenty), һиксән // сиксән (eighty), йөҙ // йөз (hundred), мең For example: йардам ит (thousand). In the author’s opinion, the same cardinal (help), намаҙ ҡыл (pray

Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering Retrieval Number: A11610681S419/19©BEIESP 877 & Sciences Publication International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8, Issue-1S4, June 2019 namaz), уафат бул (die), ант эс (swear) etc. 2) Denominative verbs are formed by adding the The specific affixes of the category of voice (Igekepzok) following inflections: а) -у (-ыу), -ү (-еү), -ау/-әү: бару // are illustrated in the research: а) the causative voice барыу (going), килү // килеү (coming), ашау (eating), (Causativ kepzok): -дыр/-дер, -тыр/-тер, -т, -ғыҙ/-геҙ (- килмәү (not coming); this form can also change by person: ғыз/-гез), -ҡыҙ/-кеҙ (-ҡыз/-кез), -ыҙ/-еҙ (-ыз/-ез), -ыр/- барууым (my going), килмәүүең (your not coming); b) - ер (-өр/-үр), -ар/-әр. For example: ултыр (sit down) – ыш/-еш, -ош/-өш, -уш/-үш: көн батыш (sunset), һуғыш ултырт (put/sit down), кей (put on) – кейгеҙ (кей-гез) (put (fight/war), тын-алыш (breath); c) -мыш/-меш, -мош/- on), аҡ (flow) – ағыҙ (-агыз) (flow), сыҡ (go out) – сығар мөш, -муш/ -мүш: тормош (life), ормош (hard life), (take out), күр (see) – күрсәт (show) (now words with the яҙмыш (fate), димеш (gossip), димешләр (gossips). affix -геҙ occur in the Northeastern dialects); b) the passive 3) Participles change according to the category of voice: voice (Passiv kepzok): -ыл/-ел, -ол/-өл, ул/-үл; -л after а) affixes forming the past participle: -ған/-гән, -ҡан/-кән vowels, -ын/-ен after the sound [л] (тап (find) – табыл // (алған (got), бәйләгән (knitted), атҡан (shot), сыҡҡан табул (be found), йаҙа(writes) – йаҙал (be able to write), (went out); йәшен һуҡҡан ағас (the tree struck by бел (know) – белен (be known); c) the reciprocal voice lightning), сәсәк атҡан гөл (a blooming flower), үткән (Vissahato igekepzok): -н, -ын/-ен, -үн/-ун, -өн/-он (алда ғүмер (passed life), кинәз ҡызы үлгән кис (the evening (deceive) – алдан (be deceived), ҡуй (put) – ҡуйын (be put), when the prince’s daughter died), сәүгән йарым (һөйгән күр (see) – күрен // күрүн) (be seen); d) the cooperative йәрем) (beloved), мине һөйә (сәүә) торған йарым (darling voice (Coperativ kepzo): -ш, -ыш/-еш, -уш/-үш, -ош/-өш who loves me) etc.; c) affixes forming the present (ҡара (look) – ҡараш (help to look after), һайра (sing) – participle: -асы/-әсе, -аһы/-әһе, -сы/-се ( уҡыйсы (to be һайраш (help to sing), бүл (divide) – бүлеш (help to read), ашайсы (to be eaten), алаһы // аласы (to be taken)); divide), һора (ask) – һораш (help to ask), кил (come) – sometimes the archaic inflection -малы/-мәле may occur килеш (help to come)); e) the reiterative voice (Gyakorito (ҡайтмалы); d) affixes forming the future participle: -р, - kepzo): -ғала/-гәлә, -ҡала/ -кәлә(ултыр-ғала (sit down), ар/-әр, -ыр/-ер, -ор/-өр, -ур/-үр (ашар (will eat), бәйләр ес-кәлә // еч-кәлә (smell)). (will knit), дир – тиер (will say), йөрөр (will go), есәр – The category of affirmation-negation. There are the эсәр (will drink), табар (will find), сығар (will go out), following ways of expressing negation: а) the affixes -ма/- йигәр (will harness), ултыртыр (will put), табылыр (will мә(кил (come) – килмә (don’t come), ҡыл (perform) – be found), күрһәтер (will show), урыр (will harvest); ҡылма (don’t perform)); b) the word түгел (сән ир түгел) negation is expressed by -мас/-мәс: ашамас (will not eat), (not a real man); c) the modal word юҡ (no) negating the есмәс – эсмәҫ) (will not drink). performance of an action (юҡ ине, юҡ имеш). Affirmation There are examples justifying the fact that participles can is expressed by the words бар (a modal word), бар ине, бар add the affixes of the categories of possession and case, like имеш. nouns and adjectives: аласын // алаһын (you take), аласым Impersonal verbsfall into four groups, as in the modern // алаһым (I take), балыҡ йөҙгәнне күрәмен (I see the fish Bashkir language: swimming). 1) Хәл ҡылым (adverbial participle). According to the 4) Describing the infinitive, the author gives examples on way of formation, adverbial participles may be of the the widely spread affixes -рға/-ргә, -ырға/-ергә, -орға/ - following kinds: а) adverbial participles with the affixes -а/ өргә; -арға/-әргә which occur in some dialects,the negative -ә added to consonants, the affix -й added to vowels: бара affixes -маҫҡа/-мәҫкә which are used to form the килә, ашай йөрөй, килмә – килмәй, ашама – ашамай; b) infinitive: йаҙарға (to write), йөрөргә (to go), ҡайтырға adverbial participles with the affixes -са/-сә (-ча/-чә): һин (to return), уҡырға (to study), үләргә (to die), айрылмасҡа (син) килгәнсә (until you come). According to the norms of (not to part), китмәскә (not to leave). V. Prőhlehighlighted the modern literary language, the future adverbial participle the affixes -маға/-мәгә which occur very seldom: ишек is formed by adding the affixes -сы / -се to the past асмаға бара, һөймәгә булмас, сәүешмәгә белмәсһең participle (the forms of the affixes -ғансы and -ғанса); (modern: һөйөргә белмәҫһең). Besides the author noted the c) adverbial participles with the affixes -ғас/-гәс, -ҡас/-кәс archaic affixes -маҡ/-мәк which denoted an infinitive in (-ғач/-гәч, -ҡач/-кәч): кергәс (having entered), кис булғас certain situations: ямғыр яумаҡ. There are several words (when evening comes); d) adverbial participles with the affix about the rare affixes -малы/-мәле in the work: –п added to the infinitive ending in a vowel; the affixes - ҡайтмалы. ып/-еп (-оп/-өп, -уп/-үп) added to the infinitive ending in a The last unit of the work under consideration is devoted consonant: алып (having got), бәйләп (having linked), to the description of the category of mood of personal verbs, ҡарап (having watched), күреп // күрүп (having seen), their declination by person, number, affirmation-negation. тороп (having stood up). As for the negative form, the The scientist states that the the imperative mood affixes -йып/-йеп are used here: ҡарамайып, килмәйеп. possesses only the forms of II and III persons. This kind of the negative form doesn’t occur now; the forms -майуб, -мәйүб can be observed in the written Number Affirmation Negation monuments of ХVII-ХVIII century [Ishberdin etc. 1993: Perso 61]. The scientist doesn’t take into account the negative n affixes -май/-мәй, -майса/-мәйсә, -майынса/-мәйенсә, Singula II йаҙ (write) кил (come) килмә (don’t the forms -ышлай, -ыуынса accepted in the modern r come) literary language.

The Hungarian Scientist V. Prőhle‟s Researches on the Bashkir Language as a Valuable Source for the Exploratation of the History of the Language III йаҙһын килһен килмәһен b)the form with the affixes –ғай / -гәй, -ҡай / -кәй: (йаҙсын) (let him/her (don’t let Number Person Affirmation (let him/her come) him/her Singular I килгәймен (I сыҡҡаймын (I went write) come) came) out) Plural II йаҙыңыҙ // килеңегеҙ // килмәгеҙ II килгәйһең (you сыҡҡайһың (you went йаҙығыҙ килегеҙ (don’t come) came) out) (write) (come) III килгәй (he/she сыҡҡай (he/she went III йаҙһынлар(le килһенләр(le килмәһенлә came) out) t them write) t them come) р (don’t let Plural I килгәймеҙ сыҡҡаймыҙ themcome) (килгәйбеҙ) (we (сыҡҡайбыҙ) (we came) went out) V. Prőhlenotes that II person of the imperative mood can II килгәйһеҙ (you сыҡҡайһыҙ (you went also be denoted by the affixes -ғыл/-гел (-ғул/-гүл) or - came) out) һана/-һәнә (-сана/-сәнә): йаҙғыл // йаҙһана (йаҙсана) – III килгәйләр (they сыҡҡайлар (they went in the modern literary language: яҙсы (will you write, came) out) please), һорғул (сорғул) – һорасы (could you ask, please). Nowadays these archaic polite forms of expressing order, However, the given examples don’t correspond to the request or address -һана/-һәнә occur only in folklore texts modern literary language. As the scientists who study the and poetry (17), and the forms -ғыл/-гел can be observed history of the language note, the verb with the affix -ғай/- only in written monuments (6, р. 61). гәй occurs in the Turkic writtien literary language of XIX The author shows that the singular and plural forms of I century: биргәй “бирә” (he/she gives), табғай “таба” person can be expressed by the affixes -айым/-әйем, - (he/she finds), уҡуғай “уҡый” (he/she reads) (6, р. 104). айыҡ/-әйек, -йым/-йем, -йыҡ/-йек: алайым (let me Therefore the examples given in the table may correspond to take), алайыҡ (let us take), киләйем (let me come), киләйек the following forms in the modern literary language: (let us come), эҙләйем (let me search), эҙләйек (let us киләмен (I come), киләһең (you come), килә (he/she/it search), йырлайым (let me sing) – йырлайыҡ (let us sing). comes), киләбеҙ (we come), киләһегеҙ (you come), киләләр In fact, I person of the imperative mood is studied in the (they come); сығамын (I go out), сығаһың (you go out), composition of the suppositional mood in the modern сыға (he/she/it goes out), сығабыҙ (we go out), сығаһығыҙ Bashkir language. (you go out), сығалар (they go out). They may also The author describes two forms of the indicative mood correspond to the following forms of the definite past tense: (Орtativus): а) the form of the definite past tense with the килгәйнем (I came), килгәйнең (you came), килгәйне affixes-ды/-де, -ты/-те (-дө, -ду, -то, -тү), -ны/-не: (he/she/it came), килгәйнек (we came), килгәйнегеҙ (you came), килгәйнеләр (they came); сыҡҡайным (I went out), Numb Perso барлыҡ юҡлыҡ сыҡҡайның (you went out), сыҡҡайны (he/she/it went out), er n сыҡҡайныҡ (we went out), сыҡҡайнығыҙ (you went out), Singul I йаҙдым сыҡтым тордом йаҙманым сыҡҡайнылар (they went out). The present and future forms ar (I wrote) (I went (I got up) (I didn’t of the indicative mood aren’t mentioned in the work. There out) write) are no examples on some forms of the past tense (indefinite II йаҙдың сыҡтың тордоң йаҙманың past tense, imperfect past tense, definite past tense). (you (you went (you got (you didn’t The conditional mood is formed by the affixes -һа/-һә (- wrote) out) up) write) са/-сә). III йаҙды сыҡты тордо йаҙманы (he/she (he/she (he/she (he/she Number Person Affirmation Negation wrote) went out) got up) didn’t Singular I ҡараһам (ҡарасам) килмәһәм (if I don’t write) (if I look) come) Plural I йаздыҡ сыҡтыҡ тордоҡ йаҙманыҡ II ҡараһаң (if you килмәһәң (if you (we (we went (тордыҡ) (we didn’t look) don’t come) wrote) out) (we got write) III ҡараһа (if he/she килмәһә (if he/she up) looks) doesn’t come) II йаҙдыңы сыҡтыңы тордоңы йаҙманың Plural I ҡараһаҡ (if we килмәһәк (if we don’t ҙ ҙ ҙ ыҙ look) come) (йаҙдығ (сыҡтығ (тордоғы (йаҙманығ II ҡараһаңыҙ килмәһәңеҙ ыҙ) ыҙ) ҙ) ыҙ) (ҡараһағыҙ) (килмәһәгеҙ) (you (you went (you got (you didn’t (if you look) (if you don’t come) wrote) out) up) write) III ҡараһалар (if they килмәһәләр (if they III йаҙдыла сыҡтыла тордолар йаҙманыла look) don’t come) р р (тордыл р (they (they went ар) (they didn’t wrote) out) (they got write) up)

Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering Retrieval Number: A11610681S419/19©BEIESP 879 & Sciences Publication International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE) ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8, Issue-1S4, June 2019

The synthetical forms of the conditional moodformed by jazyka. Ufa, 1948. 300 s.)} Dmitriev N. K. The Grammar adding affixes -дыниһә, -дымы, -ғанда/-гәндә and its of the Bashkir Language. M., 1948. P. 300. phonetic variants,the analytical forms -ған булһа, -а/-ә/-й 4. Zainullin 2002 –3әйнуллин М. В. Хәҙерге башҡорт әҙәби теле: морфология Өфө, 2002. 388 б. торған булһа, -ыр булһа, -а/-ә/-й ҡалһа, -ырлыҡ (Зайнуллин М. В. Современный башкирский булһа, -ырҙай булһа are studied by the linguist separately. литературный язык: морфология. Уфа, 2002. 388 с.) Even if the intentional mood is not described in the work, {3әjnullin M. V. Xәȥergebashqort әȥәbitele: morfologija. there is an example on this type formed by adding the Ӧfö, 2002. 388 b. (Zajnullin M. V. Sovremennyj inflexions -сы/-се, -чы/-че to the affix -маҡ/-мәк: мин бу bashkirskij literaturnyj yazyk: morfologiya. Ufa, 2002. китабны уҡымаҡсы булам (I intend to read this book). 388 s.)} Zainullin M. V. The Modern Bashkir Literary Language: Morphology. Ufa, 2002. P. 38. The scientist pays attention to the fact that auxiliary verbs 5. Zaripov 1971 – Зарипов Р.Ф. Категория падежа в play a great role in the Bashkir language. He notes that the башкирском языке. Автореферат. дисс. ... канд. auxiliary verbs инем, инең, ине, инек, инеңеҙ // инегеҙ // филол. наук. Уфа, 1971. 23 c. идегез, инеләр are used to form the definite past tense; the {Zaripov R. F.Kategorijapadezhavbashkirskomjazyke. modal words имеш, имешләр һымаҡ are used in III person Avtoreferat. diss. ... kand. filol. nauk. Ufa, 1971. 23 c.} of the indefinite past tense; the words иһәм (исәм), иһәң, Zaripov R.F. The Category of Case in the Bashkir Language: Dissertation on Competition of the Scientific иһә, иһәк, иһәбеҙ // иһәгеҙ, иһәләр are used to form the Degree of Candidate of Philology. Ufa, 1971. present tense of the indicative mood; the auxiliary verbs 6. Ishberdin etc. 1993 – Ишбирҙин Э. Ф., икән, бул-(ул-) serve to denote past time actions. Ғәләүетдинов И. Ғ., Халиҡова Р. Х. Башҡорт әҙәби теленең тарихы. Өфө, 1993. 317 б. (Ишбердин Э. Ф., VII. CONCLUSION Галяутдинов И. Г., Халикова Р. Х. История башкирского литературного языка. Уфа, 1993. 317 с.) Thus, V. Prőhle left us full information about the {Ishbirȥin E. F., Gәlәüetdinov I. G., XaliqovaR. phonetics and morphology of the Bashkir language. Despite X.Bashqort әȥәbiteleneƞ tarixy. Ӧfö, 1993. 317 b. some faults (for example, the adverb wasn’t studied as a (Ishberdin E. F., Galyautdinov I. G., Halikova R. H. separate part of speech, the examples aren’t always Istorija bashkirskogo literaturnogo yazyka. Ufa, 1993. successful, pronouns aren’t classified exactly, functional 317 s.)} Ishberdin E. F. The History of the Bashkir Literary Language. – Ufa, 1993. P. 317. words aren’t highlighted perfectly etc.), his work is of great 7. Ishbulatov 2000 – Ишбулатов Н. Х. Башҡорт теле һәм value. It was carried out on a high theoretical level. The уның диалекттары. Өфө, 2000. 212 б. division of parts of speech, their grammatical categories (Ишбулатов Н. Х. Башкирский язык и его диалекты. nearly doesn’t differ from the modern Bashkir grammar. Уфа, 2000. 212 с.) {Ishbulatov N. X. Bashqort tele һәm This work is the first grammar, due to which the Bashkir unyƞ dialekttary. Ӧfö, 2000. 212 b. (Ishbulatov N. X. language became popular as a language in Europe. It gives Bashkirskij jazyk i ego dialekty. Ufa, 2000. 212 s.)} Ishbulatov N Kh. Ishbulatov N. Kh. The Bashkir full information about the present language. Language and Its Dialects. Ufa, 2000. P. 212. At that time V. Prőhle’s work served as a useful manual 8. Karimova, Latypova2016 – Каримова Р. Н., for those who learned the Bashkir language. Nowadays it is Латыпова Р. М. Письменные источники по a valuable source for the scientists who study the history of башкирскому языку конца XIX – начала XX века // language. 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